Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Atherosclerosis – Prevention | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/prevention

  The best way to ensure heart health is to prevent risk factors from developing in the first place. Following the steps for heart-healthy living can help prevent or delay these risk factors. […] Atherosclerosis often begins in childhood and continues developing throughout life. Taking early steps in childhood toward heart-healthy living and continuing through adulthood can prevent atherosclerosis and its complications. […] Medicines are available to help manage blood cholesterol levels. Your provider may prescribe a statin or another medicine, depending on your risk for complications, which may be higher if you have had a heart attack or stroke or have diabetes. […] Talk with your provider about whether medicines can help reduce your risk for plaque buildup. […] Certain medical conditions are risk factors for plaque buildup and complications of atherosclerosis.

• #2

  https://www.healthxchange.sg/heart-lungs/heart-attack/atherosclerosis-how-to-prevent

  Atherosclerosis can affect any artery in the body, leading to serious health complications. […] Although, complete reversal of arterial plaque buildup is not possible, you can reduce the risk of atherosclerosis becoming fatal with lifestyle changes, medication and frequent health check-ups. […] The best way to counter the degenerative effects of atherosclerosis is through early detection. […] To keep heart disease at bay, adopt a healthy lifestyle, which includes: […] Eat a healthy diet: Eat foods that are high in fibre and wholegrains. Avoid foods with excessive salt, sugar or saturated fats. […] Exercise regularly: Aerobic exercises such as jogging, brisk walking or cycling are the best types of exercises for heart health. […] Achieve and maintain a healthy body mass index (BMI): The healthy range for Asians is from 18.5 to 22.9 kg/m2.

• #3 Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Atherosclerosis – Pathology

  https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/pathology/chapter/diagnosis-treatment/

  Prevention efforts to minimize the global health impacts of atherosclerosis include primary and secondary prevention. […] Primary prevention includes actions to prevent or delay the onset of atherosclerosis and focuses on addressing the impact of modifiable atherosclerosis risk factors (smoking cessation, dietary considerations, etc). […] Secondary prevention includes actions to facilitate early diagnosis of existing diseases and prevent further disease progression/manifestations (lipid-lowering medication, anti-hypertensive medication, diagnostic tests to assess heart function). […] It is important to recognize that atherosclerosis initiation can occur early in life, and the disease can be asymptomatic for decades before progressing and manifesting as an acute cardiovascular event. […] The prevention of atherosclerosis is a lifelong effort.

• #4 Atherosclerosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis

  Prevention guidelines include eating a healthy diet, exercising, not smoking, and maintaining normal body weight. […] Up to 90% of cardiovascular disease may be preventable if established risk factors are avoided. […] Prevention is generally by eating a healthy diet, exercising, not smoking, and maintaining a normal weight. […] Changes in diet may help prevent the development of atherosclerosis. […] A diet high in fruits and vegetables decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease and death. […] Evidence suggests that the Mediterranean diet may improve cardiovascular results. […] A controlled exercise program combats atherosclerosis by improving the circulation and functionality of the vessels.

• #5 Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Atherosclerosis – Pathology

  https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/pathology/chapter/diagnosis-treatment/

  Primary prevention strategies involve lifestyle considerations that aim to minimize the impact of modifiable risk factors. […] Therefore, the ideal primary prevention of atherosclerosis would involve adherence of a healthy lifestyle since childhood. […] Still, health behavior modifications for the prevention of atherosclerosis provide benefits regardless of age and atherosclerosis stage. […] Thus, a complex approach to modifiable risk factors, which includes recognition of their interplay, is necessary for effective primary prevention of atherosclerosis that, ideally, would address multiple modifiable risk factors. […] In practice, primary prevention can include both individual efforts (lifestyle considerations regardless of age), and treatment strategies addressing modifiable risk factors.

• #6 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  Lifestyle changes can help keep the arteries healthy. They also can prevent or slow atherosclerosis. The American Heart Association recommends these eight heart-healthy tips: […] Don’t smoke, vape or use tobacco. Also stay away from cigarette smoke. Smoking damages the arteries. Smoking is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease. Nicotine tightens blood vessels and forces the heart to work harder. Not smoking is one of the best ways to lower the risk of atherosclerosis complications, such as a heart attack. […] Get regular exercise. Staying active keeps the body healthy. Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week. Talk with your healthcare team about the amount and type of exercise that’s best for you. […] Keep a healthy weight. Being overweight increases the risk of coronary artery disease, which is caused by atherosclerosis. Losing even a small amount of weight can help reduce the risk. Ask your healthcare professional what weight is best for you.

• #7 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  Eat healthy foods. Choose fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit salt and saturated fats. Read nutrition labels to check the amount of salt and fat. […] Manage stress. Find ways to help reduce stress. Some ideas are to get more exercise, practice mindfulness and connect with others in support groups. Or try yoga or deep breathing. These relaxation practices can temporarily lower blood pressure, reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis. […] Control blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol. Make lifestyle changes and take medicines as directed. Get regular health checkups. […] Limit alcohol. If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men. […] Get good sleep. Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other health conditions. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily.

