Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hematospermia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5904639/

  Hematospermia is traditionally defined as the macroscopic presence of blood in the semen. […] Pathological changes at any point along the anatomical passage of the seminal fluid throughout the ejaculation process can lead to hematospermia. […] Hematospermia has been, historically, related to sexual overindulgence, prolonged sexual abstinence, and interrupted sexual intercourse. The presence of blood in the semen is known to be induced by inflammation, infection, tumors, blockage or injury, vascular abnormalities, systemic disease, and iatrogenic factors in any region within the male reproductive organs. […] The fear of underlying malignancy prompts many people with hematospermia to undergo examination, and although men over 40 years old have a slightly increased risk of malignancy, urogenital malignancy is an infrequent cause of hematospermia, with prostate, testis, and seminal vesicle tumors having been reported.

• #2 Blood in semen (haematospermia): causes and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/blood-in-semen

  Blood in semen is also known as haematospermia. […] Blood in semen can be a sign of infection or rarely, prostate cancer. […] There are many possible causes of blood in your semen. Blood in semen can be caused by issues in the male reproductive system, including problems with your: testicles, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland. […] In younger men (under 40 years), infection is the most common cause of blood in semen. […] Prostate cancer can also cause blood in the semen. But this is not a common cause. […] The treatment for blood in semen depends on the underlying cause. Blood in semen often has no obvious cause, and no treatment is needed. […] If blood in your semen is an after-effect of a procedure like a vasectomy, your surgeon can advise you on how long this is expected to last. […] Prostate cancer is treated with: surgery, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy. […] Blood in semen can be caused by many things. This makes it hard to prevent.

• #3 Blood in semen

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/blood-in-semen/basics/definition/SYM-20050603?p=1

  Blood in semen, also called hematospermia, most often goes away on its own. […] Most often, no cause can be found for blood in semen. Infection might be a cause. But infection is likely to have other symptoms. These may include pain while urinating or urinating more often. […] A lot of blood in semen or blood that keeps coming back might be a warning sign for conditions such as cancer. But this is rare. […] If you have certain risk factors and symptoms, you might need more testing to rule out a more serious condition.

• #4 Hematospermia: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy and Physiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/457632-overview

  Hematospermia is defined as blood in the semen. While often perceived as having little significance, blood in the ejaculate can cause great concern to the men who experience it. The condition is common, with many episodes going unnoticed; therefore, the prevalence of hematospermia remains unknown. […] Hematospermia is most commonly secondary to an infectious or inflammatory etiology and follows a benign and self-limited course. […] Pathophysiology of the prostate can be a cause of hematospermia. The most common etiology is prostate biopsy, which produces self-limited hematospermia that resolves within approximately 1 month. […] Other authors have recognized prostate cancer as an etiologic factor. A study by Han et al reported a significantly increased risk of prostate cancer among men with hematospermia.

• #5 Hematospermia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematospermia

  Some neoplasms of the genitourinary system may present with haematospermia. Malignant causes of haematospermia include; prostate cancer, testicular or epididymal tumours, seminal vesicle carcinoma (rarely), and urethral tumour. Lymphomas and leukaemias may also feature haematospermia as symptom. […] Various prostate pathologies (including prostatitis, calculi (stones), cysts, benign prostatic hyperplasia, bacterial infection, etc.) may result in blood occurring in the ejaculate. […] Systemic conditions like malignant hypertension, liver dysfunction, or bleeding disorders, and amyloidosis may sometimes be present with hematospermia as symptom. Trauma to the region may also cause the condition. Additionally, structural anomalies of genitourinary anatomy (e.g. vascular anomalies, polyps, urethral malformations, etc.) may result in hematospermia as symptom. […] The exact cause cannot be determined in up to 70% of patients.

• #6 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Does-Blood-in-Semen-Mean.aspx

  The presence of blood in the seminal fluid is often a shocker. It was reported as long back as the time of Hippocrates. About 15% of cases still occur without obvious cause. The rest may be attributed to several causes. […] The most common causes include cysts in the seminal vesicles or ejaculatory duct or bleeding into the duct, making up over two-thirds of hematospermia patients in one study. […] Any obstruction of the ejaculatory duct or cysts formed inside the prostate or seminal vesicles can lead to the appearance of blood in the semen. This is due to the dilatation of the blood vessels near the blocked duct, leading to vessel rupture. […] The growth of tumors, including benign polyps or cancers of the testis, prostate, epididymis, or seminal vesicles, can cause hematospermia. Still, cancer risk in men who have this symptom remains low, at 3.5%.

• #7 Hematospermia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5904639/

  Hematospermia is traditionally defined as the macroscopic presence of blood in the semen. […] Pathological changes at any point along the anatomical passage of the seminal fluid throughout the ejaculation process can lead to hematospermia. […] Hematospermia has been, historically, related to sexual overindulgence, prolonged sexual abstinence, and interrupted sexual intercourse. The presence of blood in the semen is known to be induced by inflammation, infection, tumors, blockage or injury, vascular abnormalities, systemic disease, and iatrogenic factors in any region within the male reproductive organs. […] The fear of underlying malignancy prompts many people with hematospermia to undergo examination, and although men over 40 years old have a slightly increased risk of malignancy, urogenital malignancy is an infrequent cause of hematospermia, with prostate, testis, and seminal vesicle tumors having been reported.

• #8 Hematospermia – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/symptoms-of-genitourinary-disorders/hematospermia

  Hematospermia is blood in semen. It is often frightening to patients but is usually benign. […] Semen is composed of sperm from the distal epididymis and fluids from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and Cowper and bulbourethral glands. Thus, a lesion anywhere along this pathway could introduce blood into the semen. […] The most common known cause is prostate biopsy. Less common causes include other instrumentation or trauma, benign prostatic hyperplasia, infections (eg, prostatitis, urethritis, epididymitis), and prostate cancer (in men 35 to 40 years). Occasionally, tumors of the seminal vesicles and testes are associated with hematospermia. Hemangiomas of the prostatic urethra or spermatic duct may cause massive hematospermia. […] Patients whose symptoms followed prostate biopsy can be reassured that the hematospermia is harmless and will go away, although it often persists for several weeks.

• #9 Hematospermia (blood in semen) | The Urology Group of Virginia

  https://www.urologygroupvirginia.com/urologic-care/hematuria/hematospermia-blood-in-semen

  Hematospermia is the word used to describe the presence of blood in the semen. Blood in the semen is actually a fairly common condition. It is almost always a benign condition that is not a sign of anything which would potentially pose a threat to a mans health. […] When blood is present in the semen, it arises from either the seminal vesicle or prostate. […] The most common cause for blood in the semen is the rupture of a small blood vessel in the seminal vesicle or prostate during erection and ejaculation. Blood vessels can break open in the seminal vesicle and prostate just the same as a blood vessel can break open in the nose after sneezing and cause a nose bleed. […] Provided the above examinations show normal findings, nothing further needs to be done. Hematospermia usually resolves on its own over time.

• #10 Blood in semen: Causes and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/blood-in-semen

  Doctors call blood in the semen hematospermia. This may accompany pain and other symptoms, or happen independently. Injuries, infections, and prostate issues are common causes. […] When there is blood in the semen, the blood usually comes from either the prostate or the seminal vesicles, which make the majority of the semen. […] In at least 70% of cases, however, a doctor is not able to identify the exact cause. […] The most common reasons for this type of bleeding include: […] A blood vessel in the prostate or seminal vesicles can rupture during sex or ejaculation. […] Long periods of abstinence from sexual intercourse may cause blood to appear in the semen. […] In males under 40, an infection or related inflammation is the most common reason for blood to appear in the semen. […] Sustaining an injury to the urinary tract or genitals may cause blood to appear in the semen.

• #11

  https://community.prostatecanceruk.org/posts/t21616-Blood-in-Semen-for-4-weeks

  Blood in semen (haematospermi) can be caused by prostate cancer, but it’s extremely unlikely unless you have other symptoms. However, it sounds like you are being checked out, which is the right thing to do. […] Blood in semen more usually comes from the seminal vesicles (which produce the thick white part of the semen) than from the prostate (which produces the clear liquid part of the semen, although prostate tries to mix them together during ejaculation). […] As many of us know from having had prostate biopsies, it can take up to 6 weeks to clear blood out of the prostate once it’s leaked into the ducts. However, it’s only bright red for a few days after it leaked, and it then turns dark brown (literally, the iron in the leaked blood goes rusty, same as for a scab) for the rest of the time it’s being ejected.

• #12 Hematospermia (blood in semen) | The Urology Group of Virginia

  https://www.urologygroupvirginia.com/urologic-care/hematuria/hematospermia-blood-in-semen

  Hematospermia is the word used to describe the presence of blood in the semen. Blood in the semen is actually a fairly common condition. It is almost always a benign condition that is not a sign of anything which would potentially pose a threat to a mans health. […] When blood is present in the semen, it arises from either the seminal vesicle or prostate. […] The most common cause for blood in the semen is the rupture of a small blood vessel in the seminal vesicle or prostate during erection and ejaculation. Blood vessels can break open in the seminal vesicle and prostate just the same as a blood vessel can break open in the nose after sneezing and cause a nose bleed. […] Provided the above examinations show normal findings, nothing further needs to be done. Hematospermia usually resolves on its own over time.

• #13 Blood in Your Semen: Cause for Alarm? – Watch WebMD Video

  https://www.webmd.com/men/video/marks-blood-semen

  Blood in the semen is, almost always, nothing at all. It is a symptom of a small blood vessel probably breaking, often during sex, sometimes when men are bearing down with heavy lifting or straining, sometimes with a difficult bowel movement if they’re constipated, sometimes for no reason at all. […] Now if you’re an older guy, it could be a sign of prostate cancer or a kind of urethra or bladder cancer. But I’ve only seen that once in 20 years. It’s almost always nothing.

• #14 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Does-Blood-in-Semen-Mean.aspx

  The presence of blood in the seminal fluid is often a shocker. It was reported as long back as the time of Hippocrates. About 15% of cases still occur without obvious cause. The rest may be attributed to several causes. […] The most common causes include cysts in the seminal vesicles or ejaculatory duct or bleeding into the duct, making up over two-thirds of hematospermia patients in one study. […] Any obstruction of the ejaculatory duct or cysts formed inside the prostate or seminal vesicles can lead to the appearance of blood in the semen. This is due to the dilatation of the blood vessels near the blocked duct, leading to vessel rupture. […] The growth of tumors, including benign polyps or cancers of the testis, prostate, epididymis, or seminal vesicles, can cause hematospermia. Still, cancer risk in men who have this symptom remains low, at 3.5%.

• #15 Blood in Semen: Causes, Related Symptoms, Tests, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/men/blood-in-semen-hematospermia-causes-symptoms-tests-treatments

  Blood in the semen is called hematospermia or hemospermia. […] Blood in the semen can come from several different sources: […] Infection and inflammation. This is the most common cause of blood in the semen. Blood can come from an infection or inflammation, in any of the glands, tubes, or ducts that produce and move semen from the body. […] It can also come from an STI (sexually transmitted infection) such as gonorrhea or chlamydia, or from another viral or bacterial infection. Infection and inflammation are the culprits behind nearly four out of every ten cases of blood in the semen. […] Trauma or a medical procedure. Blood in the semen is common after medical procedures. […] Procedures done as treatment for urinary problems can also cause mild trauma that leads to temporary bleeding.

• #16 Hematospermia: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy and Physiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/457632-overview

  Hematospermia can also be caused by prostatic telangiectasia and varices. This diagnosis is confirmed with endoscopic evaluation using either flexible or rigid cystoscopy. […] With the advent of TRUS-guided prostate biopsy for the diagnosis of prostate cancer, a new etiology of hematospermia has emerged. […] The rate of hematospermia following transrectal biopsy of the prostate has varied from 9-84%. […] Brachytherapy as treatment for prostate cancer involves inserting radioactive seeds directly into the prostate. This procedure has been shown to cause hematospermia in up to 17% of patients who undergo this treatment. […] Urethritis has long been recognized as a cause of hematospermia, especially in younger men. […] Many authors have cited congenital and acquired seminal vesicle cysts as a cause of hematospermia.

• #17 Hematospermia: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy and Physiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/457632-overview

  Infections and inflammatory disorders account for 40% of cases. Infectious causes of hematospermia include, but are not limited to, tuberculosis (TB), HIV infection, and cytomegalovirus infection. […] Trauma has been cited as a cause of hematospermia in several case reports. […] Systemic disorders that are associated with hematospermia include hypertension, chronic liver disease, amyloidosis, lymphoma, and bleeding diatheses (eg, von Willebrand disease). […] Hematospermia is usually self-limited; however, when hematospermia is an indicator of underlying urologic disease, the prognosis depends on the underlying disease.

• #18 Hematospermia demystified – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/hematospermia-demystified-2009031142

  Few things alarm a man and his partner more than seeing bloody ejaculate, a condition called hematospermia, or hemospermia. […] Inflammation of any of the organs, glands, or ducts involved in the production or storage of seminal fluid can lead to hematospermia. […] Inflammation can be caused by irritation or trauma; stones or calcified deposits in the prostate, seminal vesicles, bladder, or urethra; and infections with viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. […] Some studies have shown that inflammation and infection are the most common causes of hematospermia in younger men (the average age of hematospermia patients is 37) and up to 39% of cases over all. […] Obstructed ducts, such as the ejaculatory duct, and the formation of cysts in the prostate or seminal vesicles can cause hematospermia.

