Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Colic: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927760-overview

  Colic is commonly described as a behavioral syndrome characterized by excessive, paroxysmal crying. Colic is most likely to occur in the evenings, and it occurs without any identifiable cause. […] Colic is a poorly understood phenomenon. It is equally likely to occur in both breastfed and formula-fed infants. […] Different feeding practices and crying may result in large amounts of air entering the gastric lumen, which suggests that excessive aerophagia may be associated with colic. Colonic fermentation is the second proposed source of excessive intestinal gas in infants. However, no experimental evidence supports either theory. […] Increased levels of certain biochemical markers, such as motilin, alpha lactalbumin, and urinary 5-hydroxy-3-indole acetic acid (5-OH HIAA) have been associated in infants with colic. […] In summary, complex interactions between behavioral and psychological factors, nutrition, immaturity of GI tract, microbial dysbiosis, and intestinal dysmotility are responsible for the development of colic.

• #2 Pathogenesis of Infantile Colic. Hypothesis

  https://www.mathewsopenaccess.com/full-text/pathogenesis-of-infantile-colic-hypothesis

  Infantile colic syndrome describes a restless infant whose symptoms of severe pain begin at 2-3 weeks, peak at 5-8 weeks, and stop spontaneously at 4-6 months. […] The etiology and pathogenesis of the disease are unknown. […] Based on the literature analysis and our own research, a hypothesis of the etiology and pathogenesis of infantile colic is proposed. It develops in children with genetically determined lactose intolerance if full breastfeeding is interrupted before the cessation of functional regurgitation. […] Unhydrolyzed lactose causes the release of histamine from the mast cells of the small intestine, which leads to hypersecretion of hydrochloric acid. […] Stopping infant colic does not mean recovery, since the function of the LES is damaged during colic. In addition, lactose intolerance remains for life.

• #3 Colic – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/symptoms-in-infants-and-children/colic

  Colic is frequent and extended periods of crying for no discernible reason in an otherwise healthy infant. […] Although the term colic suggests an intestinal origin, etiology is unknown. […] Colic typically appears within the first month of life, peaks at about age 6 weeks, and reliably and spontaneously ends by age 3 to 4 months. […] Excessive crying may cause aerophagia, which results in flatulence and abdominal distention. […] The goal is to distinguish colic from other causes of excessive crying, particularly serious and/or treatable medical disorders. […] Infants with colic do not have any new examination findings except for the possibility of excessive crying, which may not be present during the examination. […] Parents should be reassured that the infant is healthy, that the crying is not due to poor parenting, and that colic will resolve on its own with no long-term adverse effects.

• #4 Infant colic: mechanisms and management | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-018-0008-7

  Infant colic is a commonly reported phenomenon of excessive crying in infancy with an enigmatic and distressing character. […] The pathogenesis of infant colic remains unclear and is thought to be multifactorial; however, a growing body of evidence suggests that the gut microbiome contributes to development of the condition. […] Moreover, neurogenic, gastrointestinal, microbial and psychosocial factors that might contribute to the pathophysiology of infant colic are explored. […] This Review underlines that a comprehensive medical history and physical examination in the absence of alarm symptoms serve as guidance for the clinician to a positive diagnosis. […] Finally, the behavioural and somatic sequelae of infant colic into childhood are summarized.

• #5 Infantile Colic – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518962/

  Infantile colic is a common condition causing abdominal discomfort in newborns during the first few weeks after birth. The etiology of colic is still unknown, as the studies conducted so far have been restricted due to inadequate blinding and conflicting or inconsistent results. Many proposed contributing factors, such as biological, gastrointestinal, and psychosocial elements, define colic causes. In addition, the signs and symptoms may indicate the culmination of various contributing factors. […] Some studies support the presence of increased motilin in newborns and infants with colic, suggesting gut hypermotility as a result of autonomic imbalance. Gut inflammation, as measured by fecal calprotectin, and alterations in the fecal microbiome may also contribute to infantile colic. […] The behavior of a newborn or infant can vary between being happy, sleeping, playing, or eating, and the specific triggers for these behaviors are not known. The cry associated with colic is typically louder and more urgent and is sometimes described as screaming. Less than 10% of infants with excessive and inconsolable crying have an organic cause, and standard soothing techniques are often ineffective. Most infants resolve colic spontaneously, with no lasting effects.

• #6 Recent advances in understanding and managing infantile colic

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6134333/

  Infantile colic pathophysiology is poorly understood. […] Colicky infants display gut microbiota dysbiosis, barrier alterations, and mild chronic gastro-intestinal inflammation. […] Faecal samples taken from infants suffering from colic led to visceral hyperalgesia in recipient mice, possibly as a result of microbiota dysbiosis. […] Visceral hypersensitivity could be an important aetiological factor involved in the prototypical colic crying behaviour. […] The microbiome of colicky infants has low levels of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, including species with anti-inflammatory effects. […] There is a decreased number of butyrate-producing species. […] Escherichia coli were reported to be more abundant in the faeces of infants with colic than in those of healthy infants. […] Proteobacteria, including species producing gas and inflammation, are increased.

• #7 The Association between Infant Colic and the Multi-Omic Composition of Human Milk

  https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/3/559

  Infant colic is a common condition with unclear biologic underpinnings and limited treatment options. […] This hypothesis was tested in a cohort of 182 breastfed infants, assessed with a modified Infant Colic Scale at 1 month. […] Milk from mothers of infants with colic (n = 28) displayed higher levels of Staphylococcus (adj. p = 0.038, d = 0.30), miR-224-3p (adj. p = 0.023, d = 0.33), miR-125b-5p (adj. p = 0.028, d = 0.29), let-7a-5p (adj. p = 0.028, d = 0.27), and miR-205-5p (adj. p = 0.029, d = 0.26) compared to milk from non-colic mother–infant dyads (n = 154). […] Colic symptom severity was directly associated with milk hepatocyte growth factor levels (R = 0.21, p = 0.025). […] A regression model involving let-7a-5p, miR-29a-3p, and Lactobacillus accurately modeled colic risk (X² = 16.7, p = 0.001).

