Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hemangioma | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22692

  Infantile hemangioma is the most common benign vascular tumor of infancy and affects about 4% to 5 % of newborns. […] Infantile hemangiomas occur more frequently in Caucasian infants compared to other racial groups. There is also a female predominance with a female to male ratio of up to 5:1. Premature infants, babies born with low birth weights or with prenatal hypoxia are also prone to developing hemangiomas. […] Most cases are sporadic but infantile hemangiomas have been seen to run in families. They have been associated with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance although no specific genes are implicated.

• #2 Infantile Hemangioma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1083849-overview

  Infantile hemangiomas occur in approximately 3% and 10% of white infants at birth and at age 1 year, respectively. […] Female, white, non-Hispanic newborns are more likely to be diagnosed with infantile hemangiomas. The incidence has increased in this cohort over the past several decades, likely reflecting the greater increase in prematurity in this population over the same period. […] The incidence of infantile hemangiomas is approximately 22-30% of preterm infants with birthweight less than 1 kg; for preterm infants with birthweight greater than 1.5 kg, the incidence is the same as for term infants. An increased incidence is recognized in infants from multiple gestations. […] The incidence is increased with older maternal age, maternal placenta previa, and preeclampsia. Some, but not all, surveys have demonstrated increased incidence in infants born to mothers who have undergone prenatal chorionic villus sampling.

• #3 Hemangiomas of Infancy: Epidemiology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-88-470-0569-3_3

  Few reports about the epidemiology of infantile hemangiomas (IH) exist and prospective studies are missing; it is difficult to provide some data. The incidence in the general newborn population is between 1.1 and 2.6%, but increases to up to 12% by one year of age. About 30% of IH are noticed at birth and 7090% appear during the first four weeks of life. The majority of hemangiomas occur sporadically; however, familial occurrence of IH has been reported. […] Although IH can be seen in all races, they are more common in Caucasian infants, and less common in those of African or Asian descent. In a prospective cohort study ongoing in the United States, data in 1058 patients revealed that 68.9% of patients were Caucasian, 14.4% were Hispanic and 2.8% were African-American. The female-to-male ratio was 2.4:1.0, which is similar to the previously published ratio. Premature babies and those with a low birth weight have a significantly higher incidence of IH.

• #4 Infantile hemangioma: An update – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/infantile-hemangioma-an-update/

  Hemangiomas can be seen in 1.1% to 2.6% of term neonates, and their frequency is estimated to be as high as 10% to 12% within the first year of life. […] Among Indian studies, a prevalence varying from 0.1% to 0.28% has been reported. […] Female infants are three times as likely to have hemangiomas as compared to male infants, and there is an increased incidence of premature and low-birth weight babies. […] Approximately 55% of these tumors are present at birth, and 45% develop in the first weeks of life. […] Infants who are exposed to chorionic villous sampling at 9-12 weeks of gestation develop hemangiomas in 21% of cases. […] The growth characteristics of hemangiomas are often divided into phases: nascent, proliferating, involuting and involuted. […] Hemangiomas can develop complications during their course, which can cause functional or cosmetic disability.

• #5 Infantile hemangioma: An update – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/infantile-hemangioma-an-update/

  Hemangiomas can be seen in 1.1% to 2.6% of term neonates, and their frequency is estimated to be as high as 10% to 12% within the first year of life. […] Among Indian studies, a prevalence varying from 0.1% to 0.28% has been reported. […] Female infants are three times as likely to have hemangiomas as compared to male infants, and there is an increased incidence of premature and low-birth weight babies. […] Approximately 55% of these tumors are present at birth, and 45% develop in the first weeks of life. […] Infants who are exposed to chorionic villous sampling at 9-12 weeks of gestation develop hemangiomas in 21% of cases. […] The growth characteristics of hemangiomas are often divided into phases: nascent, proliferating, involuting and involuted. […] Hemangiomas can develop complications during their course, which can cause functional or cosmetic disability.

• #6 Infantile Hemangioma: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/9/1868

  (1) Background: With an incidence of 4–10%, infantile hemangiomas (IH) are the most encountered benign tumors in infancy. […] The aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of IH in our clinic and its connection to maternal and perinatal factors. […] During this period, 12,206 newborns were born and we identified 14 infants with infantile hemangioma. In our study, the prevalence of infantile hemangioma was 0.11%. The prevalence of IH in pregnancies obtained through in vitro fertilization was 1%, in twin pregnancies it was 2.27%, and in those with placenta previa, it was 4.16%. […] Our findings provide a solid image of the prevalence of IH in our country and underline that the development of IH is strongly connected to maternal and perinatal variables, such as: preterm newborns, in vitro fertilization, high blood pressure, anemia, hypothyroidism, placenta previa, and twin pregnancy.

• #7 Hepatic Hemangiomas: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177106-overview

  Hemangiomas are the most common benign tumors affecting the liver and usually discovered incidentally. […] Given the frequency with which the diagnosis of hepatic hemangiomas is made, it is important that clinicians understand the natural history of these tumors, as well as their optimal monitoring and management. […] Autopsy series have reported the prevalence of hepatic hemangioma to range from 0.4% to as high as 20%. […] The widespread use of noninvasive abdominal imaging modalities has led to increased detection of asymptomatic lesions. […] Large reviews of radiology databases have estimated a 2.5-5.1% prevalence of hepatic hemangiomas. […] Women, especially women with a history of multiparity, are affected more often than men. […] The female-to-male ratio is 4-6:1. […] Hepatic hemangiomas can occur at all ages, but most are diagnosed in individuals aged 30-50 years. […] Female patients often present at a younger age and with larger tumors. […] Hepatic hemangiomas may be seen in infancy. […] They have also been detected prenatally in a growing fetus.

• #8 Hepatic Hemangiomas: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177106-overview

  Hemangiomas are the most common benign tumors affecting the liver and usually discovered incidentally. […] Given the frequency with which the diagnosis of hepatic hemangiomas is made, it is important that clinicians understand the natural history of these tumors, as well as their optimal monitoring and management. […] Autopsy series have reported the prevalence of hepatic hemangioma to range from 0.4% to as high as 20%. […] The widespread use of noninvasive abdominal imaging modalities has led to increased detection of asymptomatic lesions. […] Large reviews of radiology databases have estimated a 2.5-5.1% prevalence of hepatic hemangiomas. […] Women, especially women with a history of multiparity, are affected more often than men. […] The female-to-male ratio is 4-6:1. […] Hepatic hemangiomas can occur at all ages, but most are diagnosed in individuals aged 30-50 years. […] Female patients often present at a younger age and with larger tumors. […] Hepatic hemangiomas may be seen in infancy. […] They have also been detected prenatally in a growing fetus.

• #9

  https://liveratlas.org/diagnosis/16/information/

  Most common benign liver tumor. […] Incidence 4-7%.

