Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Leptospirosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK441858/

  Leptospirosis, also called Weil disease, is the most common zoonotic infection in the world. […] This activity describes the evaluation and management of leptospirosis and reviews the role of the interprofessional team in managing patients with this condition. […] Describe the management of leptospirosis. […] Leptospirosis can cause a self-limiting influenza-like illness or a much more serious disease. This condition is known as Weil disease, and it can progress to multiorgan failure with the potential for death. […] The treatment of leptospirosis depends on the severity. Most experts suggest withholding antibiotics in mild cases. These individuals will benefit from fluids as well as pain and fever control. If the infection is severe, one may use intravenous penicillin G, third-generation cephalosporins, or erythromycin. Patients with icteric leptospirosis usually need intensive care unit admission as multiple organs can be involved and decompensation can occur rapidly. […] Leptospirosis is a common zoonotic disorder best managed by an interprofessional team that includes the emergency department physician, primary care provider, nurse practitioner, infectious disease expert, and laboratory specialist.

• #2 Leptospirosis: Treatment and prevention – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/leptospirosis-treatment-and-prevention/print

  Leptospirosis is a zoonosis of the genus Leptospira. Synonyms include Weil’s disease, Weil-Vasiliev disease, Swineherd’s disease, rice-field fever, waterborne fever, nanukayami fever, cane-cutter fever, swamp fever, mud fever, Stuttgart disease, and Canicola fever. […] In the setting of severe illness due to leptospirosis, supportive care with renal replacement therapy, ventilatory support, and blood products may also be required. […] For hospitalized adults with severe disease, we favor treatment with penicillin (1.5 million units intravenously [IV] every six hours), doxycycline (100 mg IV twice daily), ceftriaxone (1 to 2 g IV once daily), or cefotaxime (1 g IV every six hours). […] We recommend administration of antimicrobial therapy for treatment of patients with severe leptospirosis.

• #3 Leptospirosis – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/leptospirosis/

  Leptospirosis may occur in two phases: […] if a second phase occurs, it is more severe; the person may have kidney or liver failure or meningitis. This phase is also called Weils disease. […] Early recognition and treatment is MORE important to prevent complications of the severe disease and mortality. […] Provide education to clients telling them to avoid swimming or wading in potentially contaminated water or flood water. […] Isolate the patient and concurrent disinfection of soiled articles. […] Report all cases of leptospirosis. […] Chemoprophylaxis can be done in a group of high risk infected hosts.

• #4 Leptospirosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220563-overview

  Leptospirosis typically is a biphasic pattern of early flu-like, septicemic illness followed by an inflammatory second phase. […] More severe disease manifests as icteric leptospirosis, also known as Weil disease, with the following features: Icterus or frank jaundice, Renal failure with oliguria, Hemorrhagic features, Systemic inflammatory syndrome or shock. […] Patients with severe cases of leptospirosis also require supportive therapy and careful management of renal, hepatic, hematologic, and central nervous system complications. […] Treatment of leptospirosis should be started as soon as possible. Treatment is begun empirically in patients with a plausible exposure history and compatible symptoms, as culture times for Leptospira are long and recovery rates are low. […] In uncomplicated infections that do not require hospitalization, oral doxycycline has been shown to decrease duration of fever and most symptoms. In hospitalized patients, intravenous penicillin G has been the treatment of choice. […] Patients who have had leptospiral uveitis may experience persistent visual acuity loss (caused by lens pigmentation following anterior uveitis) and blurry vision (associated with keratic precipitates in the anterior chamber).

• #5

  https://bpac.org.nz/bt/2013/november/rural-infections.aspx

  The diagnosis of leptospirosis is usually clinical, with specific laboratory testing used to retrospectively confirm the diagnosis for Notification purposes. The incubation period of leptospirosis varies from 2 to 30 days (mean ten days). The eventual symptomatic illness can range from mild to severe. Approximately 90% of people will have an acute, self-limiting, febrile illness. The remaining 10% will develop a more severe, potentially life-threatening condition. Signs and symptoms of leptospirosis are classically biphasic, although in many severe cases the distinction between the two phases is not apparent. […] […] It is not necessary to wait for the results from laboratory testing for leptospirosis before starting treatment if there is a strong clinical suspicion of the infection. Discussion with an Infectious Diseases Physician is encouraged in addition to notification to the Medical Officer of Health. Doxycycline 100 mg, twice daily, for five to seven days is the first-line treatment for leptospirosis in the community setting. Amoxicillin 500 mg, three times daily, for five to seven days is an alternative. Treatment is most effective if antibiotics are initiated within five days of symptom onset, after which the efficacy of antibiotic treatment is less certain. In practice, however, treatment is usually initiated in patients with severe illness regardless of the date of onset. […]

