Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  Infantile colic is a benign process in which an infant has paroxysms of inconsolable crying for more than three hours per day, more than three days per week, for longer than three weeks. […] The cause of infantile colic is not known; proposed causes include alterations in fecal microflora, intolerance to cow’s milk protein or lactose, gastrointestinal immaturity or inflammation, increased serotonin secretion, poor feeding technique, and maternal smoking or nicotine replacement therapy. […] Colic is a diagnosis of exclusion after a detailed history and physical examination have ruled out concerning causes. Parental support and reassurance are key components of the management of colic. […] Simethicone and proton pump inhibitors are ineffective for the treatment of colic, and dicyclomine is contraindicated. Treatment options for breastfed infants include the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (strain DSM 17938) and reducing maternal dietary allergen intake. Switching to a hydrolyzed formula is an option for formula-fed infants. Evidence does not support chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation, infant massage, swaddling, acupuncture, or herbal supplements.

• #2 Infantile Colic | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0815/p735.html

  Infantile colic can be distressing to parents whose infant is inconsolable during crying episodes. Colic is often defined by the rule of three: crying for more than three hours per day, for more than three days per week, and for longer than three weeks in an infant who is well-fed and otherwise healthy. […] Treatment is limited. Feeding changes usually are not advised. Medications available in the United States have not been proved effective in the treatment of colic, and most behavior interventions have not been proved to be more effective than placebo. […] Eliminating milk products, eggs, wheat, and nuts from the diet of breastfeeding mothers may help relieve symptoms of colic. […] Counseling parents about specific colic-management techniques does not provide benefits above routine advice, support, and reassurance.

• #3 Pain‐relieving agents for infantile colic

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6457752/

  Infantile colic is a common disorder in the first months of life, affecting somewhere between 4% and 28% of infants worldwide, depending on geography and definitions used. Painrelieving agents, such as drugs, sugars and herbal remedies, have been suggested as interventions to reduce crying episodes and severity of symptoms. […] To assess the effectiveness and safety of painrelieving agents for reducing colic in infants younger than four months of age. […] We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasiRCTs evaluating the effects of painrelieving agents given to infants with colic. […] We included 18 RCTs involving 1014 infants. All studies were small and at high risk of bias, often presenting major shortcomings across multiple design factors (e.g. selection, performance, attrition, lack of washout period).

• #4 Colic in Babies – How to Treat and Cope | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/colic/

  Colic is when an otherwise healthy baby cries or fusses frequently for no clear reason. It’s defined as crying for more than 3 hours a day at least 3 days per week for more than 3 weeks. Sometimes there’s nothing you can do to relieve your baby’s crying. Managing colic can add stress to already tired or stressed new parents. […] Colic in babies can start a few weeks after birth. It’s generally the worst between 4 and 6 weeks of age. Babies usually grow out of colic by the time they are 3 to 4 months old. […] You can’t prevent or avoid your baby from being colicky. […] Colic may be triggered by certain things. There are ways you can avoid these triggers. There are also things you can try to help soothe your baby and reduce their crying. […] If you’re breastfeeding your baby: Keep track of what you eat and drink. Everything you consume gets passed to your baby and can affect them. Avoid caffeine and chocolate, which act as stimulants. Avoid dairy products and nuts in case your baby is allergic to them. Ask your doctor if any medicines you’re taking could be causing the problem.

• #5 Colic (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/colic.html

  Colic is when a healthy baby cries a lot for a longer time than most babies. […] Colic doesn’t mean a baby has any health problems. With time, colic goes away on its own. […] Colic is a special pattern of crying. Babies with colic are healthy, and eating and growing well but cry in spells. […] Doctors aren’t sure what causes colic. It may be due to digestion problems or a sensitivity to something in the baby’s formula or that a nursing mom is eating. […] There’s no treatment to make colic go away. But there are ways you can help: Make sure your baby isn’t hungry. Make sure your baby has a clean diaper. Try burping your baby more often during feedings. If you bottle-feed, try other bottles to see if they help your baby swallow less air. Ask your doctor if changing formula could help. Some nursing moms find that cutting caffeine, dairy, soy, egg, nuts, or wheat from their diet helps. […] Caring for a colicky baby can be hard. If your baby won’t stop crying: Call a friend or family member for support or to take care of the baby while you take a break. […] Colic is nobody’s fault. Try to relax, and know that your baby will outgrow this phase.

• #6 Colic in Babies: Possible Causes, Remedies, and Tips

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/what-is-colic

  The symptoms of colic do eventually get better on their own. Usually it’s around the time your baby is about 4 months old, but symptoms can last until they’re 6 months. […] Massage may be one way to soothe your baby with colic. There’s not a lot of evidence about how well it works or the best way to do it. […] The study found that massage therapy worked better than rocking. Babies who got massage twice a day cried fewer times a day and their crying was less severe. Massage also can be a way to help your baby feel safe and cared for. […] If your baby has colic, ask your doctor if it’s OK to try gas relief drops, probiotics, or other remedies to see if you think it helps.