• #10 Splenic hemangioma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/splenic-haemangioma?lang=us

  Splenic hemangiomas, also known as splenic venous malformations, splenic cavernous malformations, or splenic slow flow venous malformations, while being rare lesions, are considered the second most common focal lesion involving the spleen after simple splenic cysts and the most common primary benign neoplasm of the spleen. […] Their autopsy prevalence rate is thought to range around 0.1-14%. Most hemangiomas tend to be discovered in adults from the mid-30s to the mid-50s years of age.

• #11 SciELO Brazil – Prevalence of oral hemangioma, vascular malformation and varix in a Brazilian population Prevalence of oral hemangioma, vascular malformation and varix in a Brazilian population

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bor/a/YhXMQrJZSQgfbqFND4sFnRs/

  The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of and to report clinical data on benign oral vascular lesions (HEM, VM and VAR) in a Brazilian population, and also to relate these data with that found in the literature. […] A total of 2,419 clinical forms were evaluated in the studied period (ten years). Of these, 154 (6.4%) were oral HEM, VM or VAR. Oral VAR was the most frequent lesion (101 cases, 65.6%), followed by oral VM (31 cases, 20.1%) and HEM (22 cases, 14.3%). […] It was observed that benign oral vascular lesions represented 6.4% of all the diseases diagnosed in the Oral Diagnosis Service, FO-UFMG, and that oral VAR was the most prevalent lesion.

• #12 Hemangioma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemangioma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352339

  Infantile hemangiomas are the most common what we call tumor of infancy and tumor not necessarily implying harmful or malignant but implying growth. We estimate that approximately one in twenty children are born with a hemangioma. […] Our preliminary results are showing that the number of children born with this type of birthmark has actually been increasing steadily over the last thirty years, so it’s becoming more and more common. […] We do know that there are several fairly well-defined risk factors — children that are first born, premature, female and have a low birth weight are at a higher risk for developing infantile hemangiomas than other children. […] However, there are many children that also defy those odds so we certainly see fourth born, male children that are born, you know, at term and normal birth weight that also have these strawberry birthmarks or infantile hemangiomas.

• #13 Infantile Hemangiomas: An Update on Pathogenesis and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/20/4631

  Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common benign vascular tumors in infancy and present in up to 5% of children. […] The natural cycle of IHs consists of three phases: the rapid proliferation phase (with the fastest growth between 5.5 and 7.5 weeks), the plateau phase, and the slow involution phase. […] The meta-analysis performed by Ding et al. showed that the risk factors for IH are female gender, multiple gestation, preterm birth, progesterone therapy, family history of IH, and low birth weight (every 500 g decrease in birth weight increases the risk by 40%). […] According to the newest ISSVA (International Society for The Study of Vascular Anomalies) 2018 classification, IHs can be divided into different patterns: focal, multifocal, segmental, and indeterminate. […] Complications are more common among patients with segmental IH, and hence there is a greater need for therapy.

• #14 Hemangiomas of Infancy: Epidemiology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-88-470-0569-3_3

  Few reports about the epidemiology of infantile hemangiomas (IH) exist and prospective studies are missing; it is difficult to provide some data. The incidence in the general newborn population is between 1.1 and 2.6%, but increases to up to 12% by one year of age. About 30% of IH are noticed at birth and 7090% appear during the first four weeks of life. The majority of hemangiomas occur sporadically; however, familial occurrence of IH has been reported. […] Although IH can be seen in all races, they are more common in Caucasian infants, and less common in those of African or Asian descent. In a prospective cohort study ongoing in the United States, data in 1058 patients revealed that 68.9% of patients were Caucasian, 14.4% were Hispanic and 2.8% were African-American. The female-to-male ratio was 2.4:1.0, which is similar to the previously published ratio. Premature babies and those with a low birth weight have a significantly higher incidence of IH.

• #15 Hemangioma | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22692

  Infantile hemangioma is the most common benign vascular tumor of infancy and affects about 4% to 5 % of newborns. […] Infantile hemangiomas occur more frequently in Caucasian infants compared to other racial groups. There is also a female predominance with a female to male ratio of up to 5:1. Premature infants, babies born with low birth weights or with prenatal hypoxia are also prone to developing hemangiomas. […] Most cases are sporadic but infantile hemangiomas have been seen to run in families. They have been associated with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance although no specific genes are implicated.

• #16 Infantile Hemangiomas: An Update on Pathogenesis and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/20/4631

  Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common benign vascular tumors in infancy and present in up to 5% of children. […] The natural cycle of IHs consists of three phases: the rapid proliferation phase (with the fastest growth between 5.5 and 7.5 weeks), the plateau phase, and the slow involution phase. […] The meta-analysis performed by Ding et al. showed that the risk factors for IH are female gender, multiple gestation, preterm birth, progesterone therapy, family history of IH, and low birth weight (every 500 g decrease in birth weight increases the risk by 40%). […] According to the newest ISSVA (International Society for The Study of Vascular Anomalies) 2018 classification, IHs can be divided into different patterns: focal, multifocal, segmental, and indeterminate. […] Complications are more common among patients with segmental IH, and hence there is a greater need for therapy.

• #17 Infantile Hemangioma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1083849-overview

  Infantile hemangiomas occur in approximately 3% and 10% of white infants at birth and at age 1 year, respectively. […] Female, white, non-Hispanic newborns are more likely to be diagnosed with infantile hemangiomas. The incidence has increased in this cohort over the past several decades, likely reflecting the greater increase in prematurity in this population over the same period. […] The incidence of infantile hemangiomas is approximately 22-30% of preterm infants with birthweight less than 1 kg; for preterm infants with birthweight greater than 1.5 kg, the incidence is the same as for term infants. An increased incidence is recognized in infants from multiple gestations. […] The incidence is increased with older maternal age, maternal placenta previa, and preeclampsia. Some, but not all, surveys have demonstrated increased incidence in infants born to mothers who have undergone prenatal chorionic villus sampling.

• #18 Hemangioma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemangioma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352339

  Infantile hemangiomas are the most common what we call tumor of infancy and tumor not necessarily implying harmful or malignant but implying growth. We estimate that approximately one in twenty children are born with a hemangioma. […] Our preliminary results are showing that the number of children born with this type of birthmark has actually been increasing steadily over the last thirty years, so it’s becoming more and more common. […] We do know that there are several fairly well-defined risk factors — children that are first born, premature, female and have a low birth weight are at a higher risk for developing infantile hemangiomas than other children. […] However, there are many children that also defy those odds so we certainly see fourth born, male children that are born, you know, at term and normal birth weight that also have these strawberry birthmarks or infantile hemangiomas.

• #19 Infantile Hemangioma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1083849-overview

  Infantile hemangiomas occur in approximately 3% and 10% of white infants at birth and at age 1 year, respectively. […] Female, white, non-Hispanic newborns are more likely to be diagnosed with infantile hemangiomas. The incidence has increased in this cohort over the past several decades, likely reflecting the greater increase in prematurity in this population over the same period. […] The incidence of infantile hemangiomas is approximately 22-30% of preterm infants with birthweight less than 1 kg; for preterm infants with birthweight greater than 1.5 kg, the incidence is the same as for term infants. An increased incidence is recognized in infants from multiple gestations. […] The incidence is increased with older maternal age, maternal placenta previa, and preeclampsia. Some, but not all, surveys have demonstrated increased incidence in infants born to mothers who have undergone prenatal chorionic villus sampling.

