Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hematospermia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5904639/

  Hematospermia is a relatively frequent, distressing, and frightening symptom for the majority of men. […] Although the differential diagnosis list is extensive, it is usually a benign, self-limiting disorder, including inflammatory and infective pathologies, resolving in several weeks. […] In younger patients below 40 years of age, infection of the urogenital tract is the most common etiology. […] Simple routine laboratory studies should identify the pathological factors. […] In patients 40 years or older, or those with persistent or recurrent conditions or associated symptoms, it is necessary to exclude urogenital malignant disorders. […] Patients should also undergo medical history taking, physical examination including temperature and blood pressure assessment, digital rectal palpation, and laboratory blood, urine, and semen tests.

• #1 Evaluation and Treatment of Hematospermia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1215/p1421.html

  Hematospermia can be a distressing symptom for patients, but most cases are effectively managed by a primary care physician. […] Although the condition is usually benign, significant underlying pathology must be excluded by history, physical examination, laboratory evaluation, and, in select cases, other diagnostic modalities. […] In men younger than 40 years without risk factors (e.g., history of cancer, known urogenital malformation, bleeding disorders) and in men with no associated symptoms, hematospermia is often self-limited and requires no further evaluation or treatment other than patient reassurance. […] Many cases are attributable to sexually transmitted infections or other urogenital infections in men younger than 40 years who present with hematospermia associated with lower urinary tract symptoms.

• #2 Evaluation and Treatment of Hematospermia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1215/p1421.html

  Hematospermia can be a distressing symptom for patients, but most cases are effectively managed by a primary care physician. […] Although the condition is usually benign, significant underlying pathology must be excluded by history, physical examination, laboratory evaluation, and, in select cases, other diagnostic modalities. […] In men younger than 40 years without risk factors (e.g., history of cancer, known urogenital malformation, bleeding disorders) and in men with no associated symptoms, hematospermia is often self-limited and requires no further evaluation or treatment other than patient reassurance. […] Many cases are attributable to sexually transmitted infections or other urogenital infections in men younger than 40 years who present with hematospermia associated with lower urinary tract symptoms.

• #3 Evaluation and Treatment of Hematospermia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1215/p1421.html

  Hematospermia is commonly benign and self-limited, especially in men younger than 40 years without risk factors and in men with no associated symptoms. […] These patients need minimal investigation, and they can be reassured if workup findings are negative, or treated if indicated. […] Patients with risk factors or associated symptoms, patients 40 years and older, and patients with persistent or recurrent hematospermia need more extensive evaluation and may need to be referred to a urologist. […] The goal of clinical assessment is to identify significant or treatable underlying causes of hematospermia. […] The foundation for a comprehensive evaluation includes a thorough patient history and physical examination. […] Once true hematospermia has been confirmed, three key factors help guide further evaluation: age of the patient, duration of symptoms, and presence of associated symptoms or risk factors.

• #4 Evaluation and Treatment of Hematospermia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1215/p1421.html

  In men younger than 40 years, risk factors of behavior-related hematospermia or infectious etiologies should be assessed. […] In men 40 years and older, neoplasia or structural abnormalities should be more strongly considered. […] Hematospermia that is limited to a few episodes usually has an identifiable etiology (e.g., infection, intense sexual experiences) and is less concerning than persistent or recurring hematospermia, which can indicate a pathologic condition. […] If treatment is necessary, it should be directed at the diagnosed etiology. […] Appropriate antibiotics are indicated in patients with genitourinary infection. […] If infection is suspected, yet none is found, empiric two-week treatment with an antibiotic that penetrates the prostate-blood barrier may be beneficial, with follow-up if symptoms recur or persist.

