Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Leptospirosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK441858/

  Leptospirosis is an infectious disorder of animals and humans and is the most common zoonotic infection in the world. This infection is easily transmitted from infected animals through their urine, either directly or through infected soil or water. Leptospirosis can cause a self-limiting influenza-like illness or a much more serious disease. This condition is known as Weil disease, and it can progress to multiorgan failure with the potential for death. […] The icteric phase of leptospirosis is classically known as Weil disease. This is a severe infection, and its manifestations include fever, renal failure, jaundice, hemorrhage, and respiratory distress. The icteric phase may also involve the heart, central nervous system, and muscles. This illness is usually severe and may last weeks or months if the patient survives.

• #1 Leptospirosis (Weil’s disease) – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/leptospirosis/leptospirosis+weils+disease+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Leptospirosis (Weils disease) – including symptoms, treatment and prevention […] Symptoms of infection with Leptospira may range from no symptoms to fatal disease. The illness often occurs in 2 phases. […] The first phase, which usually lasts 5 to 7 days, begins suddenly with symptoms including: high fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, red eyes, muscle aches (especially thigh and calf muscles), rash, chills, headache. […] A second phase of illness (immune phase) may follow 1 to 2 weeks later, with symptoms such as: jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), kidney failure, irregular heart beat, lung problems, meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain), red eyes.

• #1 Leptospirosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospirosis

  Leptospirosis is a blood infection caused by the bacterium Leptospira that can infect humans, dogs, rodents and many other wild and domesticated animals. Signs and symptoms can range from none to mild (headaches, muscle pains, and fevers) to severe (bleeding in the lungs or meningitis). Weil’s disease, the acute, severe form of leptospirosis, causes the infected individual to become jaundiced (skin and eyes become yellow), develop kidney failure, and bleed. […] The symptoms of leptospirosis usually appear one to two weeks after infection, but the incubation period can be as long as a month. The illness is biphasic in a majority of symptomatic cases. Symptoms of the first phase (acute or leptospiremic phase) last five to seven days. In the second phase (immune phase), the symptoms resolve as antibodies against the bacteria are produced. Additional symptoms develop in the second phase. 90% of those infected experience mild symptoms while 10% experience severe leptospirosis.

• #1 Leptospirosis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220563-clinical

  A good clinical history often is the key to accurate diagnosis in leptospirosis. Important features include a plausible exposure history and a clinical picture consistent with the disease. […] Expert consensus is that leptospirosis occurs as two recognizable clinical syndromes: anicteric and icteric (the existence of a third syndrome of asymptomatic infection is more controversial). Anicteric leptospirosis is a self-limited, mild flulike illness. Icteric leptospirosis, also known as Weil disease, is a severe illness characterized by multiorgan involvement or even failure. […] The natural course of leptospirosis falls into 2 distinct phases. The acute phase of illness lasts 5-7 days and is followed by a 1-3 day period of improvement in which the temperature curve falls and the patient may become afebrile and relatively asymptomatic. Subsequently, leptospirosis either regresses to a relatively asymptomatic illness or progresses to a more severe illness. […] Weil syndrome, the severe form of leptospirosis, primarily manifests as profound jaundice, renal dysfunction, hepatic necrosis, pulmonary dysfunction, and hemorrhagic diathesis. Pulmonary manifestations include cough, dyspnea, chest pain, bloodstained sputum, hemoptysis, and respiratory failure.

• #1 Leptospirosis (Weil’s Disease): Symptoms and Diagnosis

  https://patient.info/infections/leptospirosis-and-weils-disease

  Leptospirosis is caused by infection with Leptospira germs (bacteria). The infection passes from animals (commonly rats, cattle, pigs and dogs) to humans. In most cases, leptospirosis causes a mild illness. But, in some people, a more severe illness occurs. This more severe form is commonly referred to as Weil’s disease. […] In the majority of cases, leptospirosis causes a mild illness but, in some people, a more severe form of leptospirosis occurs. This more severe form is commonly referred to as Weil’s disease. […] Symptoms of leptospirosis can start 3 to 30 days after exposure to the germs (bacteria) though most commonly people notice symptoms starting after 7 to 12 days. Some people with mild leptospirosis may develop no symptoms at all. In both the mild and the severe forms of leptospirosis, flu-like symptoms develop first. They tend to last for between 5 and 7 days and can include: High temperature (fever) and chills. Severe headache. Feeling sick (nausea), loss of appetite, being sick (vomiting) and diarrhoea. Redness of the eyes that looks like conjunctivitis or subconjunctival haemorrhage. Cough. Joint and muscle pains (particularly in the calves and lower back). Feeling tired.

• #1 Leptospirosis: Epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/leptospirosis-epidemiology-microbiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Symptoms – The acute phase is characterized by acute febrile bacteremia. Clinical features include abrupt onset of fever, rigors, myalgias (especially in the calves and lower back), and headache; these symptoms occur in 75 to 100 percent of patients. […] Rarely, rapidly progressive pulmonary hemorrhage can occur during the acute phase, although this finding is more commonly associated with icteric leptospirosis. Symptoms include shortness of breath and hemoptysis. This syndrome is associated a high mortality rate. […] Icteric leptospirosis (Weil’s disease) occurs in approximately 5 to 10 percent of symptomatic leptospirosis cases and is a rapidly progressive multisystem illness associated with mortality rates of 5 to 15 percent. […] Usually, icteric leptospirosis is accompanied by fever, jaundice, and renal failure, a syndrome known as „Weil’s disease.” Pulmonary hemorrhage with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), myocarditis with electrocardiogram (EKG) abnormalities, and rhabdomyolysis may also occur as part of this syndrome.