• #20 Hemangioma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538232/

  Infantile hemangioma is the most common benign vascular tumor of infancy and affects about 4% to 5 % of newborns. […] Infantile hemangiomas occur more frequently in Caucasian infants compared to other racial groups. […] There is also a female predominance with a female to male ratio of up to 5:1. […] Premature infants, babies born with low birth weights or with prenatal hypoxia are also prone to developing hemangiomas. […] Infantile hemangiomas are common in infants with elder mothers. […] The disorder is often seen after post chorionic villus sampling or in multiple births with twins or triplets. […] Most cases are sporadic but infantile hemangiomas have been seen to run in families. […] They have been associated with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance although no specific genes are implicated.

• #21 Infantile Hemangioma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1083849-overview

  Infantile hemangiomas occur in approximately 3% and 10% of white infants at birth and at age 1 year, respectively. […] Female, white, non-Hispanic newborns are more likely to be diagnosed with infantile hemangiomas. The incidence has increased in this cohort over the past several decades, likely reflecting the greater increase in prematurity in this population over the same period. […] The incidence of infantile hemangiomas is approximately 22-30% of preterm infants with birthweight less than 1 kg; for preterm infants with birthweight greater than 1.5 kg, the incidence is the same as for term infants. An increased incidence is recognized in infants from multiple gestations. […] The incidence is increased with older maternal age, maternal placenta previa, and preeclampsia. Some, but not all, surveys have demonstrated increased incidence in infants born to mothers who have undergone prenatal chorionic villus sampling.

• #22 Hemangioma | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22692

  Infantile hemangioma is the most common benign vascular tumor of infancy and affects about 4% to 5 % of newborns. […] Infantile hemangiomas occur more frequently in Caucasian infants compared to other racial groups. There is also a female predominance with a female to male ratio of up to 5:1. Premature infants, babies born with low birth weights or with prenatal hypoxia are also prone to developing hemangiomas. […] Most cases are sporadic but infantile hemangiomas have been seen to run in families. They have been associated with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance although no specific genes are implicated.

• #23 Infantile hemangioma: An update – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/infantile-hemangioma-an-update/

  Hemangiomas can be seen in 1.1% to 2.6% of term neonates, and their frequency is estimated to be as high as 10% to 12% within the first year of life. […] Among Indian studies, a prevalence varying from 0.1% to 0.28% has been reported. […] Female infants are three times as likely to have hemangiomas as compared to male infants, and there is an increased incidence of premature and low-birth weight babies. […] Approximately 55% of these tumors are present at birth, and 45% develop in the first weeks of life. […] Infants who are exposed to chorionic villous sampling at 9-12 weeks of gestation develop hemangiomas in 21% of cases. […] The growth characteristics of hemangiomas are often divided into phases: nascent, proliferating, involuting and involuted. […] Hemangiomas can develop complications during their course, which can cause functional or cosmetic disability.

• #24 Infantile Hemangioma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1083849-overview

  Infantile hemangiomas occur in approximately 3% and 10% of white infants at birth and at age 1 year, respectively. […] Female, white, non-Hispanic newborns are more likely to be diagnosed with infantile hemangiomas. The incidence has increased in this cohort over the past several decades, likely reflecting the greater increase in prematurity in this population over the same period. […] The incidence of infantile hemangiomas is approximately 22-30% of preterm infants with birthweight less than 1 kg; for preterm infants with birthweight greater than 1.5 kg, the incidence is the same as for term infants. An increased incidence is recognized in infants from multiple gestations. […] The incidence is increased with older maternal age, maternal placenta previa, and preeclampsia. Some, but not all, surveys have demonstrated increased incidence in infants born to mothers who have undergone prenatal chorionic villus sampling.

• #25 Infantile Hemangiomas: An Update on Pathogenesis and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/20/4631

  Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common benign vascular tumors in infancy and present in up to 5% of children. […] The natural cycle of IHs consists of three phases: the rapid proliferation phase (with the fastest growth between 5.5 and 7.5 weeks), the plateau phase, and the slow involution phase. […] The meta-analysis performed by Ding et al. showed that the risk factors for IH are female gender, multiple gestation, preterm birth, progesterone therapy, family history of IH, and low birth weight (every 500 g decrease in birth weight increases the risk by 40%). […] According to the newest ISSVA (International Society for The Study of Vascular Anomalies) 2018 classification, IHs can be divided into different patterns: focal, multifocal, segmental, and indeterminate. […] Complications are more common among patients with segmental IH, and hence there is a greater need for therapy.

• #26 Infantile Hemangiomas: An Update on Pathogenesis and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/20/4631

  Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common benign vascular tumors in infancy and present in up to 5% of children. […] The natural cycle of IHs consists of three phases: the rapid proliferation phase (with the fastest growth between 5.5 and 7.5 weeks), the plateau phase, and the slow involution phase. […] The meta-analysis performed by Ding et al. showed that the risk factors for IH are female gender, multiple gestation, preterm birth, progesterone therapy, family history of IH, and low birth weight (every 500 g decrease in birth weight increases the risk by 40%). […] According to the newest ISSVA (International Society for The Study of Vascular Anomalies) 2018 classification, IHs can be divided into different patterns: focal, multifocal, segmental, and indeterminate. […] Complications are more common among patients with segmental IH, and hence there is a greater need for therapy.

• #27 Hepatic Hemangiomas: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177106-overview

  Hemangiomas are the most common benign tumors affecting the liver and usually discovered incidentally. […] Given the frequency with which the diagnosis of hepatic hemangiomas is made, it is important that clinicians understand the natural history of these tumors, as well as their optimal monitoring and management. […] Autopsy series have reported the prevalence of hepatic hemangioma to range from 0.4% to as high as 20%. […] The widespread use of noninvasive abdominal imaging modalities has led to increased detection of asymptomatic lesions. […] Large reviews of radiology databases have estimated a 2.5-5.1% prevalence of hepatic hemangiomas. […] Women, especially women with a history of multiparity, are affected more often than men. […] The female-to-male ratio is 4-6:1. […] Hepatic hemangiomas can occur at all ages, but most are diagnosed in individuals aged 30-50 years. […] Female patients often present at a younger age and with larger tumors. […] Hepatic hemangiomas may be seen in infancy. […] They have also been detected prenatally in a growing fetus.