• #8 Compositional and functional variability of the gut microbiome in children with infantile colic | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-36641-z

  The inconsolable crying of a child for no apparent reason at an early age is a source of excitement and anxiety for parents. Previous studies have reported that crying may be caused by discomfort associated with the occupation of the intestines of the newborn by microbiota and its vital activity. […] It was determined that the trajectory of the development of the intestinal microbiome of children with colic was different from the group without colic. In the colic group, a depleted relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and enrichment of Bacteroides Clostridiales was found, while the microbial biodiversity in this group was enriched. […] This study shows that infantile colic has a definite relationship with the microbiome structure of infants. […] Research in the past decade suggests a link between the trajectory of the gut microbiome in young children and infantile colic. So there is evidence showing a significantly increased relative abundance of H2-producing bacteria in the gut microbiome of children with colic.

• #9 Infantile colic, do we understand the etiology | Pediatric Oncall Journal

  https://www.pediatriconcall.com/pediatric-journal/view-article/822

  Infantile colic is a commonly encountered, benign self-limited condition which causes much distress to the caregivers. The etio-pathogenesis is inconclusive and myriad theories abound. […] The sheer multitude of theories point towards the confusion that surrounds it and no single reason has been found to be the cause of colic. Most of the theories revolve around disturbances of the gastrointestinal tract. […] The inadequate numbers of lactobacilli, together with high levels of coliforms in the immature gut can affect fermentation resulting in excessive intra intestinal gas production resulting in colic. […] Studies have shown the presence of L. acidophilus only in non-colicky infants, while those with colic had L. lactis and L. brevis. These are both hetero fermenting species that produce ethyl alcohol, lactic acid, carbon dioxide and ATP, which alters the intestinal motility and results in abdominal distension, and flatulence characteristic of infantile colic.

• #10 The effectiveness of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in the treatment of infantile colic: a systematic review and meta-analysis – Liu – Translational Pediatrics

  https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/128126/html

  LGG is effective in treating infantile colic. […] The pathogenesis of infant colic is unclear and multifactorial. Several factors can contribute to the development of infant colic, including altered intestinal microbiota, gastrointestinal factors (cows milk allergy, excessive intestinal gas), imbalanced neurodevelopment, and eating moods. Among them, intestinal microbiota dysbiosis is getting more attention. […] It is possible that intestinal dysbiosis contributes to colic symptoms by increasing fermentation of lactose, carbohydrates, and proteins, leading to an increase in gas production and gut extension. […] Furthermore, colic in infants is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation, as reported by Prtty et al. […] The low proportions of Bifidobacterium (phylum Actinobacteria) and Lactobacillus (phylum Firmicutes) in infants gut microbiota might be associated with infant crying and fussing.

• #11 Recent advances in understanding and managing infantile colic

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6134333/

  Infantile colic pathophysiology is poorly understood. […] Colicky infants display gut microbiota dysbiosis, barrier alterations, and mild chronic gastro-intestinal inflammation. […] Faecal samples taken from infants suffering from colic led to visceral hyperalgesia in recipient mice, possibly as a result of microbiota dysbiosis. […] Visceral hypersensitivity could be an important aetiological factor involved in the prototypical colic crying behaviour. […] The microbiome of colicky infants has low levels of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, including species with anti-inflammatory effects. […] There is a decreased number of butyrate-producing species. […] Escherichia coli were reported to be more abundant in the faeces of infants with colic than in those of healthy infants. […] Proteobacteria, including species producing gas and inflammation, are increased.

• #12 Recent advances in understanding and managing infantile colic

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6134333/

  Infantile colic pathophysiology is poorly understood. […] Colicky infants display gut microbiota dysbiosis, barrier alterations, and mild chronic gastro-intestinal inflammation. […] Faecal samples taken from infants suffering from colic led to visceral hyperalgesia in recipient mice, possibly as a result of microbiota dysbiosis. […] Visceral hypersensitivity could be an important aetiological factor involved in the prototypical colic crying behaviour. […] The microbiome of colicky infants has low levels of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, including species with anti-inflammatory effects. […] There is a decreased number of butyrate-producing species. […] Escherichia coli were reported to be more abundant in the faeces of infants with colic than in those of healthy infants. […] Proteobacteria, including species producing gas and inflammation, are increased.

• #13 Compositional and functional variability of the gut microbiome in children with infantile colic | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-36641-z

  The results showed that the average relative frequency of occurrence of bifidobacteria in the feces of infants in the group with infantile colic (28.65% average relative abundance) after 1 month of life was~1.95 times lower compared to the group of children without colic (54.84% average relative abundance). […] The microbiome enriched with these taxa, in our opinion, may be involved in the colic phenotype through the production of intestinal gases. Thus, it was found that Bacteroides and Clostridium produce H2, and CO2, as by-products of anaerobic fermentation, and, as a result, the accumulation of gases can be a source of discomfort for infants. […] The meconium microbiome could make some contribution to the microbiome development trajectory in the future. […] The relationship between the gut microbiome and colic is still not fully understood, and further research is needed to identify specific microorganisms or microbial pathways that are associated with colic and to determine how these microorganisms interact with other environmental and genetic factors that may contribute to colic symptoms.

• #14 Recent advances in understanding and managing infantile colic

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6134333/

  Infantile colic pathophysiology is poorly understood. […] Colicky infants display gut microbiota dysbiosis, barrier alterations, and mild chronic gastro-intestinal inflammation. […] Faecal samples taken from infants suffering from colic led to visceral hyperalgesia in recipient mice, possibly as a result of microbiota dysbiosis. […] Visceral hypersensitivity could be an important aetiological factor involved in the prototypical colic crying behaviour. […] The microbiome of colicky infants has low levels of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, including species with anti-inflammatory effects. […] There is a decreased number of butyrate-producing species. […] Escherichia coli were reported to be more abundant in the faeces of infants with colic than in those of healthy infants. […] Proteobacteria, including species producing gas and inflammation, are increased.