• #8

  https://www.healthxchange.sg/heart-lungs/heart-attack/atherosclerosis-how-to-prevent

  Atherosclerosis can affect any artery in the body, leading to serious health complications. […] Although, complete reversal of arterial plaque buildup is not possible, you can reduce the risk of atherosclerosis becoming fatal with lifestyle changes, medication and frequent health check-ups. […] The best way to counter the degenerative effects of atherosclerosis is through early detection. […] To keep heart disease at bay, adopt a healthy lifestyle, which includes: […] Eat a healthy diet: Eat foods that are high in fibre and wholegrains. Avoid foods with excessive salt, sugar or saturated fats. […] Exercise regularly: Aerobic exercises such as jogging, brisk walking or cycling are the best types of exercises for heart health. […] Achieve and maintain a healthy body mass index (BMI): The healthy range for Asians is from 18.5 to 22.9 kg/m2.

• #9 Targeting inflammation in atherosclerosis: overview, strategy and directions | EuroIntervention

  https://eurointervention.pcronline.com/article/targeting-inflammation-in-atherosclerosis-overview-strategy-and-directions

  Lifestyle management focusing on diet, smoking cessation, and exercise is key in preventing ASCVD. […] Recommended diets include those that are low in saturated fats, sugar, alcohol, and sodium and high in polyunsaturated fats, potassium, vitamins, and fibre. […] While dietary regimens have limited impact on LDL-C reduction, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and Mediterranean diets have anti-inflammatory effects. […] Statins have anti-inflammatory properties, which are exhibited by a reduction in the release of C-reactive peptide, chemokines, cytokines, and adhesion molecules and modulation of T-cell activity. […] The relationship between statin therapy and hs-CRP is important when discussing RIR. […] The data presented in this review support using a biomarker to diagnose RIR and treat inflammation proactively before an event occurs. […] We contend that the current evidence is substantial enough to advocate for the use of hs-CRP to assess patients with established atherosclerosis and the addition of colchicine to their medication regimen as a preventive measure, rather than waiting for a recurrent event to occur.

• #10 Hardening of the arteries Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hardening-of-the-arteries

  Atherosclerosis, sometimes called „hardening of the arteries,” occurs when fat, cholesterol, and other substances build up in the walls of arteries. These deposits are called plaques. Over time, these plaques can narrow or completely block the arteries and cause problems throughout the body. […] Lifestyle changes will reduce your risk for atherosclerosis. Things you can do include: Quit smoking: This is the single most important change you can make to reduce your risk for heart disease and stroke. Avoid fatty foods: Eat well-balanced meals that are low in fat and cholesterol. Include several daily servings of fruits and vegetables. Adding fish to your diet at least twice a week may be helpful. However, do not eat fried fish. Limit how much alcohol you drink: Recommended limits are one drink a day for women, two a day for men. Get regular physical activity: Exercise with moderate intensity (such as brisk walking) 5 days a week for 30 minutes a day if you are at a healthy weight. For weight loss, exercise for 60 to 90 minutes a day. Talk to your provider before starting a new exercise plan, especially if you have been diagnosed with heart disease or you have ever had a heart attack.

• #11

  https://www.healthxchange.sg/heart-lungs/heart-attack/atherosclerosis-how-to-prevent

  Get sufficient sleep: One should aim to get six to eight hours of sleep daily. […] Stop smoking (if you haven’t): Smoking contributes to atherosclerosis and increases the risk of a heart attack. […] Keep alcohol consumption in check: Men should drink no more than two standard drinks a day, and women, no more than one. […] These precautions will not only protect you against heart disease, but also prevent a host of other health problems.

• #12 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/ScientificNutrition/comments/190nf17/dietary_recommendations_for_prevention_of/

  The evidence is highly concordant in showing that, for the healthy adult population, low consumption of salt and foods of animal origin, and increased intake of plant-based foodswhole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, and nutsare linked with reduced atherosclerosis risk. […] This review provides evidence-based support for promoting appropriate food choices for atherosclerosis prevention in the general population.

• #13 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=1&contentid=1583

  Exercise regularly. Regular aerobic exercise can help fight atherosclerosis by reducing the amount of fat in your blood, lowering your blood pressure and cholesterol, and controlling your weight. […] Get regular checkups. Have your health care provider check your blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar regularly. High blood pressure can make atherosclerosis worse by causing artery walls to harden and thicken. […] Being overweight or obese increases your levels of LDL („bad”) cholesterol. Extra body fat impacts how your body processes cholesterol and makes it harder for your body to get rid of LDL cholesterol from your blood. […] Control diabetes with your health care provider’s help. People who have diabetes develop atherosclerosis more quickly. If you have diabetes, control your blood sugar level carefully. […] Symptoms appear only after the damage has been done. So don’t wait for symptoms to occur before doing something to prevent atherosclerosis. Begin by making the above lifestyle changes even if you feel well.