• #28 Hepatic Hemangiomas: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177106-overview

  Hemangiomas are the most common benign tumors affecting the liver and usually discovered incidentally. […] Given the frequency with which the diagnosis of hepatic hemangiomas is made, it is important that clinicians understand the natural history of these tumors, as well as their optimal monitoring and management. […] Autopsy series have reported the prevalence of hepatic hemangioma to range from 0.4% to as high as 20%. […] The widespread use of noninvasive abdominal imaging modalities has led to increased detection of asymptomatic lesions. […] Large reviews of radiology databases have estimated a 2.5-5.1% prevalence of hepatic hemangiomas. […] Women, especially women with a history of multiparity, are affected more often than men. […] The female-to-male ratio is 4-6:1. […] Hepatic hemangiomas can occur at all ages, but most are diagnosed in individuals aged 30-50 years. […] Female patients often present at a younger age and with larger tumors. […] Hepatic hemangiomas may be seen in infancy. […] They have also been detected prenatally in a growing fetus.

• #29 Hemangioma | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22692

  Infantile hemangioma is the most common benign vascular tumor of infancy and affects about 4% to 5 % of newborns. […] Infantile hemangiomas occur more frequently in Caucasian infants compared to other racial groups. There is also a female predominance with a female to male ratio of up to 5:1. Premature infants, babies born with low birth weights or with prenatal hypoxia are also prone to developing hemangiomas. […] Most cases are sporadic but infantile hemangiomas have been seen to run in families. They have been associated with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance although no specific genes are implicated.

• #30 Infantile Hemangioma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1083849-overview

  Hemangiomas occur most commonly in white infants, with an incidence rate 10-12 times that of black and Asian infants. […] Females are affected more often than males by a ratio of 3:1. This disparity is higher (9:1) in those infants with large cervicofacial segmental hemangiomas associated with PHACE syndrome. […] Thirty percent of infantile hemangiomas are present at birth, and 70% of them initially appear in the first several weeks of life.

• #31 Hemangiomas of Infancy: Epidemiology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-88-470-0569-3_3

  Few reports about the epidemiology of infantile hemangiomas (IH) exist and prospective studies are missing; it is difficult to provide some data. The incidence in the general newborn population is between 1.1 and 2.6%, but increases to up to 12% by one year of age. About 30% of IH are noticed at birth and 7090% appear during the first four weeks of life. The majority of hemangiomas occur sporadically; however, familial occurrence of IH has been reported. […] Although IH can be seen in all races, they are more common in Caucasian infants, and less common in those of African or Asian descent. In a prospective cohort study ongoing in the United States, data in 1058 patients revealed that 68.9% of patients were Caucasian, 14.4% were Hispanic and 2.8% were African-American. The female-to-male ratio was 2.4:1.0, which is similar to the previously published ratio. Premature babies and those with a low birth weight have a significantly higher incidence of IH.

• #32 Hemangiomas of Infancy: Epidemiology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-88-470-0569-3_3

  Few reports about the epidemiology of infantile hemangiomas (IH) exist and prospective studies are missing; it is difficult to provide some data. The incidence in the general newborn population is between 1.1 and 2.6%, but increases to up to 12% by one year of age. About 30% of IH are noticed at birth and 7090% appear during the first four weeks of life. The majority of hemangiomas occur sporadically; however, familial occurrence of IH has been reported. […] Although IH can be seen in all races, they are more common in Caucasian infants, and less common in those of African or Asian descent. In a prospective cohort study ongoing in the United States, data in 1058 patients revealed that 68.9% of patients were Caucasian, 14.4% were Hispanic and 2.8% were African-American. The female-to-male ratio was 2.4:1.0, which is similar to the previously published ratio. Premature babies and those with a low birth weight have a significantly higher incidence of IH.

• #33 Infantile Hemangioma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1083849-overview

  Hemangiomas occur most commonly in white infants, with an incidence rate 10-12 times that of black and Asian infants. […] Females are affected more often than males by a ratio of 3:1. This disparity is higher (9:1) in those infants with large cervicofacial segmental hemangiomas associated with PHACE syndrome. […] Thirty percent of infantile hemangiomas are present at birth, and 70% of them initially appear in the first several weeks of life.

• #34 Infantile Hemangiomas: An Update on Pathogenesis and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/20/4631

  Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common benign vascular tumors in infancy and present in up to 5% of children. […] The natural cycle of IHs consists of three phases: the rapid proliferation phase (with the fastest growth between 5.5 and 7.5 weeks), the plateau phase, and the slow involution phase. […] The meta-analysis performed by Ding et al. showed that the risk factors for IH are female gender, multiple gestation, preterm birth, progesterone therapy, family history of IH, and low birth weight (every 500 g decrease in birth weight increases the risk by 40%). […] According to the newest ISSVA (International Society for The Study of Vascular Anomalies) 2018 classification, IHs can be divided into different patterns: focal, multifocal, segmental, and indeterminate. […] Complications are more common among patients with segmental IH, and hence there is a greater need for therapy.

• #35 Hemangiomas of Infancy: Epidemiology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-88-470-0569-3_3

  According to the new clinical classification proposed by Chiller, distribution of IH according to the different types are: localized 72%, segmental 18%, indeterminate 9%, and multifocal 3%. Twenty-four percent of patients experience complications related to their hemangiomas. Ulceration is the most common complication (16%), followed by threat to vision (5.6%), airway obstruction (1.4%), auditory canal obstruction (0.6%) and cardiac compromise (0.4%). […] PHACE, a neurocutaneous syndrome that refers to the association of large, plaque-like, segmental hemangiomas of the face, with one or more of other anomalies, represents about 2 to 3% of patients with IH overall, and at least 20% of patients with segmental IH of the face. Cerebral and cerebrovascular anomalies of PHACE are the greatest potential source of morbidity.

• #36 Infantile Hemangiomas: An Update on Pathogenesis and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/20/4631

  Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common benign vascular tumors in infancy and present in up to 5% of children. […] The natural cycle of IHs consists of three phases: the rapid proliferation phase (with the fastest growth between 5.5 and 7.5 weeks), the plateau phase, and the slow involution phase. […] The meta-analysis performed by Ding et al. showed that the risk factors for IH are female gender, multiple gestation, preterm birth, progesterone therapy, family history of IH, and low birth weight (every 500 g decrease in birth weight increases the risk by 40%). […] According to the newest ISSVA (International Society for The Study of Vascular Anomalies) 2018 classification, IHs can be divided into different patterns: focal, multifocal, segmental, and indeterminate. […] Complications are more common among patients with segmental IH, and hence there is a greater need for therapy.

• #37 Infantile hemangioma. Part 1: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation and assessment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34419524/

  Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common pediatric vascular tumor. […] Classification comprises superficial, mixed, and deep IH as well as IH with minimal or arrested growth. […] Multifocal IHs are more likely to be associated with infantile hepatic hemangioma and, although the need for screening based on a specific number of IH has been recently debated, 5 remains the most widely acceptable cutoff point. […] Large facial IHs warrant investigation for posterior fossa malformations, hemangioma, arterial anomalies, cardiac defects or aortic coarctation and eye anomalies (PHACE) syndrome. […] Lumbar IHs warrant investigation for lower body IH and other cutaneous defects, urogenital anomalies, ulceration, myelopathy, bony deformity, anorectal malformations, arterial anomalies, and renal anomalies (LUMBAR) syndrome.