• #15 Infantile colic, do we understand the etiology | Pediatric Oncall Journal

  https://www.pediatriconcall.com/pediatric-journal/view-article/822

  Infantile colic is a commonly encountered, benign self-limited condition which causes much distress to the caregivers. The etio-pathogenesis is inconclusive and myriad theories abound. […] The sheer multitude of theories point towards the confusion that surrounds it and no single reason has been found to be the cause of colic. Most of the theories revolve around disturbances of the gastrointestinal tract. […] The inadequate numbers of lactobacilli, together with high levels of coliforms in the immature gut can affect fermentation resulting in excessive intra intestinal gas production resulting in colic. […] Studies have shown the presence of L. acidophilus only in non-colicky infants, while those with colic had L. lactis and L. brevis. These are both hetero fermenting species that produce ethyl alcohol, lactic acid, carbon dioxide and ATP, which alters the intestinal motility and results in abdominal distension, and flatulence characteristic of infantile colic.

• #16 The effectiveness of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in the treatment of infantile colic: a systematic review and meta-analysis – Liu – Translational Pediatrics

  https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/128126/html

  LGG is effective in treating infantile colic. […] The pathogenesis of infant colic is unclear and multifactorial. Several factors can contribute to the development of infant colic, including altered intestinal microbiota, gastrointestinal factors (cows milk allergy, excessive intestinal gas), imbalanced neurodevelopment, and eating moods. Among them, intestinal microbiota dysbiosis is getting more attention. […] It is possible that intestinal dysbiosis contributes to colic symptoms by increasing fermentation of lactose, carbohydrates, and proteins, leading to an increase in gas production and gut extension. […] Furthermore, colic in infants is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation, as reported by Prtty et al. […] The low proportions of Bifidobacterium (phylum Actinobacteria) and Lactobacillus (phylum Firmicutes) in infants gut microbiota might be associated with infant crying and fussing.

• #17 Infantile colic, do we understand the etiology | Pediatric Oncall Journal

  https://www.pediatriconcall.com/pediatric-journal/view-article/822

  The probiotics contribute to the anti-inflammatory tone of the intestinal environment, modulating the immune responses and the motility of the infantile gut. […] Lactose malabsorption may cause significant amounts of lactose to enter the colon where it acts as a substrate for lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. […] Studies have shown elevated breath hydrogen levels in infants with colic, thus corroborating the hypothesis that the colicky infants have carbohydrate mal-absorption causing colic. […] According to the results of studies conducted by Lothe et al, the basal motilin levels are raised from the first day of life in infants who subsequently develop colic, indicating that the GIT is affected even before the symptoms of colic appear. […] Ghrelin may promote abnormal hyperperistalsis and appetite, typically seen in colicky infants.

• #18 Recent advances in understanding and managing infantile colic

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6134333/

  The presence of chronic inflammation is illustrated by the fact that faecal calprotectin levels were two-fold higher in infants with colic than in control infants. […] In all children, during the first few months of life, intestinal mucosal immaturity implies an incomplete gut integrity, thus allowing the passage of large molecules into the blood. […] While the development of barrier function occurs in utero, there is ongoing postnatal maturation, and multiple factors can induce postnatal intestinal barrier maturation, including growth factors, hormones, nutrients, and microbes.

• #19 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  Infantile colic is a benign process in which an infant has paroxysms of inconsolable crying for more than three hours per day, more than three days per week, for longer than three weeks. […] The cause of infantile colic is not known; proposed causes include alterations in fecal microflora, intolerance to cow’s milk protein or lactose, gastrointestinal immaturity or inflammation, increased serotonin secretion, poor feeding technique, and maternal smoking or nicotine replacement therapy. […] Despite decades of research, the cause of infantile colic is not known. Proposed causes include alterations in fecal microflora, intolerance to cow’s milk protein or lactose, gastrointestinal immaturity or inflammation, increased serotonin secretion, poor feeding technique, and maternal smoking or nicotine replacement therapy. […] Two studies have demonstrated higher levels of fecal calprotectin, a marker of colonic inflammation, in infants with colic.

• #20 Recent advances in understanding and managing infantile colic

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6134333/

  The presence of chronic inflammation is illustrated by the fact that faecal calprotectin levels were two-fold higher in infants with colic than in control infants. […] In all children, during the first few months of life, intestinal mucosal immaturity implies an incomplete gut integrity, thus allowing the passage of large molecules into the blood. […] While the development of barrier function occurs in utero, there is ongoing postnatal maturation, and multiple factors can induce postnatal intestinal barrier maturation, including growth factors, hormones, nutrients, and microbes.

• #21 Efficacy of probiotics for managing infantile colic due to their anti-inflammatory properties: a meta-analysis and systematic review

  https://e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=20125555431

  Increased intestinal permeability is found in various inflammatory situations in the gastrointestinal tract and the studies have observed a significant correlation between Calprotectin and intestinal permeability as a consequence of transepithelial granulocytes migration and inflammation. […] The gut microbiome is known to produce some products such as short-chain fatty acids that perform anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. […] The complicated base of IC with limitations in the treatment and diagnosis may introduce specific strains of probiotics as a new therapeutic strategy for the management of this burden.

• #22 Infantile Colic – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518962/

  Infantile colic is a common condition causing abdominal discomfort in newborns during the first few weeks after birth. The etiology of colic is still unknown, as the studies conducted so far have been restricted due to inadequate blinding and conflicting or inconsistent results. Many proposed contributing factors, such as biological, gastrointestinal, and psychosocial elements, define colic causes. In addition, the signs and symptoms may indicate the culmination of various contributing factors. […] Some studies support the presence of increased motilin in newborns and infants with colic, suggesting gut hypermotility as a result of autonomic imbalance. Gut inflammation, as measured by fecal calprotectin, and alterations in the fecal microbiome may also contribute to infantile colic. […] The behavior of a newborn or infant can vary between being happy, sleeping, playing, or eating, and the specific triggers for these behaviors are not known. The cry associated with colic is typically louder and more urgent and is sometimes described as screaming. Less than 10% of infants with excessive and inconsolable crying have an organic cause, and standard soothing techniques are often ineffective. Most infants resolve colic spontaneously, with no lasting effects.