• #1 Leptospirosis (Weil’s Disease): Symptoms and Diagnosis

  https://patient.info/infections/leptospirosis-and-weils-disease

  However, in some people, about a week after the flu-like symptoms have passed, a second stage of the illness then develops (Weil’s disease). Symptoms of this second stage can include: Jaundice. Tummy (abdominal) pain. Diarrhoea. Skin rash. Muscle pains. Passing very little urine, or a lot more urine than usual. Shortness of breath. Swollen hands or feet. Coughing up blood (haemoptysis). Some people develop symptoms similar to meningitis. […] During this second stage, bacteria begin to infect the organs of the body, such as the kidneys, the liver, the brain, the eyes, the heart and the lungs. Different organs may be infected in different people. However, commonly the kidneys and the liver are affected and kidney or liver failure can occur. […] In more severe cases (Weil’s disease), the outlook depends on which organs of the body are involved and to what extent. People severely affected may die from organ failure or internal bleeding. In one study looking at people who were hospitalised with Weil’s disease, 20% of people had ongoing symptoms two years after becoming unwell.

• #1 Leptospirosis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/leptospirosis/

  Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by gram-negative Leptospira bacteria. The early phase of the disease is mild and characterized by nonspecific symptoms (e.g., fever, headache, and myalgia). In most cases, symptoms resolve spontaneously after a week. However, in 10% of cases, the disease progresses rapidly to a severe form (icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis, or Weil disease), which typically manifests with a triad of liver failure, acute kidney injury, and bleeding diathesis. […] Most infections are asymptomatic. Patients with symptoms generally present 12 weeks after exposure with a self-limited flu-like illness that progresses to multiple organ failure in 5-10% of patients. […] In addition to the signs and symptoms of mild leptospirosis, severe leptospirosis manifests with rapidly progressive multiple organ failure and may include the following: Classic triad of Weil disease: Signs of acute kidney injury (e.g., oliguria, anuria), Signs of liver failure (e.g., jaundice), Hemorrhagic diathesis (e.g., hemoptysis, purpura, melena). Severe leptospirosis has a high mortality rate.

• #1 Leptospirosis: Epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/leptospirosis-epidemiology-microbiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Renal failure may be oliguric or nonoliguric. The serum creatinine is often markedly elevated, and serum potassium abnormalities and hyponatremia are common. […] Severe pulmonary disease, characterized by pulmonary hemorrhage, is a serious complication of Weil’s disease. This manifestation is seen in less than 5 percent of patients and has been reported to be fatal in 50 to 70 percent of patients. […] Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and hemoptysis.

• #1 Weil’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/weils-disease

  Weils disease is a severe form of leptospirosis. This is a type of bacterial infection. Its caused by Leptospira bacteria. […] Leptospirosis typically causes mild flu-like symptoms, such as headache and chills. If the bacteria infect some specific organs, there may be a more severe reaction. […] In rare cases, you may develop Weils disease, a severe form of leptospirosis. The symptoms of Weils disease usually develop one to three days after milder symptoms of leptospirosis have passed. The symptoms can vary depending on which organs are infected. […] If your kidneys, liver, or heart become infected by Leptospira bacteria, you may experience: nausea, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, swollen ankles, feet, or hands, painful swelling of your liver, decreased urination, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, jaundice, a condition in which your skin and the white parts of your eyes become yellowish in color.

• #1 Weil’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/weils-disease

  If your brain becomes infected, your symptoms may include: high fever, nausea, vomiting, neck rigidity or pain, drowsiness, confused mental state, aggressive behavior, seizures, inability to control your movements, inability to speak, aversion to lights. […] If your lungs become infected, your symptoms may include: high fever, shortness of breath, coughing up blood. […] If left untreated, Weils disease can lead to kidney failure, liver failure, or heart failure. In rare cases, it may result in death.

• #1 Leptospirosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK441858/

  Most patients who die from Weil disease have lung involvement. At least one-third of patients who develop aseptic meningitis continue to complain of headaches and other neurological deficits chronically. This can also deposit in the eyes and stay there chronically, leading to chronic uveitis which can cause painful, blurred vision or cause a patient to see floaters.

• #1 Ophthalmological Features of Leptospirosis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Ophthalmological_Features_of_Leptospirosis

  Unilateral or bilateral uveitis (anterior or diffuse and acute or recurrent) generally develops 6 months after a systemic infection, although presentation can range from 2 weeks to a few years, with clinical signs of iridocyclitis, iritis, hypopyon, vitreous inflammatory reaction, cataract, retinal vasculitis, and papillitis. Anterior uveitis is typically mild and self-limiting while panuveitis can be severe and relapsing. […] The prognosis of the ocular findings of leptospirosis, including leptospiral uveitis, is generally good with timely treatment and correct diagnosis. Although vitreous opacities may be seen months after the patient regains 6/6 visual acuity. In cases of severe inflammation, steroid induced glaucoma and cataract (seen in 14% of patients with sero-positive leptospiral uveitis) can result. Although complete recovery of vision is associated with anti-glaucoma treatment and cataract removal with intraocular lens implantation.