• #19 Evaluation and Treatment of Hematospermia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1215/p1421.html

  Patients with risk factors or associated symptoms, patients 40 years and older, and patients with persistent or recurrent hematospermia need more extensive evaluation and may need to be referred to a urologist. […] Of specific etiologies, infectious conditions are the most common, accounting for approximately 40 percent of hematospermia cases. […] Other etiologies include inflammatory, neoplastic (e.g., prostate cancer, testicular cancer), iatrogenic (e.g., prostate biopsy [most common], prostate surgery, urologic instrumentation, radiation therapy, hemorrhoid injections), structural, systemic, and vascular causes. […] The goal of clinical assessment is to identify significant or treatable underlying causes of hematospermia. […] Once true hematospermia has been confirmed, three key factors help guide further evaluation: age of the patient, duration of symptoms, and presence of associated symptoms or risk factors.

• #20

  https://www.baus.org.uk/patients/conditions/1/blood_in_the_semen_haematospermia/

  The commonest cause of blood in the semen is low-grade infection or inflammation in the seminal tract (particularly in the prostate gland). […] Most patients with blood in the semen have low-grade prostate, urethral or seminal vesicle inflammation which requires no specific treatment and usually resolves spontaneously. […] Although there are many potential causes for blood in the semen, it is often difficult to identify a clear cause. Those most often found are: low-grade seminal tract infection (urinary tract infection); blood disorders (e.g. sickle cell disease, clotting disorders, anticoagulant and anti-platelet drugs); recent urological surgery (e.g. cystoscopy, prostatic biopsy, vasectomy, vasectomy reversal); testicular or prostate cancer (very rare); and other causes, including less common infections (e.g. tuberculosis, schistosomiasis).

• #21 Blood in Semen: Causes, Related Symptoms, Tests, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/men/blood-in-semen-hematospermia-causes-symptoms-tests-treatments

  Blood in the semen is called hematospermia or hemospermia. […] Blood in the semen can come from several different sources: […] Infection and inflammation. This is the most common cause of blood in the semen. Blood can come from an infection or inflammation, in any of the glands, tubes, or ducts that produce and move semen from the body. […] It can also come from an STI (sexually transmitted infection) such as gonorrhea or chlamydia, or from another viral or bacterial infection. Infection and inflammation are the culprits behind nearly four out of every ten cases of blood in the semen. […] Trauma or a medical procedure. Blood in the semen is common after medical procedures. […] Procedures done as treatment for urinary problems can also cause mild trauma that leads to temporary bleeding.

• #22 Hematospermia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematospermia

  Hematospermia (also known as haematospermia, hemospermia, or haemospermia) is the presence of blood in the ejaculate. It is most often a benign symptom. Among men age 40 or older, hematospermia is a slight predictor of cancer, typically prostate cancer. No specific cause is found in up to 70% of cases. […] Though haematospermia may cause considerable distress to patients, it is often a benign and self-limiting condition caused by infections, particularly in younger patients. An isolated episode is usually considered benign and not likely to be associated with malignancy. Recurrent haematospermia may indicate a more serious underlying pathology particularly in patients over 40 years of age. […] Infection or inflammation is considered the most common cause of the condition. Implicated pathogens include; Gram-negative bacteria (often E. coli), gonococci, Treponema pallidum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, echinococcus (rarely), HSV type 1 or 2, and HPV. The condition may also rarely be caused by some chronic systemic infections like tuberculosis or schistosomiasis. Additionally, testicular, prostate, and epididymal inflammation in general may present with haematospermia as feature.

• #23 Hematospermia: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy and Physiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/457632-overview

  Hematospermia can also be caused by prostatic telangiectasia and varices. This diagnosis is confirmed with endoscopic evaluation using either flexible or rigid cystoscopy. […] With the advent of TRUS-guided prostate biopsy for the diagnosis of prostate cancer, a new etiology of hematospermia has emerged. […] The rate of hematospermia following transrectal biopsy of the prostate has varied from 9-84%. […] Brachytherapy as treatment for prostate cancer involves inserting radioactive seeds directly into the prostate. This procedure has been shown to cause hematospermia in up to 17% of patients who undergo this treatment. […] Urethritis has long been recognized as a cause of hematospermia, especially in younger men. […] Many authors have cited congenital and acquired seminal vesicle cysts as a cause of hematospermia.

• #24 Blood in Semen Causes & After Prostate Biopsy, Sex, & Vasectomy

  https://www.medicinenet.com/blood_in_semen/article.htm

  The following conditions have been reported in association with hematospermia: Benign or malignant tumors of the prostate, bladder, testes, or seminal vesicles; Infections include, but are not limited to, chlamydia, herpes, cytomegalovirus, and trichomoniasis; Inflammation of the prostate (prostatitis), epididymis (epididymitis), or urethra (urethritis); Calculi (stones similar to kidney stones) in the seminal vesicles or prostate; Polyps in the urethra; Ejaculation duct obstructions; Metastatic cancers (that have spread from other sites in the body) located in the genitourinary system; Cysts, hemorrhage, or other abnormalities in the seminal vesicles. […] Treatment of blood in the semen is directed toward the underlying cause if a cause has been found. […] However, most cases of hematospermia are benign and resolve without treatment. While cancer is a rare cause of blood in the semen, the majority of cases are not related to cancer, especially in younger men.

• #25 Hematospermia: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy and Physiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/457632-overview

  Infections and inflammatory disorders account for 40% of cases. Infectious causes of hematospermia include, but are not limited to, tuberculosis (TB), HIV infection, and cytomegalovirus infection. […] Trauma has been cited as a cause of hematospermia in several case reports. […] Systemic disorders that are associated with hematospermia include hypertension, chronic liver disease, amyloidosis, lymphoma, and bleeding diatheses (eg, von Willebrand disease). […] Hematospermia is usually self-limited; however, when hematospermia is an indicator of underlying urologic disease, the prognosis depends on the underlying disease.

• #26 Etiologic classification, evaluation, and management of hematospermia – Suh – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/15603/html

  Although the precise pathogenesis of this rare clinical entity is not yet known, it is believed to be caused by a blockage of prostatic ducts leading to stasis of prostate gland secretions, subsequently resulting in an inflammatory response. […] Han et al. found evidence that there is an increased risk of prostate cancer for people with hematospermia. […] Hematospermia is reported in about 10% of the cases of genitourinary tuberculosis. […] Cytomegalovirus is a common virus throughout the world that comes from the order Herpesvirales. […] Hematospermia often becomes an issue by creating anxiety in the affected person, or by signaling an internal problem that must be seriously evaluated by the evaluating physician. […] Spontaneous bleeding has been known to occur in patients who were HIV-positive hemophiliacs taking HIV protease inhibitors.

• #27 Blood in Semen – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/symptoms-of-kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/blood-in-semen

  Schistosoma haematobium, a parasitic worm that commonly causes infections (schistosomiasis) in Africa, India, and parts of the Middle East can invade the urinary tract, causing blood to appear in the urine and often in semen. […] In men who have bleeding that has lasted less than a month, have not been in areas where schistosomiasis is prevalent, and have no warning signs or abnormalities on examination, a cause cannot usually be found. […] In most cases, especially in men younger than 35 to 40 years and in men who recently had a prostate biopsy, blood in semen is not serious and resolves on its own. […] Treatment is directed at the cause, if known.

• #28 Etiologic classification, evaluation, and management of hematospermia – Suh – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/15603/html

  Although the precise pathogenesis of this rare clinical entity is not yet known, it is believed to be caused by a blockage of prostatic ducts leading to stasis of prostate gland secretions, subsequently resulting in an inflammatory response. […] Han et al. found evidence that there is an increased risk of prostate cancer for people with hematospermia. […] Hematospermia is reported in about 10% of the cases of genitourinary tuberculosis. […] Cytomegalovirus is a common virus throughout the world that comes from the order Herpesvirales. […] Hematospermia often becomes an issue by creating anxiety in the affected person, or by signaling an internal problem that must be seriously evaluated by the evaluating physician. […] Spontaneous bleeding has been known to occur in patients who were HIV-positive hemophiliacs taking HIV protease inhibitors.

• #29 Is blood in semen dangerous? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/blood-in-the-ejaculate-is-dangerous-en

  Normal semen is ivory white. If semen turns pink or red, it may indicate the presence of blood. This condition is sometimes harmless and resolves on its own without treatment. However, blood in semen can also be a warning sign of other underlying health issues. […] The presence of blood during ejaculation is called hematospermia. It is usually a painless, benign, isolated, and self-limiting symptom. […] Blood in semen is not uncommon and can affect any male at any age after puberty. The condition is benign and self-resolving but often recurs. However, the most commonly affected age group is men aged 30 to 40. […] The cause of blood in the semen is known or suspected to have a prior origin, such as immediately after a prostate biopsy, urinary tract infection, or cancer. […] Inflammation is one of the most common causes. The inflammatory process stimulates the mucosa, leading to congestion and edema of the ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate, verumontanum, and urethra, causing blood in the semen.

• #30 What Does Blood In Semen Mean? Is It Dangerous? – Diag

  https://diag.vn/en/thongtinyte/what-does-blood-in-semen-mean/

  Suspected or known causes of semen bleeding, such as immediately after a prostate biopsy, resulting in a urinary tract infection or even cancer letters. […] One of the most common causes of hematospermia is inflammation. Inflammation causes irritation to the mucous membranes, causing the tubes, glands of the seminal tract, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, urethra, and mounds to become congested and swollen, leading to the hematospermia. […] The most common infections, in this case, are Gram-positive, Enterobacteria (mainly Escherichia coli), bacillus, Chlamydia, and several other viruses. […] When the seminal vesicle is stretched for a long time, it causes blood vessels under the mucosa to rupture, which can be caused by: […] The most typical types of cancer are catheter cancer, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, and lymphoma.

• #31 Hematospermia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5904639/

  Various benign tumors may also induce hematospermia. […] Iatrogenic manipulation is considered to be the most frequent cause of hematospermia because of recent developments in instrumental diagnosis and treatment, and this can be easily clarified by looking into the recent medical history of subjects. […] Ejaculatory duct obstruction or cysts can induce hematospermia. […] Hematospermia has been associated with vascular abnormalities including hemangioma, arteriovenous fistula, and other vascular malformations. […] Although systemic conditions are less clearly related to hematospermia, severe uncontrolled hypertension and coagulation disorder, such as hemophilia and von Willebrand’s disease, have to be considered. […] Treatment for hematospermia depends on the underlying pathological conditions, if detected.

• #32 Evaluation and Treatment of Hematospermia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1215/p1421.html

  Hematospermia can be a distressing symptom for patients, but most cases are effectively managed by a primary care physician. […] In men 40 years and older, iatrogenic hematospermia from urogenital instrumentation or prostate biopsy is the most common cause of blood in the semen. […] Other etiologies to consider in those 40 years and older include genitourinary infections, inflammations, vascular malformations, stones, tumors, and systemic disorders that increase bleeding risk. […] Presence of blood in the semen, known as hematospermia or hemospermia, is often a frightening finding for patients. […] Most cases of hematospermia can be appropriately managed by primary care physicians. […] Hematospermia is commonly benign and self-limited, especially in men younger than 40 years without risk factors and in men with no associated symptoms.

• #33 Hematospermia: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy and Physiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/457632-overview

  Hematospermia can also be caused by prostatic telangiectasia and varices. This diagnosis is confirmed with endoscopic evaluation using either flexible or rigid cystoscopy. […] With the advent of TRUS-guided prostate biopsy for the diagnosis of prostate cancer, a new etiology of hematospermia has emerged. […] The rate of hematospermia following transrectal biopsy of the prostate has varied from 9-84%. […] Brachytherapy as treatment for prostate cancer involves inserting radioactive seeds directly into the prostate. This procedure has been shown to cause hematospermia in up to 17% of patients who undergo this treatment. […] Urethritis has long been recognized as a cause of hematospermia, especially in younger men. […] Many authors have cited congenital and acquired seminal vesicle cysts as a cause of hematospermia.

• #34 Hematospermia – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hematospermia

  Hematospermia, the presence of grossly bloody or blood-tinged penile (seminal) ejaculate, is an uncommon condition. While it is usually alarming to patients, the cause is almost always benign. […] The most important lesson from the literature is that hematospermia is almost never a sign of cancer in younger patients. […] The most common cause of hematospermia is a prostate biopsy. Hematospermia occurs in more than 80 percent of men undergoing prostate biopsy and lasts for an average of three to four weeks. Hematospermia is also common after radiation treatment for prostate cancer, occurring in as many as 25 percent of patients after external beam radiation and 17 percent after brachytherapy. In addition, vasectomy can cause hematospermia for a week or more.

• #35 Blood in Semen Causes & After Prostate Biopsy, Sex, & Vasectomy

  https://www.medicinenet.com/blood_in_semen/article.htm

  Hematospermia is another name for blood in semen. Hematospermia is not always noticed; therefore, it is difficult to make estimates of its incidence. […] Blood in semen can be caused by many conditions affecting the male genitourinary system. Areas affected may include the bladder, urethra, the testicles, the tubes that distribute semen from the testicles (known as the seminal vesicles), the epididymis (a segment of the spermatic ducts that serves to store, mature, and transport sperm), and the prostate gland. […] Blood in the semen is most commonly a result of a prostate gland biopsy. A majority of men who undergo a prostate biopsy may have some blood in their semen that persists for three to four weeks. […] In men with hematospermia who have not had a recent prostate biopsy or vasectomy, several benign and malignant conditions of the male genital system may be the cause.