• #38 Infantile hemangioma. Part 1: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation and assessment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34419524/

  Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common pediatric vascular tumor. […] Classification comprises superficial, mixed, and deep IH as well as IH with minimal or arrested growth. […] Multifocal IHs are more likely to be associated with infantile hepatic hemangioma and, although the need for screening based on a specific number of IH has been recently debated, 5 remains the most widely acceptable cutoff point. […] Large facial IHs warrant investigation for posterior fossa malformations, hemangioma, arterial anomalies, cardiac defects or aortic coarctation and eye anomalies (PHACE) syndrome. […] Lumbar IHs warrant investigation for lower body IH and other cutaneous defects, urogenital anomalies, ulceration, myelopathy, bony deformity, anorectal malformations, arterial anomalies, and renal anomalies (LUMBAR) syndrome.

• #39 Hemangiomas of Infancy: Epidemiology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-88-470-0569-3_3

  According to the new clinical classification proposed by Chiller, distribution of IH according to the different types are: localized 72%, segmental 18%, indeterminate 9%, and multifocal 3%. Twenty-four percent of patients experience complications related to their hemangiomas. Ulceration is the most common complication (16%), followed by threat to vision (5.6%), airway obstruction (1.4%), auditory canal obstruction (0.6%) and cardiac compromise (0.4%). […] PHACE, a neurocutaneous syndrome that refers to the association of large, plaque-like, segmental hemangiomas of the face, with one or more of other anomalies, represents about 2 to 3% of patients with IH overall, and at least 20% of patients with segmental IH of the face. Cerebral and cerebrovascular anomalies of PHACE are the greatest potential source of morbidity.

• #40 Infantile hemangioma. Part 1: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation and assessment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34419524/

  Complications of IH include ulceration, obstruction or functional impairment, hypothyroidism, and cosmetic sequelae. […] Differential diagnoses mostly consist of other vascular tumors and vascular malformations, although IH may sometimes mimic nonvascular tumors or developmental anomalies. […] Diagnosis is usually clinical and biopsy is rarely indicated. High-frequency ultrasonography may help with the differential diagnosis, particularly with subcutaneous lesions.

• #41 Vascular anomalies in childhood: When to treat and when to refer | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/vascular-anomalies

  Hemangiomas affect an estimated 4% to 10% of infants. […] However, up to 15% of hemangiomas can present with complications, mostly commonly ulceration, pain, permanent functional impairment, or negative cosmetic outcome. […] Indications for starting propranolol for IH include: function- or life-threatening IH such as airway compromise, periocular IH, lip or nasal location (especially nasal tip), auditory canal involvement, ulceration, segmental hemangiomas of the face, or IH with risk of permanent disfigurement. […] Referral is recommended for hemangiomas affecting the eye, nose, urethra, anus, or liver, and for large facial hemangiomas. […] Early treatment helps ensure optimal outcome. […] Ulcerations occur in about 15% of IH, especially during the rapid growth phase. […] When any hemangioma is affecting or impinging on a critical structure, treatment is preferable to watchful waiting.

• #42 Hemangiomas of Infancy: Epidemiology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-88-470-0569-3_3

  According to the new clinical classification proposed by Chiller, distribution of IH according to the different types are: localized 72%, segmental 18%, indeterminate 9%, and multifocal 3%. Twenty-four percent of patients experience complications related to their hemangiomas. Ulceration is the most common complication (16%), followed by threat to vision (5.6%), airway obstruction (1.4%), auditory canal obstruction (0.6%) and cardiac compromise (0.4%). […] PHACE, a neurocutaneous syndrome that refers to the association of large, plaque-like, segmental hemangiomas of the face, with one or more of other anomalies, represents about 2 to 3% of patients with IH overall, and at least 20% of patients with segmental IH of the face. Cerebral and cerebrovascular anomalies of PHACE are the greatest potential source of morbidity.

• #43 Infantile hemangioma: An update – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/infantile-hemangioma-an-update/

  Complications depend on the location, size or the rate of growth and are found to occur in 40% of the lesions, the commonest being ulceration (21%) and bleeding (7.5%). […] Multiple hemangiomas can cause shunting of large volumes of blood, which may lead to high-output heart failure. […] Systemic hemangiomas are often, but not necessarily always, encountered in association with the small, multiple type of infantile hemangiomas. […] Certain special investigations, such as brain imaging, are recommended in infants who have facial, segmental hemangiomas or are suspected to have PHACE syndrome. […] For infants with open fontanelles, a cranial ultrasound is a valid screening option in detecting major structural defects. […] MRI is the most sensitive means for viewing the posterior fossa, and magnetic resonance arteriography can delineate arterial abnormalities. […] A careful cardiac examination with the blood pressure measurement in all 4 extremities to screen for coarctation of the aorta and ophthalmologic referral for suspected eye abnormalities are important.

• #44 Hemangiomas of Infancy: Epidemiology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-88-470-0569-3_3

  According to the new clinical classification proposed by Chiller, distribution of IH according to the different types are: localized 72%, segmental 18%, indeterminate 9%, and multifocal 3%. Twenty-four percent of patients experience complications related to their hemangiomas. Ulceration is the most common complication (16%), followed by threat to vision (5.6%), airway obstruction (1.4%), auditory canal obstruction (0.6%) and cardiac compromise (0.4%). […] PHACE, a neurocutaneous syndrome that refers to the association of large, plaque-like, segmental hemangiomas of the face, with one or more of other anomalies, represents about 2 to 3% of patients with IH overall, and at least 20% of patients with segmental IH of the face. Cerebral and cerebrovascular anomalies of PHACE are the greatest potential source of morbidity.

• #45 Hemangiomas of Infancy: Epidemiology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-88-470-0569-3_3

  According to the new clinical classification proposed by Chiller, distribution of IH according to the different types are: localized 72%, segmental 18%, indeterminate 9%, and multifocal 3%. Twenty-four percent of patients experience complications related to their hemangiomas. Ulceration is the most common complication (16%), followed by threat to vision (5.6%), airway obstruction (1.4%), auditory canal obstruction (0.6%) and cardiac compromise (0.4%). […] PHACE, a neurocutaneous syndrome that refers to the association of large, plaque-like, segmental hemangiomas of the face, with one or more of other anomalies, represents about 2 to 3% of patients with IH overall, and at least 20% of patients with segmental IH of the face. Cerebral and cerebrovascular anomalies of PHACE are the greatest potential source of morbidity.

• #46 Hemangiomas of Infancy: Epidemiology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-88-470-0569-3_3

  According to the new clinical classification proposed by Chiller, distribution of IH according to the different types are: localized 72%, segmental 18%, indeterminate 9%, and multifocal 3%. Twenty-four percent of patients experience complications related to their hemangiomas. Ulceration is the most common complication (16%), followed by threat to vision (5.6%), airway obstruction (1.4%), auditory canal obstruction (0.6%) and cardiac compromise (0.4%). […] PHACE, a neurocutaneous syndrome that refers to the association of large, plaque-like, segmental hemangiomas of the face, with one or more of other anomalies, represents about 2 to 3% of patients with IH overall, and at least 20% of patients with segmental IH of the face. Cerebral and cerebrovascular anomalies of PHACE are the greatest potential source of morbidity.