• #6 Leptospirosis (Weil’s Disease) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/leptospirosis-weils-disease

  Leptospirosis is a zoonosis, an infection transmitted to humans from animals. […] Infection occurs as two syndromes: anicteric (which is self-limiting, and may present as a flu-like illness) and icteric leptospirosis (a potentially severe condition also known as Weil’s disease). […] Approximately 10% of those infected become jaundiced (with hepatocellular necrosis) and have a severe and rapidly progressive form of the disease with liver failure and acute kidney injury. […] In this severe form, known as Weil’s disease, there is often multiple organ failure. […] Most cases of leptospirosis are mild and resolve spontaneously without treatment and indeed often without being identified. […] Antibiotic treatment is widely used but a Cochrane review found insufficient evidence to recommend for or against the use of antibiotics for leptospirosis.

• #7

  https://bpac.org.nz/bt/2013/november/rural-infections.aspx

  Leptospirosis is a potentially fatal infectious disease caused by spirochete bacteria of the genus Leptospira. It is the most common occupationally-acquired infectious disease in New Zealand, but can be difficult to recognise and diagnose. The incidence of leptospirosis in New Zealand fell considerably from 1980 to 2000, largely due to the introduction of a livestock vaccine for leptospirosis. Incidence has fluctuated since then; the current incidence is 2.5 cases per 100 000 people per year. […] […] Leptospirosis is associated with a broad spectrum of severity, ranging from subclinical infection to severe illness. Typically the infection falls into one of two main clinical syndromes. Most people with leptospirosis will have a self-limiting, influenza-like illness. However, a small proportion of people develop severe illness, often referred to as Weils disease. This is characterised by jaundice, pulmonary haemorrhage and multiple organ failure. In developed nations, death is rare, but may occur secondary to cardiac arrhythmias, renal failure or pulmonary haemorrhage. At least one confirmed fatal infection has occurred in New Zealand in recent years. […]

• #8 Leptospirosis (Weil’s disease)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/leptospirosis/fact_sheet.htm

  Leptospirosis is primarily an occupational disease that affects farmers, veterinarians, sewer workers or others whose occupation involves contact with animals, especially rats. […] The symptoms of leptospirosis are fever, headache, chills, vomiting, jaundice, anemia and sometimes rash. People with leptospirosis are usually quite ill and are often hospitalized. […] The antibiotics of choice are penicillin and doxycycline. Kidney dialysis may be necessary in some cases. […] If not treated, the patient could develop kidney damage. In rare cases, death may occur. […] Disease prevention consists of good sanitation. The use of boots and gloves in hazardous places, and rodent control can also minimize the risk of spread. […] Owners of infected dogs are advised to: Work with a veterinarian to treat the infection in their dog. Use caution when handling the dog’s urine, and wash hands whenever there is any question that there was urine contact. Until the dog’s infection is cleared up, do not let the dog walk or urinate in high risk areas such as parks frequented by children, beaches, near waterways that are used for drinking, recreation, etc.

• #9 Leptospirosis: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/leptospirosis

  Weil’s disease refers to a severe form of leptospirosis that causes acute kidney failure, neurological symptoms (convulsions or coma) and sometimes severe gastrointestinal or pulmonary hemorrhage. Recovery time is long but most patients recover fully with no long-term effects. Ocular complications including uveitis or keratitis may occur at a later stage. In this form, the disease is potentially fatal. […] Patients with Weil’s disease require intensive care in hospital, with the administration of antibiotics.

• #10

  https://journals.lww.com/annals-of-medicine-and-surgery/fulltext/2023/04000/a_rare_case_of_weil_s_disease_with_acute.113.aspx

  The clinical spectrum of leptospirosis ranges from subclinical infection and anicteric fever to Weils disease, a severely fatal infection. […] Acute inflammation of the pancreas is a rare manifestation of Weils disease, and renal involvement is a hallmark in severe forms, leading to acute kidney injury (AKI) and representing a major risk factor for death. […] The aim of the case report was to present the clinical manifestations of Weils disease with acute pancreatitis and AKI and to highlight the management of its complications. […] Management of severe leptospirosis or Weils disease with the complication of acute pancreatitis and AKI requires antibiotics and supportive therapy including adequate fluid resuscitation, proper and adequate nutrition, as well as the initiation of hemodialysis.