• #14 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-is-atherosclerosis

  You can make changes to your lifestyle to prevent atherosclerosis or slow down its progression. Some things that may help: […] Lower your stress through yoga, mindfulness, or deep breathing. These practices can help lower your blood pressure too. […] Stop smoking (and vaping), which raises your risk for heart disease. Nicotine narrows blood vessels, forcing your heart to work harder. Quitting smoking is one of the most important lifestyle changes you can make to prevent damage to your heart from atherosclerosis. […] Follow a healthy diet rich in low-fat proteins, fish, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. This will help you manage your weight and lower cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels. […] Lose weight and keep it off. Even a small amount will help lower your risk. […] Exercise regularly to maintain a healthy blood pressure and improve blood flow. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of brisk exercise a week. […] Keep on top of your other health conditions by having regular checkups and following your doctor’s treatment plan.

• #15 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis Guidelines: Guidelines Summary, 2020 ACC Guidelines on CV Disease Risk Reduction in T2D, 2018 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Novel Therapies for CV Risk Reduction in TD2 and ASCVD

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-guidelines

  In September 2019, the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) published joint guidelines on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. It is recommended that atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) related risk factors be controlled via a team-based approach. For adults, health-care visits should routinely include counseling on optimization of a physically active lifestyle. At least 150 minutes per week of accumulated moderate-intensity or 75 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity (or an equivalent combination of moderate and vigorous activity) is recommended for ASCVD risk reduction in adults. Improvement of the ASCVD risk factor profile through weight loss is recommended for patients with overweight or obesity. It is recommended that adults with overweight or obesity achieve and maintain weight loss with the aid of counseling and comprehensive lifestyle interventions (including calorie restriction). Improvement of glycemic control, achievement of weight loss (if necessary), and improvement of other ASCVD risk factors, via a tailored nutrition plan aimed at providing a heart-healthy dietary pattern, is recommended for all adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Improvement of glycemic control, achievement of weight loss (if necessary), and improvement of other ASCVD risk factors, via at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity, is recommended for adults with T2DM. If, as a result of a risk discussion, a decision is made to employ statin therapy, adults with high blood cholesterol with an intermediate ASCVD risk (7.5% to 20% 10-year ASCVD risk) should be treated with a moderate-intensity statin. In patients with high blood cholesterol who have an intermediate ASCVD risk (7.5% to 20% 10-year ASCVD risk), reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels by at least 30% is recommended, while optimal ASCVD risk reduction can be targeted, particularly in high-risk patients (20% 10-year ASCVD risk), by reducing LDL-C levels by at least 50%. Maximally tolerated statin therapy is recommended in patients aged 20-75 years with an LDL-C level of at least 190 mg/dL (4.9 mmol/L). Among the nonpharmacologic interventions recommended for adults with elevated blood pressure (BP) or hypertension, including patients who need antihypertensive agents, are the following: Weight loss, A heart-healthy dietary pattern, Sodium reduction, Dietary potassium supplementation, Increased physical activity with a structured exercise program, Limited alcohol. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) with BP-lowering medications is recommended for adults with an estimated 10-year ASCVD risk of at least 10% and an average systolic BP (SBP) of 130 mm Hg or higher or an average diastolic BP (DBP) of at least 80 mm Hg. A BP target of below 130/80 mm Hg is recommended for adults with confirmed hypertension and a 10-year ASCVD event risk of at least 10%. Treatment to a BP goal of below 130/80 mm Hg is recommended for adults with hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Antihypertensive drug treatment should be administered to adults with T2DM and hypertension who have a BP of 130/80 mm Hg or higher, the aim being to reduce BP to below 130/80 mm Hg. For adults, cessation of tobacco use should be facilitated by evaluation of such use at every health-care visit, with the status of a patients tobacco use recorded as a vital sign. All adult tobacco users should be advised to quit. In adult tobacco users, quit rates should be maximized by combining behavioral interventions with pharmacotherapy.

• #16 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis is preventable and treatable, although not reversible. […] Treatment for atherosclerosis typically involves lifestyle changes. Depending on its severity, risk factors, and symptoms, you may also need medications and surgery. […] Helpful lifestyle changes to slow down atherosclerosis may include: eating a heart-healthy diet that’s low in saturated fats and cholesterol, avoiding fatty foods, adding fish to your diet twice per week instead of red meat, getting at least 75 minutes of vigorous exercise or 150 minutes of moderate exercise each week, doing strength training for at least 2 hours every week, quitting smoking if you use tobacco, managing your weight, managing stress, treating conditions associated with atherosclerosis, such as hypertension, high cholesterol, sleep apnea, obesity, and diabetes. […] Once you develop atherosclerosis, the condition isn’t reversible. However, lifestyle changes, medications, and sometimes surgery may slow down its progression and prevent complications.