• #7 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  Infantile colic is a benign process in which an infant has paroxysms of inconsolable crying for more than three hours per day, more than three days per week, for longer than three weeks. […] The cause of infantile colic is not known; proposed causes include alterations in fecal microflora, intolerance to cow’s milk protein or lactose, gastrointestinal immaturity or inflammation, increased serotonin secretion, poor feeding technique, and maternal smoking or nicotine replacement therapy. […] Colic is a diagnosis of exclusion after a detailed history and physical examination have ruled out concerning causes. Parental support and reassurance are key components of the management of colic. […] Simethicone and proton pump inhibitors are ineffective for the treatment of colic, and dicyclomine is contraindicated. Treatment options for breastfed infants include the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (strain DSM 17938) and reducing maternal dietary allergen intake. Switching to a hydrolyzed formula is an option for formula-fed infants. Evidence does not support chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation, infant massage, swaddling, acupuncture, or herbal supplements.

• #8 Colic – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colic/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371081

  The primary goals are to soothe the child as much as possible with a variety of interventions and ensure that parents have the support they need to cope. […] You may find it helpful to have a plan, a list of soothing strategies you can try. You may need to experiment. Some may work better than others, and some may work one time but not another. Soothing strategies may include: […] Changes in feeding practices may also provide some relief. Bottle-feed your baby in an upright position and burp frequently during and after a feeding. Using a curved bottle will help with upright feeding, and a collapsible bag bottle can reduce the intake of air. […] If soothing or feeding practices aren’t reducing crying or irritability, your doctor may recommend a short-term trial of dietary changes. […] One factor that may contribute to colic is an imbalance of the helpful bacteria in an infant’s digestive tract. One treatment under investigation is the use of good bacteria (probiotics) to create an appropriate bacterial balance to improve overall digestive health.

• #9 Infantile colic – Australian Prescriber

  https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/infantile-colic.html

  Infantile colic is a common, self-resolving condition. It has important adverse associations including maternal depression, child abuse and early cessation of breastfeeding. […] There is no known single effective treatment for colic. The mainstay of management is exclusion of organic causes, explanation of the natural history of colic, parental support, offering strategies to deal with the infants feeding and sleep, and exploration of settling techniques. […] The probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri DSM17938 may be trialled for exclusively breastfed infants with colic. Its efficacy in formula-fed babies is unknown. […] Despite years of research, effective management options for colic are limited. […] The first step for managing colic is to exclude organic causes of crying by careful history and examination.

• #10 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  Because colic is benign, the mainstay of treatment is parental reassurance and support. […] The probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (strain DSM 17938) reduced colic symptoms in four out of five clinical trials. […] Simethicone drops are readily available and often used to treat colic, a systematic review of three randomized controlled trials found that they are no better than placebo. […] Although a systematic review of three randomized controlled trials found that dicyclomine was significantly better than placebo for the treatment of colic, it is contraindicated in infants younger than six months because of adverse effects such as drowsiness, constipation, diarrhea, and apnea. […] A randomized controlled trial showed significant reductions in colic symptoms among breastfed infants whose mothers followed a low-allergen diet.

• #11 Treating infants’ colic

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1479474/

  Young parents often visit my office because their infants are crying inconsolably. Results of physical examination are unremarkable, so colic is the most likely cause. Colic has been known for many years, but I am unaware of any good remedy for it. Are there any modern, effective, safe methods of managing colic? […] In most cases, colic is a noisy phenomenon for which there is no good explanation or treatment. Changing babies feedings rarely helps, and effective pharmacologic remedies are as yet unavailable. Several behavioural and complementary therapies have been suggested, but they have not been found effective. Addressing parental concerns and explaining about colic is the best solution until the colic goes away. […] Colic is difficult to treat and hard to investigate and measure. The large placebo effect, the transient nature of the phenomenon, and the undetermined etiology make colic unique. Several trials have looked at medications for treating infantile colic.

• #12 Colic (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/colic.html

  Colic is when a healthy baby cries a lot for a longer time than most babies. […] Colic doesn’t mean a baby has any health problems. With time, colic goes away on its own. […] Colic is a special pattern of crying. Babies with colic are healthy, and eating and growing well but cry in spells. […] Doctors aren’t sure what causes colic. It may be due to digestion problems or a sensitivity to something in the baby’s formula or that a nursing mom is eating. […] There’s no treatment to make colic go away. But there are ways you can help: Make sure your baby isn’t hungry. Make sure your baby has a clean diaper. Try burping your baby more often during feedings. If you bottle-feed, try other bottles to see if they help your baby swallow less air. Ask your doctor if changing formula could help. Some nursing moms find that cutting caffeine, dairy, soy, egg, nuts, or wheat from their diet helps. […] Caring for a colicky baby can be hard. If your baby won’t stop crying: Call a friend or family member for support or to take care of the baby while you take a break. […] Colic is nobody’s fault. Try to relax, and know that your baby will outgrow this phase.

• #13 Colic in Babies – How to Treat and Cope | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/colic/

  Colic is when an otherwise healthy baby cries or fusses frequently for no clear reason. It’s defined as crying for more than 3 hours a day at least 3 days per week for more than 3 weeks. Sometimes there’s nothing you can do to relieve your baby’s crying. Managing colic can add stress to already tired or stressed new parents. […] Colic in babies can start a few weeks after birth. It’s generally the worst between 4 and 6 weeks of age. Babies usually grow out of colic by the time they are 3 to 4 months old. […] You can’t prevent or avoid your baby from being colicky. […] Colic may be triggered by certain things. There are ways you can avoid these triggers. There are also things you can try to help soothe your baby and reduce their crying. […] If you’re breastfeeding your baby: Keep track of what you eat and drink. Everything you consume gets passed to your baby and can affect them. Avoid caffeine and chocolate, which act as stimulants. Avoid dairy products and nuts in case your baby is allergic to them. Ask your doctor if any medicines you’re taking could be causing the problem.