• #47 Hemangiomas of Infancy: Epidemiology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-88-470-0569-3_3

  According to the new clinical classification proposed by Chiller, distribution of IH according to the different types are: localized 72%, segmental 18%, indeterminate 9%, and multifocal 3%. Twenty-four percent of patients experience complications related to their hemangiomas. Ulceration is the most common complication (16%), followed by threat to vision (5.6%), airway obstruction (1.4%), auditory canal obstruction (0.6%) and cardiac compromise (0.4%). […] PHACE, a neurocutaneous syndrome that refers to the association of large, plaque-like, segmental hemangiomas of the face, with one or more of other anomalies, represents about 2 to 3% of patients with IH overall, and at least 20% of patients with segmental IH of the face. Cerebral and cerebrovascular anomalies of PHACE are the greatest potential source of morbidity.

• #48 Infantile hemangioma. Part 1: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation and assessment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34419524/

  Complications of IH include ulceration, obstruction or functional impairment, hypothyroidism, and cosmetic sequelae. […] Differential diagnoses mostly consist of other vascular tumors and vascular malformations, although IH may sometimes mimic nonvascular tumors or developmental anomalies. […] Diagnosis is usually clinical and biopsy is rarely indicated. High-frequency ultrasonography may help with the differential diagnosis, particularly with subcutaneous lesions.

• #49 Infantile hemangioma. Part 1: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation and assessment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34419524/

  Complications of IH include ulceration, obstruction or functional impairment, hypothyroidism, and cosmetic sequelae. […] Differential diagnoses mostly consist of other vascular tumors and vascular malformations, although IH may sometimes mimic nonvascular tumors or developmental anomalies. […] Diagnosis is usually clinical and biopsy is rarely indicated. High-frequency ultrasonography may help with the differential diagnosis, particularly with subcutaneous lesions.

• #50 Infantile hemangioma: An update – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/infantile-hemangioma-an-update/

  Complications depend on the location, size or the rate of growth and are found to occur in 40% of the lesions, the commonest being ulceration (21%) and bleeding (7.5%). […] Multiple hemangiomas can cause shunting of large volumes of blood, which may lead to high-output heart failure. […] Systemic hemangiomas are often, but not necessarily always, encountered in association with the small, multiple type of infantile hemangiomas. […] Certain special investigations, such as brain imaging, are recommended in infants who have facial, segmental hemangiomas or are suspected to have PHACE syndrome. […] For infants with open fontanelles, a cranial ultrasound is a valid screening option in detecting major structural defects. […] MRI is the most sensitive means for viewing the posterior fossa, and magnetic resonance arteriography can delineate arterial abnormalities. […] A careful cardiac examination with the blood pressure measurement in all 4 extremities to screen for coarctation of the aorta and ophthalmologic referral for suspected eye abnormalities are important.

• #51 Infantile hemangioma. Part 1: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation and assessment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34419524/

  Complications of IH include ulceration, obstruction or functional impairment, hypothyroidism, and cosmetic sequelae. […] Differential diagnoses mostly consist of other vascular tumors and vascular malformations, although IH may sometimes mimic nonvascular tumors or developmental anomalies. […] Diagnosis is usually clinical and biopsy is rarely indicated. High-frequency ultrasonography may help with the differential diagnosis, particularly with subcutaneous lesions.

• #52 Infantile Hemangiomas: An Update on Pathogenesis and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/20/4631

  The possible complications of infantile hemangiomas include ulceration, disfigurement, obstruction, and functional impairment. […] The known risk factors of IH recurrence are female sex, tumor size over 50 cm³, tumor location on head and neck, deep or mixed type hemangioma, and early treatment withdrawal (<9 months). [...] In a follow-up study of the outcomes of propranolol treatment, in a group of 80 patients, residual lesions were found in 91.2% (73/80).

• #53 Infantile hemangioma. Part 1: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation and assessment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34419524/

  Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common pediatric vascular tumor. […] Classification comprises superficial, mixed, and deep IH as well as IH with minimal or arrested growth. […] Multifocal IHs are more likely to be associated with infantile hepatic hemangioma and, although the need for screening based on a specific number of IH has been recently debated, 5 remains the most widely acceptable cutoff point. […] Large facial IHs warrant investigation for posterior fossa malformations, hemangioma, arterial anomalies, cardiac defects or aortic coarctation and eye anomalies (PHACE) syndrome. […] Lumbar IHs warrant investigation for lower body IH and other cutaneous defects, urogenital anomalies, ulceration, myelopathy, bony deformity, anorectal malformations, arterial anomalies, and renal anomalies (LUMBAR) syndrome.

• #54 Hemangiomas of Infancy: Epidemiology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-88-470-0569-3_3

  According to the new clinical classification proposed by Chiller, distribution of IH according to the different types are: localized 72%, segmental 18%, indeterminate 9%, and multifocal 3%. Twenty-four percent of patients experience complications related to their hemangiomas. Ulceration is the most common complication (16%), followed by threat to vision (5.6%), airway obstruction (1.4%), auditory canal obstruction (0.6%) and cardiac compromise (0.4%). […] PHACE, a neurocutaneous syndrome that refers to the association of large, plaque-like, segmental hemangiomas of the face, with one or more of other anomalies, represents about 2 to 3% of patients with IH overall, and at least 20% of patients with segmental IH of the face. Cerebral and cerebrovascular anomalies of PHACE are the greatest potential source of morbidity.

• #55 Infantile Hemangioma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1083849-overview

  Hemangiomas occur most commonly in white infants, with an incidence rate 10-12 times that of black and Asian infants. […] Females are affected more often than males by a ratio of 3:1. This disparity is higher (9:1) in those infants with large cervicofacial segmental hemangiomas associated with PHACE syndrome. […] Thirty percent of infantile hemangiomas are present at birth, and 70% of them initially appear in the first several weeks of life.

• #56 Infantile hemangioma. Part 1: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation and assessment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34419524/

  Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common pediatric vascular tumor. […] Classification comprises superficial, mixed, and deep IH as well as IH with minimal or arrested growth. […] Multifocal IHs are more likely to be associated with infantile hepatic hemangioma and, although the need for screening based on a specific number of IH has been recently debated, 5 remains the most widely acceptable cutoff point. […] Large facial IHs warrant investigation for posterior fossa malformations, hemangioma, arterial anomalies, cardiac defects or aortic coarctation and eye anomalies (PHACE) syndrome. […] Lumbar IHs warrant investigation for lower body IH and other cutaneous defects, urogenital anomalies, ulceration, myelopathy, bony deformity, anorectal malformations, arterial anomalies, and renal anomalies (LUMBAR) syndrome.