• #17 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16753-atherosclerosis-arterial-disease

  You may not be able to prevent atherosclerosis. But you can reduce your risk and lessen the effects of the disease. Here are some steps you can take: […] Early diagnosis and treatment can help people with atherosclerosis keep doing the activities they like to do. But the disease can cause medical emergencies and even be fatal. That’s why knowing your risks and working with your healthcare provider to lower them is important. […] Lifestyle changes may lower your risk of complications. Your provider will create a plan specific to your needs. General tips include: Avoid all tobacco products (including smoking and vaping). Follow a heart-healthy eating plan like the Mediterranean diet. Build physical activity into your daily routine. […] Medications target risk factors for plaque buildup and may help slow the progression of atherosclerosis. Your provider may prescribe medications that lower your blood pressure or cholesterol, manage your blood sugar levels and prevent blood clots. […] You may not have symptoms of atherosclerosis until you have complications like a heart attack or stroke. […] Early treatment can lower your risk of life-threatening complications.

• #18 What You Can Do to Prevent Atherosclerosis

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/atherosclerosis/prevention/

  A heart-healthy diet should include fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables, whole grains, lean meats, low-fat dairy products, nuts, seeds, and legumes, and should limit sodium, saturated fats, trans fats, refined carbohydrates, and alcohol. […] Along with your diet, exercise is a key component of a heart-healthy lifestyle. […] Physical activity can help your muscles use oxygen more effectively, as well as improve your blood circulation by promoting new blood vessel growth. It can also lower high blood pressure a key risk factor for atherosclerosis. […] Its important to try to stay within recommended ranges of these measurements, both by following a heart-healthy lifestyle and by taking any treatments prescribed by your doctor to address them.

• #19 What is Atherosclerosis? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cholesterol/about-cholesterol/atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis is a slow, lifelong progression of changes in the blood vessels that may start in childhood and get worse faster as you age. […] Many scientists believe plaque begins when an artery’s inner lining becomes damaged. Four possible causes of such damage are: Elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood, High blood pressure, Tobacco smoking, such as cigarettes, Diabetes. […] Smoking plays a big role in the progression of atherosclerosis in the aorta (the body’s main artery), coronary arteries and arteries in the legs. Smoking makes fatty deposits more likely to form, and it speeds up the growth of plaque.

• #20 Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/atherosclerotic-cardiovascular-disease/

  Smoking cessation is one of the most effective interventions to reduce all-cause mortality and prevent recurrent vascular events in patients with ASCVD! […] Recommendations for preventive therapy vary. […] Consider only for patients with a low risk of bleeding, and use shared decision-making. […] Aspirin for primary prevention of ASCVD is contraindicated in individuals at increased risk of bleeding. […] Remember the ABCDS of ASCVD primary prevention: Aspirin (if there are indications), Blood pressure control, Cholesterol management, Diabetes management, Smoking cessation. […] High-intensity statin therapy is recommended in adults with established ASCVD. […] Moderate-intensity statin therapy is a reasonable alternative for adults with ASCVD who: Are 75 years of age and do not have very high-risk ASCVD. […] Start statin therapy (unless contraindicated). […] Consider the addition of nonstatin lipid-lowering therapy for patients with very high-risk ASCVD. […] Start treatment as indicated depending on ASCVD event.

• #21 Atherosclerosis – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/atherosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  To prevent atherosclerosis, people need to stop using tobacco, improve their diet, exercise regularly, and maintain control of their blood pressure, cholesterol level, and diabetes. […] Eating a healthy diet can help decrease the risk of atherosclerosis. A diet low in saturated fats, refined carbohydrates, highly processed foods, and alcohol and high in fruits, vegetables, and fiber decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Healthy diet and exercise can promote weight loss if a person is overweight or obese. […] People who smoke should stop smoking. People who quit using tobacco have only half the risk of those who continue to use tobacco regardless of how long they smoked before quitting. […] People who have high blood pressure should lower their blood pressure with lifestyle changes and drugs. People who have diabetes must maintain strict control of their blood sugar (glucose).

• #22 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=1&contentid=1583

  Your good health has an enemy atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is common. And its effects can be very serious. This condition can lead to strokes, heart attacks, and death. But you can take steps to protect yourself from this disease. […] You can control most of the above risk factors. The following tips can help prevent atherosclerosis and improve your general health. If you have atherosclerosis, you may be able to stop it from getting worse. […] If you smoke, get help to quit. Studies have shown smoking damages the artery walls. This can lead to atherosclerosis. This makes it easier for plaque to build up. […] Make changes to your diet. A diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol can raise your cholesterol levels. When you have high cholesterol, there may be more plaque to line artery walls and narrow your arteries.