• #1 Leptospirosis – Causes – Symptoms – Diagnosis – Treatment – FAQs – Reference

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/leptospirosis.htm

  Leptospirosis typically progresses through two phases of non-specific symptoms. Initial symptoms of the disease include high fever, severe headache, muscle pain, chills, redness of the eyes, abdominal pain, jaundice, hemorrhages in the skin and mucous membranes, vomiting, diarrhea and rash. […] The disease is usually self-limiting i.e. the patients who do not develop complications in the liver (i.e. they develop jaundice) usually recover. However 5% – 30% of untreated patients die due to involvement of the kidney – acute renal failure. […] The prognosis of leptospirosis is generally good. It is rarely fatal.

• #1 Leptospirosis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/leptospirosis

  The classic finding is redness in the conjunctivae of the eyes. This occurs early in the course of the illness. […] Occasionally patients develop a transient petechial rash (small red, purple, or brown spots) that can involve the palate. If present, the rash often lasts less than 24 hours. […] Later in severe disease, jaundice and extensive purpura can develop.

• #1 About Leptospirosis | Leptospirosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/leptospirosis/about/index.html

  The illness can last from a few days to several weeks. Without treatment, getting better may take several months. […] Leptospirosis is treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or penicillin. Antibiotics should be given as early as possible if a healthcare professional thinks you may have leptospirosis. […] Intravenous (IV) antibiotics may be needed for people who have more severe leptospirosis symptoms. […] Early treatment with antibiotics may help prevent severe illness and decrease how long you’re sick.

• #1 Leptospirosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220563-overview

  Leptospirosis ranges in severity from no symptoms to a mild illness suggesting a viral infection to a multisystemic syndrome with unique features. It is characterized by sudden onset of the following: Fever (38-40C), Rigors, Headache, retro-orbital pain, photophobia, Muscle pain localized to the calf and lumbar areas, Conjunctival suffusion, Dry cough, Nausea and vomiting, diarrhea. […] More severe disease manifests as icteric leptospirosis, also known as Weil disease, with the following features: Icterus or frank jaundice, Renal failure with oliguria, Hemorrhagic features, Systemic inflammatory syndrome or shock. […] In 10% of cases, the presentation is more dramatic, and the infection has an overall case fatality rate of 5-10%. Known as Weil disease or icteric leptospirosis, the classic definition of this form of leptospirosis includes fever, jaundice, renal failure, and hemorrhage. Other organ systems (ie, pulmonary system, cardiac system, central nervous system) also are frequently involved. Risk factors associated with higher mortality risk include old age, alteration of mental status, and pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage. […] Patients with severe leptospirosis also require supportive therapy and careful management of renal, hepatic, hematologic, and central nervous system complications. If renal failure ensues, early initiation of hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis may reduce mortality by nearly two-thirds.

• #1 Leptospirosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospirosis

  The classic form of severe leptospirosis, known as Weil’s disease, is characterised by liver damage (causing jaundice), kidney failure, and bleeding, which happens in 5-10% of those infected. Lung and brain damage can also occur. For those with signs of inflammation of membranes covering the brain and the brain itself, altered level of consciousness can happen. A variety of neurological problems such as paralysis of half of the body, complete inflammation of a whole horizontal section of spinal cord, and Guillain-Barr syndrome are the complications. Signs of bleeding such as petechiae, ecchymoses, nose bleeding, blackish stools due to bleeding in the stomach, vomiting blood and bleeding from the lungs can also be found. […] The overall risk of death is 5-10%. However, when the lungs are involved, the risk of death increases to the range of 50-70%.

• #1 Leptospirosis (Weil’s Disease) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/leptospirosis-weils-disease

  Death is often caused by gastrointestinal and pulmonary haemorrhage, acute kidney injury and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Factors associated with poor prognosis include altered mental status, oliguria, acute kidney injury, respiratory involvement, hypotension and arrhythmia. Severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome due to extensive alveolar haemorrhage has a fatality rate of over 50%.

• #1 Leptospirosis (Weil’s Disease) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/leptospirosis-weils-disease

  Infection may cause no symptoms, a mild flu-like illness, or a more severe illness with jaundice and acute kidney injury (Weil’s disease). The majority of infections in humans result in a mild illness or are asymptomatic. The incubation period is usually 7-12 days but can range from 3-30 days. Onset is usually abrupt. […] Approximately 10% of those infected become jaundiced (with hepatocellular necrosis) and have a severe and rapidly progressive form of the disease with liver failure and acute kidney injury. In this severe form, known as Weil’s disease, there is often multiple organ failure. The liver, heart, brain and lungs may be involved. […] The vast majority of leptospiral infections are self-limiting. However, Weil’s disease has a mortality rate of up to 22% in developing countries and around 5% in the UK. Important causes of death include acute kidney injury, cardiopulmonary failure and widespread haemorrhage. One to three people in England and Wales die every year from leptospirosis.

• #1 Persistent Human Leptospirosis – Leptospirosis Information

  http://www.leptospirosis.org/medical/phl.php

  When the acute phase of infection has run its course, patients continue to report physical and psychological symptoms in over 10% of all infections. […] Limited research has been conducted on PHL though reports from patients themselves show a defined trend in symptoms following infection. […] Patients report recurrent headaches, sometimes with nausea, akin to migraine. […] A significant number of patients report pain in the eyes and the upper sinuses. […] Several recent reports show that a characteristic form of uveitis can be found in post-acute leptospiral patients. […] In almost all cases patients report chronic fatigue, often relapsing. […] Significant numbers report depression as a psychological effect, again recurrent and fluctuating in intensity over several years. […] Patients and their families often report changes in psychological character, mood swings, shortness of temper and alterations in the relationships with others.

