Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Atherosclerosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507799/

  Atherosclerosis is considered the major cause of cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease mainly involves the heart and brain: ischemic heart disease (IHD) and ischemic stroke. IHD and stroke are the world’s first and fifth causes of death respectively. […] In the United States, about 610,000 people die of heart disease every year. That is 1 of every 4 deaths. Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the Western world killing over 370,000 people annually. […] Many epidemiologic studies in North America and Europe have recognized numerous risk factors for the development and progression of atherosclerosis. They may promote atherosclerosis through their effects on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and inflammation.

• #2 Atherosclerosis: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/atherosclerosis-epidemiology-and-pathophysiology/

  Atherosclerosis, a progressive disease characterized by the accumulation of lipids and fibrous elements in the large arteries, is the leading cause of death and disability in the United States and other industrialized nations (1). Cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease with its resultant ischemic heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease is responsible for approximately 50% of all deaths in the United States (2,3). […] The prevalence of atherosclerotic disease far exceeds the incidence of its adverse events. This raises a concern that with the aging population, atherosclerotic disease will become more manifest. […] Despite this, the prevalence of atherosclerotic disease continues to rise, and its resultant events continue to burden the health care system. […] Recent advances in our understanding of the fundamental cellular and molecular pathways involved have established an essential role for inflammation, vessel wall injury, and angiogenesis in the various stages of atherosclerosis.

• #3 Atherosclerosis from Newborn to Adult-Epidemiology, Pathological Aspects, and Risk Factors – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37895437/

  Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world, accounting for 16.7 million deaths each year. The underlying pathological process for the majority of cardiovascular diseases is atherosclerosis, a slowly progressing, multifocal, chronic, immune-inflammatory disease that involves the intima of large and medium-sized arteries. […] The prevalence of atherosclerosis is increasing worldwide and more than 50% of people with circulatory disease die of it, mostly in modern societies. Epidemiological studies have revealed several environmental and genetic risk factors that are associated with the early formation of a pathogenic foundation for atherosclerosis, such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and smoking. […] The purpose of this review is to bring together the current information concerning the origin and progression of atherosclerosis in childhood as well as the identification of known risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in children.

• #4 Risk Factors and Epidemiology of Atherosclerosis – Pathology

  https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/pathology/chapter/risk-factors-and-epidemiology-of-atherosclerosis/

  The latest 2021 World Health Organization report that analyzed epidemiological data from 2019, stated that cardiovascular disease (ischemic heart disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, etc) remains the leading cause of death globally. […] Cardiovascular disease rates and prevalence vary between countries and reflect access to healthcare, presence of national prevention programs, prevalence of risk factors, and general aging and growth of the human population. […] Strikingly, 3/4 of acute cardiovascular events occur in low- and middle-income countries these days. […] In 2019, cardiovascular disease accounted for 1/3 (17.9 million) deaths in the world, with the majority of them (85%) resulting from ischemic heart disease and stroke. […] The most common underlying reason of this blood flow restriction is atherosclerosis.

• #5 Epidemiology and Clinical Researches in Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/40371/epidemiology-and-clinical-researches-in-atherosclerosis-and-cardiovascular-disease/magazine

  Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease and the common cause of heart attacks, strokes and peripheral vascular disease collectively referred to as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability and rising health care costs. The global number of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million in 1990 to 523 million in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million in 1990, reaching 18.6 million in 2019. By 2030, approximately 23.6 million people are predicted to die from CVD annually. The huge and still growing burden of CVD on individuals, families, and health-care systems indicates an urgent need for prevention and treatment measures on atherosclerotic diseases. Preventing severe atherosclerosis progression is expected to decrease high cardiovascular event rate. However, there still exist challenges to be addressed. These challenges include but are not limited to 1) early detect participants with high-risk of CVD; 2) identify novel indicators for progression and prognosis of atherosclerotic diseases; 3) comorbidities of atherosclerotic diseases; 4) new drugs and therapies on atherosclerosis and CVD.

• #6 Atherosclerosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507799/

  Atherosclerosis is considered the major cause of cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease mainly involves the heart and brain: ischemic heart disease (IHD) and ischemic stroke. IHD and stroke are the world’s first and fifth causes of death respectively. […] In the United States, about 610,000 people die of heart disease every year. That is 1 of every 4 deaths. Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the Western world killing over 370,000 people annually. […] Many epidemiologic studies in North America and Europe have recognized numerous risk factors for the development and progression of atherosclerosis. They may promote atherosclerosis through their effects on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and inflammation.

• #7 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  Annually, approximately 1.5 million Americans have an AMI, a third of whom die. In 2009, 785,000 Americans were estimated to have suffered a first MI, and about 470,000 Americans were estimated to have had a recurrent event. An additional 195,000 „silent” heart attacks are estimated to occur each year. About every 34 seconds, an American will have an MI. CAD remains the number 1 cause of death for men and women in the United States and is responsible for approximately 20% of all US deaths. From 1995-2005, the death rate from CAD declined 34.3%, but the actual number of deaths declined only 19.4%. […] The international incidence of ACS and AMI, especially in developed countries, is similar to that observed in the United States. Despite consumption of rich foods, inhabitants of France and the Mediterranean region appear to have a lower incidence of CAD. This phenomenon (sometimes called the French paradox) is partly explained by greater use of alcohol, with its possible HDL-raising benefit, and by consumption of the Mediterranean diet, which includes predominant use of monounsaturated fatty acids, such as olive oil or canola oil, as well as omega-3 fatty acids, which are less atherogenic.

• #8 Atherosclerosis from Newborn to Adult-Epidemiology, Pathological Aspects, and Risk Factors – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37895437/

  Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world, accounting for 16.7 million deaths each year. The underlying pathological process for the majority of cardiovascular diseases is atherosclerosis, a slowly progressing, multifocal, chronic, immune-inflammatory disease that involves the intima of large and medium-sized arteries. […] The prevalence of atherosclerosis is increasing worldwide and more than 50% of people with circulatory disease die of it, mostly in modern societies. Epidemiological studies have revealed several environmental and genetic risk factors that are associated with the early formation of a pathogenic foundation for atherosclerosis, such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and smoking. […] The purpose of this review is to bring together the current information concerning the origin and progression of atherosclerosis in childhood as well as the identification of known risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in children.

• #9 Atherosclerosis, Diabetes Mellitus, and Cancer: Common Epidemiology, Shared Mechanisms, and Future Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/14/11786

  Atherosclerosis eventually leads to cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality because of potentially hazardous complications, i.e., acute myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Estimated ASCVD-attributed deaths are near the top, accounting for one-third of all deaths. Silent coronary atherosclerosis without an established disease is common in the general population, as shown in a large, random sample of a middle-aged population from Sweden without previous myocardial infarction or coronary intervention, where coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) showed that 42.1% of the population had plaques in their coronary arteries. Significant stenosis (≥50%) was less common (in 5.2%), and more severe forms of coronary atherosclerosis, like three-vessel disease, were rarely found (in only 1.9%). The prevalence of CCTA-detected coronary atherosclerosis in this study closely reflects the incidence of ASCVD in many other Western countries.

• #10 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  The frequency of clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis in Great Britain, west of Scotland in particular, is especially high. The same is true of Scandinavia in general and of Finland in particular. Russia and many of the former states of the Soviet Union have recently experienced an exponential increase in the frequency of coronary heart disease that likely is the result of widespread economic hardship and social upheaval, a high prevalence of cigarette habituation, and a diet high in saturated fats. […] The frequency of coronary heart disease in the Far East is significantly lower than that documented in the West. Ill-defined genetic reasons for this phenomenon may exist, but significant interest surrounds the role of diet and other environmental factors in the absence of clinical atherosclerotic vascular disease in these populations. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is also rare on the African continent, although growing evidence indicates that this too is changing, as a result of rapid westernization and urbanization of the traditionally rural and agrarian African populations. The prevalence of coronary heart disease is also increasing in the Middle East, India, and Central and South America.