• #57 Pathology Outlines – Hemangioma & variants

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/softtissuehemangioma.html

  Most common tumor of childhood and infancy (Goldblum: Enzinger and Weiss’s Soft Tissue Tumors, 7th Edition, 2019) […] M = F; gender predilection is variable for site specific examples, like synovial hemangioma (Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 2019;29:1291) […] Common in Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, PHACE syndrome and LUMBAR syndrome (Surg Neurol Int 2018;9:205, StatPearls: PHACE Syndrome [Acessed 13 October 2021], Med Arch 2021;75:158, Actas Dermosifiliogr 2017;108:475)

• #58 Haemangioma – infantile

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsconnect/prereferral_guidelines/Haemangioma_%E2%80%93_infantile/

  Most infantile haemangiomas do not require treatment. However some infants require investigations and/or treatment. Consider urgent referral to a specialist with expertise in this field if there are any of the following red flags: […] If child is unwell or under three months of age, liver ultrasound is warranted. […] Most children do not require treatment for their haemangioma. […] For haemangiomas requiring treatment (e.g. red flags above), treatment should be started early to reduce the possibility and severity of complications. Consider urgent referral.

• #59 Haemangioma – infantile

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsconnect/prereferral_guidelines/Haemangioma_%E2%80%93_infantile/

  Most infantile haemangiomas do not require treatment. However some infants require investigations and/or treatment. Consider urgent referral to a specialist with expertise in this field if there are any of the following red flags: […] If child is unwell or under three months of age, liver ultrasound is warranted. […] Most children do not require treatment for their haemangioma. […] For haemangiomas requiring treatment (e.g. red flags above), treatment should be started early to reduce the possibility and severity of complications. Consider urgent referral.

• #60 caret_down icon

  https://www.spectrumhealth.org/services/helen-devos-childrens-hospital/vascular-anomalies/hemangioma

  A hemangioma is a vascular anomaly and occurs in about one in 10 children. […] We strongly recommend any infant with a hemangioma have close follow-up care with his or her primary care provider, being seen in two-week intervals instead of the typical four-week time frame to better evaluate how fast the hemangioma is growing and if treatment may be needed. […] Treatment may include surveillance or medicines that can help hemangiomas go away faster.

• #61 Infantile hemangioma: An update – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/infantile-hemangioma-an-update/

  Complications depend on the location, size or the rate of growth and are found to occur in 40% of the lesions, the commonest being ulceration (21%) and bleeding (7.5%). […] Multiple hemangiomas can cause shunting of large volumes of blood, which may lead to high-output heart failure. […] Systemic hemangiomas are often, but not necessarily always, encountered in association with the small, multiple type of infantile hemangiomas. […] Certain special investigations, such as brain imaging, are recommended in infants who have facial, segmental hemangiomas or are suspected to have PHACE syndrome. […] For infants with open fontanelles, a cranial ultrasound is a valid screening option in detecting major structural defects. […] MRI is the most sensitive means for viewing the posterior fossa, and magnetic resonance arteriography can delineate arterial abnormalities. […] A careful cardiac examination with the blood pressure measurement in all 4 extremities to screen for coarctation of the aorta and ophthalmologic referral for suspected eye abnormalities are important.

• #62 Infantile hemangioma: An update – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/infantile-hemangioma-an-update/

  Complications depend on the location, size or the rate of growth and are found to occur in 40% of the lesions, the commonest being ulceration (21%) and bleeding (7.5%). […] Multiple hemangiomas can cause shunting of large volumes of blood, which may lead to high-output heart failure. […] Systemic hemangiomas are often, but not necessarily always, encountered in association with the small, multiple type of infantile hemangiomas. […] Certain special investigations, such as brain imaging, are recommended in infants who have facial, segmental hemangiomas or are suspected to have PHACE syndrome. […] For infants with open fontanelles, a cranial ultrasound is a valid screening option in detecting major structural defects. […] MRI is the most sensitive means for viewing the posterior fossa, and magnetic resonance arteriography can delineate arterial abnormalities. […] A careful cardiac examination with the blood pressure measurement in all 4 extremities to screen for coarctation of the aorta and ophthalmologic referral for suspected eye abnormalities are important.

• #63 Infantile hemangioma: An update – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/infantile-hemangioma-an-update/

  Complications depend on the location, size or the rate of growth and are found to occur in 40% of the lesions, the commonest being ulceration (21%) and bleeding (7.5%). […] Multiple hemangiomas can cause shunting of large volumes of blood, which may lead to high-output heart failure. […] Systemic hemangiomas are often, but not necessarily always, encountered in association with the small, multiple type of infantile hemangiomas. […] Certain special investigations, such as brain imaging, are recommended in infants who have facial, segmental hemangiomas or are suspected to have PHACE syndrome. […] For infants with open fontanelles, a cranial ultrasound is a valid screening option in detecting major structural defects. […] MRI is the most sensitive means for viewing the posterior fossa, and magnetic resonance arteriography can delineate arterial abnormalities. […] A careful cardiac examination with the blood pressure measurement in all 4 extremities to screen for coarctation of the aorta and ophthalmologic referral for suspected eye abnormalities are important.

• #64 Von Hippel-Lindau Disease – Retina Today

  https://retinatoday.com/articles/2010-may-june/von-hippel-lindau-disease

  The diagnosis of VHL disease is based on three elements, which include retinal capillary hemangioma or CNS hemangioma, visceral lesions, and a family history of similar lesions. After diagnosis is made, screening protocols should be followed, including urinary catecholamines and ophthalmoscopy on a periodic basis with MRI of the brain and spinal cord at least every 2 years, and yearly abdominal US with an additional abdominal CT scan every 2 to 3 years.

• #65 Real-world data on the clinicopathological traits and outcomes of hospitalized liver hemangioma patients: a multicenter study

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/70525/html

  A total of 5,143 patients hospitalized for hepatic hemangioma were included in the study, of whom 34.42% were male and 65.58% were female. […] Most patients in this study who were hospitalized for hepatic hemangioma did not meet the indications for requiring treatment. Surveillance is the recommended course of action for definitively diagnosed hepatic hemangioma, and a new classification system is needed to standardize the diagnosis of this condition. […] It is necessary to determine which types of hepatic hemangioma need to be treated. As a benign tumor, most hepatic hemangiomas are asymptomatic and are not typically malignant, and significant liver function abnormalities have not been observed in asymptomatic hepatic hemangioma patients. Surveillance is often recommended for patients presenting with this type of hepatic hemangioma, and this course of action is generally accepted worldwide.

• #66 Real-world data on the clinicopathological traits and outcomes of hospitalized liver hemangioma patients: a multicenter study

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/70525/html

  A total of 5,143 patients hospitalized for hepatic hemangioma were included in the study, of whom 34.42% were male and 65.58% were female. […] Most patients in this study who were hospitalized for hepatic hemangioma did not meet the indications for requiring treatment. Surveillance is the recommended course of action for definitively diagnosed hepatic hemangioma, and a new classification system is needed to standardize the diagnosis of this condition. […] It is necessary to determine which types of hepatic hemangioma need to be treated. As a benign tumor, most hepatic hemangiomas are asymptomatic and are not typically malignant, and significant liver function abnormalities have not been observed in asymptomatic hepatic hemangioma patients. Surveillance is often recommended for patients presenting with this type of hepatic hemangioma, and this course of action is generally accepted worldwide.