• #11 Leptospirosis (Weil’s Disease) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/leptospirosis-weils-disease

  The first-choice of antibiotic in adults who are not critically ill is usually oral doxycycline or azithromycin, starting within 48 hours of illness. […] Intravenous penicillin G is the drug of choice for severely ill patients who require hospitalisation. […] Supportive care and treatment of the hypotension, haemorrhage, acute kidney injury and liver failure. […] Intensive care treatment is usually required for those with the severe form of the disease. […] Acute kidney injury. This is one of the most common complications of severe leptospirosis. […] Weil’s disease has a mortality rate of up to 22% in developing countries and around 5% in the UK. […] Death is often caused by gastrointestinal and pulmonary haemorrhage, acute kidney injury and adult respiratory distress syndrome. […] Severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome due to extensive alveolar haemorrhage has a fatality rate of over 50%.

• #12 Leptospirosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Diet and Activity, Transfer

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220563-treatment

  Several other antibiotics may be useful for example, broth microdilution testing has shown sensitivity to macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and carbapenems but clinical experience with these agents is more limited. […] Severe cases of leptospirosis can affect any organ system and can lead to multiorgan failure. Severe leptospirosis can have a case-fatality rate of over 50%, even with intensive care unit support. […] Thus, supportive therapy and careful management of renal, hepatic, hematologic, and central nervous system complications are important. […] Patients should be managed in a monitored setting because their condition can rapidly progress to cardiovascular collapse and shock. […] Access to mechanical ventilation and airway protection should be available in the event of respiratory compromise.

• #13 Weil’s disease as a differential diagnosis of jaundice: A case report | Revista de Gastroenterología de México

  https://www.revistagastroenterologiamexico.org/en-weils-disease-as-differential-diagnosis-avance-S2255534X22000895

  The most characteristic severe form is Weils disease. It can appear after the acute phase and is characterized by altered liver function, and pulmonary and renal involvement. […] Patients present with a characteristic liver profile: marked direct hyperbilirubinemia (up to 80 mg/dL), associated with a slight increase (2-3 times the normal value) in other enzymes that indicate cholestasis (ALP, GGT) and a slight increase in transaminases. […] Renal involvement varies in severity, ranging from mild, nonoliguric acute kidney injury to established acute kidney failure. […] When leptospirosis is suspected, antibiotic treatment should be started, albeit, according to a recent meta-analysis, its efficacy continues to be controversial. […] Support treatment is essential. Patients that present with acute kidney injury should receive intense intravenous fluid resuscitation and if they progress to oliguric kidney failure, the early start of hemodialysis reduces mortality.

• #14 Nursing Care Plan for Leptospirosis – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-leptospirosis/

  Leptospirosis is a potentially severe bacterial infection caused by the spirochete bacteria Leptospira. […] As a nurse, understanding the role of nursing care in managing leptospirosis is crucial for providing effective care and improving patient outcomes. […] Accurate and timely assessment is crucial in the care of patients with leptospirosis. […] Based on the nursing assessment, nursing diagnoses can be formulated to guide the development of an individualized care plan. […] Developing an effective nursing care plan is essential for managing leptospirosis. […] Efficient management of complications in leptospirosis is crucial for optimal patient care. […] Nursing care is instrumental in the management of leptospirosis. […] By addressing hydration, temperature management, pain relief, and infection control, nurses contribute to better patient outcomes and overall recovery. […] Additionally, nurses are crucial in educating patients and their families about preventing leptospirosis and the importance of early medical intervention.

• #15 NURSING CARE PLAN On Leptospirosis | PDF | Pain | Nursing

  https://www.scribd.com/doc/185457895/NURSING-CARE-PLAN-on-Leptospirosis

  The patient presented with leptospirosis and associated symptoms including rashes, pain, and impaired mobility. Nursing interventions included assessing and monitoring the patient, providing pain medication, teaching about the disease process and prevention, and encouraging activity and exercise to improve mobility and prevent complications. After several days of nursing care, the patient’s condition improved as evidenced by reduced rashes, lessened pain, increased activity levels and understanding of lifestyle changes to prevent recurrence.