• #11 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  The frequency of clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis in Great Britain, west of Scotland in particular, is especially high. The same is true of Scandinavia in general and of Finland in particular. Russia and many of the former states of the Soviet Union have recently experienced an exponential increase in the frequency of coronary heart disease that likely is the result of widespread economic hardship and social upheaval, a high prevalence of cigarette habituation, and a diet high in saturated fats. […] The frequency of coronary heart disease in the Far East is significantly lower than that documented in the West. Ill-defined genetic reasons for this phenomenon may exist, but significant interest surrounds the role of diet and other environmental factors in the absence of clinical atherosclerotic vascular disease in these populations. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is also rare on the African continent, although growing evidence indicates that this too is changing, as a result of rapid westernization and urbanization of the traditionally rural and agrarian African populations. The prevalence of coronary heart disease is also increasing in the Middle East, India, and Central and South America.

• #12 Intracranial atherosclerotic disease | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/intracranial-atherosclerotic-disease?lang=us

  Intracranial atherosclerotic disease is an important cause of ischemic stroke in certain racial groups, particularly Asians, but also Hispanics and Black populations. Intracranial atherosclerotic disease is identified in up to ~50% of Asian patients with ischemic stroke. In White populations, however, intracranial atherosclerotic disease is an uncommon cause (approximately ~10%) of ischemic stroke. […] The rate of ischemic stroke recurrence in patients with intracranial atherosclerotic disease may be up to ~30% within two years.

• #13 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  Annually, approximately 1.5 million Americans have an AMI, a third of whom die. In 2009, 785,000 Americans were estimated to have suffered a first MI, and about 470,000 Americans were estimated to have had a recurrent event. An additional 195,000 „silent” heart attacks are estimated to occur each year. About every 34 seconds, an American will have an MI. CAD remains the number 1 cause of death for men and women in the United States and is responsible for approximately 20% of all US deaths. From 1995-2005, the death rate from CAD declined 34.3%, but the actual number of deaths declined only 19.4%. […] The international incidence of ACS and AMI, especially in developed countries, is similar to that observed in the United States. Despite consumption of rich foods, inhabitants of France and the Mediterranean region appear to have a lower incidence of CAD. This phenomenon (sometimes called the French paradox) is partly explained by greater use of alcohol, with its possible HDL-raising benefit, and by consumption of the Mediterranean diet, which includes predominant use of monounsaturated fatty acids, such as olive oil or canola oil, as well as omega-3 fatty acids, which are less atherogenic.

• #14 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  The true frequency of atherosclerosis is difficult, if not impossible, to accurately determine because it is a predominantly asymptomatic condition. The process of atherosclerosis begins in childhood with the development of fatty streaks. These lesions can be found in the aorta shortly after birth and appear in increasing numbers in those aged 8-18 years. More advanced lesions begin to develop when individuals are aged approximately 25 years. Subsequently, an increasing prevalence of the advanced complicated lesions of atherosclerosis is noted, and the organ-specific clinical manifestations of the disease increase with age through the fifth and sixth decades of life. […] In the United States, approximately 14 million persons experience CAD and its various complications. Congestive heart failure (CHF) that develops because of ischemic cardiomyopathy in hypertensive MI survivors has become the most common discharge diagnosis for patients in American hospitals. Approximately 80 million people, or 36.3% of the population, have cardiovascular disease.

• #15 Atherosclerosis from Newborn to Adult—Epidemiology, Pathological Aspects, and Risk Factors

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/10/2056

  Atherosclerosis, the main pathological process of most cardiovascular diseases, is predominantly an asymptomatic condition, and it is difficult to determine the incidence accurately. […] Epidemiological studies have revealed several environmental and genetic risk factors that are associated with the early formation of a pathogenic foundation for atherosclerosis, such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and smoking. […] Epidemiological, clinical, and morphological studies have shown that the atherosclerotic process begins in the womb by increasing carotid intima-media thickness in fetuses and infants, which significantly boosts the prevalence and progression of the atherosclerotic process in children and adolescents. […] The first evidence of the early origin of atherosclerosis was in an autopsy study performed on American soldiers killed in action in Korea, in which 300 autopsies were performed. […] Epidemiological studies in the United States of America reported aortic fatty streaks in most children over the age of 3.

• #16 Atherosclerosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis

  Cardiovascular disease, which is predominantly the clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis, is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. […] Almost all children older than age 10 in developed countries have aortic fatty streaks, with coronary fatty streaks beginning in adolescence. […] In 1953, a study was published that examined the results of 300 autopsies performed on U.S. soldiers who had died in the Korean War. Despite the average age of the soldiers being just 22 years old, 77% of them had visible signs of coronary atherosclerosis. This study showed that heart disease could affect people at a younger age and was not just a problem for older individuals. […] In 1992, a report showed that microscopic fatty streaks were seen in the left anterior descending artery in over 50% of children aged 10-14 and 8% had even more advanced lesions with more accumulations of extracellular lipid. […] A 2005 report of a study done between 1985 and 1995 found that around 87% of aortas and 30% of coronary arteries in the age group 5-14 years had fatty streaks which increased with age.

• #17 Atherosclerosis from Newborn to Adult—Epidemiology, Pathological Aspects, and Risk Factors

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/10/2056

  Atherosclerosis, the main pathological process of most cardiovascular diseases, is predominantly an asymptomatic condition, and it is difficult to determine the incidence accurately. […] Epidemiological studies have revealed several environmental and genetic risk factors that are associated with the early formation of a pathogenic foundation for atherosclerosis, such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and smoking. […] Epidemiological, clinical, and morphological studies have shown that the atherosclerotic process begins in the womb by increasing carotid intima-media thickness in fetuses and infants, which significantly boosts the prevalence and progression of the atherosclerotic process in children and adolescents. […] The first evidence of the early origin of atherosclerosis was in an autopsy study performed on American soldiers killed in action in Korea, in which 300 autopsies were performed. […] Epidemiological studies in the United States of America reported aortic fatty streaks in most children over the age of 3.

• #18 Atherosclerosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis

  Cardiovascular disease, which is predominantly the clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis, is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. […] Almost all children older than age 10 in developed countries have aortic fatty streaks, with coronary fatty streaks beginning in adolescence. […] In 1953, a study was published that examined the results of 300 autopsies performed on U.S. soldiers who had died in the Korean War. Despite the average age of the soldiers being just 22 years old, 77% of them had visible signs of coronary atherosclerosis. This study showed that heart disease could affect people at a younger age and was not just a problem for older individuals. […] In 1992, a report showed that microscopic fatty streaks were seen in the left anterior descending artery in over 50% of children aged 10-14 and 8% had even more advanced lesions with more accumulations of extracellular lipid. […] A 2005 report of a study done between 1985 and 1995 found that around 87% of aortas and 30% of coronary arteries in the age group 5-14 years had fatty streaks which increased with age.

• #19 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  The true frequency of atherosclerosis is difficult, if not impossible, to accurately determine because it is a predominantly asymptomatic condition. The process of atherosclerosis begins in childhood with the development of fatty streaks. These lesions can be found in the aorta shortly after birth and appear in increasing numbers in those aged 8-18 years. More advanced lesions begin to develop when individuals are aged approximately 25 years. Subsequently, an increasing prevalence of the advanced complicated lesions of atherosclerosis is noted, and the organ-specific clinical manifestations of the disease increase with age through the fifth and sixth decades of life. […] In the United States, approximately 14 million persons experience CAD and its various complications. Congestive heart failure (CHF) that develops because of ischemic cardiomyopathy in hypertensive MI survivors has become the most common discharge diagnosis for patients in American hospitals. Approximately 80 million people, or 36.3% of the population, have cardiovascular disease.