• #14 Colic Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927760-treatment

  Ruling out common causes of crying is the first step in treating an infant with persistent crying (ie, colic). Recommend that the parents not exhaust themselves and encourage them to consider leaving their baby with other caretakers for short respites. […] Drug treatment generally has no place in the management of colic, unless the history and investigations reveal gastroesophageal reflux. […] Consistent follow-up and a sympathetic physician are the cornerstones of management. […] Many benign but unproven treatment modalities are available for colic. […] Dicyclomine hydrochloride is an anticholinergic drug that has been proven in clinical trials to be effective in the treatment of colic. However, because of serious, although rare, adverse effects (eg, apnea, breathing difficulty, seizures, syncope), its use cannot be recommended.

• #15

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/crying-colic/Pages/Colic.aspx

  Does your infant have a regular fussy period each day when it seems you can do nothing to comfort them? […] Read on for more information about infant fussiness and colic, along with tips to help you and your baby get through it. […] If the crying does not stop, but intensifies and lasts throughout the day or night, it may be caused by colic. […] Generally, „colicky crying” stops by 3 to 4 months, but it can last until 6 months of age. […] First, of course, consult your pediatrician to make sure that the crying is not related to any serious medical condition that may require treatment. […] If you’re nursing, you can try to eliminate milk products, caffeine, onions, cabbage and any other potentially irritating foods from your own diet. […] If you’re feeding formula to your baby, talk with your pediatrician about a protein hydrolysate formula.

• #16 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  Infantile colic is a benign process in which an infant has paroxysms of inconsolable crying for more than three hours per day, more than three days per week, for longer than three weeks. […] The cause of infantile colic is not known; proposed causes include alterations in fecal microflora, intolerance to cow’s milk protein or lactose, gastrointestinal immaturity or inflammation, increased serotonin secretion, poor feeding technique, and maternal smoking or nicotine replacement therapy. […] Colic is a diagnosis of exclusion after a detailed history and physical examination have ruled out concerning causes. Parental support and reassurance are key components of the management of colic. […] Simethicone and proton pump inhibitors are ineffective for the treatment of colic, and dicyclomine is contraindicated. Treatment options for breastfed infants include the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (strain DSM 17938) and reducing maternal dietary allergen intake. Switching to a hydrolyzed formula is an option for formula-fed infants. Evidence does not support chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation, infant massage, swaddling, acupuncture, or herbal supplements.

• #17 Colic in Babies | American Pregnancy Association

  https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/first-year-of-life/colic/

  Could Colic be something more serious? […] There are those times when a baby that cries a lot has a true medical problem or condition. Some medical conditions that can result in excessive crying include: […] Reflux or GER (Gastroesophageal reflux) […] Hernia […] Food allergy […] Intestinal obstruction. […] What are NOT signs of Colic? […] Colic symptoms do not include: […] Fever […] Mucus or bloody stools […] Vomiting or projectile spit up […] Decreased appetite […] Limp or pale skin. […] Contact your health care provider if your baby shows any of these signs. […] Coping with Colic […] Parents of a baby with colic need lots of support and lots of encouragement. This is not the time to try to be a “super parent;” this is the time to lean on your support system and ask for help when needed.

• #18 Colic – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colic/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371081

  The primary goals are to soothe the child as much as possible with a variety of interventions and ensure that parents have the support they need to cope. […] You may find it helpful to have a plan, a list of soothing strategies you can try. You may need to experiment. Some may work better than others, and some may work one time but not another. Soothing strategies may include: […] Changes in feeding practices may also provide some relief. Bottle-feed your baby in an upright position and burp frequently during and after a feeding. Using a curved bottle will help with upright feeding, and a collapsible bag bottle can reduce the intake of air. […] If soothing or feeding practices aren’t reducing crying or irritability, your doctor may recommend a short-term trial of dietary changes. […] One factor that may contribute to colic is an imbalance of the helpful bacteria in an infant’s digestive tract. One treatment under investigation is the use of good bacteria (probiotics) to create an appropriate bacterial balance to improve overall digestive health.

• #19 Colic: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10823-colic

  Colic typically starts within the first few weeks after birth. It peaks between 4 and 6 weeks of age. Then, it usually ends rather abruptly when your baby is 3 to 4 months old. […] Theres no cure, but there are steps you can take to help soothe a colicky baby. You may try the following baby colic treatments. […] If youre breastfeeding your baby, keep track of all the foods and drinks you consume (food journal). You pass on everything you eat to your baby, and it can affect them. You may have to eliminate milk products, caffeine, chocolate, nuts, onions, cabbage and any other potentially irritating foods from your diet. […] If food sensitivity is causing the discomfort, the colic should decrease within a few days of these changes. […] Ways you can help your colicky baby include: Skin-to-skin contact. Rocking, either in a rocking chair or in your arms as you sway from side to side. Gently stroking your babys head or patting their back or chest. Swaddling (wrapping them snugly in a receiving blanket). Singing or talking. Playing soft music. Walking them in your arms or a stroller. Riding in the car. Rhythmic noise and vibration. Burping them to relieve any trapped gas bubbles. Warm baths. Decreased stimulation. White noise, vibration and motion can be soothing. […] Give your baby simethicone gas drops or a natural remedy such as Colic Calm. These over-the-counter (OTC) medicines can help relieve gas.