• #1 Weil’s Disease Symptoms | Wheelie Bin Cleaning Service

  https://wheeliebincleaningservice.com/weils-disease-symptoms/

  Weils disease is the severe form of Leptospirosis. Here are the symptoms of Weils Disease. Jaundice the skin of the infected person turns yellowish. Kidney failure. Internal bleeding (bleeding kidney, lungs, infected areas). Coughing up blood. Headaches. Muscle pains. High fever. Meningitis. The symptoms of Weils disease can be a mixture of all if multiple areas are infected. If you are infected by Weils Disease on one of those organs, here are the following symptoms you may experience: Feeling nauseous. Jaundice a condition where your skin and the sclera (white parts of your eyes) become yellowish in color. Appetite loss. Uncontrolled weight loss. Fatigue. Unusual, rapid heart beat. Difficulty in breathing, shortness of breath. Difficulty in urinating, decreased urination. Painful swelling of the liver. Swollen ankles, feet or hands. It is rarer for Weils Disease to hit your brain, but it happens. Here are the symptoms: Involuntary movements, being unable to control your movements. Being unable to speak. Photophobia, becoming sensitive to light, aversion to lights. Exhibiting aggressive behavior. Confused mental state. Drowsiness, vomiting, feeling nauseous and having high fever. Experiencing pain in the neck and constantly moving the neck. Being infected by Weils Disease with your lungs is slightly more common to happen. Here are the symptoms: Coughing up blood. Having constant high fever. Shortness of breath. If Weils disease causes bleeding into the lungs then it is known as severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome. The symptoms listed above should be enough to tell you the risks. However, Weils disease can become fatal if not treated with utmost care. For some people, it could lead to death. However, for most cases, as long as the patient is properly treated, they manage to get a full recovery from leptospirosis or Weils disease. Overall, the risk of death for those infected by the disease is 5% to 10%. As for those who are showing symptoms of jaundice, the fatality rate can increase up to 15%. When the lungs are severely infected by the bacteria, the risk of death increases to 50% up to 70%. Those with acute kidney failure may suffer persistent mild kidney impairment even after full recovery. Patients who are showing symptoms of brain infection, exhibiting confusion and neurological problems, they have a higher risk of death. 30% of people affected by the disease may suffer chronic leptospirosis syndrome for up to two years. This syndrome is characterized by: Weakness. Muscle pain. Headaches. Eye problems. Mild anterior uveitis to severe panuveitis.

• #1 Leptospirosis (Weil’s disease)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/leptospirosis/

  Most people who get leptospirosis have no symptoms, or mild flu-like symptoms. But some people get seriously ill. […] Symptoms of leptospirosis may include: high temperature, headache, body aches and pain, tummy ache, feeling sick or being sick, diarrhoea, redness in the white part of your eyes, yellowing of the skin (which may be harder to see on black or brown skin) or white part of the eyes (jaundice). […] You might have been exposed to infected pee, water, or soil and have: a high temperature, or you feel hot and shivery, a headache, been feeling sick or being sick, diarrhoea, body aches and pains, red eyes, a loss of appetite. […] Urgent advice: Ask for an urgent GP appointment or get help from NHS 111 if you have: yellow skin (which may be harder to see on black or brown skin) and whites of the eyes (jaundice), a rash, been unable to pee, swollen ankles, feet or hands, chest pain, shortness of breath.

• #1 Prognosis of Leptospirosis | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/leptospirosis/progression-of-the-disease

  The prognosis tends to be good, although some patients may require hospitalisation and may also have autoinflammatory complications in the mid- to long-term. […] In patients with a severe case of the disease (Weils disease) or complications, mortality is around 40%. […] Early treatment of the infection prevents a poor prognosis.

• #2 Weil’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/weils-disease

  Weils disease is a severe form of leptospirosis. This is a type of bacterial infection. Its caused by Leptospira bacteria. […] Leptospirosis typically causes mild flu-like symptoms, such as headache and chills. If the bacteria infect some specific organs, there may be a more severe reaction. […] In rare cases, you may develop Weils disease, a severe form of leptospirosis. The symptoms of Weils disease usually develop one to three days after milder symptoms of leptospirosis have passed. The symptoms can vary depending on which organs are infected. […] If your kidneys, liver, or heart become infected by Leptospira bacteria, you may experience: nausea, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, swollen ankles, feet, or hands, painful swelling of your liver, decreased urination, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, jaundice, a condition in which your skin and the white parts of your eyes become yellowish in color.