• #36 Blood in semen

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/blood-in-semen/basics/causes/sym-20050603

  Having recent prostate surgery or a prostate biopsy can cause blood in semen for several weeks after the procedure. […] Most often, no cause can be found for blood in semen. Infection might be a cause. But infection is likely to have other symptoms. These may include pain while urinating or urinating more often. […] A lot of blood in semen or blood that keeps coming back might be a warning sign for conditions such as cancer. But this is rare. […] Possible causes of blood in semen: A lot of sexual activity or masturbation. Blood vessel malformation, a tangle of blood vessels that disrupts blood flow. Conditions that cause the urinary or reproductive organs to become inflamed. Infections of the urinary or reproductive organs from germs or fungus. Not having sex for a long time. Radiation therapy to the pelvis. Recent urological procedures, such as a bladder scope, prostate biopsy or vasectomy. Trauma to the pelvis or genitals. Side effects of medicines that thin the blood, such as warfarin. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #37

  https://www.baus.org.uk/patients/conditions/1/blood_in_the_semen_haematospermia/

  The commonest cause of blood in the semen is low-grade infection or inflammation in the seminal tract (particularly in the prostate gland). […] Most patients with blood in the semen have low-grade prostate, urethral or seminal vesicle inflammation which requires no specific treatment and usually resolves spontaneously. […] Although there are many potential causes for blood in the semen, it is often difficult to identify a clear cause. Those most often found are: low-grade seminal tract infection (urinary tract infection); blood disorders (e.g. sickle cell disease, clotting disorders, anticoagulant and anti-platelet drugs); recent urological surgery (e.g. cystoscopy, prostatic biopsy, vasectomy, vasectomy reversal); testicular or prostate cancer (very rare); and other causes, including less common infections (e.g. tuberculosis, schistosomiasis).

• #38 Hematospermia: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy and Physiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/457632-overview

  Hematospermia can also be caused by prostatic telangiectasia and varices. This diagnosis is confirmed with endoscopic evaluation using either flexible or rigid cystoscopy. […] With the advent of TRUS-guided prostate biopsy for the diagnosis of prostate cancer, a new etiology of hematospermia has emerged. […] The rate of hematospermia following transrectal biopsy of the prostate has varied from 9-84%. […] Brachytherapy as treatment for prostate cancer involves inserting radioactive seeds directly into the prostate. This procedure has been shown to cause hematospermia in up to 17% of patients who undergo this treatment. […] Urethritis has long been recognized as a cause of hematospermia, especially in younger men. […] Many authors have cited congenital and acquired seminal vesicle cysts as a cause of hematospermia.

• #39 Hematospermia – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hematospermia

  Hematospermia, the presence of grossly bloody or blood-tinged penile (seminal) ejaculate, is an uncommon condition. While it is usually alarming to patients, the cause is almost always benign. […] The most important lesson from the literature is that hematospermia is almost never a sign of cancer in younger patients. […] The most common cause of hematospermia is a prostate biopsy. Hematospermia occurs in more than 80 percent of men undergoing prostate biopsy and lasts for an average of three to four weeks. Hematospermia is also common after radiation treatment for prostate cancer, occurring in as many as 25 percent of patients after external beam radiation and 17 percent after brachytherapy. In addition, vasectomy can cause hematospermia for a week or more.

• #40 Blood in semen

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/blood-in-semen/basics/causes/sym-20050603

  Having recent prostate surgery or a prostate biopsy can cause blood in semen for several weeks after the procedure. […] Most often, no cause can be found for blood in semen. Infection might be a cause. But infection is likely to have other symptoms. These may include pain while urinating or urinating more often. […] A lot of blood in semen or blood that keeps coming back might be a warning sign for conditions such as cancer. But this is rare. […] Possible causes of blood in semen: A lot of sexual activity or masturbation. Blood vessel malformation, a tangle of blood vessels that disrupts blood flow. Conditions that cause the urinary or reproductive organs to become inflamed. Infections of the urinary or reproductive organs from germs or fungus. Not having sex for a long time. Radiation therapy to the pelvis. Recent urological procedures, such as a bladder scope, prostate biopsy or vasectomy. Trauma to the pelvis or genitals. Side effects of medicines that thin the blood, such as warfarin. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #41 Hematospermia: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy and Physiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/457632-overview

  Infections and inflammatory disorders account for 40% of cases. Infectious causes of hematospermia include, but are not limited to, tuberculosis (TB), HIV infection, and cytomegalovirus infection. […] Trauma has been cited as a cause of hematospermia in several case reports. […] Systemic disorders that are associated with hematospermia include hypertension, chronic liver disease, amyloidosis, lymphoma, and bleeding diatheses (eg, von Willebrand disease). […] Hematospermia is usually self-limited; however, when hematospermia is an indicator of underlying urologic disease, the prognosis depends on the underlying disease.

• #42 Blood in the Semen: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/blood-in-the-semen

  Benign polyps or malignant tumors in the prostate, testicles, epididymis, or seminal vesicles could lead to blood in your semen. […] Vascular abnormalities in the male genitals, such as vascular cysts, could explain the blood youve seen in your semen. […] Conditions that affect your whole body can cause blood in your semen. These include hypertension (high blood pressure) and hemophilia (disorder that leads to easy and excessive bleeding). Other possibilities include leukemia and chronic liver disease. […] Physical trauma, such as being hit in your testicles while playing sports, can lead to blood in your semen. Trauma can cause blood vessels to leak, and that blood may leave your body in semen. A medical procedure like a prostate exam or biopsy or a vasectomy can cause blood in your semen.

• #43 Blood in semen

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/blood-in-semen/basics/causes/sym-20050603

  Having recent prostate surgery or a prostate biopsy can cause blood in semen for several weeks after the procedure. […] Most often, no cause can be found for blood in semen. Infection might be a cause. But infection is likely to have other symptoms. These may include pain while urinating or urinating more often. […] A lot of blood in semen or blood that keeps coming back might be a warning sign for conditions such as cancer. But this is rare. […] Possible causes of blood in semen: A lot of sexual activity or masturbation. Blood vessel malformation, a tangle of blood vessels that disrupts blood flow. Conditions that cause the urinary or reproductive organs to become inflamed. Infections of the urinary or reproductive organs from germs or fungus. Not having sex for a long time. Radiation therapy to the pelvis. Recent urological procedures, such as a bladder scope, prostate biopsy or vasectomy. Trauma to the pelvis or genitals. Side effects of medicines that thin the blood, such as warfarin. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #44 Hematospermia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5904639/

  Various benign tumors may also induce hematospermia. […] Iatrogenic manipulation is considered to be the most frequent cause of hematospermia because of recent developments in instrumental diagnosis and treatment, and this can be easily clarified by looking into the recent medical history of subjects. […] Ejaculatory duct obstruction or cysts can induce hematospermia. […] Hematospermia has been associated with vascular abnormalities including hemangioma, arteriovenous fistula, and other vascular malformations. […] Although systemic conditions are less clearly related to hematospermia, severe uncontrolled hypertension and coagulation disorder, such as hemophilia and von Willebrand’s disease, have to be considered. […] Treatment for hematospermia depends on the underlying pathological conditions, if detected.

• #45 Hematospermia: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy and Physiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/457632-overview

  Hematospermia can also be caused by prostatic telangiectasia and varices. This diagnosis is confirmed with endoscopic evaluation using either flexible or rigid cystoscopy. […] With the advent of TRUS-guided prostate biopsy for the diagnosis of prostate cancer, a new etiology of hematospermia has emerged. […] The rate of hematospermia following transrectal biopsy of the prostate has varied from 9-84%. […] Brachytherapy as treatment for prostate cancer involves inserting radioactive seeds directly into the prostate. This procedure has been shown to cause hematospermia in up to 17% of patients who undergo this treatment. […] Urethritis has long been recognized as a cause of hematospermia, especially in younger men. […] Many authors have cited congenital and acquired seminal vesicle cysts as a cause of hematospermia.

• #46 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Does-Blood-in-Semen-Mean.aspx

  The presence of blood in the seminal fluid is often a shocker. It was reported as long back as the time of Hippocrates. About 15% of cases still occur without obvious cause. The rest may be attributed to several causes. […] The most common causes include cysts in the seminal vesicles or ejaculatory duct or bleeding into the duct, making up over two-thirds of hematospermia patients in one study. […] Any obstruction of the ejaculatory duct or cysts formed inside the prostate or seminal vesicles can lead to the appearance of blood in the semen. This is due to the dilatation of the blood vessels near the blocked duct, leading to vessel rupture. […] The growth of tumors, including benign polyps or cancers of the testis, prostate, epididymis, or seminal vesicles, can cause hematospermia. Still, cancer risk in men who have this symptom remains low, at 3.5%.

• #47 Etiologic classification, evaluation, and management of hematospermia – Suh – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/15603/html

  Hematospermia can result due to dilation of the ejaculatory duct and seminal vesicle cysts. […] Hemorrhage in the seminal vesicles, vas deferens, or mullerian duct is usually present in patients with hematospermia. […] Hematospermia usually self-resolves in many cases, stopping in occurrence over time, especially for patients below the age of 40. […] If the seminal vesicles are dilated, and the patient has no resolution of hematospermia after conservative therapies, then the patient may opt to undergo bilateral seminal vesicle puncture and drug injection with ultrasound guidance to stop hematospermia.

• #48 Blood in Semen Causes & After Prostate Biopsy, Sex, & Vasectomy

  https://www.medicinenet.com/blood_in_semen/article.htm

  The following conditions have been reported in association with hematospermia: Benign or malignant tumors of the prostate, bladder, testes, or seminal vesicles; Infections include, but are not limited to, chlamydia, herpes, cytomegalovirus, and trichomoniasis; Inflammation of the prostate (prostatitis), epididymis (epididymitis), or urethra (urethritis); Calculi (stones similar to kidney stones) in the seminal vesicles or prostate; Polyps in the urethra; Ejaculation duct obstructions; Metastatic cancers (that have spread from other sites in the body) located in the genitourinary system; Cysts, hemorrhage, or other abnormalities in the seminal vesicles. […] Treatment of blood in the semen is directed toward the underlying cause if a cause has been found. […] However, most cases of hematospermia are benign and resolve without treatment. While cancer is a rare cause of blood in the semen, the majority of cases are not related to cancer, especially in younger men.

• #49 Why Is Blood in Semen a Cause of Concern? – By Dr. Amit Joshi | Lybrate

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/why-is-blood-in-semen-a-cause-of-concern/9230b96196cb6e5f2a5cf366827b2626

  It is also caused by infections such as Herpes, Chlamydia and Trichomoniasis. […] Sometimes, there are kidney stones found in the prostate called calculi, this is the most common reason for blood in semen. […] Blood in semen can also be caused due to parasitic infection, tuberculosis or chronic liver diseases.

• #50 Blood in Semen (Hematospermia): Causes & Treatment

  https://www.acko.com/health-insurance/blood-in-semen-hematospermia/

  When the prostate gland becomes inflamed, it can lead to Blood in Semen. This condition may also cause pain or discomfort in the pelvic area and during ejaculation. […] Any injury or surgical procedure that affects the reproductive organs can potentially cause this condition. This can include procedures such as a prostate biopsy or surgery to treat conditions like testicular cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). […] BPH can result in urinary symptoms such as frequent urination, weak urine flow, and difficulty emptying the bladder. In addition to these symptoms, BPH can also cause Blood in Semen. This occurs when the enlarged prostate gland puts pressure on the blood vessels in the reproductive system, leading to bleeding during ejaculation. […] It is the most common cancer in men and typically develops in the prostate gland. In addition to Blood in Semen, symptoms of prostate cancer may include frequent urination, difficulty initiating or stopping urine flow, weak urine flow, and pain in the pelvic area. If blood is present in the semen, it may indicate that the cancer has spread beyond the prostate gland.

• #51 Is blood in semen dangerous? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/blood-in-the-ejaculate-is-dangerous-en

  The following are common causes: Inflammation and Infection, Seminal Vesicle Obstruction and Seminal Vesicle Cysts, Cancer, Systemic Diseases, Local Invasive Procedures, Urethral Varices. […] Whenever blood is detected in semen, men should see a doctor for both local and general examinations. […] In general, blood in semen sometimes does not require any treatment as the condition often resolves on its own. This is usually true for primary blood in semen, meaning there is no known cause. […] Conversely, patients over 40 years old with prolonged blood in semen, especially with other symptoms, need to be examined by a urology specialist.

• #52 Blood in Semen Causes & After Prostate Biopsy, Sex, & Vasectomy

  https://www.medicinenet.com/blood_in_semen/article.htm

  The following conditions have been reported in association with hematospermia: Benign or malignant tumors of the prostate, bladder, testes, or seminal vesicles; Infections include, but are not limited to, chlamydia, herpes, cytomegalovirus, and trichomoniasis; Inflammation of the prostate (prostatitis), epididymis (epididymitis), or urethra (urethritis); Calculi (stones similar to kidney stones) in the seminal vesicles or prostate; Polyps in the urethra; Ejaculation duct obstructions; Metastatic cancers (that have spread from other sites in the body) located in the genitourinary system; Cysts, hemorrhage, or other abnormalities in the seminal vesicles. […] Treatment of blood in the semen is directed toward the underlying cause if a cause has been found. […] However, most cases of hematospermia are benign and resolve without treatment. While cancer is a rare cause of blood in the semen, the majority of cases are not related to cancer, especially in younger men.

• #53 Blood in Semen – Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Dubai

  https://emirateshospitals.ae/symptoms/blood-in-semen-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Blood in semen, medically termed hematospermia, can be a concerning symptom, although it’s often benign, especially in men under 40. It can manifest as a small streak of blood or a more noticeable reddish or brownish discoloration of the ejaculate. While sometimes alarming, hematospermia frequently resolves on its own. […] Several potential causes exist for blood in semen: […] In younger men, common culprits include infections of the urinary tract or prostate, often sexually transmitted. […] Inflammation of the prostate (prostatitis) or seminal vesicles can also lead to hematospermia. […] Urethral strictures, or narrowing of the urethra, can cause bleeding. […] Sometimes, vigorous sexual activity or trauma to the groin area can result in temporary hematospermia. […] In older men, the risk of more serious conditions, such as prostate cancer or bladder cancer, increases, although these are less common causes of hematospermia.