• #23 Colic: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927760-overview

  Colic is commonly described as a behavioral syndrome characterized by excessive, paroxysmal crying. Colic is most likely to occur in the evenings, and it occurs without any identifiable cause. […] Colic is a poorly understood phenomenon. It is equally likely to occur in both breastfed and formula-fed infants. […] Different feeding practices and crying may result in large amounts of air entering the gastric lumen, which suggests that excessive aerophagia may be associated with colic. Colonic fermentation is the second proposed source of excessive intestinal gas in infants. However, no experimental evidence supports either theory. […] Increased levels of certain biochemical markers, such as motilin, alpha lactalbumin, and urinary 5-hydroxy-3-indole acetic acid (5-OH HIAA) have been associated in infants with colic. […] In summary, complex interactions between behavioral and psychological factors, nutrition, immaturity of GI tract, microbial dysbiosis, and intestinal dysmotility are responsible for the development of colic.

• #24 Infantile colic, do we understand the etiology | Pediatric Oncall Journal

  https://www.pediatriconcall.com/pediatric-journal/view-article/822

  The probiotics contribute to the anti-inflammatory tone of the intestinal environment, modulating the immune responses and the motility of the infantile gut. […] Lactose malabsorption may cause significant amounts of lactose to enter the colon where it acts as a substrate for lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. […] Studies have shown elevated breath hydrogen levels in infants with colic, thus corroborating the hypothesis that the colicky infants have carbohydrate mal-absorption causing colic. […] According to the results of studies conducted by Lothe et al, the basal motilin levels are raised from the first day of life in infants who subsequently develop colic, indicating that the GIT is affected even before the symptoms of colic appear. […] Ghrelin may promote abnormal hyperperistalsis and appetite, typically seen in colicky infants.

• #25 Looking for new treatments of Infantile Colic | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1824-7288-40-53

  Infantile colic is a common disturbance occurring in the first three months of life. […] Literature reports growing evidence about the effectiveness of dietary, pharmacological, complementary and behavioral therapies as options for the management of infantile colic. […] Recent studies have focused the role of microbiota in the pathogenesis of this disturb and so new treatments, such as probiotics, have been proposed, but only few strains have been tested. […] Despite the prevalence of the condition, the pathogenesis remains partly unknown. A theory hypnotizes that infants nervous or digestive system may be immature. […] There is growing evidence that the intestinal microbiota in colicky infants differs from that of healthy controls. […] Higher levels of ghrelin and motilin were found in infants affected by colic, even though further studies are required to clarify their role in infantile colic.

• #26 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  Infantile colic is a benign process in which an infant has paroxysms of inconsolable crying for more than three hours per day, more than three days per week, for longer than three weeks. […] The cause of infantile colic is not known; proposed causes include alterations in fecal microflora, intolerance to cow’s milk protein or lactose, gastrointestinal immaturity or inflammation, increased serotonin secretion, poor feeding technique, and maternal smoking or nicotine replacement therapy. […] Despite decades of research, the cause of infantile colic is not known. Proposed causes include alterations in fecal microflora, intolerance to cow’s milk protein or lactose, gastrointestinal immaturity or inflammation, increased serotonin secretion, poor feeding technique, and maternal smoking or nicotine replacement therapy. […] Two studies have demonstrated higher levels of fecal calprotectin, a marker of colonic inflammation, in infants with colic.

• #27 Infantile colic, do we understand the etiology | Pediatric Oncall Journal

  https://www.pediatriconcall.com/pediatric-journal/view-article/822

  The probiotics contribute to the anti-inflammatory tone of the intestinal environment, modulating the immune responses and the motility of the infantile gut. […] Lactose malabsorption may cause significant amounts of lactose to enter the colon where it acts as a substrate for lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. […] Studies have shown elevated breath hydrogen levels in infants with colic, thus corroborating the hypothesis that the colicky infants have carbohydrate mal-absorption causing colic. […] According to the results of studies conducted by Lothe et al, the basal motilin levels are raised from the first day of life in infants who subsequently develop colic, indicating that the GIT is affected even before the symptoms of colic appear. […] Ghrelin may promote abnormal hyperperistalsis and appetite, typically seen in colicky infants.

• #28 Pathogenesis of Infantile Colic. Hypothesis

  https://www.mathewsopenaccess.com/full-text/pathogenesis-of-infantile-colic-hypothesis

  Infantile colic syndrome describes a restless infant whose symptoms of severe pain begin at 2-3 weeks, peak at 5-8 weeks, and stop spontaneously at 4-6 months. […] The etiology and pathogenesis of the disease are unknown. […] Based on the literature analysis and our own research, a hypothesis of the etiology and pathogenesis of infantile colic is proposed. It develops in children with genetically determined lactose intolerance if full breastfeeding is interrupted before the cessation of functional regurgitation. […] Unhydrolyzed lactose causes the release of histamine from the mast cells of the small intestine, which leads to hypersecretion of hydrochloric acid. […] Stopping infant colic does not mean recovery, since the function of the LES is damaged during colic. In addition, lactose intolerance remains for life.

• #29 Pathogenesis of Infantile Colic. Hypothesis

  https://www.mathewsopenaccess.com/full-text/pathogenesis-of-infantile-colic-hypothesis

  Infantile colic syndrome describes a restless infant whose symptoms of severe pain begin at 2-3 weeks, peak at 5-8 weeks, and stop spontaneously at 4-6 months. […] The etiology and pathogenesis of the disease are unknown. […] Based on the literature analysis and our own research, a hypothesis of the etiology and pathogenesis of infantile colic is proposed. It develops in children with genetically determined lactose intolerance if full breastfeeding is interrupted before the cessation of functional regurgitation. […] Unhydrolyzed lactose causes the release of histamine from the mast cells of the small intestine, which leads to hypersecretion of hydrochloric acid. […] Stopping infant colic does not mean recovery, since the function of the LES is damaged during colic. In addition, lactose intolerance remains for life.