• #5 Blood In Semen (Hematospermia): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/blood-in-semen-hematospermia

  A healthcare provider will review your medical history, conduct a physical exam and ask questions, including: When did you first notice blood in your semen? How often do you see blood in your semen? What are your sexual activities or practices? What medications are you taking? Have you had any recent medical procedures? […] Treating blood in semen varies according to: How much blood is in your semen. How long blood has been in your semen. Your age. Any other symptoms you may have. […] If a healthcare provider identifies a cause, theyll prescribe an appropriate treatment. Treatment may include: Antibiotics if you have an infection. Anti-inflammatory drugs. Finasteride (Proscar). Finasteride is a medication that helps shrink an enlarged prostate. It can often help stop hematospermia that occurs due to fragile blood vessels on your prostate. Medications to treat other conditions.

• #6 Blood in the semen: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003163.htm

  Blood in the semen is called hematospermia. It may be in amounts too small to be seen except with a microscope, or it may be visible in the ejaculation fluid. […] Most of the time, the cause for blood in the semen is not known. It can be caused by swelling or infection of the prostate or seminal vesicles. The problem may occur after a prostate biopsy. […] Blood in the semen may also be caused by blockage due to enlarged prostate (prostate problems), infection of the prostate, irritation in the urethra (urethritis), or injury to the urethra. […] Sometimes, the visible blood will last several days to weeks, depending on the cause of the blood and if any clots formed in the seminal vesicles. […] Always contact your health care provider if you notice any blood in your semen. […] The provider will perform a physical exam and look for signs of discharge from the urethra, enlarged or tender prostate, fever, swollen lymph nodes, and swollen or tender scrotum. […] You may need the following tests: prostate exam, PSA blood test, semen analysis, semen culture, ultrasound or MRI of the prostate, pelvis or scrotum, urinalysis, and urine culture.

• #7 Hematospermia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5904639/

  Hematospermia is a relatively frequent, distressing, and frightening symptom for the majority of men. […] Although the differential diagnosis list is extensive, it is usually a benign, self-limiting disorder, including inflammatory and infective pathologies, resolving in several weeks. […] In younger patients below 40 years of age, infection of the urogenital tract is the most common etiology. […] Simple routine laboratory studies should identify the pathological factors. […] In patients 40 years or older, or those with persistent or recurrent conditions or associated symptoms, it is necessary to exclude urogenital malignant disorders. […] Patients should also undergo medical history taking, physical examination including temperature and blood pressure assessment, digital rectal palpation, and laboratory blood, urine, and semen tests.

• #8 Hematospermia Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Transrectal Ultrasonography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/457632-workup

  In younger men with nonpersistent hematospermia, only a digital rectal examination (DRE), along with a check of vital signs, is required as part of a careful physical examination. […] In older men (50 y) with nonpersistent hematospermia without concomitant hematuria upon urinalysis, a basic evaluation consists of a DRE and a prostate-specific antigen measurement. Persistent hematospermia (2 months without defined etiology) warrants further workup, as described below. […] Urinalysis and culture may prove helpful because urogenital infections may be associated with hematospermia; because this test is of low cost and a positive result suggests an etiology, urine culture is recommended in all patients who present with hematospermia. […] The role of semen analysis and culture remains unclear. While advocated by some authors, the significance of a positive culture result remains uncertain because this may simply represent urethral contamination. Semen analysis may prove helpful in the differentiation of true hematospermia from other causes of ejaculate discoloration.

• #9 Hematospermia Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Transrectal Ultrasonography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/457632-workup

  Prostate-specific antigen analysis is recommended in all men older than 50 years, African-American men, and men older than 40 years with a family history of prostate cancer. Hematospermia may be a harbinger of prostate cancer. […] Coagulation studies are recommended in men of all ages with persistent hematospermia (2 months) because this condition is associated with coagulopathies. […] The advent of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) has provided physicians with an important tool for evaluating patients with hematospermia and has relegated the role of studies such as intravenous urography, vasography, and seminal vesiculography to that of only historical interest. […] TRUS is not recommended for routine use in patients initially presenting with hematospermia. […] However, TRUS can be valuable for evaluating older patients or those with persistent hemospermia or associated symptoms.