• #67 Haemangioma – infantile

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsconnect/prereferral_guidelines/Haemangioma_%E2%80%93_infantile/

  Most infantile haemangiomas do not require treatment. However some infants require investigations and/or treatment. Consider urgent referral to a specialist with expertise in this field if there are any of the following red flags: […] If child is unwell or under three months of age, liver ultrasound is warranted. […] Most children do not require treatment for their haemangioma. […] For haemangiomas requiring treatment (e.g. red flags above), treatment should be started early to reduce the possibility and severity of complications. Consider urgent referral.

• #68 Vascular anomalies in childhood: When to treat and when to refer | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/vascular-anomalies

  Hemangiomas affect an estimated 4% to 10% of infants. […] However, up to 15% of hemangiomas can present with complications, mostly commonly ulceration, pain, permanent functional impairment, or negative cosmetic outcome. […] Indications for starting propranolol for IH include: function- or life-threatening IH such as airway compromise, periocular IH, lip or nasal location (especially nasal tip), auditory canal involvement, ulceration, segmental hemangiomas of the face, or IH with risk of permanent disfigurement. […] Referral is recommended for hemangiomas affecting the eye, nose, urethra, anus, or liver, and for large facial hemangiomas. […] Early treatment helps ensure optimal outcome. […] Ulcerations occur in about 15% of IH, especially during the rapid growth phase. […] When any hemangioma is affecting or impinging on a critical structure, treatment is preferable to watchful waiting.

• #69 Advances in the Medical Management of Infantile Hemangioma | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/30856/advances-in-the-medical-management-of-infantile-hemangiomaundefined

  Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common vascular tumor of infancy occurring in 5%10% of infants. […] Therefore, early medical management of IH is of vital importance to curb the rapid proliferation of IH. […] Although beta-adrenergic receptor blocker propranolol (PRN) has been widely used as the first-line therapy for IH because of its remarkable efficacy in treating proliferating IH since 2008, there are still concerns about the safety and resistance of PRN therapy for IH. […] Currently, there are several issues about PRN therapy remain unsolved: (1) the low bioavailability and high-dose usage of PRN therapy in IH; (2) the potential long-term side effects of PRN in children; (3) resistance to PRN therapy in IH. […] Nevertheless, future clinical trials and basic studies are needed to provide support to the above findings.

• #70 Advances in the Medical Management of Infantile Hemangioma | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/30856/advances-in-the-medical-management-of-infantile-hemangiomaundefined

  Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common vascular tumor of infancy occurring in 5%10% of infants. […] Therefore, early medical management of IH is of vital importance to curb the rapid proliferation of IH. […] Although beta-adrenergic receptor blocker propranolol (PRN) has been widely used as the first-line therapy for IH because of its remarkable efficacy in treating proliferating IH since 2008, there are still concerns about the safety and resistance of PRN therapy for IH. […] Currently, there are several issues about PRN therapy remain unsolved: (1) the low bioavailability and high-dose usage of PRN therapy in IH; (2) the potential long-term side effects of PRN in children; (3) resistance to PRN therapy in IH. […] Nevertheless, future clinical trials and basic studies are needed to provide support to the above findings.

• #71 Hemangioma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemangioma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352339

  Infantile hemangiomas are the most common what we call tumor of infancy and tumor not necessarily implying harmful or malignant but implying growth. We estimate that approximately one in twenty children are born with a hemangioma. […] Our preliminary results are showing that the number of children born with this type of birthmark has actually been increasing steadily over the last thirty years, so it’s becoming more and more common. […] We do know that there are several fairly well-defined risk factors — children that are first born, premature, female and have a low birth weight are at a higher risk for developing infantile hemangiomas than other children. […] However, there are many children that also defy those odds so we certainly see fourth born, male children that are born, you know, at term and normal birth weight that also have these strawberry birthmarks or infantile hemangiomas.

• #72 Infantile Hemangioma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1083849-overview

  Infantile hemangiomas occur in approximately 3% and 10% of white infants at birth and at age 1 year, respectively. […] Female, white, non-Hispanic newborns are more likely to be diagnosed with infantile hemangiomas. The incidence has increased in this cohort over the past several decades, likely reflecting the greater increase in prematurity in this population over the same period. […] The incidence of infantile hemangiomas is approximately 22-30% of preterm infants with birthweight less than 1 kg; for preterm infants with birthweight greater than 1.5 kg, the incidence is the same as for term infants. An increased incidence is recognized in infants from multiple gestations. […] The incidence is increased with older maternal age, maternal placenta previa, and preeclampsia. Some, but not all, surveys have demonstrated increased incidence in infants born to mothers who have undergone prenatal chorionic villus sampling.

• #73

  https://journals.lww.com/hepcomm/fulltext/2024/11010/practical_approach_to_diagnose_and_manage_benign.24.aspx

  As benign liver lesions continue to be identified with increasing frequency, the importance of distinguishing between those requiring intervention and those that can be safely monitored cannot be overstated. Ongoing research involves the development of predictive algorithms to better identify lesions at risk of complications or malignancy and innovations in imaging that could further reduce the need for invasive tests. Ultimately, the goal is to refine the accuracy of diagnosis and optimize the management of these benign liver lesions, thereby minimizing patient distress and improving outcomes.

• #74

  https://journals.lww.com/hepcomm/fulltext/2024/11010/practical_approach_to_diagnose_and_manage_benign.24.aspx

  As benign liver lesions continue to be identified with increasing frequency, the importance of distinguishing between those requiring intervention and those that can be safely monitored cannot be overstated. Ongoing research involves the development of predictive algorithms to better identify lesions at risk of complications or malignancy and innovations in imaging that could further reduce the need for invasive tests. Ultimately, the goal is to refine the accuracy of diagnosis and optimize the management of these benign liver lesions, thereby minimizing patient distress and improving outcomes.

• #75 Advances in the Medical Management of Infantile Hemangioma | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/30856/advances-in-the-medical-management-of-infantile-hemangiomaundefined

  Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common vascular tumor of infancy occurring in 5%10% of infants. […] Therefore, early medical management of IH is of vital importance to curb the rapid proliferation of IH. […] Although beta-adrenergic receptor blocker propranolol (PRN) has been widely used as the first-line therapy for IH because of its remarkable efficacy in treating proliferating IH since 2008, there are still concerns about the safety and resistance of PRN therapy for IH. […] Currently, there are several issues about PRN therapy remain unsolved: (1) the low bioavailability and high-dose usage of PRN therapy in IH; (2) the potential long-term side effects of PRN in children; (3) resistance to PRN therapy in IH. […] Nevertheless, future clinical trials and basic studies are needed to provide support to the above findings.

Zobacz więcej