• #54 Hematospermia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5904639/

  Various benign tumors may also induce hematospermia. […] Iatrogenic manipulation is considered to be the most frequent cause of hematospermia because of recent developments in instrumental diagnosis and treatment, and this can be easily clarified by looking into the recent medical history of subjects. […] Ejaculatory duct obstruction or cysts can induce hematospermia. […] Hematospermia has been associated with vascular abnormalities including hemangioma, arteriovenous fistula, and other vascular malformations. […] Although systemic conditions are less clearly related to hematospermia, severe uncontrolled hypertension and coagulation disorder, such as hemophilia and von Willebrand’s disease, have to be considered. […] Treatment for hematospermia depends on the underlying pathological conditions, if detected.

• #55 Hematospermia demystified – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/hematospermia-demystified-2009031142

  Benign polyps and malignant tumors of the prostate, testicles, epididymis, and seminal vesicles may cause hematospermia. […] Blood vessel abnormalities in the seminal vesicles, bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles, and spermatic cord (the vas deferens and its accompanying arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatic vessels) may be the source of bleeding. […] Several diseases and disorders that affect the whole body have been linked to hematospermia. […] Most cases of hematospermia are probably caused, unintentionally, by medical procedures. […] The treatment for hematospermia, obviously, depends on the cause. Infection, for example, should be treated with antibiotics. […] While hematospermia can certainly be frightening, it is a benign disorder in most patients.

• #56 Hematospermia: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy and Physiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/457632-overview

  Hematospermia can also be caused by prostatic telangiectasia and varices. This diagnosis is confirmed with endoscopic evaluation using either flexible or rigid cystoscopy. […] With the advent of TRUS-guided prostate biopsy for the diagnosis of prostate cancer, a new etiology of hematospermia has emerged. […] The rate of hematospermia following transrectal biopsy of the prostate has varied from 9-84%. […] Brachytherapy as treatment for prostate cancer involves inserting radioactive seeds directly into the prostate. This procedure has been shown to cause hematospermia in up to 17% of patients who undergo this treatment. […] Urethritis has long been recognized as a cause of hematospermia, especially in younger men. […] Many authors have cited congenital and acquired seminal vesicle cysts as a cause of hematospermia.

• #57 Blood in Semen – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/symptoms-of-kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/blood-in-semen

  Blood in semen (called hematospermia, because sperm are mixed with blood in the semen) can be a frightening symptom, but it is usually not a sign of a serious problem. […] Blood in semen is not usually a sign of cancer and does not affect sexual function. […] Thus, blood could come from injury to any of these structures. […] The most common known cause is prostate biopsy. […] Less common causes include benign prostatic hyperplasia (a benign enlargement of the prostate gland), infections (for example, prostatitis, urethritis, or epididymitis), injury of the prostate, and prostate cancer (in men over 35 to 40 years). […] Occasionally, blood in semen occurs in men who have tumors of the seminal vesicles and testes. […] A mass of abnormal blood vessels (hemangioma) in the urethra or the ducts that connect the testes to the urethra (spermatic ducts) may cause quite a bit of blood to appear in semen.

• #58 Hematospermia (Blood in the Semen) – CK Birla Hospital

  https://www.ckbhospital.com/blogs/hematospermia/

  Just as with inflammation, infections in any organ, tube, duct or gland involved in the male genitals can cause blood in the semen. […] Blockages in ducts like the ejaculatory duct might cause the blood vessels in the area to enlarge and rupture. […] Malignant tumours or benign polyps in the seminal vesicles, epididymis, testicles or prostate could lead to blood in your semen. […] The blood you’ve noticed in your semen may be due to vascular anomalies in the male genitals, such as vascular cysts. […] Blood in your semen might result from physical damage, such as getting struck in the testicles while participating in sports. Trauma can cause blood vessels to leak, and that blood might leave your body in semen. […] Most cases of Hematospermia are cured on their own. […] Your doctor will recommend antibiotics if an infection is the reason for the blood in your semen. If the only problem is swelling, anti-inflammatory drugs are readily available.

• #59 Etiologic classification, evaluation, and management of hematospermia – Suh – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/15603/html

  Hematospermia can result due to dilation of the ejaculatory duct and seminal vesicle cysts. […] Hemorrhage in the seminal vesicles, vas deferens, or mullerian duct is usually present in patients with hematospermia. […] Hematospermia usually self-resolves in many cases, stopping in occurrence over time, especially for patients below the age of 40. […] If the seminal vesicles are dilated, and the patient has no resolution of hematospermia after conservative therapies, then the patient may opt to undergo bilateral seminal vesicle puncture and drug injection with ultrasound guidance to stop hematospermia.

• #60 Hematospermia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5904639/

  Hematospermia is traditionally defined as the macroscopic presence of blood in the semen. […] Pathological changes at any point along the anatomical passage of the seminal fluid throughout the ejaculation process can lead to hematospermia. […] Hematospermia has been, historically, related to sexual overindulgence, prolonged sexual abstinence, and interrupted sexual intercourse. The presence of blood in the semen is known to be induced by inflammation, infection, tumors, blockage or injury, vascular abnormalities, systemic disease, and iatrogenic factors in any region within the male reproductive organs. […] The fear of underlying malignancy prompts many people with hematospermia to undergo examination, and although men over 40 years old have a slightly increased risk of malignancy, urogenital malignancy is an infrequent cause of hematospermia, with prostate, testis, and seminal vesicle tumors having been reported.

• #61 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Does-Blood-in-Semen-Mean.aspx

  The presence of blood in the seminal fluid is often a shocker. It was reported as long back as the time of Hippocrates. About 15% of cases still occur without obvious cause. The rest may be attributed to several causes. […] The most common causes include cysts in the seminal vesicles or ejaculatory duct or bleeding into the duct, making up over two-thirds of hematospermia patients in one study. […] Any obstruction of the ejaculatory duct or cysts formed inside the prostate or seminal vesicles can lead to the appearance of blood in the semen. This is due to the dilatation of the blood vessels near the blocked duct, leading to vessel rupture. […] The growth of tumors, including benign polyps or cancers of the testis, prostate, epididymis, or seminal vesicles, can cause hematospermia. Still, cancer risk in men who have this symptom remains low, at 3.5%.

• #62 Hematospermia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5904639/

  Various benign tumors may also induce hematospermia. […] Iatrogenic manipulation is considered to be the most frequent cause of hematospermia because of recent developments in instrumental diagnosis and treatment, and this can be easily clarified by looking into the recent medical history of subjects. […] Ejaculatory duct obstruction or cysts can induce hematospermia. […] Hematospermia has been associated with vascular abnormalities including hemangioma, arteriovenous fistula, and other vascular malformations. […] Although systemic conditions are less clearly related to hematospermia, severe uncontrolled hypertension and coagulation disorder, such as hemophilia and von Willebrand’s disease, have to be considered. […] Treatment for hematospermia depends on the underlying pathological conditions, if detected.

• #63 Hematospermia: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy and Physiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/457632-overview

  Hematospermia is defined as blood in the semen. While often perceived as having little significance, blood in the ejaculate can cause great concern to the men who experience it. The condition is common, with many episodes going unnoticed; therefore, the prevalence of hematospermia remains unknown. […] Hematospermia is most commonly secondary to an infectious or inflammatory etiology and follows a benign and self-limited course. […] Pathophysiology of the prostate can be a cause of hematospermia. The most common etiology is prostate biopsy, which produces self-limited hematospermia that resolves within approximately 1 month. […] Other authors have recognized prostate cancer as an etiologic factor. A study by Han et al reported a significantly increased risk of prostate cancer among men with hematospermia.

• #64 Etiologic classification, evaluation, and management of hematospermia – Suh – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/15603/html

  Although the precise pathogenesis of this rare clinical entity is not yet known, it is believed to be caused by a blockage of prostatic ducts leading to stasis of prostate gland secretions, subsequently resulting in an inflammatory response. […] Han et al. found evidence that there is an increased risk of prostate cancer for people with hematospermia. […] Hematospermia is reported in about 10% of the cases of genitourinary tuberculosis. […] Cytomegalovirus is a common virus throughout the world that comes from the order Herpesvirales. […] Hematospermia often becomes an issue by creating anxiety in the affected person, or by signaling an internal problem that must be seriously evaluated by the evaluating physician. […] Spontaneous bleeding has been known to occur in patients who were HIV-positive hemophiliacs taking HIV protease inhibitors.

• #65 Hematospermia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5904639/

  Hematospermia is traditionally defined as the macroscopic presence of blood in the semen. […] Pathological changes at any point along the anatomical passage of the seminal fluid throughout the ejaculation process can lead to hematospermia. […] Hematospermia has been, historically, related to sexual overindulgence, prolonged sexual abstinence, and interrupted sexual intercourse. The presence of blood in the semen is known to be induced by inflammation, infection, tumors, blockage or injury, vascular abnormalities, systemic disease, and iatrogenic factors in any region within the male reproductive organs. […] The fear of underlying malignancy prompts many people with hematospermia to undergo examination, and although men over 40 years old have a slightly increased risk of malignancy, urogenital malignancy is an infrequent cause of hematospermia, with prostate, testis, and seminal vesicle tumors having been reported.

• #66 Hematospermia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5904639/

  Hematospermia is traditionally defined as the macroscopic presence of blood in the semen. […] Pathological changes at any point along the anatomical passage of the seminal fluid throughout the ejaculation process can lead to hematospermia. […] Hematospermia has been, historically, related to sexual overindulgence, prolonged sexual abstinence, and interrupted sexual intercourse. The presence of blood in the semen is known to be induced by inflammation, infection, tumors, blockage or injury, vascular abnormalities, systemic disease, and iatrogenic factors in any region within the male reproductive organs. […] The fear of underlying malignancy prompts many people with hematospermia to undergo examination, and although men over 40 years old have a slightly increased risk of malignancy, urogenital malignancy is an infrequent cause of hematospermia, with prostate, testis, and seminal vesicle tumors having been reported.

• #67 Hematospermia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hematospermia-1?lang=us

  Hematospermia (less commonly hemospermia) refers to the presence of blood in semen or ejaculatory fluid. It is a symptom that can cause great anxiety in patients despite usually being of benign etiology. […] The etiology of hematospermia can be benign, including urogenital infections such as sexually transmitted diseases, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), trauma, iatrogenic causes, ejaculatory duct/seminal vesicular obstruction, chronic abstinence, and systemic conditions. […] Malignant causes of hematospermia include prostate cancer, bladder cancer, urethral cancer, testicular cancer, epididymal cancer, and seminal vesicle cancer.

• #68 Hematospermia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematospermia

  Some neoplasms of the genitourinary system may present with haematospermia. Malignant causes of haematospermia include; prostate cancer, testicular or epididymal tumours, seminal vesicle carcinoma (rarely), and urethral tumour. Lymphomas and leukaemias may also feature haematospermia as symptom. […] Various prostate pathologies (including prostatitis, calculi (stones), cysts, benign prostatic hyperplasia, bacterial infection, etc.) may result in blood occurring in the ejaculate. […] Systemic conditions like malignant hypertension, liver dysfunction, or bleeding disorders, and amyloidosis may sometimes be present with hematospermia as symptom. Trauma to the region may also cause the condition. Additionally, structural anomalies of genitourinary anatomy (e.g. vascular anomalies, polyps, urethral malformations, etc.) may result in hematospermia as symptom. […] The exact cause cannot be determined in up to 70% of patients.

• #69 Hematospermia demystified – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/hematospermia-demystified-2009031142

  Benign polyps and malignant tumors of the prostate, testicles, epididymis, and seminal vesicles may cause hematospermia. […] Blood vessel abnormalities in the seminal vesicles, bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles, and spermatic cord (the vas deferens and its accompanying arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatic vessels) may be the source of bleeding. […] Several diseases and disorders that affect the whole body have been linked to hematospermia. […] Most cases of hematospermia are probably caused, unintentionally, by medical procedures. […] The treatment for hematospermia, obviously, depends on the cause. Infection, for example, should be treated with antibiotics. […] While hematospermia can certainly be frightening, it is a benign disorder in most patients.

• #70 Hematospermia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5904639/

  Various benign tumors may also induce hematospermia. […] Iatrogenic manipulation is considered to be the most frequent cause of hematospermia because of recent developments in instrumental diagnosis and treatment, and this can be easily clarified by looking into the recent medical history of subjects. […] Ejaculatory duct obstruction or cysts can induce hematospermia. […] Hematospermia has been associated with vascular abnormalities including hemangioma, arteriovenous fistula, and other vascular malformations. […] Although systemic conditions are less clearly related to hematospermia, severe uncontrolled hypertension and coagulation disorder, such as hemophilia and von Willebrand’s disease, have to be considered. […] Treatment for hematospermia depends on the underlying pathological conditions, if detected.

• #71 Hematospermia: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy and Physiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/457632-overview

  Infections and inflammatory disorders account for 40% of cases. Infectious causes of hematospermia include, but are not limited to, tuberculosis (TB), HIV infection, and cytomegalovirus infection. […] Trauma has been cited as a cause of hematospermia in several case reports. […] Systemic disorders that are associated with hematospermia include hypertension, chronic liver disease, amyloidosis, lymphoma, and bleeding diatheses (eg, von Willebrand disease). […] Hematospermia is usually self-limited; however, when hematospermia is an indicator of underlying urologic disease, the prognosis depends on the underlying disease.

• #72 Evaluation and Treatment of Hematospermia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1215/p1421.html

  Hematospermia that is limited to a few episodes usually has an identifiable etiology (e.g., infection, intense sexual experiences) and is less concerning than persistent or recurring hematospermia, which can indicate a pathologic condition. […] Systemic diseases that may be associated with hematospermia include bleeding disorders; liver disease, which can affect clotting factor production; and severe uncontrolled hypertension, which is attributed to interference with clotting. […] If treatment is necessary, it should be directed at the diagnosed etiology.