• #2 Leptospirosis (Weil’s Disease): Symptoms and Diagnosis

  https://patient.info/infections/leptospirosis-and-weils-disease

  Leptospirosis is caused by infection with Leptospira germs (bacteria). The infection passes from animals (commonly rats, cattle, pigs and dogs) to humans. In most cases, leptospirosis causes a mild illness. But, in some people, a more severe illness occurs. This more severe form is commonly referred to as Weil’s disease. […] In the majority of cases, leptospirosis causes a mild illness but, in some people, a more severe form of leptospirosis occurs. This more severe form is commonly referred to as Weil’s disease. […] Symptoms of leptospirosis can start 3 to 30 days after exposure to the germs (bacteria) though most commonly people notice symptoms starting after 7 to 12 days. Some people with mild leptospirosis may develop no symptoms at all. In both the mild and the severe forms of leptospirosis, flu-like symptoms develop first. They tend to last for between 5 and 7 days and can include: High temperature (fever) and chills. Severe headache. Feeling sick (nausea), loss of appetite, being sick (vomiting) and diarrhoea. Redness of the eyes that looks like conjunctivitis or subconjunctival haemorrhage. Cough. Joint and muscle pains (particularly in the calves and lower back). Feeling tired.

• #2 Leptospirosis (Weil’s disease) – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/leptospirosis/leptospirosis+weils+disease+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Leptospirosis (Weils disease) – including symptoms, treatment and prevention […] Symptoms of infection with Leptospira may range from no symptoms to fatal disease. The illness often occurs in 2 phases. […] The first phase, which usually lasts 5 to 7 days, begins suddenly with symptoms including: high fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, red eyes, muscle aches (especially thigh and calf muscles), rash, chills, headache. […] A second phase of illness (immune phase) may follow 1 to 2 weeks later, with symptoms such as: jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), kidney failure, irregular heart beat, lung problems, meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain), red eyes.

• #2 Weils Disease – TWAPS (Kent Fishing Club)

  https://twaps.co.uk/fishing_articles/weils-disease/

  Weil’s Disease (LEPTOSPIROSIS) […] Leptospirosis can be used to describe infections in both man and animals caused by any pathogenic strain of Leptospire. In humans it causes a wide range of symptoms, although some infected people appear healthy. All forms of Leptospirosis start in a similar way. Leptospirosis is an acute biphasic illness. Some cases may be asymptomatic or may present in the first phase with onset of a flu-like illness, with a severe headache, chills, muscle aches and vomiting. This is known as the bacteraemic phase, when the Leptospires spread through the blood to many tissues, including the brain. This phase may resolve without treatment. In some cases, an immune phase may return with a return of fever, jaundice (yellow skin and eyes), red eyes, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, or a rash. In more severe cases their may be failure of some organs, e.g. the kidneys, or meningitis. Generally, cases will recover within two to six weeks but some may take up to three months. After infection, immunity develops against the infecting strain, but this may not fully protect against infection with unrelated strains. […] […] How soon after the exposure do symptoms occur? Typically, symptoms develop seven to fourteen days after infection, though rarely the incubation period can be as short as two to three days or as long as thirty days.

• #2 Weil disease • LITFL • Medical Eponym Library

  https://litfl.com/weil-disease/

  Weil disease refers to the severe icteric form of Leptospirosis. […] Severe illness (Weil disease) typically occurs in the second phase of the disease. […] Symptoms: Characterized by conjunctival congestion, jaundice, fever, renal failure, hepatosplenomegaly, and haemorrhagic purpura/petechiae. Any organ system can be affected. […] It is worth noting that it is common for there to be an asymptomatic phase 1-3 days after symptoms start, before a later recurrence of symptoms. […] Weils disease is an acute, noncontagious, infectious disease whose causative agent belongs to the group of spirochaetae which can be transmitted to man through the bite of insects. Introduced into the blood stream, the spirochete affects internal organs and tissues simultaneously and produces specific toxic substances which cause systemic disease with typical fever and with predilection for the kidneys and the liver.

• #2 Leptospirosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK441858/

  Leptospirosis is an infectious disorder of animals and humans and is the most common zoonotic infection in the world. This infection is easily transmitted from infected animals through their urine, either directly or through infected soil or water. Leptospirosis can cause a self-limiting influenza-like illness or a much more serious disease. This condition is known as Weil disease, and it can progress to multiorgan failure with the potential for death. […] The icteric phase of leptospirosis is classically known as Weil disease. This is a severe infection, and its manifestations include fever, renal failure, jaundice, hemorrhage, and respiratory distress. The icteric phase may also involve the heart, central nervous system, and muscles. This illness is usually severe and may last weeks or months if the patient survives.

• #2 Leptospirosis (Weil’s Disease): Symptoms and Diagnosis

  https://patient.info/infections/leptospirosis-and-weils-disease

  However, in some people, about a week after the flu-like symptoms have passed, a second stage of the illness then develops (Weil’s disease). Symptoms of this second stage can include: Jaundice. Tummy (abdominal) pain. Diarrhoea. Skin rash. Muscle pains. Passing very little urine, or a lot more urine than usual. Shortness of breath. Swollen hands or feet. Coughing up blood (haemoptysis). Some people develop symptoms similar to meningitis. […] During this second stage, bacteria begin to infect the organs of the body, such as the kidneys, the liver, the brain, the eyes, the heart and the lungs. Different organs may be infected in different people. However, commonly the kidneys and the liver are affected and kidney or liver failure can occur. […] In more severe cases (Weil’s disease), the outlook depends on which organs of the body are involved and to what extent. People severely affected may die from organ failure or internal bleeding. In one study looking at people who were hospitalised with Weil’s disease, 20% of people had ongoing symptoms two years after becoming unwell.