• #20 Cardiovascular disease – Arterial Damage, Risk Factors, Prevention | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/cardiovascular-disease/Diseases-of-the-arteries

  Atherosclerosis, the most common form of arteriosclerosis, is a disease found in large and medium-sized arteries. It is characterized by the deposition of fatty substances, such as cholesterol, in the innermost layer of the artery (the intima). […] The six principal risk factors for atherosclerosis include age, genetics, gender, serum cholesterol concentrations, smoking, and diabetes. The prevalence of atherosclerosis increases with age, and young children with evidence of fatty streaks are very likely to develop the disease when they are older. […] Men develop atherosclerosis more often than women, and complications generally appear at an earlier age. […] Epidemiological observation has demonstrated that patients with high serum cholesterol and lipoprotein concentrations have a higher incidence of atherosclerosis.

• #21 Atherosclerosis Pathology: Definition, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1612610-overview

  Although lesions with rupture occur in males of all ages (this is consistent for all plaque morphologies with thrombi), the frequency of sudden coronary death decreases with advancing age. The incidence of rupture varies with each decade, and the highest incidence of plaque rupture is seen in the 40s in males, whereas in females the incidence increases beyond the age of 50 years. Approximately 80% of coronary thrombi in females older than 50 years occur from plaque rupture, and there is a strong association with circulating cholesterol. In acute MI or sudden coronary death, plaque erosion occurs primarily in patients younger than 50 years and represents the majority of acute coronary thrombi in premenopausal females. Furthermore, 20-25% of acute myocardial infarcts occurring in hospitalized patients are due to plaque erosion.

• #22 Atherosclerosis Pathology: Definition, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1612610-overview

  Although lesions with rupture occur in males of all ages (this is consistent for all plaque morphologies with thrombi), the frequency of sudden coronary death decreases with advancing age. The incidence of rupture varies with each decade, and the highest incidence of plaque rupture is seen in the 40s in males, whereas in females the incidence increases beyond the age of 50 years. Approximately 80% of coronary thrombi in females older than 50 years occur from plaque rupture, and there is a strong association with circulating cholesterol. In acute MI or sudden coronary death, plaque erosion occurs primarily in patients younger than 50 years and represents the majority of acute coronary thrombi in premenopausal females. Furthermore, 20-25% of acute myocardial infarcts occurring in hospitalized patients are due to plaque erosion.

• #23 Atherosclerosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507799/

  Atherosclerosis is considered the major cause of cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease mainly involves the heart and brain: ischemic heart disease (IHD) and ischemic stroke. IHD and stroke are the world’s first and fifth causes of death respectively. […] In the United States, about 610,000 people die of heart disease every year. That is 1 of every 4 deaths. Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the Western world killing over 370,000 people annually. […] Many epidemiologic studies in North America and Europe have recognized numerous risk factors for the development and progression of atherosclerosis. They may promote atherosclerosis through their effects on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and inflammation.

• #24 Risk Factors and Epidemiology of Atherosclerosis – Pathology

  https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/pathology/chapter/risk-factors-and-epidemiology-of-atherosclerosis/

  Certain risk factors have been identified as associated with increased susceptibility to the development of atherosclerosis. […] Non-modifiable factors include: age, sex, ethnicity, and genetic factors. […] Even though non-modifiable risk factors cannot be changed, they should be considered as independent variables in atherosclerosis research. […] Epidemiological studies should represent the diversity of the global population, include young people, and account for socio-demographic factors (financial stability, employment status, mental health, stress levels). […] Atherosclerosis, a leading cause of mortality globally, remains a concern despite advancements in research and treatment approaches. […] Currently, the majority of cardiovascular deaths occur in low/middle-income countries, which highlights the importance of effective primary and secondary prevention strategies, access to healthcare, education, and other social determinants of health. […] Multiple risk factors have been identified as associated with atherosclerosis.

• #25 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350569

  Risk factors for atherosclerosis that you can’t control include: Aging. A family history of early heart disease or stroke. Changes in genes that make atherosclerosis more likely. Having inflammatory conditions such as lupus, inflammatory bowel disease or psoriasis. […] The complications of atherosclerosis depend on which arteries are narrowed or blocked. For example: Coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis in the arteries close to the heart can lead to coronary artery disease. This may cause chest pain, a heart attack or heart failure. […] The same healthy lifestyle changes recommended to treat atherosclerosis also help prevent it. These lifestyle changes can help keep the arteries healthy.

• #26 Cardiovascular disease – Arterial Damage, Risk Factors, Prevention | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/cardiovascular-disease/Diseases-of-the-arteries

  Atherosclerosis, the most common form of arteriosclerosis, is a disease found in large and medium-sized arteries. It is characterized by the deposition of fatty substances, such as cholesterol, in the innermost layer of the artery (the intima). […] The six principal risk factors for atherosclerosis include age, genetics, gender, serum cholesterol concentrations, smoking, and diabetes. The prevalence of atherosclerosis increases with age, and young children with evidence of fatty streaks are very likely to develop the disease when they are older. […] Men develop atherosclerosis more often than women, and complications generally appear at an earlier age. […] Epidemiological observation has demonstrated that patients with high serum cholesterol and lipoprotein concentrations have a higher incidence of atherosclerosis.

• #27 Cardiovascular disease – Arterial Damage, Risk Factors, Prevention | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/cardiovascular-disease/Diseases-of-the-arteries

  Atherosclerosis, the most common form of arteriosclerosis, is a disease found in large and medium-sized arteries. It is characterized by the deposition of fatty substances, such as cholesterol, in the innermost layer of the artery (the intima). […] The six principal risk factors for atherosclerosis include age, genetics, gender, serum cholesterol concentrations, smoking, and diabetes. The prevalence of atherosclerosis increases with age, and young children with evidence of fatty streaks are very likely to develop the disease when they are older. […] Men develop atherosclerosis more often than women, and complications generally appear at an earlier age. […] Epidemiological observation has demonstrated that patients with high serum cholesterol and lipoprotein concentrations have a higher incidence of atherosclerosis.

• #28 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  The incidence, prevalence, and manifestations of CAD vary significantly with race, as does the response to therapy. […] African Americans appear to have higher morbidity and mortality rates of CAD, even when the statistics are corrected for educational and socioeconomic status. The risk-factor burden experienced by African Americans differs from that of Caucasian Americans. The prevalence of hypertension, obesity, dysmetabolic syndrome, and lack of physical activity are much higher in African Americans, whereas the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia is lower. […] The presence of risk factors accelerates the rate of development of atherosclerosis. Diabetes causes endothelial dysfunction, decreases endothelial thromboresistance, and increases platelet activity, thus accelerating atherosclerosis. […] Established risk factors successfully predict future cardiac events in about 50-60% of patients. A concerted effort to identify is also being made to validate new markers of future risk of the clinical consequences of atherosclerosis has been made.

• #29 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350569

  Risk factors for atherosclerosis that you can’t control include: Aging. A family history of early heart disease or stroke. Changes in genes that make atherosclerosis more likely. Having inflammatory conditions such as lupus, inflammatory bowel disease or psoriasis. […] The complications of atherosclerosis depend on which arteries are narrowed or blocked. For example: Coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis in the arteries close to the heart can lead to coronary artery disease. This may cause chest pain, a heart attack or heart failure. […] The same healthy lifestyle changes recommended to treat atherosclerosis also help prevent it. These lifestyle changes can help keep the arteries healthy.

• #30 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  The incidence, prevalence, and manifestations of CAD vary significantly with race, as does the response to therapy. […] African Americans appear to have higher morbidity and mortality rates of CAD, even when the statistics are corrected for educational and socioeconomic status. The risk-factor burden experienced by African Americans differs from that of Caucasian Americans. The prevalence of hypertension, obesity, dysmetabolic syndrome, and lack of physical activity are much higher in African Americans, whereas the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia is lower. […] The presence of risk factors accelerates the rate of development of atherosclerosis. Diabetes causes endothelial dysfunction, decreases endothelial thromboresistance, and increases platelet activity, thus accelerating atherosclerosis. […] Established risk factors successfully predict future cardiac events in about 50-60% of patients. A concerted effort to identify is also being made to validate new markers of future risk of the clinical consequences of atherosclerosis has been made.