• #10 Semen Analysis: Purpose, Procedure & Results

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/21520-semen-analysis

  A lab will compare the characteristics of your semen to the expected values. […] Its normal to have small amounts of white blood cells in your semen. But more than 1 million white blood cells per 1 milliliter of semen indicates pyospermia. […] Abnormal results mean that you have a below-average chance of achieving pregnancy. But a semen analysis isnt the only factor in male infertility testing. Extra testing is often necessary to learn more. […] A semen analysis is a lab test that evaluates your sperm count, motility, morphology and more. It can be a fertility test or confirm that a vasectomy was successful. Follow your healthcare providers instructions and provide a clean sample for accurate results. Unexpected or abnormal results often mean that you need more tests. A provider may order another semen analysis to confirm your results or determine the next steps of your evaluation.

• #11 Everything you need to know about leukocytospermia

  https://www.ivi-rmainnovation.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-leukocytospermia/

  Leukocytospermia, or pyospermia, is defined as the presence of more than 1 million white blood cells in 1 mL of ejaculate. […] Leukocytospermia can be a result of infection or inflammation anywhere along the genitourinary tract, particularly the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, testicles, and bulbourethral glands, which produce the fluid in semen. […] The presence of leukocytes in the semen can affect overall sperm health. […] Leukocytospermia is diagnosed by an andrologist during a semen analysis. […] A urine culture or semen culture can be done to see if there is bacteria that grows in the urine or semen. […] AUA and ASRM do not have any treatment recommendations, while the Canadian Urological Association (CUA) recommends that therapy be considered in the setting of infertility. […] Ultimately, this is probably the most important question for our patients. If our patients are struggling to conceive, it is unlikely that leukocytospermia is the only underlying cause.

• #12 Hematospermia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5904639/

  If the diagnosis is still unclear, further investigations involve transrectal ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, urethrocystoscopy, and histological confirmation by biopsy. […] Treatment for hematospermia depends on the underlying pathological lesions, but often involves only minimal examinations and simple reassurance in most cases. […] Hematospermia caused by genitourinary infections is effectively treated with appropriate antiviral, antibiotic, or antiparasitic agents. […] Hematospermia due to malignant disorders including prostate, testis, and seminal vesicle cancers resolves with definitive treatment of the primary lesions.

• #13 Hematospermia Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Transrectal Ultrasonography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/457632-workup

  Maeda et al used MRI to study men with hematospermia and found abnormalities, including cyst formation or dilatation, in 14 of 15 patients. […] MRI can help detect changes in anatomic structure secondary to endocrine therapy, radiation, inflammatory disorders, and neoplasia; however, the biggest advantage of MRI over TRUS is its ability to demonstrate hemorrhage within the seminal vesicles or prostate. […] Persistent hematospermia (3 mo) without an antecedent cause or persistent hematospermia associated with an abnormality on ultrasonography or MRI may prompt further evaluation.

• #14 Hematospermia Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/457632-differential

  Etiologies to consider in the differential diagnosis of hematospermia include the following: […] Prostate cancer […] Hematospermia is rarely related to genitourinary cancer: lessons learned from 15 years of experience with 342 cases. […] Hematospermia is rarely associated with urologic malignancy: Analysis of United States claims data. […] Clinical characteristics, etiology, management and outcome of hematospermia: a systematic review. […] Hemospermia following transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy: a prospective study. […] Efficacy of various surgical approaches in treating hematospermia using transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy. […] Real-time transrectal ultrasound-guided seminal vesiculoscopy for the treatment of patients with persistent hematospermia: A single-center, prospective, observational study.