• #16 Leptospirosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Diet and Activity, Transfer

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220563-treatment

  Continuous cardiac monitoring should be attained; arrhythmias, including ventricular tachycardia and premature ventricular contractions, as well as atrial fibrillation, flutter, and tachycardia, can occur. […] Renal function should be evaluated carefully and dialysis considered in cases of renal failure. […] In most cases, the renal damage is reversible if the patient survives the acute illness. Early initiation of hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis considerably reduces mortality risk. […] A few cases in the literature have reported that plasma exchange, corticosteroids, and intravenous immunoglobulin may be beneficial in selected patients in whom conventional therapy does not elicit a response. […] Corticosteroid therapy is controversial. However, it might be beneficial in severe disease and/or cases with pulmonary involvement.

• #17 Leptospirosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Diet and Activity, Transfer

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220563-treatment

  Patients with Weil syndrome may need transfusions of whole blood, platelets, or both. […] Patients with severe disease should remain hospitalized until adequate resolution of organ failure and clinical infection. Outpatient follow-up may include an assessment of renal function to ensure ongoing reversal of any damage. […] In mild cases, patients should be encouraged to maintain adequate fluid intake to avoid volume depletion. […] In more severe cases, diets appropriate for the clinical picture should be ordered (eg, electrolyte and protein restriction in cases of renal insufficiency). […] Patients with hypotension or clinical shock should not be fed enterally until adequate perfusion is restored. […] Patients with severe disease should be placed on bed rest until adequately resuscitated and treated.

• #18 Leptospirosis – Infectious Diseases – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/spirochetes/leptospirosis

  In severe cases, supportive care, including fluid and electrolyte therapy and sometimes renal replacement therapy and/or blood transfusion, is also important. […] In less severe cases, one of the following may be given: Doxycycline 100 mg orally every 12 hours for 5 to 7 days, Azithromycin 500 mg orally once a day for 3 days, Ampicillin 500 to 750 mg orally every 6 hours for 5 to 7 days, Amoxicillin 500 mg orally every 6 hours for 5 to 7 days. […] Patient isolation is not required, but urine must be handled and disposed of carefully.

• #18 Leptospirosis – Infectious Diseases – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/spirochetes/leptospirosis

  Leptospirosis is an infection caused by one of several pathogenic serotypes of the spirochete Leptospira. […] Treatment is with antibiotics such as doxycycline or penicillin. […] Leptospirosis is characteristically biphasic, although a few patients have only a fulminant monophasic illness. […] The septicemic phase starts abruptly, with headache, severe muscular aches, chills, fever, cough, pharyngitis, chest pain, and, in some patients, hemoptysis. […] The second, or immune, phase occurs between the 6th day and the 12th day of illness, correlating with appearance of antibodies in serum. […] Weil syndrome (icteric leptospirosis) is a severe form with jaundice and usually azotemia, anemia, diminished consciousness, and continued fever. […] In severe illness, one of the following is recommended: Penicillin G 1.5 million units IV every 6 hours for 7 days, Ampicillin 500 to 1000 mg IV every 6 hours for 7 days, Ceftriaxone 1 to 2 g IV every 24 hours for 7 days.

• #19 Leptospirosis | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/leptospirosis

  Healthcare professionals should know how to diagnose, treat, and prevent leptospirosis in international travelers. […] If leptospirosis is suspected, initiate antimicrobial therapy as soon as possible, without waiting for diagnostic test results. Early treatment can be effective in decreasing the severity and duration of infection. […] Patients with severe leptospirosis might require hospitalization and supportive therapy, including intravenous hydration and electrolyte supplementation, dialysis in cases of oliguric renal failure, and mechanical ventilation in cases of respiratory failure. […] The best way to prevent infection is to avoid exposure. Advise travelers to avoid exposure to potentially contaminated bodies of freshwater, flood waters, potentially infected animals or their body fluids, and areas with rodent infestation. […] Limited studies have shown that chemoprophylaxis with doxycycline (200 mg orally, weekly), begun 12 days before and continuing through the period of exposure, might be effective in preventing clinical disease in adults and could be considered for people at high risk and with short-term exposures.