• #31 Atherosclerosis: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/atherosclerosis-epidemiology-and-pathophysiology/

  Large, prospective, community-based observational studies confirmed suspected links between suggested factors and cardiovascular risk. […] The major risk factors and predisposing conditions include dyslipidemia, tobacco use, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and genetic factors (family history). […] As the prevalence of diabetes among CHD patients increases and other risk factors such as smoking and hypercholesterolemia are better controlled, diabetes is likely to become the predominant risk factor for atherosclerosis. […] Systemic hypertension is well established as a major risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the general population, being more common than cigarette smoking dyslipidemia, and diabetes. […] The INTERHEART study showed that hypertension accounted for 18% risk of a first myocardial infarction. […] It is now clear that systemic and local inflammatory events mediate plaque formation, progression, and degeneration: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease.

• #32 Atherosclerosis | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0106-z

  Atherosclerosis, the formation of fibrofatty lesions in the artery wall, causes much morbidity and mortality worldwide, including most myocardial infarctions and many strokes, as well as disabling peripheral artery disease. […] Development of atherosclerotic lesions probably requires low-density lipoprotein, a particle that carries cholesterol through the blood. […] Other risk factors for atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications include hypertension, cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus. […] Increasing evidence also points to a role of the immune system, as emerging risk factors include inflammation and clonal haematopoiesis. […] An array of diagnostic techniques, both invasive (such as selective coronary arteriography) and noninvasive (such as blood biomarkers, stress testing, CT and nuclear scanning), permit assessment of cardiovascular disease risk and targeting of therapies. […] Rapidly accelerating knowledge and continued research promise to provide further progress in combating this common chronic disease.

• #33 Atherosclerosis from Newborn to Adult-Epidemiology, Pathological Aspects, and Risk Factors – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37895437/

  Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world, accounting for 16.7 million deaths each year. The underlying pathological process for the majority of cardiovascular diseases is atherosclerosis, a slowly progressing, multifocal, chronic, immune-inflammatory disease that involves the intima of large and medium-sized arteries. […] The prevalence of atherosclerosis is increasing worldwide and more than 50% of people with circulatory disease die of it, mostly in modern societies. Epidemiological studies have revealed several environmental and genetic risk factors that are associated with the early formation of a pathogenic foundation for atherosclerosis, such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and smoking. […] The purpose of this review is to bring together the current information concerning the origin and progression of atherosclerosis in childhood as well as the identification of known risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in children.

• #34 Atherosclerosis | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0106-z

  Atherosclerosis, the formation of fibrofatty lesions in the artery wall, causes much morbidity and mortality worldwide, including most myocardial infarctions and many strokes, as well as disabling peripheral artery disease. […] Development of atherosclerotic lesions probably requires low-density lipoprotein, a particle that carries cholesterol through the blood. […] Other risk factors for atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications include hypertension, cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus. […] Increasing evidence also points to a role of the immune system, as emerging risk factors include inflammation and clonal haematopoiesis. […] An array of diagnostic techniques, both invasive (such as selective coronary arteriography) and noninvasive (such as blood biomarkers, stress testing, CT and nuclear scanning), permit assessment of cardiovascular disease risk and targeting of therapies. […] Rapidly accelerating knowledge and continued research promise to provide further progress in combating this common chronic disease.

• #35 Cardiovascular disease – Arterial Damage, Risk Factors, Prevention | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/cardiovascular-disease/Diseases-of-the-arteries

  Atherosclerosis, the most common form of arteriosclerosis, is a disease found in large and medium-sized arteries. It is characterized by the deposition of fatty substances, such as cholesterol, in the innermost layer of the artery (the intima). […] The six principal risk factors for atherosclerosis include age, genetics, gender, serum cholesterol concentrations, smoking, and diabetes. The prevalence of atherosclerosis increases with age, and young children with evidence of fatty streaks are very likely to develop the disease when they are older. […] Men develop atherosclerosis more often than women, and complications generally appear at an earlier age. […] Epidemiological observation has demonstrated that patients with high serum cholesterol and lipoprotein concentrations have a higher incidence of atherosclerosis.

• #36 Atherosclerosis: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/atherosclerosis-epidemiology-and-pathophysiology/

  Large, prospective, community-based observational studies confirmed suspected links between suggested factors and cardiovascular risk. […] The major risk factors and predisposing conditions include dyslipidemia, tobacco use, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and genetic factors (family history). […] As the prevalence of diabetes among CHD patients increases and other risk factors such as smoking and hypercholesterolemia are better controlled, diabetes is likely to become the predominant risk factor for atherosclerosis. […] Systemic hypertension is well established as a major risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the general population, being more common than cigarette smoking dyslipidemia, and diabetes. […] The INTERHEART study showed that hypertension accounted for 18% risk of a first myocardial infarction. […] It is now clear that systemic and local inflammatory events mediate plaque formation, progression, and degeneration: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease.

• #37 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  The incidence, prevalence, and manifestations of CAD vary significantly with race, as does the response to therapy. […] African Americans appear to have higher morbidity and mortality rates of CAD, even when the statistics are corrected for educational and socioeconomic status. The risk-factor burden experienced by African Americans differs from that of Caucasian Americans. The prevalence of hypertension, obesity, dysmetabolic syndrome, and lack of physical activity are much higher in African Americans, whereas the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia is lower. […] The presence of risk factors accelerates the rate of development of atherosclerosis. Diabetes causes endothelial dysfunction, decreases endothelial thromboresistance, and increases platelet activity, thus accelerating atherosclerosis. […] Established risk factors successfully predict future cardiac events in about 50-60% of patients. A concerted effort to identify is also being made to validate new markers of future risk of the clinical consequences of atherosclerosis has been made.

• #38 Cardiovascular disease – Arterial Damage, Risk Factors, Prevention | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/cardiovascular-disease/Diseases-of-the-arteries

  Smoking may increase the risk of developing atherosclerosis and its associated complications, with one pack of cigarettes a day doubling the risk and two packs a day tripling it. […] Incidence of atherosclerotic disease and its complications in patients with either type 1 (insulin-dependent) or type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes is significantly higher than in healthy individuals. […] In addition to these primary risk factors, there is substantial evidence that other factors, such as sedentary lifestyle, environmental stress, and obesity, increase risk.

• #39 Atherosclerosis: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/atherosclerosis-epidemiology-and-pathophysiology/

  Large, prospective, community-based observational studies confirmed suspected links between suggested factors and cardiovascular risk. […] The major risk factors and predisposing conditions include dyslipidemia, tobacco use, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and genetic factors (family history). […] As the prevalence of diabetes among CHD patients increases and other risk factors such as smoking and hypercholesterolemia are better controlled, diabetes is likely to become the predominant risk factor for atherosclerosis. […] Systemic hypertension is well established as a major risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the general population, being more common than cigarette smoking dyslipidemia, and diabetes. […] The INTERHEART study showed that hypertension accounted for 18% risk of a first myocardial infarction. […] It is now clear that systemic and local inflammatory events mediate plaque formation, progression, and degeneration: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease.

• #40 Cardiovascular disease – Arterial Damage, Risk Factors, Prevention | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/cardiovascular-disease/Diseases-of-the-arteries

  Smoking may increase the risk of developing atherosclerosis and its associated complications, with one pack of cigarettes a day doubling the risk and two packs a day tripling it. […] Incidence of atherosclerotic disease and its complications in patients with either type 1 (insulin-dependent) or type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes is significantly higher than in healthy individuals. […] In addition to these primary risk factors, there is substantial evidence that other factors, such as sedentary lifestyle, environmental stress, and obesity, increase risk.