• #15 Hematospermia Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/457632-differential

  Transrectal ultrasound in the investigation of haemospermia. […] The association between haemospermia and severe hypertension. […] Hyperuricemia: a possible cause of hemospermia. […] Detection of sexually transmitted pathogens in patients with hematospermia. […] Characterization of localized seminal vesicle amyloidosis causing hemospermia: an analysis using immunohistochemistry and magnetic resonance imaging. […] A clinical entity of cystic dilatation of the utricle associated with hemospermia. […] Transurethral endoscopy technique with a ureteroscope for diagnosis and management of seminal tracts disorders: a new approach. […] Imaging diagnosis, transurethral endoscopic observation, and management of 43 cases of persistent and refractory hematospermia.

• #16 Etiologic classification, evaluation, and management of hematospermia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5673809/

  Hematospermia is defined by the presence of blood in the semen typically occurring in men younger than 40 years of age. […] The etiology of hematospermia can be classified into inflammatory, infectious, lithiasis, cystic, obstructive, tumoral, vascular, traumatic, iatrogenic, and systemic origin. […] A complete history and physician examination, laboratory testing, and a variety of invasive and non-invasive imaging and instrumentation modalities can help to identify and treat the underlying pathology promptly. […] Hematospermia often becomes an issue by creating anxiety in the affected person, or by signaling an internal problem that must be seriously evaluated by the evaluating physician. […] The etiology of hematospermia can be categorized into the following ten categories based on the pathophysiological mechanisms of hematospermia: (I) inflammatory; (II) infectious; (III) lithiasis; (IV) cystic; (V) obstructive; (VI) tumoral; (VII) vascular; (VIII) traumatic; (IX) iatrogenic; and (X) systemic origin.

• #17 Hematospermia demystified – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/hematospermia-demystified-2009031142

  Some studies have shown that inflammation and infection are the most common causes of hematospermia in younger men (the average age of hematospermia patients is 37) and up to 39% of cases over all. […] Obstructed ducts, such as the ejaculatory duct, and the formation of cysts in the prostate or seminal vesicles can cause hematospermia. […] Benign polyps and malignant tumors of the prostate, testicles, epididymis, and seminal vesicles may cause hematospermia. […] Men whose sole symptom is hematospermia are more likely to have prostate cancer than men who dont have blood in their semen, but the chances are slim. […] A review of other scientific articles found 33 tumors in 931 patients with hematospermia, or 3.5%, far fewer than in the Northwestern study. […] Blood vessel abnormalities in the seminal vesicles, bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles, and spermatic cord (the vas deferens and its accompanying arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatic vessels) may be the source of bleeding.

• #18 8 Common Causes for Blood in Semen (Hematospermia)

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/blood-in-semen-8735184

  Seeing blood in semen (hematospermia or hemospermia) can cause worry. […] For men over 40, chances are higher that they will need medical evaluation and treatment. […] A likely cause of blood in semen is infections like sexually transmitted infections (STIs), specifically herpes, gonorrhea, and chlamydia. […] If you have even a single episode of blood in semen, experts suggest contacting a healthcare provider, who can rule out infections and prostate issues. […] Trauma or injury from medical procedures has been said to be the most common cause of blood in semen. […] Prostate problems causing blood in semen include enlarged prostate, prostate cancer, prostate infection, and prostate inflammation (prostatitis). […] Blood disorders and blood vessel problems may also be behind blood in semen.

• #19 Etiologic classification, evaluation, and management of hematospermia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5673809/

  Hematospermia is reported in about 10% of the cases of genitourinary tuberculosis. […] Patients with hematospermia are known to have significantly higher blood pressures, as hematospermia is associated with hypertension. […] The occurrence of hematospermia can be quite alarming, especially for men who do not know the causes of blood in the ejaculate. […] Evaluating the etiology is the best approach to the initial management of hematospermia.

• #20 Blood in semen: Causes and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/blood-in-semen

  Problems with the prostate may give rise to bloody semen. One of the most common issues is prostatitis. […] A 2015 study of 37 males with bloody semen found that two-thirds had some form of prostatitis. […] Evaluation will generally include a doctor taking a medical history, such as by asking about the persons sexual history, conducting a physical examination, and running selected laboratory testing and imaging. […] In many cases, bloody semen does not require any treatment at all. […] However, they may need treatment if there is an infection or a blockage. […] A single episode of blood in the semen is not an emergency. Nevertheless, it may be best to see a doctor to rule out more serious causes. […] Noticing blood in the semen can be alarming, but for most males who experience this, there is nothing to worry about.