• #30 Pathogenesis of Infantile Colic. Hypothesis

  https://www.mathewsopenaccess.com/full-text/pathogenesis-of-infantile-colic-hypothesis

  Infantile colic syndrome describes a restless infant whose symptoms of severe pain begin at 2-3 weeks, peak at 5-8 weeks, and stop spontaneously at 4-6 months. […] The etiology and pathogenesis of the disease are unknown. […] Based on the literature analysis and our own research, a hypothesis of the etiology and pathogenesis of infantile colic is proposed. It develops in children with genetically determined lactose intolerance if full breastfeeding is interrupted before the cessation of functional regurgitation. […] Unhydrolyzed lactose causes the release of histamine from the mast cells of the small intestine, which leads to hypersecretion of hydrochloric acid. […] Stopping infant colic does not mean recovery, since the function of the LES is damaged during colic. In addition, lactose intolerance remains for life.

• #31 Infantile colic, do we understand the etiology | Pediatric Oncall Journal

  https://www.pediatriconcall.com/pediatric-journal/view-article/822

  The role of diet in the causation of colic remains controversial, although several studies have shown suggestive results. […] This study clearly showed that elimination of certain major food allergens from the maternal diet does decrease the duration of crying and fussing in the infant, and the maternal food allergens do play a significant role in the pathogenesis of colic. […] The etiopathogenesis of infantile colic is myriad, and there is to date no general consensus on its causative factors. […] The role of gut microbes has been studied extensively as an etiological agent. […] Studies by Savino et al has shown the usefulness of lactobacillus delbrueckii DSM20074 and L. plantarum MB456 in inhibiting the growth of gas forming coliforms of different species via the production of bacteriocins and inhibitory non proteinaceous metabolites with antibacterial activity. […] These findings have opened up a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of infantile colic.

• #32 Infantile Colic | Nutrition Guide for Clinicians

  https://nutritionguide.pcrm.org/nutritionguide/view/Nutrition_Guide_for_Clinicians/1342019/all/Infantile_Colic

  The biological mechanisms underlying colic are also poorly understood. Possible triggers include alterations in fecal microflora and maternal smoking or nicotine replacement therapy. The mechanisms of action are gastrointestinal immaturity or inflammation, intolerance to cows milk protein or lactose, increased serotonin secretion, and poor feeding technique.[4],[5],[6],[7] […] Several lines of evidence support the possibility that cows milk proteins may elicit colic symptoms. The first is the observation that colic symptoms often improve in infants who are either given formula free of cows milk proteins or breastfed by mothers who avoid cows milk.[16],[17] In addition, many infants experience colic symptoms after ingestion of breast milk subsequent to maternal ingestion of whey capsules.[17]

• #33 The Association between Infant Colic and the Multi-Omic Composition of Human Milk

  https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/3/559

  Infant colic is a common condition with unclear biologic underpinnings and limited treatment options. […] This hypothesis was tested in a cohort of 182 breastfed infants, assessed with a modified Infant Colic Scale at 1 month. […] Milk from mothers of infants with colic (n = 28) displayed higher levels of Staphylococcus (adj. p = 0.038, d = 0.30), miR-224-3p (adj. p = 0.023, d = 0.33), miR-125b-5p (adj. p = 0.028, d = 0.29), let-7a-5p (adj. p = 0.028, d = 0.27), and miR-205-5p (adj. p = 0.029, d = 0.26) compared to milk from non-colic mother–infant dyads (n = 154). […] Colic symptom severity was directly associated with milk hepatocyte growth factor levels (R = 0.21, p = 0.025). […] A regression model involving let-7a-5p, miR-29a-3p, and Lactobacillus accurately modeled colic risk (X² = 16.7, p = 0.001).

• #34 The Association between Infant Colic and the Multi-Omic Composition of Human Milk

  https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/3/559

  Infant colic is a common condition with unclear biologic underpinnings and limited treatment options. […] This hypothesis was tested in a cohort of 182 breastfed infants, assessed with a modified Infant Colic Scale at 1 month. […] Milk from mothers of infants with colic (n = 28) displayed higher levels of Staphylococcus (adj. p = 0.038, d = 0.30), miR-224-3p (adj. p = 0.023, d = 0.33), miR-125b-5p (adj. p = 0.028, d = 0.29), let-7a-5p (adj. p = 0.028, d = 0.27), and miR-205-5p (adj. p = 0.029, d = 0.26) compared to milk from non-colic mother–infant dyads (n = 154). […] Colic symptom severity was directly associated with milk hepatocyte growth factor levels (R = 0.21, p = 0.025). […] A regression model involving let-7a-5p, miR-29a-3p, and Lactobacillus accurately modeled colic risk (X² = 16.7, p = 0.001).

• #35 The Association between Infant Colic and the Multi-Omic Composition of Human Milk

  https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/3/559

  Infant colic is a common condition with unclear biologic underpinnings and limited treatment options. […] This hypothesis was tested in a cohort of 182 breastfed infants, assessed with a modified Infant Colic Scale at 1 month. […] Milk from mothers of infants with colic (n = 28) displayed higher levels of Staphylococcus (adj. p = 0.038, d = 0.30), miR-224-3p (adj. p = 0.023, d = 0.33), miR-125b-5p (adj. p = 0.028, d = 0.29), let-7a-5p (adj. p = 0.028, d = 0.27), and miR-205-5p (adj. p = 0.029, d = 0.26) compared to milk from non-colic mother–infant dyads (n = 154). […] Colic symptom severity was directly associated with milk hepatocyte growth factor levels (R = 0.21, p = 0.025). […] A regression model involving let-7a-5p, miR-29a-3p, and Lactobacillus accurately modeled colic risk (X² = 16.7, p = 0.001).