• #20 Colic in babies

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/colic/

  There is no treatment for colic. Different things will help different babies. As you get to know your baby, you will learn what works for your family. […] Things that might help include: Hold your baby close during a crying episode. You are not 'spoiling’ your baby by responding to their needs in this way. Sit your baby upright during feeds. Wind or burp your baby after feeds. Gently rock your baby. A warm bath can help some babies with colic. Avoid over-stimulating your baby with loud noise, bright lights or a crowded room. Gently massaging your baby’s tummy before they are likely to cry may help. Do this in a circular motion. Do not massage after a feed. […] Some parents use gripe water or simeticone drops. But there is no evidence to show that they work. Always talk to your pharmacist before giving these to your baby.

• #21 The Best Colic Remedies: Have Tummy Time, Switch Formula, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/childrens-health/best-colic-remedies

  What causes colic in a baby has some explanations, but the cause isnt exactly well understood. You can try calming a colicky baby by laying them on their stomach, switching formula, or swaddling. A pediatrician can also help. […] Because the cause can vary, there are no proven treatments for colic. However, you may be able to comfort your baby and shorten crying episodes if youre able to figure out what triggers their colic. […] Dr. Sehgal, who works at Childrens National in Washington, D.C., suggests that parents discuss the babys symptoms with a pediatrician. The doctor can help you manage the issue, such as trying different comfort measures or changing feeding positions. […] Below, she recommends some techniques that may help soothe your colicky baby. […] Lay your baby on their tummy, across your stomach or lap. The change in position may help calm some colicky babies. You can also rub your babys back, which is both soothing and may help gas pass through.

• #22 How to Soothe a Baby with Colic | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/health-tip/how-soothe-baby-colic

  While colic sounds like a disease, its simply the name for excessive crying during a babys first few months. The good news about colic is that it typically lasts until the baby is about 3 months old, then magically disappears, says Catherine Bonita, MD, FAAP, a pediatrician with expertise in newborn care and nutrition at CHOPs Primary Care location in Flourtown, PA. […] Colic typically starts when babies are about 3 weeks old, with extended periods of crying in the evening, between 6 p.m. and midnight. The long crying spells usually end when the baby is about 3 months old, though some babies continue to have crying spells until they are 6 months old. […] Here are some ways to soothe a baby with colic: Hold and cuddle your baby. Walk with your baby. Swaddle your baby in a soft blanket. Sing and talk softly to your baby. Sway back and forth while you hold your baby, or find other ways to gently rock her. Some babies are calmed by a swing. Gently rub your babys back. Change your babys position: Sit them up if they have been lying down, or hold them face-out if they have been facing your chest. Hold your baby near low, rhythmic noises, like the sound of the washing machine or a recording of a heartbeat. The steady hum of a fan or a white noise machine can also be soothing. Go for a ride in the car. The motion and noise of a car ride helps to calm some babies. Give your baby a pacifier. Many babies are calmed by sucking, and a pacifier can satisfy this need between feedings.

• #23 Colic – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colic/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371081

  The primary goals are to soothe the child as much as possible with a variety of interventions and ensure that parents have the support they need to cope. […] You may find it helpful to have a plan, a list of soothing strategies you can try. You may need to experiment. Some may work better than others, and some may work one time but not another. Soothing strategies may include: […] Changes in feeding practices may also provide some relief. Bottle-feed your baby in an upright position and burp frequently during and after a feeding. Using a curved bottle will help with upright feeding, and a collapsible bag bottle can reduce the intake of air. […] If soothing or feeding practices aren’t reducing crying or irritability, your doctor may recommend a short-term trial of dietary changes. […] One factor that may contribute to colic is an imbalance of the helpful bacteria in an infant’s digestive tract. One treatment under investigation is the use of good bacteria (probiotics) to create an appropriate bacterial balance to improve overall digestive health.

• #24 Infantile Colic | Nutrition Guide for Clinicians

  https://nutritionguide.pcrm.org/nutritionguide/view/Nutrition_Guide_for_Clinicians/1342019/all/Infantile_Colic

  Colic is self-limiting and will resolve with time. Offering reassurance to the family is helpful, and all interventions should be individualized to the family’s needs. In addition to dietary factors described below, the following interventions may help decrease the severity and length of symptoms. […] Although changes in feeding techniques do not always resolve the problem, these interventions are of little risk and are often cost-free. In bottle-fed infants, reducing air swallowing by feeding in a vertical position (using a curved bottle) in combination with frequent burping may be beneficial. […] Reduction of stimulation may be helpful. Neurobehavioral assessments have shown that infants with the greatest responsiveness to external stimuli are more likely to be colicky compared with other infants.

• #25 Colic – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colic/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371081

  The primary goals are to soothe the child as much as possible with a variety of interventions and ensure that parents have the support they need to cope. […] You may find it helpful to have a plan, a list of soothing strategies you can try. You may need to experiment. Some may work better than others, and some may work one time but not another. Soothing strategies may include: […] Changes in feeding practices may also provide some relief. Bottle-feed your baby in an upright position and burp frequently during and after a feeding. Using a curved bottle will help with upright feeding, and a collapsible bag bottle can reduce the intake of air. […] If soothing or feeding practices aren’t reducing crying or irritability, your doctor may recommend a short-term trial of dietary changes. […] One factor that may contribute to colic is an imbalance of the helpful bacteria in an infant’s digestive tract. One treatment under investigation is the use of good bacteria (probiotics) to create an appropriate bacterial balance to improve overall digestive health.