• #41 Cardiovascular disease – Arterial Damage, Risk Factors, Prevention | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/cardiovascular-disease/Diseases-of-the-arteries

  Smoking may increase the risk of developing atherosclerosis and its associated complications, with one pack of cigarettes a day doubling the risk and two packs a day tripling it. […] Incidence of atherosclerotic disease and its complications in patients with either type 1 (insulin-dependent) or type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes is significantly higher than in healthy individuals. […] In addition to these primary risk factors, there is substantial evidence that other factors, such as sedentary lifestyle, environmental stress, and obesity, increase risk.

• #42 Atherosclerosis from Newborn to Adult-Epidemiology, Pathological Aspects, and Risk Factors – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37895437/

  Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world, accounting for 16.7 million deaths each year. The underlying pathological process for the majority of cardiovascular diseases is atherosclerosis, a slowly progressing, multifocal, chronic, immune-inflammatory disease that involves the intima of large and medium-sized arteries. […] The prevalence of atherosclerosis is increasing worldwide and more than 50% of people with circulatory disease die of it, mostly in modern societies. Epidemiological studies have revealed several environmental and genetic risk factors that are associated with the early formation of a pathogenic foundation for atherosclerosis, such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and smoking. […] The purpose of this review is to bring together the current information concerning the origin and progression of atherosclerosis in childhood as well as the identification of known risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in children.

• #43 Cardiovascular disease – Arterial Damage, Risk Factors, Prevention | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/cardiovascular-disease/Diseases-of-the-arteries

  Smoking may increase the risk of developing atherosclerosis and its associated complications, with one pack of cigarettes a day doubling the risk and two packs a day tripling it. […] Incidence of atherosclerotic disease and its complications in patients with either type 1 (insulin-dependent) or type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes is significantly higher than in healthy individuals. […] In addition to these primary risk factors, there is substantial evidence that other factors, such as sedentary lifestyle, environmental stress, and obesity, increase risk.

• #44

  http://benthamscience.com/public/chapter/21850

  Atherosclerosis is characterized by hardening/narrowing of arteries and reduction of blood flow to vital organs. […] Early diagnosis of atherosclerosis reduces mortality, morbidity, and healthcare expenditures. […] Overwhelming evidence suggests that regular physical activity (30 min/day), cessation of cigarette smoking, and consumption of antioxidant nutraceuticals rich in flavonoids and retinoids, fresh vegetables and fruits, omega-3 PUFA, culinary spices, probiotics, Mediterranean-type diet, and DASH DIET lower the risk of atherogenesis and cardiovascular diseases. […] New preventative measures and alternative therapies, including dietary interventions and plant-based foods may be the most cost-effective ways to manage atherosclerosis and cardiovascular illnesses.

• #45 Atherosclerosis | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0106-z

  Atherosclerosis, the formation of fibrofatty lesions in the artery wall, causes much morbidity and mortality worldwide, including most myocardial infarctions and many strokes, as well as disabling peripheral artery disease. […] Development of atherosclerotic lesions probably requires low-density lipoprotein, a particle that carries cholesterol through the blood. […] Other risk factors for atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications include hypertension, cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus. […] Increasing evidence also points to a role of the immune system, as emerging risk factors include inflammation and clonal haematopoiesis. […] An array of diagnostic techniques, both invasive (such as selective coronary arteriography) and noninvasive (such as blood biomarkers, stress testing, CT and nuclear scanning), permit assessment of cardiovascular disease risk and targeting of therapies. […] Rapidly accelerating knowledge and continued research promise to provide further progress in combating this common chronic disease.

• #46 Atherosclerosis: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/atherosclerosis-epidemiology-and-pathophysiology/

  Large, prospective, community-based observational studies confirmed suspected links between suggested factors and cardiovascular risk. […] The major risk factors and predisposing conditions include dyslipidemia, tobacco use, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and genetic factors (family history). […] As the prevalence of diabetes among CHD patients increases and other risk factors such as smoking and hypercholesterolemia are better controlled, diabetes is likely to become the predominant risk factor for atherosclerosis. […] Systemic hypertension is well established as a major risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the general population, being more common than cigarette smoking dyslipidemia, and diabetes. […] The INTERHEART study showed that hypertension accounted for 18% risk of a first myocardial infarction. […] It is now clear that systemic and local inflammatory events mediate plaque formation, progression, and degeneration: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease.

• #47 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  The incidence, prevalence, and manifestations of CAD vary significantly with race, as does the response to therapy. […] African Americans appear to have higher morbidity and mortality rates of CAD, even when the statistics are corrected for educational and socioeconomic status. The risk-factor burden experienced by African Americans differs from that of Caucasian Americans. The prevalence of hypertension, obesity, dysmetabolic syndrome, and lack of physical activity are much higher in African Americans, whereas the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia is lower. […] The presence of risk factors accelerates the rate of development of atherosclerosis. Diabetes causes endothelial dysfunction, decreases endothelial thromboresistance, and increases platelet activity, thus accelerating atherosclerosis. […] Established risk factors successfully predict future cardiac events in about 50-60% of patients. A concerted effort to identify is also being made to validate new markers of future risk of the clinical consequences of atherosclerosis has been made.

• #48 Association between neutrophil count and the risk of cardiovascular disease: A community-based cohort study in Taiwan | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0322645

  Neutrophil count is associated with atherosclerotic plaque formation and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). As previous studies have been predominantly conducted in Caucasians, the significance of neutrophil count as a clinical factor in CVD in other ethnicities remain unclear. […] Over a median follow-up period of 22 years, 400 cases of new-onset CVD were recorded. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that a higher neutrophil count was independently associated with CVD incidence in Taiwanese adults, with an HR of 1.42 (95% CI 1.03-1.94) after adjusting for multiple covariates. This association remained consistent in both the subgroup and sensitivity analyses. […] Our study demonstrated that, in the Taiwanese population, a higher neutrophil count was associated with a higher incidence of CVD over an average 22-year follow-up in individuals without preexisting CVD.

• #49 RETRACTED ARTICLE: A histopathological analysis of the epidemiology of coronary atherosclerosis: an autopsy study | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/a-histopathological-analysis-of-the-epidemiology-of-coronary-ath/9771890

  Atherosclerosis accounts for a large proportion of cardiovascular system associated morbidity and mortality. […] The objective of the study was to determine the possible association between the histopathological changes of the coronary atherosclerotic lesions and the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) using autopsy cases. […] Atherosclerosis is a pathologically diverse disease with heterogeneous mechanisms of progression. […] In this study, age estimate to be a risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis in individuals more than 50 years old and may be used to predict SCD. […] The study has revealed that ruptured plaques of human autopsied affected were characterized by the presence of a more severe inflammatory infiltrate, constituted by monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocyte cells.

• #50 RETRACTED ARTICLE: A histopathological analysis of the epidemiology of coronary atherosclerosis: an autopsy study | Diagnostic Pathology | Full Text

  https://diagnosticpathology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13000-015-0324-y

  The autopsy study provides a means of understanding the basic process which sets a stage for clinically significant atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. […] In this study, the histological examination of the serially sectioned coronary arteries from 13 men and women who died suddenly and unexpectedly revealed the frequent presence of early atherosclerotic lesions in 13 cases. […] Age is a powerful risk factor for coronary heart disease. […] The findings of a study by van der Wal et al. also suggested a predominance of lymphocytes in venous compared with arterial plaques. […] In the present study, it was observed that nine cases (69.34 %) were males and 4 (30.66 %) were females, which are concordant with other researchers findings that showed 74.8 % males and 24.2 % females. […] Coronary artery calcium (CAC) has been demonstrated to be associated with the risk of coronary heart disease. […] Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease are huge health concerns in Iran.