• #36 The Association between Infant Colic and the Multi-Omic Composition of Human Milk

  https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/3/559

  Molecular factors within human milk may impact colic risk, and provide support for a dysbiotic/inflammatory model of colic pathophysiology. […] The goal of this investigation was to identify novel human milk components that modulate risk for infantile colic. […] We hypothesized that the levels of specific miRNAs, microbes, and cytokines within human milk would differ between breastfeeding mothers of infants with colic and breastfeeding mothers of infants without colic. […] Higher levels of miR-29a-3p and let-7a-5p were associated with increased risk of colic development, whereas elevated levels of Lactobacillus appeared to confer a protective effect. […] A commonly proposed mechanism for infant colic involves dysbiosis, inflammation, and heightened pain sensitivity. […] This finding is consistent with a study of bacterial lipopolysaccharide-mediated mastitis in mammary epithelial cells, which reported perturbations in both let-7a-5p and milk cytokines in response to bacterial antigens.

• #37 The Association between Infant Colic and the Multi-Omic Composition of Human Milk

  https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/3/559

  Transfer of these inflammatory components to the infant gut may contribute to an inflammatory state and produce the characteristic symptoms of infant colic. […] The findings of this study support the idea that a complex network of microbial, protein, and miRNA factors within human breast milk may impact infant risk for colic development.

• #38 Recent advances in understanding and managing infantile colic

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6134333/

  Infantile colic pathophysiology is poorly understood. […] Colicky infants display gut microbiota dysbiosis, barrier alterations, and mild chronic gastro-intestinal inflammation. […] Faecal samples taken from infants suffering from colic led to visceral hyperalgesia in recipient mice, possibly as a result of microbiota dysbiosis. […] Visceral hypersensitivity could be an important aetiological factor involved in the prototypical colic crying behaviour. […] The microbiome of colicky infants has low levels of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, including species with anti-inflammatory effects. […] There is a decreased number of butyrate-producing species. […] Escherichia coli were reported to be more abundant in the faeces of infants with colic than in those of healthy infants. […] Proteobacteria, including species producing gas and inflammation, are increased.

• #39 Recent advances in understanding and managing infantile colic

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6134333/

  Infantile colic pathophysiology is poorly understood. […] Colicky infants display gut microbiota dysbiosis, barrier alterations, and mild chronic gastro-intestinal inflammation. […] Faecal samples taken from infants suffering from colic led to visceral hyperalgesia in recipient mice, possibly as a result of microbiota dysbiosis. […] Visceral hypersensitivity could be an important aetiological factor involved in the prototypical colic crying behaviour. […] The microbiome of colicky infants has low levels of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, including species with anti-inflammatory effects. […] There is a decreased number of butyrate-producing species. […] Escherichia coli were reported to be more abundant in the faeces of infants with colic than in those of healthy infants. […] Proteobacteria, including species producing gas and inflammation, are increased.

• #40 A New Perspective on the Pathogenesis of Infantile Colic: Is Infantile Colic a Biorhythm Disorder?

  https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/michigantech-p/17378/

  OBJECTIVES: In this study, we investigated the relationship between infantile colic, migraine, and biorhythm regulation, by evaluating biochemical and molecular parameters. […] CONCLUSION: Due to the gaps in the etipathogenesis in infantile colic, a unique effective agent has not been discovered so far. This study, which demonstrated for the first time that infantile colic is a biorhythm disorder using molecular methods, fills the gap in this regard and points to a completely different perspective in terms of treatment.

• #41

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12519-018-0130-1

  Despite the high prevalence of infantile colic, the pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. […] We hypothesized that infantile colic might associate with desynchronization of normal circadian rhythms of these hormones. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of melatonin and cortisol in the pathogenesis of infantile colic. […] We found an association between melatonin levels and infantile colic. However, more research is needed to fully understand the role of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and hormones role on infantile colic physiopathology.

• #42 Journal of Clinical Chiropractic Pediatrics : Editorial

  https://jccponline.com/Hoeve22-01.html

  Despite many years of research, the cause of infantile colic is as elusive as ever and no distinct cure has emerged. Evidence is reviewed that colic may be the clinical expression of physiological dysregulation at the brainstem level, particularly of the vestibular and autonomic systems. […] It is argued that occipital/upper-cervical muscular tightness acquired at birth may induce aberrant proprioceptive flow into the vestibular system and, indirectly, the medial cerebellar cortex. Diminished inhibitory modulation of the vestibular nuclei by the medial cerebellum may provide a mechanism of how vestibular dysregulation/ hyperactivity may arise and subsequently be propagated downstream to also involve the autonomic systems. […] Colicky babies, it appears, are not just babies who cry a lot. They also show clinical evidence of vestibular dysregulation i.e., dysregulation at the brainstem level.

• #43 Journal of Clinical Chiropractic Pediatrics : Editorial

  https://jccponline.com/Hoeve22-01.html

  Despite many years of research, the cause of infantile colic is as elusive as ever and no distinct cure has emerged. Evidence is reviewed that colic may be the clinical expression of physiological dysregulation at the brainstem level, particularly of the vestibular and autonomic systems. […] It is argued that occipital/upper-cervical muscular tightness acquired at birth may induce aberrant proprioceptive flow into the vestibular system and, indirectly, the medial cerebellar cortex. Diminished inhibitory modulation of the vestibular nuclei by the medial cerebellum may provide a mechanism of how vestibular dysregulation/ hyperactivity may arise and subsequently be propagated downstream to also involve the autonomic systems. […] Colicky babies, it appears, are not just babies who cry a lot. They also show clinical evidence of vestibular dysregulation i.e., dysregulation at the brainstem level.

• #44 Journal of Clinical Chiropractic Pediatrics : Editorial

  https://jccponline.com/Hoeve22-01.html

  As one of the first sensory systems to emerge in the embryological development of vertebrates, the vestibular nuclei have extensive projections to other brainstem nuclei and play a central role in many regulatory processes. […] Indeed, from scattered sources throughout the literature, supportive evidence of brainstem dysregulation in infantile colic can be gleaned. […] The observed postural characteristics (1,2,3) are suggestive of vestibulo-spinal hyperactivity. […] Together these symptoms point to sympathetic activation, as do the shrill and high-pitched acoustic characteristics of colicky crying. […] In a recent development a mobile telephone app (Chatterbaby) incorporating a cry-translation algorithm allowed discrimination of cries associated with fussiness, hunger, pain and colic with 70-90% accuracy.