• #73 Blood In Semen (Hematospermia): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.lifecell.in/blog/general/blood-in-semen?srsltid=AfmBOoo5a583jIQFkzk_uZJfo2WvncDm3ETRDsAan3ILxtC9N02Fb5T8

  High blood pressure or hypertension weakens the blood vessels everywhere in the body, even those found in the reproductive system. In some cases, this may lead to leakage of blood into the semen, thereby causing hematospermia. […] Obstructions or cysts in the seminal vesicles or ejaculatory ducts may cause blood in semen. These obstructions may prevent normal fluid flow and increase pressures that will eventually rupture the blood vessels. […] STIs such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea infection, may cause an inflammation and infection of the reproductive organs to cause blood in semen. […] While blood in semen often clears up on its own, neglecting it can result in the spread of infections, such as STIs, or further complicate prostate problems. Therefore prompt treatment is important to prevent severe complications.

• #74 Hematospermia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5904639/

  Various benign tumors may also induce hematospermia. […] Iatrogenic manipulation is considered to be the most frequent cause of hematospermia because of recent developments in instrumental diagnosis and treatment, and this can be easily clarified by looking into the recent medical history of subjects. […] Ejaculatory duct obstruction or cysts can induce hematospermia. […] Hematospermia has been associated with vascular abnormalities including hemangioma, arteriovenous fistula, and other vascular malformations. […] Although systemic conditions are less clearly related to hematospermia, severe uncontrolled hypertension and coagulation disorder, such as hemophilia and von Willebrand’s disease, have to be considered. […] Treatment for hematospermia depends on the underlying pathological conditions, if detected.

• #75 Evaluation and Treatment of Hematospermia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1215/p1421.html

  Hematospermia that is limited to a few episodes usually has an identifiable etiology (e.g., infection, intense sexual experiences) and is less concerning than persistent or recurring hematospermia, which can indicate a pathologic condition. […] Systemic diseases that may be associated with hematospermia include bleeding disorders; liver disease, which can affect clotting factor production; and severe uncontrolled hypertension, which is attributed to interference with clotting. […] If treatment is necessary, it should be directed at the diagnosed etiology.

• #76 Hematospermia: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy and Physiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/457632-overview

  Infections and inflammatory disorders account for 40% of cases. Infectious causes of hematospermia include, but are not limited to, tuberculosis (TB), HIV infection, and cytomegalovirus infection. […] Trauma has been cited as a cause of hematospermia in several case reports. […] Systemic disorders that are associated with hematospermia include hypertension, chronic liver disease, amyloidosis, lymphoma, and bleeding diatheses (eg, von Willebrand disease). […] Hematospermia is usually self-limited; however, when hematospermia is an indicator of underlying urologic disease, the prognosis depends on the underlying disease.

• #77 Blood in semen

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/blood-in-semen/basics/causes/sym-20050603

  Having recent prostate surgery or a prostate biopsy can cause blood in semen for several weeks after the procedure. […] Most often, no cause can be found for blood in semen. Infection might be a cause. But infection is likely to have other symptoms. These may include pain while urinating or urinating more often. […] A lot of blood in semen or blood that keeps coming back might be a warning sign for conditions such as cancer. But this is rare. […] Possible causes of blood in semen: A lot of sexual activity or masturbation. Blood vessel malformation, a tangle of blood vessels that disrupts blood flow. Conditions that cause the urinary or reproductive organs to become inflamed. Infections of the urinary or reproductive organs from germs or fungus. Not having sex for a long time. Radiation therapy to the pelvis. Recent urological procedures, such as a bladder scope, prostate biopsy or vasectomy. Trauma to the pelvis or genitals. Side effects of medicines that thin the blood, such as warfarin. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #78 Blood in Semen: 10 Causes (& How to Treat) – Tua Saúde

  https://www.tuasaude.com/en/blood-in-semen/

  Blood in the semen is typically a symptom of direct trauma, anticoagulant use or recent penile biopsies or tests. However it can also be a sign of a more serious health condition, like a sexually transmitted infection (STI), prostatitis or cancer. […] Semen with blood is usually not a serious finding and tends to resolve on its own within a few days without any specific treatment. […] If you notice blood in the semen frequently, or if it persists for over 3 days, you should see a urologist for further assessment and treatment as necessary. […] Direct trauma in the genital area (like a wound or a direct blow) is the most common cause of blood in the semen in men under the age of 40. […] Using certain medications, like anticoagulants such as warfarin or aspirin, can increase your risk for bleeding from small blood vessels.

• #79 Etiologic classification, evaluation, and management of hematospermia – Suh – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/15603/html

  Although the precise pathogenesis of this rare clinical entity is not yet known, it is believed to be caused by a blockage of prostatic ducts leading to stasis of prostate gland secretions, subsequently resulting in an inflammatory response. […] Han et al. found evidence that there is an increased risk of prostate cancer for people with hematospermia. […] Hematospermia is reported in about 10% of the cases of genitourinary tuberculosis. […] Cytomegalovirus is a common virus throughout the world that comes from the order Herpesvirales. […] Hematospermia often becomes an issue by creating anxiety in the affected person, or by signaling an internal problem that must be seriously evaluated by the evaluating physician. […] Spontaneous bleeding has been known to occur in patients who were HIV-positive hemophiliacs taking HIV protease inhibitors.

• #80 Hematospermia – What Should You Know About It?

  https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/hematospermia-what-should-you-know-james-elist-m-d-f-a-c-s-

  In this condition, appearance of blood in the semen can be explained by an underlying disease process such as prostate infection, prostate biopsy, urinary infection etc. […] Several medical conditions like HIV, high blood pressure, leukemia, etc. can also present with blood in semen. […] In addition, clinical data also indicates that in rare cases; parasitic infections, tuberculosis, chronic liver disease and hemophilia (a disease which affects blood clotting and blood thinning mechanisms) as well as certain medications (such as Panitumumab and other anti-cancer drugs) can also cause secondary hematospermia.

• #81 Blood in Semen: Causes, Related Symptoms, Tests, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/men/blood-in-semen-hematospermia-causes-symptoms-tests-treatments

  Obstruction. Any of the tiny tubes or ducts in the reproductive tract can be blocked. This can cause blood vessels to break and release small amounts of blood. […] Tumors and polyps. […] Blood in semen, though, can be linked to cancer of the testicles, bladder, prostate, and other reproductive and urinary tract organs. […] Blood vessel problems. All of the delicate structures involved in ejaculation, from the prostate to the tiny tubes that carry sperm, contain blood vessels. These can be damaged resulting in blood in the semen. […] Other medical conditions. Markedly elevated high blood pressure, HIV, liver disease, leukemia, and other medical conditions are also associated with blood in semen. […] As many as 15% of cases of blood in semen can’t be traced to a known cause. Many of these cases are also self-limiting. That means that the blood in the semen goes away by itself without medical treatment. […] If the doctor suspects prostate cancer, or another form of cancer, the doctor may ask for a prostate biopsy to evaluate the tissue for cancer.

• #82 Hematospermia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematospermia

  Some neoplasms of the genitourinary system may present with haematospermia. Malignant causes of haematospermia include; prostate cancer, testicular or epididymal tumours, seminal vesicle carcinoma (rarely), and urethral tumour. Lymphomas and leukaemias may also feature haematospermia as symptom. […] Various prostate pathologies (including prostatitis, calculi (stones), cysts, benign prostatic hyperplasia, bacterial infection, etc.) may result in blood occurring in the ejaculate. […] Systemic conditions like malignant hypertension, liver dysfunction, or bleeding disorders, and amyloidosis may sometimes be present with hematospermia as symptom. Trauma to the region may also cause the condition. Additionally, structural anomalies of genitourinary anatomy (e.g. vascular anomalies, polyps, urethral malformations, etc.) may result in hematospermia as symptom. […] The exact cause cannot be determined in up to 70% of patients.

• #83 Should every patient with hematospermia be investigated? A critical review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3921834/

  Hematospermia or hemospermia is defined as the presence of blood in ejaculate. It often invokes considerable anxiety and is frightening for the patient. Mostly, it is due to infectious causes and regarded as a benign and selflimiting condition particularly in younger patients. Patients above 40 years of age and those with high risk factors require thorough evaluation. […] In most cases hematospermia is idiopathic. A single episode of hematospermia is usually considered benign and the risk of malignancy is low. However, persistent or recurrent symptoms of hematospermia can be very stressful for a patient. This is unsatisfactory for both the patients and urologists if the cause of hematospermia remains unknown. In such cases systematic investigations are required to establish a diagnosis and commence etiological treatment.

• #84 Hematospermia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5904639/

  Hematospermia is traditionally defined as the macroscopic presence of blood in the semen. […] Pathological changes at any point along the anatomical passage of the seminal fluid throughout the ejaculation process can lead to hematospermia. […] Hematospermia has been, historically, related to sexual overindulgence, prolonged sexual abstinence, and interrupted sexual intercourse. The presence of blood in the semen is known to be induced by inflammation, infection, tumors, blockage or injury, vascular abnormalities, systemic disease, and iatrogenic factors in any region within the male reproductive organs. […] The fear of underlying malignancy prompts many people with hematospermia to undergo examination, and although men over 40 years old have a slightly increased risk of malignancy, urogenital malignancy is an infrequent cause of hematospermia, with prostate, testis, and seminal vesicle tumors having been reported.

• #85 Blood in semen

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/blood-in-semen/basics/causes/sym-20050603

  Having recent prostate surgery or a prostate biopsy can cause blood in semen for several weeks after the procedure. […] Most often, no cause can be found for blood in semen. Infection might be a cause. But infection is likely to have other symptoms. These may include pain while urinating or urinating more often. […] A lot of blood in semen or blood that keeps coming back might be a warning sign for conditions such as cancer. But this is rare. […] Possible causes of blood in semen: A lot of sexual activity or masturbation. Blood vessel malformation, a tangle of blood vessels that disrupts blood flow. Conditions that cause the urinary or reproductive organs to become inflamed. Infections of the urinary or reproductive organs from germs or fungus. Not having sex for a long time. Radiation therapy to the pelvis. Recent urological procedures, such as a bladder scope, prostate biopsy or vasectomy. Trauma to the pelvis or genitals. Side effects of medicines that thin the blood, such as warfarin. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #86 Evaluation and Treatment of Hematospermia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1215/p1421.html

  Patients with risk factors or associated symptoms, patients 40 years and older, and patients with persistent or recurrent hematospermia need more extensive evaluation and may need to be referred to a urologist. […] Of specific etiologies, infectious conditions are the most common, accounting for approximately 40 percent of hematospermia cases. […] Other etiologies include inflammatory, neoplastic (e.g., prostate cancer, testicular cancer), iatrogenic (e.g., prostate biopsy [most common], prostate surgery, urologic instrumentation, radiation therapy, hemorrhoid injections), structural, systemic, and vascular causes. […] The goal of clinical assessment is to identify significant or treatable underlying causes of hematospermia. […] Once true hematospermia has been confirmed, three key factors help guide further evaluation: age of the patient, duration of symptoms, and presence of associated symptoms or risk factors.

• #87 Should every patient with hematospermia be investigated? A critical review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3921834/

  Hematospermia or hemospermia is defined as the presence of blood in ejaculate. It often invokes considerable anxiety and is frightening for the patient. Mostly, it is due to infectious causes and regarded as a benign and selflimiting condition particularly in younger patients. Patients above 40 years of age and those with high risk factors require thorough evaluation. […] In most cases hematospermia is idiopathic. A single episode of hematospermia is usually considered benign and the risk of malignancy is low. However, persistent or recurrent symptoms of hematospermia can be very stressful for a patient. This is unsatisfactory for both the patients and urologists if the cause of hematospermia remains unknown. In such cases systematic investigations are required to establish a diagnosis and commence etiological treatment.

• #88 Evaluation and Treatment of Hematospermia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1215/p1421.html

  Patients with risk factors or associated symptoms, patients 40 years and older, and patients with persistent or recurrent hematospermia need more extensive evaluation and may need to be referred to a urologist. […] Of specific etiologies, infectious conditions are the most common, accounting for approximately 40 percent of hematospermia cases. […] Other etiologies include inflammatory, neoplastic (e.g., prostate cancer, testicular cancer), iatrogenic (e.g., prostate biopsy [most common], prostate surgery, urologic instrumentation, radiation therapy, hemorrhoid injections), structural, systemic, and vascular causes. […] The goal of clinical assessment is to identify significant or treatable underlying causes of hematospermia. […] Once true hematospermia has been confirmed, three key factors help guide further evaluation: age of the patient, duration of symptoms, and presence of associated symptoms or risk factors.

• #89 Evaluation and Treatment of Hematospermia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1215/p1421.html

  Hematospermia that is limited to a few episodes usually has an identifiable etiology (e.g., infection, intense sexual experiences) and is less concerning than persistent or recurring hematospermia, which can indicate a pathologic condition. […] Systemic diseases that may be associated with hematospermia include bleeding disorders; liver disease, which can affect clotting factor production; and severe uncontrolled hypertension, which is attributed to interference with clotting. […] If treatment is necessary, it should be directed at the diagnosed etiology.

• #90 Hematospermia: Blood in the Semen | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1215/p1428.html

  Hematospermia (he-muh-toh-spur-me-uh) is when you have blood in your semen. It usually happens in men younger than 40 years, but men of any age can have it. The causes in men younger than 40 years usually are not serious. […] The most common causes are: Infections (including those that are sexually transmitted), Inflammation of the bladder, prostate, or related areas, Injury to the genitals. […] In men 40 years and older, additional causes may include: Medical procedures involving the genitals (such as prostate biopsies or hemorrhoid shots), Structural problems with your genitals, prostate gland, or urinary tract, Tumors (including prostate cancer), Blood vessel problems. […] Treatment depends on the cause. Usually, hematospermia stops on its own without treatment. If you have an infection, you may need to take antibiotics. If you have a more serious cause, you may need to be treated by a urologist.