• #2 Leptospirosis – Infections – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-spirochetes/leptospirosis

  Fever, headache, and other symptoms occur in 2 phases, separated by a few days. […] A severe, potentially fatal form damages many organs, including the liver and kidneys. […] In most infected people, leptospirosis symptoms are not serious. In the rest, the disorder involves many organs. This potentially fatal form of leptospirosis is called Weil syndrome. […] Leptospirosis usually occurs in 2 phases: […] First phase (septicemic phase): About 5 to 14 days after infection occurs, fever, headache, sore throat, severe muscle aches in the calves and back, and chills occur suddenly. […] Second phase (immune phase): In some people, symptoms return a few days later. […] Weil syndrome can occur during the second phase. It causes fever, jaundice (yellowish discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes that is caused by liver damage), kidney failure, and a tendency to bleed.

• #2 Leptospirosis – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/leptospirosis

  Leptospirosis may present with a wide variety of clinical manifestations, from a mild illness that may progress to a serious and sometimes fatal disease. […] Weil’s syndrome characterized by jaundice, renal failure, haemorrhage and myocarditis with arrhythmias. […] Of the many symptoms the most common clinical features of leptospirosis include fever, headache, myalgia (particularly in the calf muscle), conjunctival suffusion, jaundice, general malaise in addition to other symptoms/signs. […] The diagnosis of leptospirosis should be considered in any patient presenting with an abrupt onset of fever, chills, conjunctival suffusion, headache, myalgia and jaundice.

• #2 Weil’s Disease: Causes, symptoms, tips to prevent severe form of Leptospirosis | Health – Hindustan Times

  https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/health/weils-disease-causes-symptoms-tips-to-prevent-severe-form-of-leptospirosis-101659581295911.html

  Weils disease is a complicated form of Leptospirosis. […] Weils disease is a severe form of Leptospirosis which is a monsoon disease or a bacterial infection that can steal ones peace of mind and causes the infected person to become jaundiced (skin and eyes become yellow). […] According to Dr Vikrant Shah, the symptoms of leptospirosis are high-grade fever, Conjunctival suffusion (red eyes), and calf tenderness. […] Three things are commonly seen in Weils Disease that is jaundice, kidney problems (kidney failure), or bleeding diathesis (haemorrhages). […] Sometimes, pulmonary haemorrhage is also seen which is acute bleeding from the lung, from the respiratory tract, where the patient can cough out blood. […] One can also go into respiratory and renal failure which could be life-threatening too.

• #2 Leptospirosis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-leptospirosis

  Many of these symptoms are similar to symptoms of other diseases, including the flu and meningitis, so it’s important to get tested. […] Once you reach this phase, the leptospira bacteria is now in your organs, especially your kidneys. The bacteria will show up in urine tests, and your body will build up protection (antibodies) against the bacteria. It’s possible that you could get sick during this phase with another illness called Weil’s syndrome, which causes internal bleeding, kidney damage, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).

• #2 Weils Disease: What Is It and How Can It Be Deadly?

  https://my.klarity.health/can-weils-disease-kill-you/

  Leptospirosis is predicted to cause 1.03 million cases and 58,900 deaths yearly. […] When the lungs are implicated, however, the chance of mortality rises to 5070%. […] Leptospirosis, especially in severe instances presenting as Weil’s disease, is a rare but potentially lethal illness in the United Kingdom. […] Nevertheless, early detection and treatment may typically prevent late complications and mortality.

• #2 Leptospirosis: Epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/leptospirosis-epidemiology-microbiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Renal failure may be oliguric or nonoliguric. The serum creatinine is often markedly elevated, and serum potassium abnormalities and hyponatremia are common. […] Severe pulmonary disease, characterized by pulmonary hemorrhage, is a serious complication of Weil’s disease. This manifestation is seen in less than 5 percent of patients and has been reported to be fatal in 50 to 70 percent of patients. […] Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and hemoptysis.

• #2 Leptospirosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospirosis

  The classic form of severe leptospirosis, known as Weil’s disease, is characterised by liver damage (causing jaundice), kidney failure, and bleeding, which happens in 5-10% of those infected. Lung and brain damage can also occur. For those with signs of inflammation of membranes covering the brain and the brain itself, altered level of consciousness can happen. A variety of neurological problems such as paralysis of half of the body, complete inflammation of a whole horizontal section of spinal cord, and Guillain-Barr syndrome are the complications. Signs of bleeding such as petechiae, ecchymoses, nose bleeding, blackish stools due to bleeding in the stomach, vomiting blood and bleeding from the lungs can also be found. […] The overall risk of death is 5-10%. However, when the lungs are involved, the risk of death increases to the range of 50-70%.

• #2 Leptospirosis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/leptospirosis

  The classic finding is redness in the conjunctivae of the eyes. This occurs early in the course of the illness. […] Occasionally patients develop a transient petechial rash (small red, purple, or brown spots) that can involve the palate. If present, the rash often lasts less than 24 hours. […] Later in severe disease, jaundice and extensive purpura can develop.