• #20 Leptospirosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Diet and Activity, Transfer

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220563-treatment

  Antimicrobial therapy is indicated for the severe form of leptospirosis, but its use is controversial for the mild form of leptospirosis. […] If antibiotics are used, they should be initiated as soon as the diagnosis of leptospirosis is considered and should be continued for a full course despite initial serologic results, because most patients are diagnosed only through acute and convalescent testing. Early treatment has been shown to offer the best clinical outcomes; results from controlled studies of treatment during the immune phase have yielded mixed results. […] Mild leptospirosis is treated with doxycycline, ampicillin, or amoxicillin. For severe leptospirosis, intravenous penicillin G has long been the drug of choice, although the third-generation cephalosporins cefotaxime and ceftriaxone have become widely used.

• #21 Leptospirosis: Treatment and prevention – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/leptospirosis-treatment-and-prevention

  Leptospirosis is a zoonosis of the genus Leptospira. Synonyms include Weil’s disease, Weil-Vasiliev disease, Swineherd’s disease, rice-field fever, waterborne fever, nanukayami fever, cane-cutter fever, swamp fever, mud fever, Stuttgart disease, and Canicola fever. […] In the setting of severe illness due to leptospirosis, supportive care with renal replacement therapy, ventilatory support, and blood products may also be required. In general, such management is the same as organ failure due to other causes of sepsis. […] For hospitalized adults with severe disease, we favor treatment with penicillin (1.5 million units intravenously [IV] every six hours), doxycycline (100 mg IV twice daily), ceftriaxone (1 to 2 g IV once daily), or cefotaxime (1 g IV every six hours). The duration of treatment in severe disease is usually seven days.

• #22 Fulminant Leptospirosis (Weil’s disease) in an urban setting as an overlooked cause of multiorgan failure: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text

  https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1752-1947-5-7

  The use of steroids in patients with leptospirosis has not been well established. In the current case, the improvement of the patient’s renal dysfunction, thrombocytopenia and hemoptysis may be attributed to the introduction of steroids. […] Public health measures to prevent and reduce leptospirosis include identification of contaminated water sources, rodent control, prohibition of swimming in waters where risk of infection is high and informing persons of the risk involved in recreational water activities. […] An accurate and quick diagnostic test is warranted in the interest of the individual patient, as well as public health. Recognition of fulminant leptospirosis is especially important because antimicrobial agents can reduce its severity and duration as well as lead to a favorable outcome of this potentially lethal condition.

• #23 Polyneuritis and Rare Sequelae of Leptospirosis Contracted While on an Urban Clean-Up Mission in Detroit : A Case Report of Weil’s Disease and Literature Review | Zuccarini | Journal of Medical Cases

  https://www.journalmc.org/index.php/JMC/article/view/3320/2613

  Leptospirosis is a common zoonosis, an infectious disease that infects both humans and animals, which is caused by spirochete bacteria from genus Leptospira. […] In addition to antibiotics, patients with severe cases of leptospirosis also require supportive therapy and careful management of renal, hepatic, hematologic, and central nervous system complications. […] Severe cases of leptospirosis also require supportive care for renal, hepatic, hematologic, and central nervous system complications. […] The clinical condition presented above likely was polyneuritis caused by leptospires due to the chronological association seropositivity of leptospirosis, CT evidence of lymphadenopathy near peripheral nerves and spinal cord, persistent neuralgia and polyneuritis symptoms post discharge in the outpatient setting, and lack of an alternative explanation.

• #24 Leptospirosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Diet and Activity, Transfer

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220563-treatment

  Transfer to a facility with an appropriate level of care should be considered in patients with severe disease. […] In severe cases of leptospirosis, several specialty consultations may aid in proper patient management. […] An infectious disease specialist may assist in differentiating leptospirosis from diseases with similar presentations but that may have significantly different treatments and in treating co-infections such as malaria, dengue, or others, depending on exposure history. […] A nephrologist should be alerted early in the course because the need for dialysis may develop rapidly. […] If available, critical care specialists may be best prepared to manage patients with affected multiple systems. […] Patients with severe disease should remain hospitalized until adequate resolution of organ failure and clinical infection.

• #25 Leptospirosis (Weil’s Disease): Symptoms and Diagnosis

  https://patient.info/infections/leptospirosis-and-weils-disease

  As previously discussed, 9 out of 10 people have a mild form of leptospirosis and the outlook (prognosis) in such cases is very good. Most people recover fully within two to six weeks but some may take up to three months to get better. In more severe cases (Weil’s disease), the outlook depends on which organs of the body are involved and to what extent. People severely affected may die from organ failure or internal bleeding. In one study looking at people who were hospitalised with Weil’s disease, 20% of people had ongoing symptoms two years after becoming unwell.