• #45 Journal of Clinical Chiropractic Pediatrics : Editorial

  https://jccponline.com/Hoeve22-01.html

  The finding of a 96.5% improvement of the vestibular index following treatment consisting of mild sensory stimulation is consistent with restoration of regular proprioceptive flow and normalization of vestibular modulation by the medial cerebellum. […] It is proposed that in a percentage of births the human baby may suffer mild trauma, as initially suggested by Biedermann, and that this may have far reaching effects. The associated muscular tightness and accompanying movement/joint dysfunction may have an adverse effect on the vestibular and autonomic systems of the brainstem. […] Colicky behavior, vestibular dysregulation and concomitant autonomic dysregulation are linked to sub-occipital/ upper-cervical muscular dysfunction secondary to mild birth trauma. Treatment aimed at relaxing tight sub-occipital/upper-cervical musculature (sensory neuromodulation) may correct aberrant proprioceptive outflow to the vestibular nuclei and the medial cerebellum. This may facilitate normalization of vestibular inhibitory modulation by the cerebellum and lead to improvement of brainstem regulation.

• #46 What Is Colic? Causes, Remedies and Symptoms of Colic in Babies

  https://www.whattoexpect.com/first-year/health-and-safety/what-is-colic/

  Colic is not a disease or diagnosis but a combination of baffling behaviors. It’s really just a catch-all term for excessive crying in otherwise healthy babies the problem being, there’s no solution to it besides the passing of time. […] While the exact cause of colic is a mystery, experts do know that it’s not the result of genetics or anything that happened during pregnancy or childbirth. Nor is it any reflection on parenting skills. And it’s also not anyone’s fault. […] One explanation: Newborns have a built-in mechanism for tuning out sights and sounds around them, which allows them to sleep and eat without being disturbed by their environment. Near the end of the first month, however, this mechanism disappears leaving babies more sensitive to the stimuli in their surroundings. […] An immature digestive system. Digesting food is a big task for a baby’s brand new gastrointestinal system. As a result, food may pass through too quickly and not break down completely, resulting in pain from gas in the intestines.

• #47 Brain to Belly: Abdominal Variants of Migraine and Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders Associated With Migraine

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?uid=1703&vmd=Full&

  The pathophysiology of infantile colic is also a good model of the gut-brain axis mechanism. […] The complexity of infantile colic is also influenced by an immature CNS. […] The pathophysiology of FD still remains unclear. It is a complex combination of physiologic, genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. […] The role of Helicobacter pylori on FD and migraine has also been studied. […] The aim of this review is to summarize the recent knowledge on abdominal variants of migraine and functional abdominal pain disorders associated to migraine, as they appear to be part of a wider spectrum of diseases now being explored as brain-gut disorders. […] Migraine and related syndromes have a great impact on the quality of life of children and their future as adults. […] The understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these conditions is crucial in order to improve diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up in these children.

• #48 Brain to Belly: Abdominal Variants of Migraine and Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders Associated With Migraine

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?uid=1703&vmd=Full&

  The pathophysiology of infantile colic is also a good model of the gut-brain axis mechanism. […] The complexity of infantile colic is also influenced by an immature CNS. […] The pathophysiology of FD still remains unclear. It is a complex combination of physiologic, genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. […] The role of Helicobacter pylori on FD and migraine has also been studied. […] The aim of this review is to summarize the recent knowledge on abdominal variants of migraine and functional abdominal pain disorders associated to migraine, as they appear to be part of a wider spectrum of diseases now being explored as brain-gut disorders. […] Migraine and related syndromes have a great impact on the quality of life of children and their future as adults. […] The understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these conditions is crucial in order to improve diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up in these children.

• #49 Infantile Colic and the Subsequent Development of the Irritable Bowel Syndrome

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?spage=618&volume=28&number=4

  Infantile colic is a common disease in the infant period, affecting between 4% and 28% of all infants. Its most prominent feature is excessive crying, which peaks at 6 weeks and disappears at approximately 4 to 5 months of age. Although the pathogenesis of infantile colic is not well understood, it has been generally viewed as a temporary disorder with a benign prognosis. However, it has been recently reported that infantile colic is associated with a low grade systemic inflammation caused by a pathogenic microbiota composition. Therefore, infantile colic may be considered as a potential early manifestation of later onset disorders including the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). […] The pathophysiology of IBS is not understood completely. Various central and peripheral mechanisms have been described in the pathophysiology of IBS, including the dysregulation of the brain-gut axis, altered gastrointestinal motility, visceral hypersensitivity, alterations in the intestinal microbiota, low-grade immune activation, and intestinal inflammation, which may be associated with increased intestinal permeability to induce exposure to antigens. Gut dysbiosis is thought to be the most convincing factor, as some factors may be derived directly from the gut dysbiosis. Some points of pathogenesis show an association between infantile colic and IBS.

• #50 Infantile Colic and the Subsequent Development of the Irritable Bowel Syndrome

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?spage=618&volume=28&number=4

  Our large national administrative cohort showed that infantile colic in young infants may be an early clinical manifestation of functional gastrointestinal disease. Children with a history of infantile colic at the age of 4 weeks to 5 months had a statistically significant risk for the development of IBS after 4 years of age. […] Although our results do not prove that the 2 diseases have common pathogeneses, several studies support our conclusions. Aberrant gut microbiota and low-grade inflammation may explain the link between infantile colic and IBS. Intestinal microbiota of infants with infantile colic were shown to consist of a lower abundance of Bifidobacteria and a higher abundance of Proteobacteria. […] In conclusion, we found that children with infantile colic histories in the early infant period had a significant risk for later IBS development after 4 years of age. In particular, IBS is a representative form of a functional gastrointestinal disease that extends into the adult period. Efforts to uncover and solve the pathogenesis of infantile colic in the neonatal period may reduce the prevalence and severity of FGID from childhood to adolescence to adulthood.