• #2 Ophthalmological Features of Leptospirosis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Ophthalmological_Features_of_Leptospirosis

  Leptospirosis (Weil disease) is a gram-negative, water-borne, spirochete that is part of the Leptospira genus within the Leptospiraceae family. This tropical disease is the most common zoonotic illness worldwide. The majority of cases present with the acute (anicteric) phase consisting of self-limiting clinical manifestations including sudden fever, myalgia, headache, scleral icterus, chemosis, nausea, anorexia, and abdominal pain. Weil disease is the late icteric phase following severe systemic manifestations including interstitial nephritis, uremia, oliguria, kidney lesions, vascular injury, meningitis, jaundice, psychosis, confusion, and delirium. […] Ocular findings in the leptospiremic acute phase of the illness include sub-conjunctival hemorrhage, scleral icterus, circum-corneal congestion without conjunctival discharge, conjunctival suffusion, and chemosis. Ophthalmic findings of the late immune phase (Weil disease) of infection include nongranulomatous uveitis, interstitial keratitis, conjunctival suffusion, cranial nerve palsies (third, fourth, sixth, or seventh cranial nerves) retinal vasculitis and hemorrhages, and optic neuropathy.

• #2 Leptospirosis: Epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/leptospirosis-epidemiology-microbiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Symptoms – The acute phase is characterized by acute febrile bacteremia. Clinical features include abrupt onset of fever, rigors, myalgias (especially in the calves and lower back), and headache; these symptoms occur in 75 to 100 percent of patients. […] Rarely, rapidly progressive pulmonary hemorrhage can occur during the acute phase, although this finding is more commonly associated with icteric leptospirosis. Symptoms include shortness of breath and hemoptysis. This syndrome is associated a high mortality rate. […] Icteric leptospirosis (Weil’s disease) occurs in approximately 5 to 10 percent of symptomatic leptospirosis cases and is a rapidly progressive multisystem illness associated with mortality rates of 5 to 15 percent. […] Usually, icteric leptospirosis is accompanied by fever, jaundice, and renal failure, a syndrome known as „Weil’s disease.” Pulmonary hemorrhage with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), myocarditis with electrocardiogram (EKG) abnormalities, and rhabdomyolysis may also occur as part of this syndrome.

• #2 Leptospirosis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-leptospirosis

  Leptospirosis can cause a range of flu-like symptoms, from vomiting to diarrhea. […] In most cases, leptospirosis is unpleasant but not life-threatening, like a case of the flu. […] But about 10% of the time, when you have a severe form of leptospirosis, you’ll get better, but then get sick again. This is called Weils disease, and it can cause much more serious issues, like chest pain and swollen arms and legs. It often means a trip to the hospital. […] You usually start showing signs of leptospirosis within 2 weeks, though in some cases, symptoms may not show up for a month or not at all. […] When the disease does hit, it hits fast. You’ll get a fever. It may spike to 104 F. Other typical symptoms include: Headache, Muscle ache, Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), Vomiting, Diarrhea, Skin rash.

• #2 Leptospirosis – Infections – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-spirochetes/leptospirosis

  Although the liver and kidneys are the organs most commonly affected, the lungs and heart may also be severely affected. […] About 5 to 15% of people with jaundice die, and this percentage is higher in those over age 60 years. Risk of death is higher if changes in mental function, kidney failure, respiratory failure, and internal bleeding occur.

• #2 Leptospirosis (Weil’s Disease) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/leptospirosis-weils-disease

  Death is often caused by gastrointestinal and pulmonary haemorrhage, acute kidney injury and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Factors associated with poor prognosis include altered mental status, oliguria, acute kidney injury, respiratory involvement, hypotension and arrhythmia. Severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome due to extensive alveolar haemorrhage has a fatality rate of over 50%.

• #2 Persistent Human Leptospirosis – Leptospirosis Information

  http://www.leptospirosis.org/medical/phl.php

  This has been reported with significant frequency in patients with a history of acute leptospiral infection. […] In summary, patients suffering acute leptosiral infection should be monitored medically for a period of five years post-recovery by a local medical practitioner with a view to identifying symptoms of PHL and offering clinical support for associated pathologies.

• #2 Leptospirosis (Weil’s disease) | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/leptospirosis-weils-disease

  Leptospirosis, also called Weil’s disease, is an infection you can catch from animals. […] You should see your GP if you might have been exposed to infected pee and you have: a very high temperature, or feel hot and shivery; a headache; feeling and being sick; aching muscles and joints; red eyes; loss of appetite. […] Ask for an urgent appointment if you have: yellow skin and eyes (jaundice); swollen ankles, feet or hands; chest pain; shortness of breath; coughing up blood. […] You might have a serious infection that needs to be treated quickly.

• #2 Leptospirosis: Treatment and prevention – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/leptospirosis-treatment-and-prevention/print

  In a retrospective case-control study from New Caledonia, risk factors for the development of severe leptospirosis included a delay of >2 days following the start of symptoms in the initiation of antibiotic treatment, suggesting that antibiotics may reduce the likelihood of progression to severe disease in some cases. […] The majority of leptospirosis infections are self-limiting. Antimicrobial therapy shortens the duration of illness and reduces shedding of the organism in the urine. […] We recommend administration of antimicrobial therapy for treatment of patients with severe leptospirosis.

• #3 Leptospirosis: Epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/leptospirosis-epidemiology-microbiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Leptospirosis is a zoonosis with protean clinical manifestations caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. […] The clinical course of leptospirosis is variable. Most cases are mild and self-limited or asymptomatic, while some are severe and potentially fatal. […] Syndromes caused by leptospirosis are often divided into two categories: anicteric leptospirosis and icteric leptospirosis. Icteric leptospirosis is the more severe form of disease and is associated with icterus and jaundice. […] Anicteric leptospirosis has been described as a biphasic illness, with an acute phase and an „immune” phase. However, most patients never proceed to the immune phase of illness. In some cases, the two phases may overlap clinically. […] The acute phase of anicteric leptospirosis typically lasts two to nine days. It usually begins 5 to 14 days after exposure, although the incubation period can range from 2 to 30 days.