• #26

  https://bpac.org.nz/bt/2013/november/rural-infections.aspx

  All patients with severe infection or signs of meningitis should be referred to hospital immediately. Treatment with intravenous antibiotics, e.g. benzylpenicillin 1200 mg IV, every four to six hours, for five to seven days is usually required. Intensive supportive care with particular attention to fluid and electrolyte balance is also often necessary. Further treatment is dependent on complications, e.g. patients who develop acute renal failure may require haemodialysis. All women who are pregnant and are suspected of having leptospirosis of any severity should be referred to hospital. Leptospiral infection in either early or late pregnancy results in miscarriage or premature delivery in more than 50% of cases. […]

• #27 Leptospirosis: Treatment and prevention – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/leptospirosis-treatment-and-prevention

  We recommend administration of antimicrobial therapy for treatment of patients with severe leptospirosis (Grade 1B). Parenteral penicillin, doxycycline, and third-generation cephalosporins are all acceptable options. […] Prevention measures include avoiding potential sources of infection, administration of prophylaxis for individuals at high risk of exposure, and animal vaccination.

• #28 Leptospirosis: Treatment and prevention – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/leptospirosis-treatment-and-prevention/print

  Prevention measures include avoiding potential sources of infection, administration of prophylaxis for individuals at high risk of exposure, and animal vaccination. […] Prophylaxis with doxycycline is reasonable for individuals with high likelihood for exposure to leptospires in endemic environments over a defined period.

• #29 Leptospirosis | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/leptospirosis-22-06-2004/

  – Leptospirosis is treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or penicillin, which should be given early in the course of the disease. […] – People with severe symptoms may need IV antibiotics. […] – No effective human vaccine is available in the UK. […] – Protective clothing or footwear should be worn by those exposed to contaminated water or soil because of their job or recreational activities. […] – Hands should be washed after handling animals or contaminated clothing or other materials, and always before eating, drinking or smoking. […] – Doxycycline (200mg weekly) can be effective for people who may be at high risk for short periods, especially through their occupation. […] – Existing cuts or abrasions should be covered with waterproof dressings before possible exposure. […] – Any cuts or abrasions received during activities should be thoroughly cleaned. […] – Showering as soon as possible after immersion in surface waters is recommended.

• #30 Leptospirosis: Treatment, symptoms, and types

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/246829

  Those more likely to develop severe leptospirosis tend to be those who are already sick, for example, with pneumonia, those under the age of 5 years, and those in older age. […] Those who work with animals or potentially contaminated water or soil should wear protective clothing and comply with local or national rules and regulations. […] They may need to wear gloves, masks, boots, and goggles. […] Emergency workers or military personnel in disaster zones might have to take antibiotics as a precautionary measure.

• #31 Leptospirosis: What Every Dog Owner Should Know | College of Veterinary Medicine at MSU

  https://cvm.msu.edu/vdl/client-education/guides-for-pet-owners/leptospirosis-what-every-dog-owner-should-know

  If you suspect your dog may have leptospirosis, CONTACT YOUR VETERINARY MEDICAL PROVIDER. Your veterinarian can assess your dogs condition and order any necessary diagnostic tests. Early diagnosis, treatment, and supportive care are essential to giving your dog the best chance for survival. […] Humans are also vulnerable to leptospirosis. If your dog is diagnosed with leptospirosis, consider medical assessment for anyone in close contact with the animal.

• #32 Leptospirosis (Weil’s disease) – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/leptospirosis/leptospirosis+weils+disease+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Leptospirosis is an infection caused by corkscrew-shaped bacteria called Leptospira interrogans. […] Leptospirosis is a notifiable condition. […] Leptospirosis is an occupational hazard for many people working outdoors or with animals, such as dairy farmers, sewer workers, veterinarians, abattoir workers, and military personnel. […] Symptoms of infection with Leptospira may range from no symptoms to fatal disease. […] Effective antibiotic therapy is available. People with serious illness may require hospitalisation for treatment of complications such as kidney failure. […] Exclusion from childcare, preschool, school or work is not necessary. […] No vaccine is available for humans.

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