• #21 Blood In Semen (Hematospermia): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/blood-in-semen-hematospermia

  Anyone can have blood in their semen at any age. But its more common in people between 30 and 40. […] Seeing blood in your semen isnt normal. Its a good idea to talk to a healthcare provider if you notice blood in your semen, especially if you notice it more than once. […] The most likely causes of blood in your semen are: A small blood vessel that bursts during ejaculation, like how you might get a nosebleed after blowing your nose. Trauma from a medical procedure on your urinary or reproductive systems, such as a vasectomy or biopsy on your prostate. You may see blood in your semen for over a week after a vasectomy or up to four weeks after a prostate biopsy. An injury to part of your reproductive system, such as your testicles (testes), epididymis (a tube at the back of your testicle that stores and transports sperm), vas deferens, seminal vesicle or prostate. A seminal tract infection or inflammation. Prostate cancer treatment, including external beam radiation therapy and brachytherapy.

• #22 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Does-Blood-in-Semen-Mean.aspx

  The presence of blood in the seminal fluid is often a shocker. It was reported as long back as the time of Hippocrates. About 15% of cases still occur without obvious cause. The rest may be attributed to several causes. […] Most patients with blood in the semen are below the age of 40 years, with self-limited episodes of bleeding. Older patients are more likely to have recurrent bleeding episodes. […] The most common causes include cysts in the seminal vesicles or ejaculatory duct or bleeding into the duct, making up over two-thirds of hematospermia patients in one study. […] Any organs involved in the production and passage of the seminal fluid may become inflamed, including seminal vesicles, vas deferens, testis, epididymis, prostate, or urethra. […] Any obstruction of the ejaculatory duct or cysts formed inside the prostate or seminal vesicles can lead to the appearance of blood in the semen.

• #23 Evaluation and Treatment of Hematospermia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1215/p1421.html

  In men 40 years and older, iatrogenic hematospermia from urogenital instrumentation or prostate biopsy is the most common cause of blood in the semen. […] However, recurrent or persistent hematospermia or associated symptoms (e.g., fever, chills, weight loss, bone pain) should prompt further investigation, starting with a prostate examination and prostate-specific antigen testing to evaluate for prostate cancer. […] Presence of blood in the semen, known as hematospermia or hemospermia, is often a frightening finding for patients. […] The incidence of hematospermia is difficult to quantify because most men do not observe their semen. […] Prevalence in clinical settings is highest in men younger than 40 years. […] Most cases of hematospermia can be appropriately managed by primary care physicians.

• #24 Hematospermia – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hematospermia

  Hematospermia, the presence of grossly bloody or blood-tinged penile (seminal) ejaculate, is an uncommon condition. While it is usually alarming to patients, the cause is almost always benign. […] The most important lesson from the literature is that hematospermia is almost never a sign of cancer in younger patients. […] Hematospermia is the presence of grossly bloody or blood-tinged penile ejaculate. […] The most common cause of hematospermia is a prostate biopsy. Hematospermia occurs in more than 80 percent of men undergoing prostate biopsy and lasts for an average of three to four weeks. Hematospermia is also common after radiation treatment for prostate cancer, occurring in as many as 25 percent of patients after external beam radiation and 17 percent after brachytherapy.

• #25 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Does-Blood-in-Semen-Mean.aspx

  The growth of tumors, including benign polyps or cancers of the testis, prostate, epididymis, or seminal vesicles, can cause hematospermia. […] Sometimes, the blood vessels supplying or traversing these organs may be abnormally dilated, like telangiectasia or varices, causing blood to leak into the semen. […] Conditions like hypertension, hemophilia, or chronic liver disease can trigger bleeding into the semen. […] Hematospermia is primarily due to medical procedures, including prostate biopsy (up to 84% in some studies), radiation therapy, or prostate surgery. […] The doctor should investigate the presence of blood in the semen. […] In most cases, hematospermia resolves within two months, and if not, further testing may be necessary. […] Obstruction of the urethra by an enlarged prostate, as in benign prostatic hyperplasia, can also cause hematospermia.