• #3 About Leptospirosis | Leptospirosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/leptospirosis/about/index.html

  Without treatment, leptospirosis in people can lead to kidney damage, meningitis (inflammation of the membrane around the brain and spinal cord), liver failure, trouble breathing, and even death. […] In people, leptospirosis can cause a wide range of symptoms, including: Fever, Headache, Chills, Body or muscle aches, Vomiting or nausea, Yellowed skin and eyes (jaundice), Red eyes, Stomach pain, Diarrhea, Rash. […] It generally takes 2-30 days to get sick after having contact with the bacteria that cause leptospirosis. The disease may occur in two phases: In the first phase, people may have fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, vomiting, or diarrhea. The person may feel better for a while but become ill again. […] Some people may suffer a more severe second phase with kidney or liver failure, or inflammation of the membrane around the brain and spinal cord (meningitis).

• #3 Leptospirosis: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/leptospirosis

  After an incubation period of 5 to 14 days, symptoms include high fever with chills, headache, very red eyes, muscle and joint pain, and sometimes a cough. […] Several clinical forms, ranging from flu-like symptoms to multiple organ failure with hemorrhagic syndrome, have been described. […] In the moderate form, the first symptoms are high fever with chills, headache and diffuse muscle and joint pain. But the disease can develop into kidney or liver failure, meningitis or pulmonary symptoms. Hemorrhage occurs in 20% of cases. There are no specific telltale symptoms, but yellow eyes and myalgia (muscle pain) are particularly common. […] Weil’s disease refers to a severe form of leptospirosis that causes acute kidney failure, neurological symptoms (convulsions or coma) and sometimes severe gastrointestinal or pulmonary hemorrhage. Recovery time is long but most patients recover fully with no long-term effects. Ocular complications including uveitis or keratitis may occur at a later stage. In this form, the disease is potentially fatal.

• #3 Leptospirosis: Epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/leptospirosis-epidemiology-microbiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Symptoms – The acute phase is characterized by acute febrile bacteremia. Clinical features include abrupt onset of fever, rigors, myalgias (especially in the calves and lower back), and headache; these symptoms occur in 75 to 100 percent of patients. […] Rarely, rapidly progressive pulmonary hemorrhage can occur during the acute phase, although this finding is more commonly associated with icteric leptospirosis. Symptoms include shortness of breath and hemoptysis. This syndrome is associated a high mortality rate. […] Icteric leptospirosis (Weil’s disease) occurs in approximately 5 to 10 percent of symptomatic leptospirosis cases and is a rapidly progressive multisystem illness associated with mortality rates of 5 to 15 percent. […] Usually, icteric leptospirosis is accompanied by fever, jaundice, and renal failure, a syndrome known as „Weil’s disease.” Pulmonary hemorrhage with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), myocarditis with electrocardiogram (EKG) abnormalities, and rhabdomyolysis may also occur as part of this syndrome.

• #3 Ophthalmological Features of Leptospirosis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Ophthalmological_Features_of_Leptospirosis

  Leptospirosis (Weil disease) is a gram-negative, water-borne, spirochete that is part of the Leptospira genus within the Leptospiraceae family. This tropical disease is the most common zoonotic illness worldwide. The majority of cases present with the acute (anicteric) phase consisting of self-limiting clinical manifestations including sudden fever, myalgia, headache, scleral icterus, chemosis, nausea, anorexia, and abdominal pain. Weil disease is the late icteric phase following severe systemic manifestations including interstitial nephritis, uremia, oliguria, kidney lesions, vascular injury, meningitis, jaundice, psychosis, confusion, and delirium. […] Ocular findings in the leptospiremic acute phase of the illness include sub-conjunctival hemorrhage, scleral icterus, circum-corneal congestion without conjunctival discharge, conjunctival suffusion, and chemosis. Ophthalmic findings of the late immune phase (Weil disease) of infection include nongranulomatous uveitis, interstitial keratitis, conjunctival suffusion, cranial nerve palsies (third, fourth, sixth, or seventh cranial nerves) retinal vasculitis and hemorrhages, and optic neuropathy.

• #3 Ophthalmological Features of Leptospirosis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Ophthalmological_Features_of_Leptospirosis

  Unilateral or bilateral uveitis (anterior or diffuse and acute or recurrent) generally develops 6 months after a systemic infection, although presentation can range from 2 weeks to a few years, with clinical signs of iridocyclitis, iritis, hypopyon, vitreous inflammatory reaction, cataract, retinal vasculitis, and papillitis. Anterior uveitis is typically mild and self-limiting while panuveitis can be severe and relapsing. […] The prognosis of the ocular findings of leptospirosis, including leptospiral uveitis, is generally good with timely treatment and correct diagnosis. Although vitreous opacities may be seen months after the patient regains 6/6 visual acuity. In cases of severe inflammation, steroid induced glaucoma and cataract (seen in 14% of patients with sero-positive leptospiral uveitis) can result. Although complete recovery of vision is associated with anti-glaucoma treatment and cataract removal with intraocular lens implantation.

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