• #26 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  Because colic is benign, the mainstay of treatment is parental reassurance and support. […] The probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (strain DSM 17938) reduced colic symptoms in four out of five clinical trials. […] Simethicone drops are readily available and often used to treat colic, a systematic review of three randomized controlled trials found that they are no better than placebo. […] Although a systematic review of three randomized controlled trials found that dicyclomine was significantly better than placebo for the treatment of colic, it is contraindicated in infants younger than six months because of adverse effects such as drowsiness, constipation, diarrhea, and apnea. […] A randomized controlled trial showed significant reductions in colic symptoms among breastfed infants whose mothers followed a low-allergen diet.

• #27 Colic Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927760-treatment

  A maternal low-allergens diets (ie, low in dairy, soy, egg, peanut, wheat, shellfish) may offer relief from excessive crying in some infants. […] Lactobacillus reuteri, endogenous to the human GI tract, was found to relieve colic symptoms in breastfed infants within one week of treatment. This was compared with simethicone or placebo, which suggests that probiotics have a role in treatment of infantile colic. […] Results on the effectiveness of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of colic are thus far inconclusive, based on three systematic reviews. […] Further studies are needed before this can be recommended as a routine therapy for colic in infants due to a lack of clarity involving its mechanism of action and its effect on long-term health. […] Evidence for the efficacy of spinal manipulation in treating infantile colic is inconclusive. Physicians should be cautious about recommending spinal manipulations in infants.

• #28 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  Because colic is benign, the mainstay of treatment is parental reassurance and support. […] The probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (strain DSM 17938) reduced colic symptoms in four out of five clinical trials. […] Simethicone drops are readily available and often used to treat colic, a systematic review of three randomized controlled trials found that they are no better than placebo. […] Although a systematic review of three randomized controlled trials found that dicyclomine was significantly better than placebo for the treatment of colic, it is contraindicated in infants younger than six months because of adverse effects such as drowsiness, constipation, diarrhea, and apnea. […] A randomized controlled trial showed significant reductions in colic symptoms among breastfed infants whose mothers followed a low-allergen diet.

• #29 Colic: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10823-colic

  Colic typically starts within the first few weeks after birth. It peaks between 4 and 6 weeks of age. Then, it usually ends rather abruptly when your baby is 3 to 4 months old. […] Theres no cure, but there are steps you can take to help soothe a colicky baby. You may try the following baby colic treatments. […] If youre breastfeeding your baby, keep track of all the foods and drinks you consume (food journal). You pass on everything you eat to your baby, and it can affect them. You may have to eliminate milk products, caffeine, chocolate, nuts, onions, cabbage and any other potentially irritating foods from your diet. […] If food sensitivity is causing the discomfort, the colic should decrease within a few days of these changes. […] Ways you can help your colicky baby include: Skin-to-skin contact. Rocking, either in a rocking chair or in your arms as you sway from side to side. Gently stroking your babys head or patting their back or chest. Swaddling (wrapping them snugly in a receiving blanket). Singing or talking. Playing soft music. Walking them in your arms or a stroller. Riding in the car. Rhythmic noise and vibration. Burping them to relieve any trapped gas bubbles. Warm baths. Decreased stimulation. White noise, vibration and motion can be soothing. […] Give your baby simethicone gas drops or a natural remedy such as Colic Calm. These over-the-counter (OTC) medicines can help relieve gas.

• #30 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  A systematic review of 13 studies found a statistically significant decrease in crying time among infants who switched to partially, extensively, or completely hydrolyzed formulas. […] Physical therapies for colic include chiropractic and osteopathic manipulation, massage, and acupuncture. […] Herbal supplements, including Mentha piperita (peppermint) and various herbal teas (including fennel, chamomile, vervain, lemon balm, and licorice), have decreased crying time in some studies. […] Gripe water, which consists of dill seed oil, bicarbonate, and hydrogenated glucose, has also been used for the treatment of colic. However, there are no trials demonstrating its effectiveness, and it may cause harm.

• #31 Infantile Colic | Nutrition Guide for Clinicians

  https://nutritionguide.pcrm.org/nutritionguide/view/Nutrition_Guide_for_Clinicians/1342019/all/Infantile_Colic

  Simethicone and proton pump inhibitors have not generally been shown to be helpful. Dicyclomine and other antispasmodics should not be used to treat infantile colic due to lack of proven efficacy and risk of serious adverse effects, including seizures and death. […] Administration of sucrose solution, herbal tea, and switching from standard formula to hydrolyzed formula have all been shown to reduce hours per day of crying, though hydrolyzed formula seems to have the greatest impact. […] Research on the links between diet and infantile colic has been limited. Nevertheless, evidence indicates that elimination of cows milk products or certain other food products from a breastfeeding mother’s diet or replacement of cows milk and cows milk-based formula with hypoallergenic or hydrolyzed formula may be helpful in some cases.

• #32 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  A systematic review of 13 studies found a statistically significant decrease in crying time among infants who switched to partially, extensively, or completely hydrolyzed formulas. […] Physical therapies for colic include chiropractic and osteopathic manipulation, massage, and acupuncture. […] Herbal supplements, including Mentha piperita (peppermint) and various herbal teas (including fennel, chamomile, vervain, lemon balm, and licorice), have decreased crying time in some studies. […] Gripe water, which consists of dill seed oil, bicarbonate, and hydrogenated glucose, has also been used for the treatment of colic. However, there are no trials demonstrating its effectiveness, and it may cause harm.