• #51 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study | George W. Comstock Center for Public Health Research and Prevention

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/george-w-comstock-center-for-public-health-research-and-prevention/research-activities/atherosclerosis-risk-in-communities-aric-study

  The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study is a prospective epidemiologic study conducted in four U.S. communities, including Washington County, Maryland. […] ARIC includes two components: cohort and community surveillance. […] The community surveillance component is designed to measure the community-wide occurrence of hospitalized myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease deaths in men and women aged 35 to 84 years, and since 2005 heart failure (among those aged 55 years and older).

• #52 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

  https://datacatalog.med.nyu.edu/dataset/10043

  The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study is a prospective longitudinal epidemiological study conducted in four communities: Forsyth County (North Carolina), Jackson (Mississippi), Minneapolis (Minnesota), and Washington County (Maryland). ARIC is designed to investigate the causes of atherosclerosis and its clinical outcomes, and variations in cardiovascular risk factors, medical care, and disease by race, gender, location, and date. ARIC consists of two parts: a Cohort Component and a Community Surveillance Component. […] The Community Surveillance Component encompasses approximately 470,000 men and women aged 35 to 84 years old. Data was collected on deaths from cardiovascular heart disease (CHD) and heart failure (HF) among participants aged 35 to 74 years old who were enrolled between 1987-2014, and among participants aged 35 to 84 years old between 2005-2014. From 2005 to 2014, the study also collected information on inpatient heart failure among adults aged 55 years and older and outpatient heart failure in adults aged 65 years and older.

• #53 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

  https://datacatalog.med.nyu.edu/dataset/10043

  The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study is a prospective longitudinal epidemiological study conducted in four communities: Forsyth County (North Carolina), Jackson (Mississippi), Minneapolis (Minnesota), and Washington County (Maryland). ARIC is designed to investigate the causes of atherosclerosis and its clinical outcomes, and variations in cardiovascular risk factors, medical care, and disease by race, gender, location, and date. ARIC consists of two parts: a Cohort Component and a Community Surveillance Component. […] The Community Surveillance Component encompasses approximately 470,000 men and women aged 35 to 84 years old. Data was collected on deaths from cardiovascular heart disease (CHD) and heart failure (HF) among participants aged 35 to 74 years old who were enrolled between 1987-2014, and among participants aged 35 to 84 years old between 2005-2014. From 2005 to 2014, the study also collected information on inpatient heart failure among adults aged 55 years and older and outpatient heart failure in adults aged 65 years and older.

• #54

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2008/11001/the_multi_ethnic_study_of_atherosclerosis_and_air.78.aspx

  The MESA Air study is a major new multi-center prospective U.S. cohort study, with detailed individual-level air pollution exposure estimation, health and covariate assessment in a multi-ethnic cohort, launched in 2004. […] The EPA-funded MESA Air project will allow a prospective assessment of whether air pollution accelerates atherosclerosis and the occurrence of clinical cardiovascular disease. […] MESA Air has several advantages that should provide important new information on the relation between long-term exposure to air pollution and cardiovascular diseases.

• #55 Atherosclerosis, Diabetes Mellitus, and Cancer: Common Epidemiology, Shared Mechanisms, and Future Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/14/11786

  Atherosclerosis eventually leads to cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality because of potentially hazardous complications, i.e., acute myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Estimated ASCVD-attributed deaths are near the top, accounting for one-third of all deaths. Silent coronary atherosclerosis without an established disease is common in the general population, as shown in a large, random sample of a middle-aged population from Sweden without previous myocardial infarction or coronary intervention, where coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) showed that 42.1% of the population had plaques in their coronary arteries. Significant stenosis (≥50%) was less common (in 5.2%), and more severe forms of coronary atherosclerosis, like three-vessel disease, were rarely found (in only 1.9%). The prevalence of CCTA-detected coronary atherosclerosis in this study closely reflects the incidence of ASCVD in many other Western countries.

• #56 Prevalence of atherosclerosis in individuals with prediabetes and diabetes compared to normoglycaemic individuals—a Swedish population-based study | Cardiovascular Diabetology | Full Text

  https://cardiab.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12933-023-01982-6

  Patients with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of death and cardiovascular events and people with diabetes or prediabetes have been found to have increased atherosclerotic burden in the coronary and carotid arteries. […] This study will estimate the cross-sectional prevalence of atherosclerosis in the coronary and carotid arteries in individuals with prediabetes and diabetes, compared with normoglycaemic individuals in a large population-based cohort. […] Study participants with prediabetes (n=4804, 16.0%) or diabetes (n=2282, 7.6%) had greater coronary artery plaque burden, more coronary stenosis and higher CACS than normoglycaemic participants (all, p0.01). […] The prevalence of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries was higher in participants with previously undetected diabetes than prediabetes, but lower than in patients with known diabetes.

• #57 RETRACTED ARTICLE: A histopathological analysis of the epidemiology of coronary atherosclerosis: an autopsy study | Diagnostic Pathology | Full Text

  https://diagnosticpathology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13000-015-0324-y

  Atherosclerosis accounts for a large proportion of cardiovascular system associated morbidity and mortality. […] The objective of the study was to determine the possible association between the histopathological changes of the coronary atherosclerotic lesions and the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) using autopsy cases. […] Atherosclerotic plaques were identified in 6.5 % of specimens, 69.34 % of males and 30.66 % of female. […] In this study, age estimate to be a risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis in individuals more than 50 years old and may be used to predict SCD. […] Atherosclerosis is a disease of large- and medium-sized muscular arteries, characterized by inflammation of smooth muscle cells and formation of atherosclerotic plaques composed of necrotic cores; calcium deposits; and an accumulation of modified lipids, endothelial cells, leukocytes, and foam cells.

• #58 RETRACTED ARTICLE: A histopathological analysis of the epidemiology of coronary atherosclerosis: an autopsy study | Diagnostic Pathology | Full Text

  https://diagnosticpathology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13000-015-0324-y

  The autopsy study provides a means of understanding the basic process which sets a stage for clinically significant atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. […] In this study, the histological examination of the serially sectioned coronary arteries from 13 men and women who died suddenly and unexpectedly revealed the frequent presence of early atherosclerotic lesions in 13 cases. […] Age is a powerful risk factor for coronary heart disease. […] The findings of a study by van der Wal et al. also suggested a predominance of lymphocytes in venous compared with arterial plaques. […] In the present study, it was observed that nine cases (69.34 %) were males and 4 (30.66 %) were females, which are concordant with other researchers findings that showed 74.8 % males and 24.2 % females. […] Coronary artery calcium (CAC) has been demonstrated to be associated with the risk of coronary heart disease. […] Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease are huge health concerns in Iran.

• #59 Epidemiology and pathophysiologic insights of coronary atherosclerosis relevant for contemporary non-invasive imaging – Casolo – Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://cdt.amegroups.org/article/view/51546/html

  In the past few decades cardiovascular (CV) mortality, myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke incidence, severity of coronary atherosclerosis have greatly decreased thus changing the prognostic and diagnostic landscape of patients with suspected or confirmed CAD. […] The observed decrease in CV events in the general population has been recorded almost universally and applies to all the most common complications of atherosclerotic vessels disease. […] The burden of coronary atherosclerosis also seems to ease. […] The recent European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines have coined the term of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) in the attempt to embrace several different conditions other than ACS. […] The contemporary accuracy of these old tests appear much lower than in the past. […] The earlier the better. At the same time, a growing number of data from clinical studies have shown a significant prognostic role for non-obstructive CAD and coronary atherosclerosis.