• #26 Evaluation and Treatment of Hematospermia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1215/p1421.html

  Iatrogenic causes of hematospermia usually resolve spontaneously within a few weeks or approximately 10 ejaculations. […] Other treatments for hematospermia are usually initiated under the direction of a urologist, and include transurethral endoscopic resection, incision, fulguration, or marsupialization. […] Men with recurrent or persistent isolated hematospermia or symptomatic men in whom an etiology is not elucidated require follow-up within three to six months to reassess symptoms and potential etiologic factors.

• #27

  https://community.prostatecanceruk.org/posts/t30364-Blood-in-semen-infection

  I saw a statistic from one US hospital which said 14% of haematospermia cases referred to them turned out to be prostate cancer, but you’ve been checked for that. […] High blood pressure is another possible cause, but no cause found is the most common outcome. […] I do not know what to do. Every time I have sex I see blood then it takes 3 to 4 cycles of future urinations of pure red urine. […] The results right seminal vesicle focus with blood. […] The dr didn’t gave me a care plan or explanation for blood in the urine after ejaculation. He said in a email no worries no cancer nothing to be worried.

• #28 Hematospermia demystified – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/hematospermia-demystified-2009031142

  Several diseases and disorders that affect the whole body have been linked to hematospermia. […] Most cases of hematospermia are probably caused, unintentionally, by medical procedures. […] If a cause can be determined, it can be treated. […] If no cause can be found, you’ll probably breathe a bit easier. […] The treatment for hematospermia, obviously, depends on the cause. […] Infection, for example, should be treated with antibiotics. […] Some doctors have found that treating chronic hematospermia with finasteride or dutasteride solves the problem, though no clinical trials have proven the medications to be effective in hematospermia patients. […] While hematospermia can certainly be frightening, it is a benign disorder in most patients.

• #29 8 Common Causes for Blood in Semen (Hematospermia)

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/blood-in-semen-8735184

  Blood in semen can be caused by recent tests and medical procedures. […] Current treatment plans for health conditions may cause semen in the blood. […] Tumors, polyps, and in rare cases cancers, can also cause blood in semen. […] Blood in semen is also associated with other medical conditions, including bladder dysfunction, bladder pain or cystitis, high blood pressure, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), liver disease, leukemia or lymphoma, schistosomiasis, and tuberculosis. […] Most of the time, the exact cause of blood in ejaculate may not be known, and it clears on its own. […] A healthcare provider might perform or order examinations and tests to determine the cause of blood in semen. […] If you’re over 40, a healthcare provider may also order a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test to rule out prostate issues including cancer.

• #30 Haematospermia (Blood in sperm) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/haematospermia

  Where a specific cause is identified, it should be treated; for example, appropriate antibiotics if an infectious cause is isolated. […] Consider referring men over 40 to a urologist, if initial primary care investigations do not reveal a cause. […] Haematospermia that occurs as a result of a prostate biopsy, brachytherapy, or other urological procedure should resolve within three to four weeks.

• #31 Blood in semen

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/blood-in-semen/basics/when-to-see-doctor/sym-20050603

  If you see blood in your semen, it’s likely to clear up without treatment. However, it’s a good idea to make an appointment with a healthcare professional. A physical exam and simple blood or urine tests are often all that is necessary to identify or rule out many causes, such as infections. […] If you have certain risk factors and symptoms, you might need more testing to rule out a more serious condition. Call your healthcare professional about blood in semen if you: […] Have blood in semen that lasts longer than 3 to 4 weeks. […] Keep seeing blood in semen. […] Have other symptoms, such as pain while urinating or pain with ejaculation. […] Have other risk factors such as having a history of cancer, bleeding conditions or having recently had sex that puts you at risk of sexually transmitted infections.