• #33 Colic – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colic/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371081

  The primary goals are to soothe the child as much as possible with a variety of interventions and ensure that parents have the support they need to cope. […] You may find it helpful to have a plan, a list of soothing strategies you can try. You may need to experiment. Some may work better than others, and some may work one time but not another. Soothing strategies may include: […] Changes in feeding practices may also provide some relief. Bottle-feed your baby in an upright position and burp frequently during and after a feeding. Using a curved bottle will help with upright feeding, and a collapsible bag bottle can reduce the intake of air. […] If soothing or feeding practices aren’t reducing crying or irritability, your doctor may recommend a short-term trial of dietary changes. […] One factor that may contribute to colic is an imbalance of the helpful bacteria in an infant’s digestive tract. One treatment under investigation is the use of good bacteria (probiotics) to create an appropriate bacterial balance to improve overall digestive health.

• #34 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  Infantile colic is a benign process in which an infant has paroxysms of inconsolable crying for more than three hours per day, more than three days per week, for longer than three weeks. […] The cause of infantile colic is not known; proposed causes include alterations in fecal microflora, intolerance to cow’s milk protein or lactose, gastrointestinal immaturity or inflammation, increased serotonin secretion, poor feeding technique, and maternal smoking or nicotine replacement therapy. […] Colic is a diagnosis of exclusion after a detailed history and physical examination have ruled out concerning causes. Parental support and reassurance are key components of the management of colic. […] Simethicone and proton pump inhibitors are ineffective for the treatment of colic, and dicyclomine is contraindicated. Treatment options for breastfed infants include the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (strain DSM 17938) and reducing maternal dietary allergen intake. Switching to a hydrolyzed formula is an option for formula-fed infants. Evidence does not support chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation, infant massage, swaddling, acupuncture, or herbal supplements.

• #35 Colic – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colic/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371081

  Some studies have shown a reduction in crying times when babies with colic were treated with a bacterium called Lactobacillus reuteri. […] Several small studies have shown some benefits or mixed results for alternative treatments. […] Talk to your baby’s care provider before using an alternative medicine to treat your infant for colic.

• #36 Colic Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927760-treatment

  A maternal low-allergens diets (ie, low in dairy, soy, egg, peanut, wheat, shellfish) may offer relief from excessive crying in some infants. […] Lactobacillus reuteri, endogenous to the human GI tract, was found to relieve colic symptoms in breastfed infants within one week of treatment. This was compared with simethicone or placebo, which suggests that probiotics have a role in treatment of infantile colic. […] Results on the effectiveness of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of colic are thus far inconclusive, based on three systematic reviews. […] Further studies are needed before this can be recommended as a routine therapy for colic in infants due to a lack of clarity involving its mechanism of action and its effect on long-term health. […] Evidence for the efficacy of spinal manipulation in treating infantile colic is inconclusive. Physicians should be cautious about recommending spinal manipulations in infants.

• #37 Colic Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927760-treatment

  A maternal low-allergens diets (ie, low in dairy, soy, egg, peanut, wheat, shellfish) may offer relief from excessive crying in some infants. […] Lactobacillus reuteri, endogenous to the human GI tract, was found to relieve colic symptoms in breastfed infants within one week of treatment. This was compared with simethicone or placebo, which suggests that probiotics have a role in treatment of infantile colic. […] Results on the effectiveness of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of colic are thus far inconclusive, based on three systematic reviews. […] Further studies are needed before this can be recommended as a routine therapy for colic in infants due to a lack of clarity involving its mechanism of action and its effect on long-term health. […] Evidence for the efficacy of spinal manipulation in treating infantile colic is inconclusive. Physicians should be cautious about recommending spinal manipulations in infants.

• #38 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  A systematic review of 13 studies found a statistically significant decrease in crying time among infants who switched to partially, extensively, or completely hydrolyzed formulas. […] Physical therapies for colic include chiropractic and osteopathic manipulation, massage, and acupuncture. […] Herbal supplements, including Mentha piperita (peppermint) and various herbal teas (including fennel, chamomile, vervain, lemon balm, and licorice), have decreased crying time in some studies. […] Gripe water, which consists of dill seed oil, bicarbonate, and hydrogenated glucose, has also been used for the treatment of colic. However, there are no trials demonstrating its effectiveness, and it may cause harm.

• #39 Infantile Colic | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0815/p735.html

  Infant massage does not significantly improve colic symptoms and is not recommended. […] Simethicone (Mylicon), a safe, over-the-counter drug for decreasing intraluminal gas, has been promoted as an agent to decrease colicky episodes. A randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial concluded that treatment with this agent produces results similar to those of placebo. […] Systematic reviews of studies using anti-cholinergic drugs in the treatment of colic found them to be more effective than placebo. […] Herbal teas containing mixtures of chamomile, vervain, licorice, fennel, and lemon balm, used up to three times a day (150 mL per dose) have been shown to decrease crying in colicky infants. […] Counseling parents about these specific management techniques was not shown to provide benefits above routine advice, support, and reassurance.

• #40 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  A systematic review of 13 studies found a statistically significant decrease in crying time among infants who switched to partially, extensively, or completely hydrolyzed formulas. […] Physical therapies for colic include chiropractic and osteopathic manipulation, massage, and acupuncture. […] Herbal supplements, including Mentha piperita (peppermint) and various herbal teas (including fennel, chamomile, vervain, lemon balm, and licorice), have decreased crying time in some studies. […] Gripe water, which consists of dill seed oil, bicarbonate, and hydrogenated glucose, has also been used for the treatment of colic. However, there are no trials demonstrating its effectiveness, and it may cause harm.