• #60 Epidemiology and pathophysiologic insights of coronary atherosclerosis relevant for contemporary non-invasive imaging – Casolo – Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://cdt.amegroups.org/article/view/51546/html

  In the past few decades cardiovascular (CV) mortality, myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke incidence, severity of coronary atherosclerosis have greatly decreased thus changing the prognostic and diagnostic landscape of patients with suspected or confirmed CAD. […] The observed decrease in CV events in the general population has been recorded almost universally and applies to all the most common complications of atherosclerotic vessels disease. […] The burden of coronary atherosclerosis also seems to ease. […] The recent European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines have coined the term of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) in the attempt to embrace several different conditions other than ACS. […] The contemporary accuracy of these old tests appear much lower than in the past. […] The earlier the better. At the same time, a growing number of data from clinical studies have shown a significant prognostic role for non-obstructive CAD and coronary atherosclerosis.

• #61 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  Annually, approximately 1.5 million Americans have an AMI, a third of whom die. In 2009, 785,000 Americans were estimated to have suffered a first MI, and about 470,000 Americans were estimated to have had a recurrent event. An additional 195,000 „silent” heart attacks are estimated to occur each year. About every 34 seconds, an American will have an MI. CAD remains the number 1 cause of death for men and women in the United States and is responsible for approximately 20% of all US deaths. From 1995-2005, the death rate from CAD declined 34.3%, but the actual number of deaths declined only 19.4%. […] The international incidence of ACS and AMI, especially in developed countries, is similar to that observed in the United States. Despite consumption of rich foods, inhabitants of France and the Mediterranean region appear to have a lower incidence of CAD. This phenomenon (sometimes called the French paradox) is partly explained by greater use of alcohol, with its possible HDL-raising benefit, and by consumption of the Mediterranean diet, which includes predominant use of monounsaturated fatty acids, such as olive oil or canola oil, as well as omega-3 fatty acids, which are less atherogenic.

• #62 Rapid emergence of atherosclerosis in Asia: a systematic review of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease epidemiology and implications for prevention and control strategies

  https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/110910/

  There is a global epidemic of coronary heart disease (CHD) caused by atherosclerosis. […] Most countries in Asia are experiencing the challenges from CHD, with the mortality rate varying from 103 to 366 per 100 000 adult populations, reported by recently published studies. […] During the past decade, there was a marked rising trend of atherosclerosis-related burden particularly in Eastern Asia where an alarming increase of 117.2 and 115.3% of total deaths and disability adjusted life-years, respectively, were observed. […] The rise of CHD could be attributed to unhealthy lifestyles, clinical-risk factors, psychosocial factors, and public health transitions. […] Ageing, urbanization, and increase in prosperity may serve as underlying key drivers. […] The burden of CHD is substantial, whereas contributors are multifactorial. […] The formulation of public health measures will need to adopt an integrated and life-course approach, based on the need and risks of different population subgroups in Asia.

• #63 Atherosclerosis Pathology: Definition, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1612610-overview

  Despite advances in medical, interventional, and surgical treatment, atherosclerotic disease remains the most important cause of death in developed and underprivileged nations. […] In the United States, coronary heart disease accounted for 375,476 deaths in 2021. Each year, a substantial number of Americans experience a myocardial infarction (MI), with 605,000 being first-time events and 200,000 recurrent episodes. […] Coronary artery disease remains the leading cause of death in the Western world. A new or recurrent MI afflicts approximately 1.1 million people in the USA per year, of which 40% are fatal. […] Sudden cardiac death as a first manifestation of the atherosclerotic process occurs in over 450,000 individuals annually. The vast majority of acute MIs (approximately 75%) occur from plaque rupture; other causes of coronary thrombosis include erosion and calcified nodules.

• #64 Epidemiology and Clinical Researches in Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/40371/epidemiology-and-clinical-researches-in-atherosclerosis-and-cardiovascular-disease/magazine

  Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease and the common cause of heart attacks, strokes and peripheral vascular disease collectively referred to as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability and rising health care costs. The global number of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million in 1990 to 523 million in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million in 1990, reaching 18.6 million in 2019. By 2030, approximately 23.6 million people are predicted to die from CVD annually. The huge and still growing burden of CVD on individuals, families, and health-care systems indicates an urgent need for prevention and treatment measures on atherosclerotic diseases. Preventing severe atherosclerosis progression is expected to decrease high cardiovascular event rate. However, there still exist challenges to be addressed. These challenges include but are not limited to 1) early detect participants with high-risk of CVD; 2) identify novel indicators for progression and prognosis of atherosclerotic diseases; 3) comorbidities of atherosclerotic diseases; 4) new drugs and therapies on atherosclerosis and CVD.

• #65 Epidemiology and Clinical Researches in Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/40371/epidemiology-and-clinical-researches-in-atherosclerosis-and-cardiovascular-disease/magazine

  Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease and the common cause of heart attacks, strokes and peripheral vascular disease collectively referred to as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability and rising health care costs. The global number of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million in 1990 to 523 million in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million in 1990, reaching 18.6 million in 2019. By 2030, approximately 23.6 million people are predicted to die from CVD annually. The huge and still growing burden of CVD on individuals, families, and health-care systems indicates an urgent need for prevention and treatment measures on atherosclerotic diseases. Preventing severe atherosclerosis progression is expected to decrease high cardiovascular event rate. However, there still exist challenges to be addressed. These challenges include but are not limited to 1) early detect participants with high-risk of CVD; 2) identify novel indicators for progression and prognosis of atherosclerotic diseases; 3) comorbidities of atherosclerotic diseases; 4) new drugs and therapies on atherosclerosis and CVD.

• #66 Rapid emergence of atherosclerosis in Asia: a systematic review of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease epidemiology and implications for prevention and control strategies

  https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/110910/

  There is a global epidemic of coronary heart disease (CHD) caused by atherosclerosis. […] Most countries in Asia are experiencing the challenges from CHD, with the mortality rate varying from 103 to 366 per 100 000 adult populations, reported by recently published studies. […] During the past decade, there was a marked rising trend of atherosclerosis-related burden particularly in Eastern Asia where an alarming increase of 117.2 and 115.3% of total deaths and disability adjusted life-years, respectively, were observed. […] The rise of CHD could be attributed to unhealthy lifestyles, clinical-risk factors, psychosocial factors, and public health transitions. […] Ageing, urbanization, and increase in prosperity may serve as underlying key drivers. […] The burden of CHD is substantial, whereas contributors are multifactorial. […] The formulation of public health measures will need to adopt an integrated and life-course approach, based on the need and risks of different population subgroups in Asia.

• #67 Atherosclerosis: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/atherosclerosis-epidemiology-and-pathophysiology/

  This chapter will focus mainly on the epidemiology, biology, and clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis, with a special emphasis on the emerging dominant role for inflammation in this disease. […] In 2002, the estimated prevalence of total cardiovascular disease (CVD), coronary heart disease (CHD), and congestive heart failure (CHF) in the U.S. population was 70 million, 13 million, and 4.9 million, respectively. […] CVD accounted for 38% of all deaths, or 1 of every 2.6 deaths, in 2002. […] According to current statistics and estimates, 865,000 new and recurrent myocardial infarctions and 700,000 new and recurrent stroke attacks are expected annually. […] Furthermore, the economic impact of atherosclerotic disease is staggering. […] Epidemiological studies (both experimental and observational) over the last 50 years have identified several risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis.

• #68 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  The true frequency of atherosclerosis is difficult, if not impossible, to accurately determine because it is a predominantly asymptomatic condition. The process of atherosclerosis begins in childhood with the development of fatty streaks. These lesions can be found in the aorta shortly after birth and appear in increasing numbers in those aged 8-18 years. More advanced lesions begin to develop when individuals are aged approximately 25 years. Subsequently, an increasing prevalence of the advanced complicated lesions of atherosclerosis is noted, and the organ-specific clinical manifestations of the disease increase with age through the fifth and sixth decades of life. […] In the United States, approximately 14 million persons experience CAD and its various complications. Congestive heart failure (CHF) that develops because of ischemic cardiomyopathy in hypertensive MI survivors has become the most common discharge diagnosis for patients in American hospitals. Approximately 80 million people, or 36.3% of the population, have cardiovascular disease.