• #32 Blood in Semen: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/haematospermia

  The doctor will examine you, including checking your scrotum and prostate gland to see if there is any suggestion of an underlying condition. […] Any tests will depend on whether your doctor finds anything abnormal on examination. The test may include: Urine sample to test for infection. […] If the haematospermia persists or keeps happening then you may be referred to a urology specialist for further tests. […] Primary haematospermia usually resolves without the need for any treatment. […] The treatment for secondary haematospermia will depend on the underlying condition. The haematospermia itself does not need any treatment. […] Many men don’t routinely look at their semen, so if they notice blood in it they will become very anxious. […] The most common causes of blood in the semen are infection and medical procedures, such as vasectomy or prostate biopsy. […] If you are young and otherwise healthy and have just had one episode, there is no immediate reason to see the doctor. […] If you are very anxious, are over 40 years old, have multiple episodes, have other symptoms, or have a family history of prostate problems, it is sensible to see a doctor.

• #33 Blood In Semen (Hematospermia): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/blood-in-semen-hematospermia

  In most cases, hematospermia goes away on its own without treatment. But serious and/or permanent complications can develop if an STI or another condition causes blood in your semen. Talk to a healthcare provider as soon as you notice blood in your semen. […] Hematospermia is usually not a serious problem. But its always a good idea to see a healthcare provider any time you develop a new symptom, especially one thats as alarming as blood in your semen. […] Even though most causes of blood in semen arent serious and go away without treatment, a provider should still determine its cause.

• #34 Blood in the Semen: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/blood-in-the-semen

  If the blood in your semen is caused by an infection, your doctor will prescribe antibiotics. Anti-inflammatory medications are available if swelling alone is the cause. […] If cancer is causing the blood in your semen, your doctor will probably refer you to a specialist (oncologist) who will determine the best treatment. […] If you continue to experience bloody semen, ask your doctor for a referral to a urologist. This specialty doctor can help treat any serious underlying causes of blood in your semen.

• #35 Haematospermia

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/december/haematospermia

  Haematospermia refers to the presence of blood in the ejaculate. […] While most cases of haematospermia are benign, it may be secondary to a sinister underlying pathology and require systematic evaluation by the general practitioner (GP). […] The main aim of assessment is to avoid missing malignancy, particularly prostate cancer. […] Most causes of haematospermia will have no effect on fertility; however, some rare pathology such as testicular malignancy may diminish reproductive capacity. […] It is also important to note that the vast majority of men with haematospermia who have been reviewed and investigated by a urologist do not have an underlying malignancy. […] If malignancy is identified, the treating urologist will arrange further investigations and treatment. […] If the patient is troubled by persistent haematospermia without an identified cause after a diagnostic work-up by both the GP and urologist, one option would be to start a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor such as finasteride or dutasteride.

• #36 Blood in semen

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/blood-in-semen/

  Blood in semen is not usually caused by something serious, but you should get it checked by a GP just in case. […] Blood in your semen can be: bright red, pink, brown or reddish-brown. […] Depending on the cause, you may also have other symptoms like blood in your pee, pain when peeing or peeing more often than usual. […] But it’s important to get it checked to make sure it’s nothing serious. […] Common causes of blood in semen include: an infection, such as a urinary tract infection (UTI) or sexually transmitted infection (STI), a recent procedure or test, such as transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), a cystoscopy or a vasectomy, a problem with the prostate, such as prostatitis or an enlarged prostate. […] Rarely, blood in semen can be a sign of cancer, such as prostate cancer. […] A GP can check for common causes and refer you to a specialist for more tests if needed. […] Blood in semen does not usually need to be treated. It often goes away by itself in a few days or weeks. […] If a cause can be found, this may need to be treated.

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