• #41 The Best Colic Remedies: Have Tummy Time, Switch Formula, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/childrens-health/best-colic-remedies

  Other steps you can take to soothe your babys colic include: swaddling them or wrapping them in a soft blanket, massaging them with essential oils, giving them a pacifier, using a white noise machine to help them fall asleep, placing them in a relaxing room that is not too hot, not too cold, and has soft lighting, giving them gas drops containing simethicone, an ingredient that helps relieve the pain caused by gas bubbles; this may help if your baby is gassy. […] If you breastfeed, you may consider eliminating certain foods from your diet, including potential allergens like dairy. […] Some people suggest giving your child gripe water, a liquid remedy containing herbs such as chamomile or lavender. Gripe water doesnt have any proven benefits, and given the unregulated nature of its sale, there are some risks associated with it. […] Be sure to discuss any symptoms with your childs pediatrician. Also consult them before trying any alternative remedies, including gripe water.

• #42 Colic Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927760-treatment

  Ruling out common causes of crying is the first step in treating an infant with persistent crying (ie, colic). Recommend that the parents not exhaust themselves and encourage them to consider leaving their baby with other caretakers for short respites. […] Drug treatment generally has no place in the management of colic, unless the history and investigations reveal gastroesophageal reflux. […] Consistent follow-up and a sympathetic physician are the cornerstones of management. […] Many benign but unproven treatment modalities are available for colic. […] Dicyclomine hydrochloride is an anticholinergic drug that has been proven in clinical trials to be effective in the treatment of colic. However, because of serious, although rare, adverse effects (eg, apnea, breathing difficulty, seizures, syncope), its use cannot be recommended.

• #43 Colic: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927760-overview

  Colic is commonly described as a behavioral syndrome in neonates and infants that is characterized by excessive, paroxysmal crying. […] Drug treatment generally has no place in management of colic unless GERD appears likely; although the anticholinergic agent dicyclomine hydrochloride is effective against colic, it has rare but serious adverse effects and cannot be recommended. […] Various benign but unproven treatment modalities are available, including the following: Maternal low-allergen diet (ie, low in dairy, soy, egg, peanut, wheat, shellfish) may offer relief from excessive crying in some infants. […] Lactobacillus reuteri […] Simethicone […] Oral hypertonic glucose […] Spinal manipulation (to recommended with caution, if at all) […] Behavioral management […] Nutritional supplements and other complementary medicines.

• #44 Colic: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10823-colic

  Colic typically starts within the first few weeks after birth. It peaks between 4 and 6 weeks of age. Then, it usually ends rather abruptly when your baby is 3 to 4 months old. […] Theres no cure, but there are steps you can take to help soothe a colicky baby. You may try the following baby colic treatments. […] If youre breastfeeding your baby, keep track of all the foods and drinks you consume (food journal). You pass on everything you eat to your baby, and it can affect them. You may have to eliminate milk products, caffeine, chocolate, nuts, onions, cabbage and any other potentially irritating foods from your diet. […] If food sensitivity is causing the discomfort, the colic should decrease within a few days of these changes. […] Ways you can help your colicky baby include: Skin-to-skin contact. Rocking, either in a rocking chair or in your arms as you sway from side to side. Gently stroking your babys head or patting their back or chest. Swaddling (wrapping them snugly in a receiving blanket). Singing or talking. Playing soft music. Walking them in your arms or a stroller. Riding in the car. Rhythmic noise and vibration. Burping them to relieve any trapped gas bubbles. Warm baths. Decreased stimulation. White noise, vibration and motion can be soothing. […] Give your baby simethicone gas drops or a natural remedy such as Colic Calm. These over-the-counter (OTC) medicines can help relieve gas.

• #45 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  Because colic is benign, the mainstay of treatment is parental reassurance and support. […] The probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (strain DSM 17938) reduced colic symptoms in four out of five clinical trials. […] Simethicone drops are readily available and often used to treat colic, a systematic review of three randomized controlled trials found that they are no better than placebo. […] Although a systematic review of three randomized controlled trials found that dicyclomine was significantly better than placebo for the treatment of colic, it is contraindicated in infants younger than six months because of adverse effects such as drowsiness, constipation, diarrhea, and apnea. […] A randomized controlled trial showed significant reductions in colic symptoms among breastfed infants whose mothers followed a low-allergen diet.

• #46 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  Infantile colic is a benign process in which an infant has paroxysms of inconsolable crying for more than three hours per day, more than three days per week, for longer than three weeks. […] The cause of infantile colic is not known; proposed causes include alterations in fecal microflora, intolerance to cow’s milk protein or lactose, gastrointestinal immaturity or inflammation, increased serotonin secretion, poor feeding technique, and maternal smoking or nicotine replacement therapy. […] Colic is a diagnosis of exclusion after a detailed history and physical examination have ruled out concerning causes. Parental support and reassurance are key components of the management of colic. […] Simethicone and proton pump inhibitors are ineffective for the treatment of colic, and dicyclomine is contraindicated. Treatment options for breastfed infants include the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (strain DSM 17938) and reducing maternal dietary allergen intake. Switching to a hydrolyzed formula is an option for formula-fed infants. Evidence does not support chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation, infant massage, swaddling, acupuncture, or herbal supplements.