• #23 Atherosclerosis Prevention & Risk Factors: What to Know | MDVIP

  https://www.mdvip.com/about-mdvip/blog/even-if-you-do-well-your-heart-health-screenings-you-may-have-early-stage-atherosclerosis

  Exercise Regularly – Exercising helps lower blood pressure, reduce blood sugar, control stress and improve cholesterol. The general recommendation is 30 minutes most days of the week. Before beginning an exercise program, make sure you get clearance from your doctor. […] Manage Weight – Losing just some of your extra weight can help lower blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar. Work with your doctor to help you lose weight safely. […] Eat Heart-Healthy Diet – Adding lean protein and plant-based foods such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains into your diet while eliminating refined sugar, refined grains and sodium can help you lose weight, lower blood pressure, control cholesterol and manage diabetes. Before changing your diet, talk to your diet. Your doctor may refer you to a dietician.

• #24 Atherosclerosis Prevention & Risk Factors: What to Know | MDVIP

  https://www.mdvip.com/about-mdvip/blog/even-if-you-do-well-your-heart-health-screenings-you-may-have-early-stage-atherosclerosis

  Control Stress – Finding ways to lower stress such as exercise, a hobby, meditation or deep breathing can help control blood pressure, cholesterol and may even help you lose some weight. […] “Of course, the best way to help prevent and control atherosclerosis is by working with your primary care doctor. They can help you stay on top of screenings, guide your lifestyle behaviors and refer you to specialists,” says Kaminetsky.

• #25 Atherosclerosis: Current Status of Prevention and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3331649/

  The reality of regression of atherosclerotic plaques was established as long ago as 1987 by aggressive cholesterol reduction even before the era of statin therapy. […] Nevertheless, the most important aspect of patient benefit to prevent cardiovascular (CV) disease events is stabilization of these plaques so they will not rupture. Lowering of low-density lipoproteins is critical to this goal and can be considered the gold standard of preventive CV medicine. […] The major goal for the high-risk patient and the diabetic patient is lowering these harmful lipoproteins to less than 70 mg/dL. […] No discussion of CV disease prevention is complete without considering tobacco abuse and its elimination. […] Control of hypertension is another major aspect of CV disease prevention, and a blood pressure less than 120/80 mm Hg is ideal.

• #26 Overview of Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis With Lipid-altering Therapy for Pharmacy Directors

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/dec07-2724ps260-s269

  Atherosclerosis is a CHD/CHD risk-equivalent condition, and patients with atherosclerosis are at high risk for subsequent CV events (20% per 10 years). […] Statins have been shown to be the most effective agents for lowering LDL-C, and also lower triglycerides. […] In summary and considering all factors, rosuvastatin should be considered for inclusion for managing patients with an elevated risk of future CHD events due to underlying atherosclerosis. […] A recent retrospective analysis indicates there are many improvement opportunities in the management of atherosclerosis in the clinical setting, suggesting the need for enhanced awareness of newly available guidelines in regard to monitoring and managing lipids in affected patients. […] In particular, available data indicate that more aggressive lipid-lowering therapy with statins can further improve clinical outcomes relative to less intense therapy.

• #27 A Fresh Look at Lipids: Atherosclerosis Prevention in 2023 – UCSF MedConnection

  https://medconnection.ucsfhealth.org/videos/a-fresh-look-at-lipids-atherosclerosis-prevention-in-2023

  For example, uh probably our, our biggest uh decision point um uh statin statton in initiation. […] And uh you know, just for the sake of time, I I can sort of this uh speed through this one but, you know, you know, most of these patients will be on statins um to, to, to keep it short. […] And um, you know, we’re, we’re really aiming for greater than 50% L D L lowering. […] And actually in, in the European guidelines, there is language based on data that says that if, if someone’s at extreme high risk, you know, goal L D L would be less than 55 actually. […] So, and we’ll get, get more into sort of the nuances of that in a second here. […] Recommended medical therapy. […] I don’t have to go into too much detail because you all know this but statins, statin statins or first line therapy.

• #28 Overview of Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis With Lipid-altering Therapy for Pharmacy Directors

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/dec07-2724ps260-s269

  Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is recognized as a major cause of coronary heart disease and other clinical forms of atherosclerotic disease, and an elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level remains the primary target of lipid-lowering therapy. […] Enhancing awareness of the need to monitor and treat dyslipidemia in atherosclerosis, and of the benefits of such treatment reported in recent studies, may help to narrow this treatment gap. […] Newer studies have also demonstrated benefits of statins in slowing progression or even inducing regression of atherosclerosis. […] This undertreatment was seen despite the fact that more than half of patients had an LDL-C level 100 mg/dL at diagnosis of atherosclerosis. […] These data suggest a gap between evidence-based guidelines and their application in clinical practice.

• #29 Atherosclerosis: Current Status of Prevention and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3331649/

  Exercise was long considered good but now there are evidence-based reasons to recommend it as essential in CV disease prevention. […] Despite the apparently ideal approach of atherosclerosis regression, atherosclerotic plaque stabilization remains the most clinically relevant result of aggressive atherosclerosis prevention. […] Therefore, over and above any possible initial prevention, the key to atherosclerosis prevention is stabilization of any plaque to avoid progression, showering of plaque emboli, or occlusion. […] The most important aspect of cardiovascular disease prevention is plaque stabilization so that acute rupture can be made less likely to occur. […] The benefit for CV prevention by treating hypertension was well established long before JNC 7. […] Good control of diabetes mellitus appears to be beneficial to the CV patient but very close control has not shown definite benefit.