• #51 Infantile Colic and the Subsequent Development of the Irritable Bowel Syndrome

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?spage=618&volume=28&number=4

  Our large national administrative cohort showed that infantile colic in young infants may be an early clinical manifestation of functional gastrointestinal disease. Children with a history of infantile colic at the age of 4 weeks to 5 months had a statistically significant risk for the development of IBS after 4 years of age. […] Although our results do not prove that the 2 diseases have common pathogeneses, several studies support our conclusions. Aberrant gut microbiota and low-grade inflammation may explain the link between infantile colic and IBS. Intestinal microbiota of infants with infantile colic were shown to consist of a lower abundance of Bifidobacteria and a higher abundance of Proteobacteria. […] In conclusion, we found that children with infantile colic histories in the early infant period had a significant risk for later IBS development after 4 years of age. In particular, IBS is a representative form of a functional gastrointestinal disease that extends into the adult period. Efforts to uncover and solve the pathogenesis of infantile colic in the neonatal period may reduce the prevalence and severity of FGID from childhood to adolescence to adulthood.

• #52 Efficacy of probiotics for managing infantile colic due to their anti-inflammatory properties: a meta-analysis and systematic review

  https://e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=20125555431

  Infantile colic (IC) is excessive crying in otherwise healthy children. Despite vast research efforts, its etiology remains unknown. […] The collection of evidence may inform researchers of new strategies for the management and treatment of IC as well as new clues for understanding its pathogenesis. […] This meta-analysis revealed that probiotics are effective for treating infantile colic, while the review showed that this efficacy may be due to their anti-inflammatory effects. […] Probiotics may be an important treatment option for managing infantile colic due to their anti-inflammatory properties. […] The pathogenesis of IC is not well understood. This condition is described as a multifactorial syndrome. […] Recently some studies have declared the role of dysbiosis of microbiota, maternal smoking, and hormone alterations as well as gastrointestinal inflammation (GII) for the development of colic.

• #53 Looking for new treatments of Infantile Colic | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1824-7288-40-53

  As a consequence of the lack of a complete comprehension of the causes of the condition, a wide spectrum of treatment modalities has been suggested. […] The lack of consensus about infantile colic management in medical literature, the physical and psychological impact affecting colicky infants and their parents and the evidence of controversial advice in many media outlets, such as website and magazines, make the production of further good-quality studies necessary in order to develop new and more effective treatments and to elaborate specific clinical guidelines. […] Little is known about effective therapies for treatment of infantile colic, due to the lack of a complete understanding of the pathogenesis and the self limiting course of this disturb. So, continued efforts toward research and discovery in this field is mandatory for improving knowledge concerning oral probiotic supplementation, dietary approach and safe pain relieving agents.

• #54 Compositional and functional variability of the gut microbiome in children with infantile colic | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-36641-z

  The results showed that the average relative frequency of occurrence of bifidobacteria in the feces of infants in the group with infantile colic (28.65% average relative abundance) after 1 month of life was~1.95 times lower compared to the group of children without colic (54.84% average relative abundance). […] The microbiome enriched with these taxa, in our opinion, may be involved in the colic phenotype through the production of intestinal gases. Thus, it was found that Bacteroides and Clostridium produce H2, and CO2, as by-products of anaerobic fermentation, and, as a result, the accumulation of gases can be a source of discomfort for infants. […] The meconium microbiome could make some contribution to the microbiome development trajectory in the future. […] The relationship between the gut microbiome and colic is still not fully understood, and further research is needed to identify specific microorganisms or microbial pathways that are associated with colic and to determine how these microorganisms interact with other environmental and genetic factors that may contribute to colic symptoms.

• #55 Colic: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927760-overview

  Colic is commonly described as a behavioral syndrome characterized by excessive, paroxysmal crying. Colic is most likely to occur in the evenings, and it occurs without any identifiable cause. […] Colic is a poorly understood phenomenon. It is equally likely to occur in both breastfed and formula-fed infants. […] Different feeding practices and crying may result in large amounts of air entering the gastric lumen, which suggests that excessive aerophagia may be associated with colic. Colonic fermentation is the second proposed source of excessive intestinal gas in infants. However, no experimental evidence supports either theory. […] Increased levels of certain biochemical markers, such as motilin, alpha lactalbumin, and urinary 5-hydroxy-3-indole acetic acid (5-OH HIAA) have been associated in infants with colic. […] In summary, complex interactions between behavioral and psychological factors, nutrition, immaturity of GI tract, microbial dysbiosis, and intestinal dysmotility are responsible for the development of colic.

• #56 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  Infantile colic is a benign process in which an infant has paroxysms of inconsolable crying for more than three hours per day, more than three days per week, for longer than three weeks. […] The cause of infantile colic is not known; proposed causes include alterations in fecal microflora, intolerance to cow’s milk protein or lactose, gastrointestinal immaturity or inflammation, increased serotonin secretion, poor feeding technique, and maternal smoking or nicotine replacement therapy. […] Despite decades of research, the cause of infantile colic is not known. Proposed causes include alterations in fecal microflora, intolerance to cow’s milk protein or lactose, gastrointestinal immaturity or inflammation, increased serotonin secretion, poor feeding technique, and maternal smoking or nicotine replacement therapy. […] Two studies have demonstrated higher levels of fecal calprotectin, a marker of colonic inflammation, in infants with colic.

• #57 Looking for new treatments of Infantile Colic | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1824-7288-40-53

  As a consequence of the lack of a complete comprehension of the causes of the condition, a wide spectrum of treatment modalities has been suggested. […] The lack of consensus about infantile colic management in medical literature, the physical and psychological impact affecting colicky infants and their parents and the evidence of controversial advice in many media outlets, such as website and magazines, make the production of further good-quality studies necessary in order to develop new and more effective treatments and to elaborate specific clinical guidelines. […] Little is known about effective therapies for treatment of infantile colic, due to the lack of a complete understanding of the pathogenesis and the self limiting course of this disturb. So, continued efforts toward research and discovery in this field is mandatory for improving knowledge concerning oral probiotic supplementation, dietary approach and safe pain relieving agents.

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