• #91 Blood in semen

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/blood-in-semen/basics/causes/sym-20050603

  Having recent prostate surgery or a prostate biopsy can cause blood in semen for several weeks after the procedure. […] Most often, no cause can be found for blood in semen. Infection might be a cause. But infection is likely to have other symptoms. These may include pain while urinating or urinating more often. […] A lot of blood in semen or blood that keeps coming back might be a warning sign for conditions such as cancer. But this is rare. […] Possible causes of blood in semen: A lot of sexual activity or masturbation. Blood vessel malformation, a tangle of blood vessels that disrupts blood flow. Conditions that cause the urinary or reproductive organs to become inflamed. Infections of the urinary or reproductive organs from germs or fungus. Not having sex for a long time. Radiation therapy to the pelvis. Recent urological procedures, such as a bladder scope, prostate biopsy or vasectomy. Trauma to the pelvis or genitals. Side effects of medicines that thin the blood, such as warfarin. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #92 Blood in the semen: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003163.htm

  Blood in the semen is called hematospermia. It may be in amounts too small to be seen except with a microscope, or it may be visible in the ejaculation fluid. […] Most of the time, the cause for blood in the semen is not known. It can be caused by swelling or infection of the prostate or seminal vesicles. The problem may occur after a prostate biopsy. […] Blood in the semen may also be caused by blockage due to enlarged prostate (prostate problems), infection of the prostate, irritation in the urethra (urethritis), or injury to the urethra. […] Often, the cause of the problem cannot be found. […] Sometimes, the visible blood will last several days to weeks, depending on the cause of the blood and if any clots formed in the seminal vesicles. […] Depending on the cause, other symptoms that may occur include blood in the urine, fever or chills, lower back pain, pain with bowel movement, pain with ejaculation, pain with urination, swelling in the scrotum, swelling or tenderness in the groin area, and tenderness in the scrotum.

• #93 Hematospermia: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy and Physiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/457632-overview

  Infections and inflammatory disorders account for 40% of cases. Infectious causes of hematospermia include, but are not limited to, tuberculosis (TB), HIV infection, and cytomegalovirus infection. […] Trauma has been cited as a cause of hematospermia in several case reports. […] Systemic disorders that are associated with hematospermia include hypertension, chronic liver disease, amyloidosis, lymphoma, and bleeding diatheses (eg, von Willebrand disease). […] Hematospermia is usually self-limited; however, when hematospermia is an indicator of underlying urologic disease, the prognosis depends on the underlying disease.

• #94 Should every patient with hematospermia be investigated? A critical review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3921834/

  Patients with hematospermia and highrisk factors, i.e. aged over 40 years, recurrent or persistent hematospermia, hematuria, or familial history of PCa, require more extensive evaluation and should be referred to a urologist for specialist consultation. However, in the absence of any obvious cause the treatment of hematospermia becomes challenging. […] Persistent hematospermia is difficult to deal with from a management perspective, however, a detailed radiological assessment may ascertain the exact cause. It is also important to keep these patients under followup for a limited period of time. In some patients, persistent or recurrent hematospermia could be the only symptom of PCa. In highrisk individuals, those in middle age, or those with a familial history of PCa, surveillance with PSA observation over a period of time is desirable.

• #95 Blood in Semen – Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Dubai

  https://emirateshospitals.ae/symptoms/blood-in-semen-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), an enlarged prostate, can also contribute. […] In some cases, the cause remains unknown, termed idiopathic hematospermia. […] Diagnosing the cause of blood in semen involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and potentially some tests: […] A urine analysis can check for infection. […] Testing for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may be recommended. […] A digital rectal exam (DRE) allows the doctor to feel the prostate for abnormalities. […] In older men, a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test may be performed to screen for prostate cancer, although an elevated PSA doesn’t necessarily mean cancer. […] Further imaging, such as a transrectal ultrasound of the prostate or a cystoscopy (examination of the bladder and urethra with a scope), might be necessary in some cases to visualize the structures and identify any abnormalities.

• #96 Blood in the semen: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003163.htm

• #97 Blood in the semen: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003163.htm

• #98 MANday: What is Hematospermia? | The Y Factor

  https://theyfactor.com/manday-the-complete-guide-to-hematospermia

  Effort must be made to make sure the blood is not coming from somewhere else because in some cases, it does not originate in the male reproductive system; it can come from other areas such as the urinary system or even be blood from the sexual partner. […] Hematospermia has been associated with high blood pressure similar to that associated with epistaxis (nose bleeds) so being familiar with your blood pressure is vital. […] Testing may include: A semen culture to rule in/out reproductive tract infections (e.g., prostatitis, epididymitis, etc.). […] Treatment is dependent on the underlying condition causing hematospermia.

• #99 Evaluation and Treatment of Hematospermia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1215/p1421.html

  Hematospermia can be a distressing symptom for patients, but most cases are effectively managed by a primary care physician. […] In men 40 years and older, iatrogenic hematospermia from urogenital instrumentation or prostate biopsy is the most common cause of blood in the semen. […] Other etiologies to consider in those 40 years and older include genitourinary infections, inflammations, vascular malformations, stones, tumors, and systemic disorders that increase bleeding risk. […] Presence of blood in the semen, known as hematospermia or hemospermia, is often a frightening finding for patients. […] Most cases of hematospermia can be appropriately managed by primary care physicians. […] Hematospermia is commonly benign and self-limited, especially in men younger than 40 years without risk factors and in men with no associated symptoms.

• #100 Hematospermia – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/symptoms-of-genitourinary-disorders/hematospermia

  In most cases, especially in men 35 to 40 years, hematospermia is almost always benign. If no significant abnormality is found on physical examination (including digital rectal examination), urinalysis, urine culture, and STI testing are done, but no further work-up is necessary. […] Treatment is directed at the cause if known. For almost all men, reassurance that hematospermia is not a sign of cancer and does not affect sexual function is the only intervention necessary.

• #101 Hematospermia – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/symptoms-of-genitourinary-disorders/hematospermia

  In most cases, especially in men 35 to 40 years, hematospermia is almost always benign. If no significant abnormality is found on physical examination (including digital rectal examination), urinalysis, urine culture, and STI testing are done, but no further work-up is necessary. […] Treatment is directed at the cause if known. For almost all men, reassurance that hematospermia is not a sign of cancer and does not affect sexual function is the only intervention necessary.

• #102 Hematospermia – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/symptoms-of-genitourinary-disorders/hematospermia

  In most cases, especially in men 35 to 40 years, hematospermia is almost always benign. If no significant abnormality is found on physical examination (including digital rectal examination), urinalysis, urine culture, and STI testing are done, but no further work-up is necessary. […] Treatment is directed at the cause if known. For almost all men, reassurance that hematospermia is not a sign of cancer and does not affect sexual function is the only intervention necessary.

• #103 What Does Blood In Semen Mean? Is It Dangerous? – Diag

  https://diag.vn/en/thongtinyte/what-does-blood-in-semen-mean/

  Although in most cases, blood ejaculation is a benign condition, but if there are other signs or when the patient wants to ensure the most accurate results, you should go to the hospital for a test and get the test and advice given by a doctor. […] To diagnose bloody ejaculation, your doctor will rely on the patients symptoms including pink, red, brown semen, or through a test for red blood cells in the semen. […] Semen test: Perform a semen chart, culture test to find the presence of bacteria in semen or find malignant cells present in semen.

• #104 Blood in Semen – Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Dubai

  https://emirateshospitals.ae/symptoms/blood-in-semen-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), an enlarged prostate, can also contribute. […] In some cases, the cause remains unknown, termed idiopathic hematospermia. […] Diagnosing the cause of blood in semen involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and potentially some tests: […] A urine analysis can check for infection. […] Testing for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may be recommended. […] A digital rectal exam (DRE) allows the doctor to feel the prostate for abnormalities. […] In older men, a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test may be performed to screen for prostate cancer, although an elevated PSA doesn’t necessarily mean cancer. […] Further imaging, such as a transrectal ultrasound of the prostate or a cystoscopy (examination of the bladder and urethra with a scope), might be necessary in some cases to visualize the structures and identify any abnormalities.

• #105 Hematospermia (Blood in semen) – Institute of Urology

  https://www.instituteofurology.in/hematospermia-blood-in-semen/

  Hematospermia or blood in semen is not infrequent in males. Blood stained ejaculate creates lots of stress and anxiety in the patients. But usually it is self limiting, benign and most of the time no cause is found. But may be a recurrent phenomenon. […] Above 40 years age cause mostly again infection of prostate and urethra, dilated veins over enlarged prostate. Prostate cancer has to be ruled out by blood tests and imaging modalities. Blood in semen also may appear after prostate biopsy for prostate cancer, following radiotherapy after prostate and bladder cancer. […] Urine and semen culture are done to rule out infection. Whole abdomen and transrectal ultrasound helps us to find out any disease of prostate seminal vesicles. Blood tests like serum PSA helps us to rule out prostate cancer. Usually disease is self limiting. If infection then antibiotics usually control or lessen the symptoms.

• #106 Should every patient with hematospermia be investigated? A critical review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3921834/

  Infection or inflammation is considered to be the main culprit in cases of hematospermia and in most cases is found to be selflimiting. Neoplasms such as benign urethral tumor or seminal vesicle malignancy can present as hematospermia. Hematospermia is usually a symptom of a urological problem, however, other medical conditions or systemic diseases such as malignant hypertension, liver dysfunction, or bleeding diathesis may be the cause. […] The evaluation of hematospermia requires a detailed anamnesis, physical examination, and appropriate investigations. […] Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) has been found to be helpful in the diagnosis of prostatic pathologies, as well as calculi, cysts, prostatic varices, and inflammatory changes. It is also therapeutic in certain cases where cyst or abscess is drained and is found to be the cause of hematospermia.

• #107 Is blood in the semen (haematospermia) something to worry about? | The Pelvic Specialists

  https://thepelvicspecialists.co.uk/blog/is-blood-in-the-semen-haematospermia-something-to-worry-about/

  A physical examination is often the first step in investigating blood in the semen. […] Urine and semen tests may be ordered to check for signs of infection or inflammation. […] Blood tests may also be ordered to check for signs of infection or inflammation. […] An ultrasound of the pelvic region may be ordered to check for abnormalities in the prostate gland or seminal vesicles. […] In some cases, an MRI scan may be ordered to provide more detailed images of the pelvic region. […] A cystoscopy is a procedure in which a thin, flexible tube with a camera on the end is inserted into the urethra to examine the bladder and urethra. […] If you experience blood in your semen, it is important to talk to your GP. […] In most cases, blood in the semen is not a serious condition and resolves on its own without treatment. […] While blood in the semen can be a concerning symptom, it is often harmless and resolves on its own.

• #108 Hematospermia (Blood in semen) – Institute of Urology

  https://www.instituteofurology.in/hematospermia-blood-in-semen/

  In case of recurrent hematospermia the doctor may advise to get pelvic MRI (with or without MR angiography) cystoscopy. In cystoscopy under anesthesia the urethra, prostate and bladder may be visualized by passing a telescope through patients urethra. Treatment advised depends on underlying cause. Many times no cause is found and patients are simply reassured. And most of the time disease is self limiting benign and no cause for worry.

• #109 Blood in Semen: Causes, Related Symptoms, Tests, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/men/blood-in-semen-hematospermia-causes-symptoms-tests-treatments

  Obstruction. Any of the tiny tubes or ducts in the reproductive tract can be blocked. This can cause blood vessels to break and release small amounts of blood. […] Tumors and polyps. […] Blood in semen, though, can be linked to cancer of the testicles, bladder, prostate, and other reproductive and urinary tract organs. […] Blood vessel problems. All of the delicate structures involved in ejaculation, from the prostate to the tiny tubes that carry sperm, contain blood vessels. These can be damaged resulting in blood in the semen. […] Other medical conditions. Markedly elevated high blood pressure, HIV, liver disease, leukemia, and other medical conditions are also associated with blood in semen. […] As many as 15% of cases of blood in semen can’t be traced to a known cause. Many of these cases are also self-limiting. That means that the blood in the semen goes away by itself without medical treatment. […] If the doctor suspects prostate cancer, or another form of cancer, the doctor may ask for a prostate biopsy to evaluate the tissue for cancer.

• #110 Hematospermia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5904639/

  Specific treatment for hematospermia depends on the underlying pathological lesions but often involves only minimal examinations and simple reassurance in most cases. […] Hematospermia due to malignant disorders including prostate, testis, and seminal vesicle cancers resolves with definitive treatment of the primary lesions.

• #111 Blood in semen

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/blood-in-semen/basics/definition/SYM-20050603?p=1

  Blood in semen, also called hematospermia, most often goes away on its own. […] Most often, no cause can be found for blood in semen. Infection might be a cause. But infection is likely to have other symptoms. These may include pain while urinating or urinating more often. […] A lot of blood in semen or blood that keeps coming back might be a warning sign for conditions such as cancer. But this is rare. […] If you have certain risk factors and symptoms, you might need more testing to rule out a more serious condition.

• #112 Blood in the Semen: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/blood-in-the-semen

  Most cases of hematospermia resolve on their own. Keep an eye on your symptoms and alert your doctor if they get worse or persist for longer than one month. […] If the blood in your semen is caused by an infection, your doctor will prescribe antibiotics. Anti-inflammatory medications are available if swelling alone is the cause. […] If cancer is causing the blood in your semen, your doctor will probably refer you to a specialist (oncologist) who will determine the best treatment.

• #113 Haematospermia

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/december/haematospermia

  Haematospermia refers to the presence of blood in the ejaculate. […] Recently, iatrogenic and infectious aetiologies have been reported as the most common causes of haematospermia. […] The main aim of assessment is to avoid missing malignancy, particularly prostate cancer. […] If an infection is suspected or proven, appropriate antimicrobials should be initiated. […] Most causes of haematospermia will have no effect on fertility; however, some rare pathology such as testicular malignancy may diminish reproductive capacity. […] It is also important to note that the vast majority of men with haematospermia who have been reviewed and investigated by a urologist do not have an underlying malignancy. […] For ductal obstruction and cystic abnormalities of the accessory glands, the treating urologist may perform interventions such as cystic aspiration or deroofing, or endoscopic removal of calculi. […] Finally, if the patient is troubled by persistent haematospermia without an identified cause after a diagnostic work-up by both the GP and urologist, one option would be to start a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor such as finasteride or dutasteride.