• #30 Prophylaxis of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease | Basicmedical Key

  https://basicmedicalkey.com/prophylaxis-of-atherosclerotic-cardiovascular-disease/

  Drugs are not the first-line therapy for lowering LDL cholesterol. Rather, drugs should be employed only if TLCs fail to reduce LDL cholesterol to an acceptable leveland then only if the combination of elevated LDL cholesterol and the patients ASCVD risk category justify drug use. When drugs are used, it is essential that lifestyle modification continues because the beneficial effects of diet and drugs are additive; drugs alone may be unable to achieve the LDL goal. It is important to note that the principal benefit of drug therapy is primary prevention: Drugs are much better at preventing or slowing ASCVD than at promoting regression of established coronary atherosclerosis. Furthermore, because LDL cholesterol levels will return to pretreatment values if drugs are withdrawn, treatment must continue lifelong. Patients should be made aware of this requirement.

• #31 Prevention of atherosclerosis from childhood | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-021-00647-9

  Cohort studies beginning in childhood have shown that children exposed to cardiovascular risk factors are prone to develop preclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events in adulthood. […] The development of atherosclerosis would probably be prevented by maintaining the concentration of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in the plasma towards their physiological range from an early age. […] Statins have been used to treat dyslipidaemia in children with familial hypercholesterolaemia, and data are emerging indicating that this strategy prevents the development of atherosclerosis in this high-risk group. […] Non-pharmacological interventions in children have provided evidence of modest benefits of lifestyle counselling on risk markers and remain the cornerstones for promoting cardiovascular health in children at the population level. […] In addition to those with familial hypercholesterolaemia, other paediatric groups have an equally high risk of future cardiovascular events, and a consensus on effective strategies to identify and manage these individuals is needed.

• #32 Pediatric Atherosclerosis Prevention Center – Pediatric Gastroenterology, Liver Disease & Nutrition | Northwell Health

  https://pediatrics.northwell.edu/departments-services/pediatric-gastroenterology/programs-services/pediatric-atherosclerosis-prevention-center

  Atherosclerosis is when the arteries become hardened or blocked by cholesterol and other lipids, which can lead to heart disease, heart attacks and strokes. […] There’s now a great push to try to identify these individuals and treat them sooner which is why most pediatricians test their patients cholesterol. […] The Cohen Childrens Pediatric Atherosclerosis Prevention Program is a collaborative program that uses the resources of our Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, as well as our Division of Cardiology. […] Most importantly, our dedicated nutritionists provide lifestyle counseling, including diet and exercise counseling. […] If after this period of time, the child is firmly diagnosed with familial hypercholesterolemia or other severe elevation of cholesterol, then medication (called statins) will be considered if they are at least 8 to 10 years old. […] Treating pediatric patients with familial hypercholesteremia doesnt just help children. It has an added benefit for public health because often we find that many of the patients adult family members have the same disease and are not being treated.

• #33 Atherosclerosis – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/atherosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  People who are at high risk of atherosclerosis also may benefit from taking certain drugs. Helpful drugs include the statins, which lower cholesterol (even if cholesterol levels are normal or only slightly high), and in some cases, aspirin or other antiplatelet drugs (drugs that keep platelets from sticking together and forming blockages in blood vessels).

• #34 The Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis | MDPI Books

  https://www.mdpi.com/books/reprint/5139-the-prevention-and-treatment-of-atherosclerosis

  This special issue of JCM ‘The Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis’ will walk the Readers across novel diagnostic achievements in atherosclerosis and contemporary actions towards optimizing therapy. […] Prevention is equally important as treatment. The impact of eating habits in prophylaxis of many pathologies, including cardiovascular disease has been documented. […] Managing hypercholesterolemia with PCSK9 inhibitors, shown great potential in efficient lipid lowering to achieve LDL-C treatment goals, as well as reduction in cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. […] Arising number of data support that cardiovascular risk prediction can be improved with imaging modalities displaying atheroma: carotid plaque ultrasonography, coronary calcium score, intravascular ultrasonography, and optical coherent tomography or many others.

• #35 Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis: Improving State-of-the-Art Management and Search for Novel Targets | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-86076-9

  Summarizes the latest studies on the management of cardiovascular risk factors […] Outlines various strategies of identifying and validating novel targets for prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis […] This open access book is supported by the European Atherosclerosis Society Association (EAS). […] Outstanding international experts give a comprehensive overview of the field covering topics, such as improving the treatment focusing on established targets, novel drug developments addressing pre-defined targets, hypothesis-based and hypothesis-free approaches to unravel novel targets. […] Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis: The Use of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods […] Novel Adipose Tissue Targets to Prevent and Treat Atherosclerosis […] Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Therapies in Atherosclerosis.