• #69 RETRACTED ARTICLE: A histopathological analysis of the epidemiology of coronary atherosclerosis: an autopsy study | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/a-histopathological-analysis-of-the-epidemiology-of-coronary-ath/9771890

  In the present study, calcium in the coronary plaque is often fragmented and may be located deep in the plaque or close to the surface. […] Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease are huge health concerns in Iran. They constitute the largest single cause of death and exact a financial burden of billions of dollars annually.

• #70 Epidemiology and Clinical Researches in Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/40371/epidemiology-and-clinical-researches-in-atherosclerosis-and-cardiovascular-disease/magazine

  Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease and the common cause of heart attacks, strokes and peripheral vascular disease collectively referred to as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability and rising health care costs. The global number of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million in 1990 to 523 million in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million in 1990, reaching 18.6 million in 2019. By 2030, approximately 23.6 million people are predicted to die from CVD annually. The huge and still growing burden of CVD on individuals, families, and health-care systems indicates an urgent need for prevention and treatment measures on atherosclerotic diseases. Preventing severe atherosclerosis progression is expected to decrease high cardiovascular event rate. However, there still exist challenges to be addressed. These challenges include but are not limited to 1) early detect participants with high-risk of CVD; 2) identify novel indicators for progression and prognosis of atherosclerotic diseases; 3) comorbidities of atherosclerotic diseases; 4) new drugs and therapies on atherosclerosis and CVD.

• #71

  http://benthamscience.com/public/chapter/21850

  Atherosclerosis is characterized by hardening/narrowing of arteries and reduction of blood flow to vital organs. […] Early diagnosis of atherosclerosis reduces mortality, morbidity, and healthcare expenditures. […] Overwhelming evidence suggests that regular physical activity (30 min/day), cessation of cigarette smoking, and consumption of antioxidant nutraceuticals rich in flavonoids and retinoids, fresh vegetables and fruits, omega-3 PUFA, culinary spices, probiotics, Mediterranean-type diet, and DASH DIET lower the risk of atherogenesis and cardiovascular diseases. […] New preventative measures and alternative therapies, including dietary interventions and plant-based foods may be the most cost-effective ways to manage atherosclerosis and cardiovascular illnesses.

• #72

  http://benthamscience.com/public/chapter/21850

  Atherosclerosis is characterized by hardening/narrowing of arteries and reduction of blood flow to vital organs. […] Early diagnosis of atherosclerosis reduces mortality, morbidity, and healthcare expenditures. […] Overwhelming evidence suggests that regular physical activity (30 min/day), cessation of cigarette smoking, and consumption of antioxidant nutraceuticals rich in flavonoids and retinoids, fresh vegetables and fruits, omega-3 PUFA, culinary spices, probiotics, Mediterranean-type diet, and DASH DIET lower the risk of atherogenesis and cardiovascular diseases. […] New preventative measures and alternative therapies, including dietary interventions and plant-based foods may be the most cost-effective ways to manage atherosclerosis and cardiovascular illnesses.

• #73 Epidemiology and Clinical Researches in Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/40371/epidemiology-and-clinical-researches-in-atherosclerosis-and-cardiovascular-disease/magazine

  Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease and the common cause of heart attacks, strokes and peripheral vascular disease collectively referred to as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability and rising health care costs. The global number of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million in 1990 to 523 million in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million in 1990, reaching 18.6 million in 2019. By 2030, approximately 23.6 million people are predicted to die from CVD annually. The huge and still growing burden of CVD on individuals, families, and health-care systems indicates an urgent need for prevention and treatment measures on atherosclerotic diseases. Preventing severe atherosclerosis progression is expected to decrease high cardiovascular event rate. However, there still exist challenges to be addressed. These challenges include but are not limited to 1) early detect participants with high-risk of CVD; 2) identify novel indicators for progression and prognosis of atherosclerotic diseases; 3) comorbidities of atherosclerotic diseases; 4) new drugs and therapies on atherosclerosis and CVD.

• #74 Epidemiology and pathophysiologic insights of coronary atherosclerosis relevant for contemporary non-invasive imaging – Casolo – Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://cdt.amegroups.org/article/view/51546/html

  The major attention has been directed on detecting coronary atherosclerosis. […] The decreased probability of disease has made difficult to both predict and diagnose CAD. […] The depiction of the presence, extent, severity, and quality of coronary atherosclerosis appear to be the main diagnostic target of contemporary imaging in patients with suspected or confirmed CAD or IHD.

• #75 Epidemiology and pathophysiologic insights of coronary atherosclerosis relevant for contemporary non-invasive imaging – Casolo – Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://cdt.amegroups.org/article/view/51546/html

  The major attention has been directed on detecting coronary atherosclerosis. […] The decreased probability of disease has made difficult to both predict and diagnose CAD. […] The depiction of the presence, extent, severity, and quality of coronary atherosclerosis appear to be the main diagnostic target of contemporary imaging in patients with suspected or confirmed CAD or IHD.

• #76 Atherosclerosis | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0106-z

  Atherosclerosis, the formation of fibrofatty lesions in the artery wall, causes much morbidity and mortality worldwide, including most myocardial infarctions and many strokes, as well as disabling peripheral artery disease. […] Development of atherosclerotic lesions probably requires low-density lipoprotein, a particle that carries cholesterol through the blood. […] Other risk factors for atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications include hypertension, cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus. […] Increasing evidence also points to a role of the immune system, as emerging risk factors include inflammation and clonal haematopoiesis. […] An array of diagnostic techniques, both invasive (such as selective coronary arteriography) and noninvasive (such as blood biomarkers, stress testing, CT and nuclear scanning), permit assessment of cardiovascular disease risk and targeting of therapies. […] Rapidly accelerating knowledge and continued research promise to provide further progress in combating this common chronic disease.

• #77 Atherosclerosis | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0106-z

  Atherosclerosis, the formation of fibrofatty lesions in the artery wall, causes much morbidity and mortality worldwide, including most myocardial infarctions and many strokes, as well as disabling peripheral artery disease. […] Development of atherosclerotic lesions probably requires low-density lipoprotein, a particle that carries cholesterol through the blood. […] Other risk factors for atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications include hypertension, cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus. […] Increasing evidence also points to a role of the immune system, as emerging risk factors include inflammation and clonal haematopoiesis. […] An array of diagnostic techniques, both invasive (such as selective coronary arteriography) and noninvasive (such as blood biomarkers, stress testing, CT and nuclear scanning), permit assessment of cardiovascular disease risk and targeting of therapies. […] Rapidly accelerating knowledge and continued research promise to provide further progress in combating this common chronic disease.

• #78

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2009/03000/fine_particulate_matter_air_pollution,_proximity.18.aspx

  The initiation and acceleration of atherosclerosis is hypothesized as a physiologic mechanism underlying associations between air pollution and cardiovascular effects. […] In this cross-sectional analysis we investigated exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and residential proximity to major roads in relation to abdominal aortic calcification, a sensitive indicator of systemic atherosclerosis. […] Although we did not find persuasive associations across our full study population, associations were stronger among participants with less exposure misclassification. These findings support the hypothesis of a relationship between particulate air pollution and systemic atherosclerosis.

• #79 Endothelial AGO1 Drives Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis via a Non-Canonical Nuclear Mechanism | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651783v1

  BACKGROUND Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction is both a cause and consequence of vascular inflammation and lipid dysregulation in atherosclerosis, yet the molecular drivers linking EC dysfunction to systemic metabolic derangements remain incompletely understood. […] CONCLUSIONS Endothelial AGO1 promotes vascular inflammation and liver dysfunction through a non-canonical role as an NF-κB coactivator. Its inhibition provides dual benefits—ameliorating lipid dysregulation and suppressing vascular inflammation—highlighting EC-AGO1 as a promising therapeutic target for atherosclerosis and cardiometabolic diseases.

Zobacz więcej