• #114 Blood in the Semen: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/blood-in-the-semen

  Most cases of hematospermia resolve on their own. Keep an eye on your symptoms and alert your doctor if they get worse or persist for longer than one month. […] If the blood in your semen is caused by an infection, your doctor will prescribe antibiotics. Anti-inflammatory medications are available if swelling alone is the cause. […] If cancer is causing the blood in your semen, your doctor will probably refer you to a specialist (oncologist) who will determine the best treatment.

• #115 Blood in Semen (Hematospermia): Causes & Treatment

  https://www.acko.com/health-insurance/blood-in-semen-hematospermia/

  Blood disorders, such as haemophilia or leukaemia, can also be a potential cause of Blood in Semen. These disorders can affect the blood’s ability to clot properly, leading to bleeding in various parts of the body, including the reproductive system. […] One of the main steps in treating Blood in Semen is identifying and addressing the underlying causes. This may involve different approaches based on the specific cause. […] For instance, if an infection is causing the symptom, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the infection. […] In case of inflammation, anti-inflammatory medication may be recommended to reduce inflammation. […] In cases where there are abnormalities or tumours in the reproductive system, surgical intervention may be necessary to treat or remove them.

• #116 Blood in semen

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/blood-in-semen/basics/causes/sym-20050603

  Having recent prostate surgery or a prostate biopsy can cause blood in semen for several weeks after the procedure. […] Most often, no cause can be found for blood in semen. Infection might be a cause. But infection is likely to have other symptoms. These may include pain while urinating or urinating more often. […] A lot of blood in semen or blood that keeps coming back might be a warning sign for conditions such as cancer. But this is rare. […] Possible causes of blood in semen: A lot of sexual activity or masturbation. Blood vessel malformation, a tangle of blood vessels that disrupts blood flow. Conditions that cause the urinary or reproductive organs to become inflamed. Infections of the urinary or reproductive organs from germs or fungus. Not having sex for a long time. Radiation therapy to the pelvis. Recent urological procedures, such as a bladder scope, prostate biopsy or vasectomy. Trauma to the pelvis or genitals. Side effects of medicines that thin the blood, such as warfarin. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #117 Should every patient with hematospermia be investigated? A critical review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3921834/

  Infection or inflammation is considered to be the main culprit in cases of hematospermia and in most cases is found to be selflimiting. Neoplasms such as benign urethral tumor or seminal vesicle malignancy can present as hematospermia. Hematospermia is usually a symptom of a urological problem, however, other medical conditions or systemic diseases such as malignant hypertension, liver dysfunction, or bleeding diathesis may be the cause. […] The evaluation of hematospermia requires a detailed anamnesis, physical examination, and appropriate investigations. […] Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) has been found to be helpful in the diagnosis of prostatic pathologies, as well as calculi, cysts, prostatic varices, and inflammatory changes. It is also therapeutic in certain cases where cyst or abscess is drained and is found to be the cause of hematospermia.

• #118 Haematospermia

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/december/haematospermia

  Haematospermia refers to the presence of blood in the ejaculate. […] Recently, iatrogenic and infectious aetiologies have been reported as the most common causes of haematospermia. […] The main aim of assessment is to avoid missing malignancy, particularly prostate cancer. […] If an infection is suspected or proven, appropriate antimicrobials should be initiated. […] Most causes of haematospermia will have no effect on fertility; however, some rare pathology such as testicular malignancy may diminish reproductive capacity. […] It is also important to note that the vast majority of men with haematospermia who have been reviewed and investigated by a urologist do not have an underlying malignancy. […] For ductal obstruction and cystic abnormalities of the accessory glands, the treating urologist may perform interventions such as cystic aspiration or deroofing, or endoscopic removal of calculi. […] Finally, if the patient is troubled by persistent haematospermia without an identified cause after a diagnostic work-up by both the GP and urologist, one option would be to start a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor such as finasteride or dutasteride.

• #119 Hematospermia (blood in semen) | The Urology Group of Virginia

  https://www.urologygroupvirginia.com/urologic-care/hematuria/hematospermia-blood-in-semen

  Rarely, it may be a steady ongoing problem. In these circumstances, a transrectal ultrasound may be done to evaluate the seminal vesicle and prostate. […] If there is a persistent hematospermia, then treatment with Proscar (finasteride) for several months may be recommended. Proscar is a drug that was designed to reduce the size of the prostate in men with BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia), which is the normal enlargement of the prostate that occurs in all men starting at the age of 40. Although Proscar has only limited usefulness in men with BPH it has been very effective for treating hematospermia. […] Overall, hematospermia is a benign condition. With the above office examination, the physician can determine if there are any significant problems present. If the examination is okay, then typically nothing further needs to be done.

• #120 Blood in Semen – Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Dubai

  https://emirateshospitals.ae/symptoms/blood-in-semen-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Treatment for hematospermia depends on the underlying cause: […] If an infection is present, antibiotics will be prescribed. […] For prostatitis, treatment may involve antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, or alpha-blockers to relax the prostate muscles. […] If a structural abnormality like a urethral stricture is identified, a urologist may perform a procedure to widen the urethra. […] In cases where a more serious condition, like cancer, is diagnosed, treatment will be tailored to the specific cancer. […] Often, in younger men with no identifiable cause, and in the absence of other concerning symptoms, a “watch and wait” approach may be adopted, as the condition often resolves spontaneously. […] It’s crucial to consult a doctor to determine the cause of hematospermia and receive appropriate management.

• #121 Blood in semen (haematospermia): causes and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/blood-in-semen

  Blood in semen is also known as haematospermia. […] Blood in semen can be a sign of infection or rarely, prostate cancer. […] There are many possible causes of blood in your semen. Blood in semen can be caused by issues in the male reproductive system, including problems with your: testicles, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland. […] In younger men (under 40 years), infection is the most common cause of blood in semen. […] Prostate cancer can also cause blood in the semen. But this is not a common cause. […] The treatment for blood in semen depends on the underlying cause. Blood in semen often has no obvious cause, and no treatment is needed. […] If blood in your semen is an after-effect of a procedure like a vasectomy, your surgeon can advise you on how long this is expected to last. […] Prostate cancer is treated with: surgery, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy. […] Blood in semen can be caused by many things. This makes it hard to prevent.

• #122 Blood in semen (haematospermia): causes and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/blood-in-semen

  Blood in semen is also known as haematospermia. […] Blood in semen can be a sign of infection or rarely, prostate cancer. […] There are many possible causes of blood in your semen. Blood in semen can be caused by issues in the male reproductive system, including problems with your: testicles, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland. […] In younger men (under 40 years), infection is the most common cause of blood in semen. […] Prostate cancer can also cause blood in the semen. But this is not a common cause. […] The treatment for blood in semen depends on the underlying cause. Blood in semen often has no obvious cause, and no treatment is needed. […] If blood in your semen is an after-effect of a procedure like a vasectomy, your surgeon can advise you on how long this is expected to last. […] Prostate cancer is treated with: surgery, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy. […] Blood in semen can be caused by many things. This makes it hard to prevent.

• #123 Blood in semen (haematospermia): causes and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/blood-in-semen

  Blood in semen is also known as haematospermia. […] Blood in semen can be a sign of infection or rarely, prostate cancer. […] There are many possible causes of blood in your semen. Blood in semen can be caused by issues in the male reproductive system, including problems with your: testicles, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland. […] In younger men (under 40 years), infection is the most common cause of blood in semen. […] Prostate cancer can also cause blood in the semen. But this is not a common cause. […] The treatment for blood in semen depends on the underlying cause. Blood in semen often has no obvious cause, and no treatment is needed. […] If blood in your semen is an after-effect of a procedure like a vasectomy, your surgeon can advise you on how long this is expected to last. […] Prostate cancer is treated with: surgery, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy. […] Blood in semen can be caused by many things. This makes it hard to prevent.

• #124 Blood in the Semen: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/blood-in-the-semen

  Most cases of hematospermia resolve on their own. Keep an eye on your symptoms and alert your doctor if they get worse or persist for longer than one month. […] If the blood in your semen is caused by an infection, your doctor will prescribe antibiotics. Anti-inflammatory medications are available if swelling alone is the cause. […] If cancer is causing the blood in your semen, your doctor will probably refer you to a specialist (oncologist) who will determine the best treatment.

• #125 Hematospermia (blood in semen) | The Urology Group of Virginia

  https://www.urologygroupvirginia.com/urologic-care/hematuria/hematospermia-blood-in-semen

  Rarely, it may be a steady ongoing problem. In these circumstances, a transrectal ultrasound may be done to evaluate the seminal vesicle and prostate. […] If there is a persistent hematospermia, then treatment with Proscar (finasteride) for several months may be recommended. Proscar is a drug that was designed to reduce the size of the prostate in men with BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia), which is the normal enlargement of the prostate that occurs in all men starting at the age of 40. Although Proscar has only limited usefulness in men with BPH it has been very effective for treating hematospermia. […] Overall, hematospermia is a benign condition. With the above office examination, the physician can determine if there are any significant problems present. If the examination is okay, then typically nothing further needs to be done.

• #126 Blood in Semen: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/haematospermia

  Haematospermia means there is blood in the semen. […] However, it can also be caused by a number of conditions that need investigations and treatment. […] The cause is often not known and there is no underlying condition to explain the haematospermia. […] However, most men with haematospermia have repeated episodes. Primary haematospermia is harmless and gets better without any treatment. […] Haematospermia caused by an underlying condition is called secondary haematospermia. […] Prostate cancer is just one of them and is more common in older males (aged over 40 years) who would usually also have other symptoms. […] The treatment for secondary haematospermia will depend on the underlying condition. The haematospermia itself does not need any treatment. […] If you have persistent haematospermia without an identified cause then a type of medicine called a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor such as finasteride or dutasteride may be effective. […] Many other causes can be easily identified and managed by a GP.

• #127 Haematospermia

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/december/haematospermia

  Haematospermia refers to the presence of blood in the ejaculate. […] Recently, iatrogenic and infectious aetiologies have been reported as the most common causes of haematospermia. […] The main aim of assessment is to avoid missing malignancy, particularly prostate cancer. […] If an infection is suspected or proven, appropriate antimicrobials should be initiated. […] Most causes of haematospermia will have no effect on fertility; however, some rare pathology such as testicular malignancy may diminish reproductive capacity. […] It is also important to note that the vast majority of men with haematospermia who have been reviewed and investigated by a urologist do not have an underlying malignancy. […] For ductal obstruction and cystic abnormalities of the accessory glands, the treating urologist may perform interventions such as cystic aspiration or deroofing, or endoscopic removal of calculi. […] Finally, if the patient is troubled by persistent haematospermia without an identified cause after a diagnostic work-up by both the GP and urologist, one option would be to start a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor such as finasteride or dutasteride.

• #128 Etiologic classification, evaluation, and management of hematospermia – Suh – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/15603/html

  Hematospermia can result due to dilation of the ejaculatory duct and seminal vesicle cysts. […] Hemorrhage in the seminal vesicles, vas deferens, or mullerian duct is usually present in patients with hematospermia. […] Hematospermia usually self-resolves in many cases, stopping in occurrence over time, especially for patients below the age of 40. […] If the seminal vesicles are dilated, and the patient has no resolution of hematospermia after conservative therapies, then the patient may opt to undergo bilateral seminal vesicle puncture and drug injection with ultrasound guidance to stop hematospermia.

• #129 Hematospermia – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/symptoms-of-genitourinary-disorders/hematospermia

  In most cases, especially in men 35 to 40 years, hematospermia is almost always benign. If no significant abnormality is found on physical examination (including digital rectal examination), urinalysis, urine culture, and STI testing are done, but no further work-up is necessary. […] Treatment is directed at the cause if known. For almost all men, reassurance that hematospermia is not a sign of cancer and does not affect sexual function is the only intervention necessary.

• #130 Hematospermia: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy and Physiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/457632-overview

  Infections and inflammatory disorders account for 40% of cases. Infectious causes of hematospermia include, but are not limited to, tuberculosis (TB), HIV infection, and cytomegalovirus infection. […] Trauma has been cited as a cause of hematospermia in several case reports. […] Systemic disorders that are associated with hematospermia include hypertension, chronic liver disease, amyloidosis, lymphoma, and bleeding diatheses (eg, von Willebrand disease). […] Hematospermia is usually self-limited; however, when hematospermia is an indicator of underlying urologic disease, the prognosis depends on the underlying disease.

• #131 Hematospermia (blood in semen) | The Urology Group of Virginia

  https://www.urologygroupvirginia.com/urologic-care/hematuria/hematospermia-blood-in-semen

  Hematospermia is the word used to describe the presence of blood in the semen. Blood in the semen is actually a fairly common condition. It is almost always a benign condition that is not a sign of anything which would potentially pose a threat to a mans health. […] When blood is present in the semen, it arises from either the seminal vesicle or prostate. […] The most common cause for blood in the semen is the rupture of a small blood vessel in the seminal vesicle or prostate during erection and ejaculation. Blood vessels can break open in the seminal vesicle and prostate just the same as a blood vessel can break open in the nose after sneezing and cause a nose bleed. […] Provided the above examinations show normal findings, nothing further needs to be done. Hematospermia usually resolves on its own over time.

• #132 Hematospermia – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/symptoms-of-genitourinary-disorders/hematospermia

  Hematospermia is blood in semen. It is often frightening to patients but is usually benign. […] Semen is composed of sperm from the distal epididymis and fluids from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and Cowper and bulbourethral glands. Thus, a lesion anywhere along this pathway could introduce blood into the semen. […] The most common known cause is prostate biopsy. Less common causes include other instrumentation or trauma, benign prostatic hyperplasia, infections (eg, prostatitis, urethritis, epididymitis), and prostate cancer (in men 35 to 40 years). Occasionally, tumors of the seminal vesicles and testes are associated with hematospermia. Hemangiomas of the prostatic urethra or spermatic duct may cause massive hematospermia. […] Patients whose symptoms followed prostate biopsy can be reassured that the hematospermia is harmless and will go away, although it often persists for several weeks.