• #36 Immunotherapy and vaccine-based approaches for atherosclerosis prevention: a systematic review study | BMC Cardiovascular Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12872-025-04634-7

  Among these, immunotherapy-based approaches have gained attention as potential adjuncts to traditional therapies. […] The development of preventive vaccines against atherosclerosis is grounded in the understanding of its underlying pathophysiology. […] These advances hold great promise for the development of effective preventive vaccines tailored to tackle atherosclerosis, potentially complementing existing preventive strategies. […] In this systematic review, we comprehensively evaluated the existing literature on preventive vaccine development against atherosclerosis. […] The use of disease-causing genes editing techniques has also been evaluated in the case of PCSK9. […] The results of this study indicate that in recent years, the vaccines aimed at reducing the risk of atherosclerosis have primarily taken the form of active vaccines, which decrease the inflammation levels in the artery walls, and passive vaccines, which generate antibodies that neutralize a factor contributing to the development of atherosclerosis.

• #37 Primary Prevention of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Young Adults

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2023/11/28/19/18/primary-prevention-of-subclinical

  There is increasing evidence that the atherosclerotic process that leads to symptomatic cardiovascular disease (CVD) starts at an early age. […] In young adults, exposure to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and other cardiovascular risk factor (CVRF) mediators, even at levels considered within normal limits, increases the prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis and is associated with greater risk of CV events later in life. […] The randomized controlled PRECAD (Prevent Coronary Artery Disease) trial has been developed to assess the potential benefit of an aggressive control of CVRF in otherwise healthy young adults. […] The primary endpoint is the progression of atherosclerosis burden measured by change in global plaque volume by three-dimensional volumetric ultrasound from baseline to 5 years after randomization. […] The results may form the basis for new targets for CV risk modification for primary prevention of atherosclerosis in young adults.

• #38 Prophylaxis of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease | Basicmedical Key

  https://basicmedicalkey.com/prophylaxis-of-atherosclerotic-cardiovascular-disease/

  Elevated cholesterol in pediatric patients is a growing concern and is not addressed in the 2013 ACC/AHA blood cholesterol guidelines. However, it is addressed in other guidelines, including one created in 2011 by an expert panel appointed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. This report recommends lipid screening for all children between ages 9 and 11 years, followed by another screen between ages 18 and 21 years. For children with a family history of high cholesterol or heart disease, screening should start sooner: between ages 2 and 8 years. If LDL cholesterol is high, all patients and their families should receive nutritional counseling. In addition, patients should focus on weight control and increased activity, as indicated.

• #39 Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/atherosclerotic-cardiovascular-disease/

  Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a group of conditions that are caused by atherosclerosis and that can affect different locations throughout the body. […] The risk of ASCVD should be estimated using an ASCVD risk calculator (e.g., PREVENTTM equations, or pooled cohort equations (PCE)) to guide timely primary prevention strategies, such as lifestyle modifications and prophylactic statin therapy. […] Management of ASCVD involves intensive lifestyle modifications and high-intensity statin therapy, with or without antiplatelet therapy, to minimize the risk of future cardiovascular events. […] Encourage all individuals to adhere to lifestyle modifications for ASCVD prevention. […] Consider pharmacological prevention (e.g., statins and/or aspirin) based on estimated ASCVD risk.

• #40 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  If you think you may have atherosclerosis or if you have a family history of heart disease, make an appointment for a health checkup. Ask if you need a cholesterol test. […] It’s never too early to make healthy lifestyle changes. Eat healthy, be active, get more exercise and don’t smoke or vape. These are simple ways to protect yourself against atherosclerosis and its complications, including heart attack and stroke.

• #41 Does a CAC-Informed Prevention Strategy Lead to Slower Progression of Atherosclerosis?logo-32logo-40logo-60NEJM Journal WatchnejmJW_1L_RGB-b

  https://www.jwatch.org/na58553/2025/03/20/does-cac-informed-prevention-strategy-lead-slower

  Possibly, but more than anything, this study reinforces the fact that statin therapy slows progression of atherosclerosis. […] The study showed significantly slower progression of atherosclerosis in the intervention group, but the trial design does not allow us to tease out the benefit of having a CAC score, a CCTA, the nurse-led intervention, or statin initiation. […] The effect of statin therapy on plaque progression is well established, so I will use these data to continue to strongly recommend statin therapy in my at-risk patients.

• #42 Winning the Battle Against Atherosclerosis: Practical, Proactive Solutions

  https://www.cardiometabolichealth.org/winning-the-battle-against-atherosclerosis-practical-proactive-solutions/

  Atherosclerosis (ASVD) remains a leading driver of cardiovascular disease (CVD), a global health challenge that claims millions of lives each year. But what if prevention could rewrite the narrative? […] Explore actionable, evidence-based strategies to combat traditional and emerging risk factors, with a focus on precision approaches and primordial prevention. […] Precision medicine provides tools to customize prevention and treatment plans based on individual risk factors. Key strategies include: […] Polygenic Risk Scores: Identifying Risk Early PRS helps identify young adults at high lifetime risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). Studies, such as those published in JACC (2022), show that early identification can lead to targeted interventions, reducing long-term risk. […] LDL Management: The “Lower for Longer” Approach Research consistently supports the mantra, “Lower for Longer is Better.” A 2022 study published in Circulation demonstrated that earlier LDL-C reduction leads to compounded cardiovascular benefits over time. Practical steps include using statins or newer lipid-lowering therapies in patients identified as high-risk.