• #133 Hematospermia – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hematospermia

  Hematospermia, the presence of grossly bloody or blood-tinged penile (seminal) ejaculate, is an uncommon condition. While it is usually alarming to patients, the cause is almost always benign. […] The most important lesson from the literature is that hematospermia is almost never a sign of cancer in younger patients. […] The most common cause of hematospermia is a prostate biopsy. Hematospermia occurs in more than 80 percent of men undergoing prostate biopsy and lasts for an average of three to four weeks. Hematospermia is also common after radiation treatment for prostate cancer, occurring in as many as 25 percent of patients after external beam radiation and 17 percent after brachytherapy. In addition, vasectomy can cause hematospermia for a week or more.

• #134 Evaluation and Treatment of Hematospermia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1215/p1421.html

  Hematospermia can be a distressing symptom for patients, but most cases are effectively managed by a primary care physician. […] In men 40 years and older, iatrogenic hematospermia from urogenital instrumentation or prostate biopsy is the most common cause of blood in the semen. […] Other etiologies to consider in those 40 years and older include genitourinary infections, inflammations, vascular malformations, stones, tumors, and systemic disorders that increase bleeding risk. […] Presence of blood in the semen, known as hematospermia or hemospermia, is often a frightening finding for patients. […] Most cases of hematospermia can be appropriately managed by primary care physicians. […] Hematospermia is commonly benign and self-limited, especially in men younger than 40 years without risk factors and in men with no associated symptoms.

• #135 Blood in semen

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/blood-in-semen/basics/definition/SYM-20050603?p=1

  Blood in semen, also called hematospermia, most often goes away on its own. […] Most often, no cause can be found for blood in semen. Infection might be a cause. But infection is likely to have other symptoms. These may include pain while urinating or urinating more often. […] A lot of blood in semen or blood that keeps coming back might be a warning sign for conditions such as cancer. But this is rare. […] If you have certain risk factors and symptoms, you might need more testing to rule out a more serious condition.

• #136 Should every patient with hematospermia be investigated? A critical review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3921834/

  Patients with hematospermia and highrisk factors, i.e. aged over 40 years, recurrent or persistent hematospermia, hematuria, or familial history of PCa, require more extensive evaluation and should be referred to a urologist for specialist consultation. However, in the absence of any obvious cause the treatment of hematospermia becomes challenging. […] Persistent hematospermia is difficult to deal with from a management perspective, however, a detailed radiological assessment may ascertain the exact cause. It is also important to keep these patients under followup for a limited period of time. In some patients, persistent or recurrent hematospermia could be the only symptom of PCa. In highrisk individuals, those in middle age, or those with a familial history of PCa, surveillance with PSA observation over a period of time is desirable.

• #137 Hematospermia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5904639/

  Hematospermia is traditionally defined as the macroscopic presence of blood in the semen. […] Pathological changes at any point along the anatomical passage of the seminal fluid throughout the ejaculation process can lead to hematospermia. […] Hematospermia has been, historically, related to sexual overindulgence, prolonged sexual abstinence, and interrupted sexual intercourse. The presence of blood in the semen is known to be induced by inflammation, infection, tumors, blockage or injury, vascular abnormalities, systemic disease, and iatrogenic factors in any region within the male reproductive organs. […] The fear of underlying malignancy prompts many people with hematospermia to undergo examination, and although men over 40 years old have a slightly increased risk of malignancy, urogenital malignancy is an infrequent cause of hematospermia, with prostate, testis, and seminal vesicle tumors having been reported.

• #138 Evaluation and Treatment of Hematospermia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1215/p1421.html

  Hematospermia can be a distressing symptom for patients, but most cases are effectively managed by a primary care physician. […] In men 40 years and older, iatrogenic hematospermia from urogenital instrumentation or prostate biopsy is the most common cause of blood in the semen. […] Other etiologies to consider in those 40 years and older include genitourinary infections, inflammations, vascular malformations, stones, tumors, and systemic disorders that increase bleeding risk. […] Presence of blood in the semen, known as hematospermia or hemospermia, is often a frightening finding for patients. […] Most cases of hematospermia can be appropriately managed by primary care physicians. […] Hematospermia is commonly benign and self-limited, especially in men younger than 40 years without risk factors and in men with no associated symptoms.

• #139 Blood in semen

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/blood-in-semen/basics/definition/SYM-20050603?p=1

  Blood in semen, also called hematospermia, most often goes away on its own. […] Most often, no cause can be found for blood in semen. Infection might be a cause. But infection is likely to have other symptoms. These may include pain while urinating or urinating more often. […] A lot of blood in semen or blood that keeps coming back might be a warning sign for conditions such as cancer. But this is rare. […] If you have certain risk factors and symptoms, you might need more testing to rule out a more serious condition.

• #140 Hematospermia: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy and Physiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/457632-overview

  Infections and inflammatory disorders account for 40% of cases. Infectious causes of hematospermia include, but are not limited to, tuberculosis (TB), HIV infection, and cytomegalovirus infection. […] Trauma has been cited as a cause of hematospermia in several case reports. […] Systemic disorders that are associated with hematospermia include hypertension, chronic liver disease, amyloidosis, lymphoma, and bleeding diatheses (eg, von Willebrand disease). […] Hematospermia is usually self-limited; however, when hematospermia is an indicator of underlying urologic disease, the prognosis depends on the underlying disease.

• #141 Hematospermia demystified – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/hematospermia-demystified-2009031142

  Few things alarm a man and his partner more than seeing bloody ejaculate, a condition called hematospermia, or hemospermia. […] Inflammation of any of the organs, glands, or ducts involved in the production or storage of seminal fluid can lead to hematospermia. […] Inflammation can be caused by irritation or trauma; stones or calcified deposits in the prostate, seminal vesicles, bladder, or urethra; and infections with viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. […] Some studies have shown that inflammation and infection are the most common causes of hematospermia in younger men (the average age of hematospermia patients is 37) and up to 39% of cases over all. […] Obstructed ducts, such as the ejaculatory duct, and the formation of cysts in the prostate or seminal vesicles can cause hematospermia.

• #142 Hematospermia – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hematospermia

  Hematospermia, the presence of grossly bloody or blood-tinged penile (seminal) ejaculate, is an uncommon condition. While it is usually alarming to patients, the cause is almost always benign. […] The most important lesson from the literature is that hematospermia is almost never a sign of cancer in younger patients. […] The most common cause of hematospermia is a prostate biopsy. Hematospermia occurs in more than 80 percent of men undergoing prostate biopsy and lasts for an average of three to four weeks. Hematospermia is also common after radiation treatment for prostate cancer, occurring in as many as 25 percent of patients after external beam radiation and 17 percent after brachytherapy. In addition, vasectomy can cause hematospermia for a week or more.

• #143 Should every patient with hematospermia be investigated? A critical review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3921834/

  Hematospermia or hemospermia is defined as the presence of blood in ejaculate. It often invokes considerable anxiety and is frightening for the patient. Mostly, it is due to infectious causes and regarded as a benign and selflimiting condition particularly in younger patients. Patients above 40 years of age and those with high risk factors require thorough evaluation. […] In most cases hematospermia is idiopathic. A single episode of hematospermia is usually considered benign and the risk of malignancy is low. However, persistent or recurrent symptoms of hematospermia can be very stressful for a patient. This is unsatisfactory for both the patients and urologists if the cause of hematospermia remains unknown. In such cases systematic investigations are required to establish a diagnosis and commence etiological treatment.

• #144 Evaluation and Treatment of Hematospermia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1215/p1421.html

  Patients with risk factors or associated symptoms, patients 40 years and older, and patients with persistent or recurrent hematospermia need more extensive evaluation and may need to be referred to a urologist. […] Of specific etiologies, infectious conditions are the most common, accounting for approximately 40 percent of hematospermia cases. […] Other etiologies include inflammatory, neoplastic (e.g., prostate cancer, testicular cancer), iatrogenic (e.g., prostate biopsy [most common], prostate surgery, urologic instrumentation, radiation therapy, hemorrhoid injections), structural, systemic, and vascular causes. […] The goal of clinical assessment is to identify significant or treatable underlying causes of hematospermia. […] Once true hematospermia has been confirmed, three key factors help guide further evaluation: age of the patient, duration of symptoms, and presence of associated symptoms or risk factors.

• #145 Hematospermia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5904639/

  Hematospermia is traditionally defined as the macroscopic presence of blood in the semen. […] Pathological changes at any point along the anatomical passage of the seminal fluid throughout the ejaculation process can lead to hematospermia. […] Hematospermia has been, historically, related to sexual overindulgence, prolonged sexual abstinence, and interrupted sexual intercourse. The presence of blood in the semen is known to be induced by inflammation, infection, tumors, blockage or injury, vascular abnormalities, systemic disease, and iatrogenic factors in any region within the male reproductive organs. […] The fear of underlying malignancy prompts many people with hematospermia to undergo examination, and although men over 40 years old have a slightly increased risk of malignancy, urogenital malignancy is an infrequent cause of hematospermia, with prostate, testis, and seminal vesicle tumors having been reported.

• #146 Blood in semen: Causes and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/blood-in-semen

  Problems with the prostate may give rise to bloody semen. One of the most common issues is prostatitis. […] Inflammation refers to swelling and irritation. […] On rare occasions, a tumor may be the cause of blood in the semen. […] Though less common, there are some other issues that may cause blood in the semen. […] However, there are certain risk factors that increase the likelihood of experiencing hematospermia. […] Evaluation will generally include a doctor taking a medical history, such as by asking about the persons sexual history, conducting a physical examination, and running selected laboratory testing and imaging. […] In many cases, bloody semen does not require any treatment at all. […] Some doctors may recommend antibiotics even when they are unable to find an infection. […] A single episode of blood in the semen is not an emergency. […] Noticing blood in the semen can be alarming, but for most males who experience this, there is nothing to worry about.

• #147 Blood in Semen: Causes, Related Symptoms, Tests, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/men/blood-in-semen-hematospermia-causes-symptoms-tests-treatments

  Obstruction. Any of the tiny tubes or ducts in the reproductive tract can be blocked. This can cause blood vessels to break and release small amounts of blood. […] Tumors and polyps. […] Blood in semen, though, can be linked to cancer of the testicles, bladder, prostate, and other reproductive and urinary tract organs. […] Blood vessel problems. All of the delicate structures involved in ejaculation, from the prostate to the tiny tubes that carry sperm, contain blood vessels. These can be damaged resulting in blood in the semen. […] Other medical conditions. Markedly elevated high blood pressure, HIV, liver disease, leukemia, and other medical conditions are also associated with blood in semen. […] As many as 15% of cases of blood in semen can’t be traced to a known cause. Many of these cases are also self-limiting. That means that the blood in the semen goes away by itself without medical treatment. […] If the doctor suspects prostate cancer, or another form of cancer, the doctor may ask for a prostate biopsy to evaluate the tissue for cancer.

• #148 Hematospermia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematospermia

  Some neoplasms of the genitourinary system may present with haematospermia. Malignant causes of haematospermia include; prostate cancer, testicular or epididymal tumours, seminal vesicle carcinoma (rarely), and urethral tumour. Lymphomas and leukaemias may also feature haematospermia as symptom. […] Various prostate pathologies (including prostatitis, calculi (stones), cysts, benign prostatic hyperplasia, bacterial infection, etc.) may result in blood occurring in the ejaculate. […] Systemic conditions like malignant hypertension, liver dysfunction, or bleeding disorders, and amyloidosis may sometimes be present with hematospermia as symptom. Trauma to the region may also cause the condition. Additionally, structural anomalies of genitourinary anatomy (e.g. vascular anomalies, polyps, urethral malformations, etc.) may result in hematospermia as symptom. […] The exact cause cannot be determined in up to 70% of patients.

• #149 Hematospermia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5904639/

  Specific treatment for hematospermia depends on the underlying pathological lesions but often involves only minimal examinations and simple reassurance in most cases. […] Hematospermia due to malignant disorders including prostate, testis, and seminal vesicle cancers resolves with definitive treatment of the primary lesions.

• #150 Blood in Semen – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/symptoms-of-kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/blood-in-semen

  Schistosoma haematobium, a parasitic worm that commonly causes infections (schistosomiasis) in Africa, India, and parts of the Middle East can invade the urinary tract, causing blood to appear in the urine and often in semen. […] In men who have bleeding that has lasted less than a month, have not been in areas where schistosomiasis is prevalent, and have no warning signs or abnormalities on examination, a cause cannot usually be found. […] In most cases, especially in men younger than 35 to 40 years and in men who recently had a prostate biopsy, blood in semen is not serious and resolves on its own. […] Treatment is directed at the cause, if known.

• #151 Hematospermia – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/symptoms-of-genitourinary-disorders/hematospermia

  In most cases, especially in men 35 to 40 years, hematospermia is almost always benign. If no significant abnormality is found on physical examination (including digital rectal examination), urinalysis, urine culture, and STI testing are done, but no further work-up is necessary. […] Treatment is directed at the cause if known. For almost all men, reassurance that hematospermia is not a sign of cancer and does not affect sexual function is the only intervention necessary.

• #152 Blood in semen: Causes & treatment | Healthy Male

  https://healthymale.org.au/mens-health/blood-in-semen

  If your haematospermia might be due to something more serious, the priority will be to identify and treat that. Injury or trauma should heal itself with time. […] Haematospermia might alert you and your doctor to some underlying problem that may impact your health, but usually there are no implications for your health and wellbeing.

Zobacz więcej