• #43 Winning the Battle Against Atherosclerosis: Practical, Proactive Solutions

  https://www.cardiometabolichealth.org/winning-the-battle-against-atherosclerosis-practical-proactive-solutions/

  Targeting Inflammation: The Next Frontier in Prevention Novel therapies, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibitors, have shown promise in reducing residual inflammatory risk in patients already managing lipid-related risk factors. The RESCUE trial (2021) demonstrated that IL-6 inhibition significantly reduced high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), a marker of inflammation linked to CVD events. […] Starting prevention efforts early in life is key to reducing the lifetime burden of CVD. Practical strategies include: […] Environmental Changes: Designing Healthier Communities Neighborhoods with sidewalks and bike paths can encourage physical activity, reducing obesity rates and improving cardiovascular health. […] School-Based Interventions: Creating Healthy Habits Early Programs that limit sugar-sweetened beverages and increase physical education very likely reduce childhood obesity. Schools are critical venues for instilling healthy habits that persist into adulthood.

• #44 Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Atherosclerosis – Pathology

  https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/pathology/chapter/diagnosis-treatment/

  Thus, decreasing the global burden of atherosclerosis is not only an individual-level task but also an important public health responsibility and priority. […] Secondary prevention efforts involve interprofessional health teams that work together to optimally manage patients with existing atherosclerosis with or without history of cardiovascular events (heart attack, stroke, etc) to prevent further disease progression and exacerbation. […] As a general approach, patients with diagnosed atherosclerosis benefit from health behavior modifications and high-intensity lipid-lowering therapy. […] Some advanced cases of atherosclerosis might require surgical interventions to renew the blood flow in obstructed vessels. […] Atherosclerosis diagnosis and management efforts involve interprofessional health teams that work together to design and help facilitate optimal prevention/treatment plans for each case of this lifelong condition.

• #45 Winning the Battle Against Atherosclerosis: Practical, Proactive Solutions

  https://www.cardiometabolichealth.org/winning-the-battle-against-atherosclerosis-practical-proactive-solutions/

  Policy Advocacy: Supporting Prevention on a Broader Scale Public health policies to reduce environmental risk factors (e.g., air pollution) and promote healthy food environments can support broader prevention efforts. […] Healthcare professionals can address systemic barriers to prevention with the following approaches: […] Precision Therapies: Increasing Adherence Through Personalization Targeting therapy to reduce polypharmacy improves adherence. The right drug to the right person at the right time at the right dose! […] Promoting Equity: Ensuring Care for Underserved Populations Collaborating with policymakers to ensure affordable access to therapies in underserved regions. For example, subsidized statins or lipid-lowering drugs can significantly reduce LDL levels in low-income populations.

• #46 410 ILCS 3/  Atherosclerosis Prevention Act.410 ILCS 3/1410 ILCS 3/5410 ILCS 3/10410 ILCS 3/15

  https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=1512&ChapterID=35

  This Act may be cited as the Atherosclerosis Prevention Act. […] The Department of Public Health shall establish a program for the prevention of atherosclerosis and the reduction of disability and death from the disease. The program shall encourage and assist in the development of research, education, and preventive services and activities under public and voluntary auspices directed toward the prevention and elimination of atherosclerosis. […] The Department of Public Health shall do all of the following: […] (2) Assist in the development and expansion of programs for research in the causes and cures of atherosclerosis, including medical procedures and techniques that have a lifesaving effect in the care and treatment of persons suffering from the disease. […] (5) Institute and carry on educational programs among physicians, hospitals, public health departments, and the public concerning atherosclerosis, including the dissemination of information and the conducting of educational programs concerning the prevention of atherosclerosis and the methods for the care and treatment of persons suffering from the disease.

• #47 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350569

  Atherosclerosis can be treated. Healthy lifestyle habits can help prevent atherosclerosis. […] The same healthy lifestyle changes recommended to treat atherosclerosis also help prevent it. These lifestyle changes can help keep the arteries healthy: Do not smoke or use tobacco. Eat nutritious foods. Get regular exercise and keep an active lifestyle. Keep a healthy weight. Control blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol.

• #48 Hardening of the arteries Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hardening-of-the-arteries

  Atherosclerosis cannot be reversed once it has occurred. However, lifestyle changes and treating high cholesterol levels can prevent or slow the process from becoming worse. This can help reduce the chances of having a heart attack and stroke as a result of atherosclerosis. […] Losing weight if you are overweight and reducing blood sugar if you have diabetes or pre-diabetes can help reduce the risk of developing atherosclerosis.

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