• #47 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  Because colic is benign, the mainstay of treatment is parental reassurance and support. […] The probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (strain DSM 17938) reduced colic symptoms in four out of five clinical trials. […] Simethicone drops are readily available and often used to treat colic, a systematic review of three randomized controlled trials found that they are no better than placebo. […] Although a systematic review of three randomized controlled trials found that dicyclomine was significantly better than placebo for the treatment of colic, it is contraindicated in infants younger than six months because of adverse effects such as drowsiness, constipation, diarrhea, and apnea. […] A randomized controlled trial showed significant reductions in colic symptoms among breastfed infants whose mothers followed a low-allergen diet.

• #48 Colic Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927760-treatment

  Ruling out common causes of crying is the first step in treating an infant with persistent crying (ie, colic). Recommend that the parents not exhaust themselves and encourage them to consider leaving their baby with other caretakers for short respites. […] Drug treatment generally has no place in the management of colic, unless the history and investigations reveal gastroesophageal reflux. […] Consistent follow-up and a sympathetic physician are the cornerstones of management. […] Many benign but unproven treatment modalities are available for colic. […] Dicyclomine hydrochloride is an anticholinergic drug that has been proven in clinical trials to be effective in the treatment of colic. However, because of serious, although rare, adverse effects (eg, apnea, breathing difficulty, seizures, syncope), its use cannot be recommended.

• #49 Treating infants’ colic

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1479474/

  When conventional therapy is ineffective, many parents search for alternative methods of treatment, especially for a natural way. […] Colic continues to be a noisy phenomenon for parents. While efforts have been made to discover dietary resolutions for colic, and changing diet is often effective in children with protein sensitivity or carbohydrate malabsorption, for most babies, no definitive solution has yet been found. Cimetropium and fennel oil preparations look more promising than other remedies, but their effectiveness and safety for infants should be further investigated. In most cases of colic, no underlying cause can be found, and addressing parental concerns is the best way to cope with it.

• #50 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  A systematic review of 13 studies found a statistically significant decrease in crying time among infants who switched to partially, extensively, or completely hydrolyzed formulas. […] Physical therapies for colic include chiropractic and osteopathic manipulation, massage, and acupuncture. […] Herbal supplements, including Mentha piperita (peppermint) and various herbal teas (including fennel, chamomile, vervain, lemon balm, and licorice), have decreased crying time in some studies. […] Gripe water, which consists of dill seed oil, bicarbonate, and hydrogenated glucose, has also been used for the treatment of colic. However, there are no trials demonstrating its effectiveness, and it may cause harm.

• #51 Treating infants’ colic

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1479474/

  When conventional therapy is ineffective, many parents search for alternative methods of treatment, especially for a natural way. […] Colic continues to be a noisy phenomenon for parents. While efforts have been made to discover dietary resolutions for colic, and changing diet is often effective in children with protein sensitivity or carbohydrate malabsorption, for most babies, no definitive solution has yet been found. Cimetropium and fennel oil preparations look more promising than other remedies, but their effectiveness and safety for infants should be further investigated. In most cases of colic, no underlying cause can be found, and addressing parental concerns is the best way to cope with it.

• #52 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  A systematic review of 13 studies found a statistically significant decrease in crying time among infants who switched to partially, extensively, or completely hydrolyzed formulas. […] Physical therapies for colic include chiropractic and osteopathic manipulation, massage, and acupuncture. […] Herbal supplements, including Mentha piperita (peppermint) and various herbal teas (including fennel, chamomile, vervain, lemon balm, and licorice), have decreased crying time in some studies. […] Gripe water, which consists of dill seed oil, bicarbonate, and hydrogenated glucose, has also been used for the treatment of colic. However, there are no trials demonstrating its effectiveness, and it may cause harm.

• #53 Colic Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927760-treatment

  A maternal low-allergens diets (ie, low in dairy, soy, egg, peanut, wheat, shellfish) may offer relief from excessive crying in some infants. […] Lactobacillus reuteri, endogenous to the human GI tract, was found to relieve colic symptoms in breastfed infants within one week of treatment. This was compared with simethicone or placebo, which suggests that probiotics have a role in treatment of infantile colic. […] Results on the effectiveness of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of colic are thus far inconclusive, based on three systematic reviews. […] Further studies are needed before this can be recommended as a routine therapy for colic in infants due to a lack of clarity involving its mechanism of action and its effect on long-term health. […] Evidence for the efficacy of spinal manipulation in treating infantile colic is inconclusive. Physicians should be cautious about recommending spinal manipulations in infants.

• #54 Comparison of common interventions for the treatment of infantile colic: a systematic review of reviews and guidelines | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/2/e035405

  Objective To conduct a systematic review of systematic reviews and national guidelines to assess the effectiveness of four treatment approaches (manual therapy, probiotics, proton pump inhibitors and simethicone) on colic symptoms including infant crying time, sleep distress and adverse events. […] High-level evidence showed that probiotics were most effective for reducing crying time in breastfed infants (range 25 min to 65 min over 24 hours). Manual therapies had moderate to low-quality evidence showing reduced crying time (range 33 min to 76 min per 24 hours). Simethicone had moderate to low evidence showing no benefit or negative effect. One meta-analysis did not support the use of proton pump inhibitors for reducing crying time and fussing. […] The strongest evidence for the treatment of colic was probiotics for breastfed infants, followed by weaker but favourable evidence for manual therapy indicated by crying time. Both forms of treatment carried a low risk of serious adverse events. The guidance reviewed did not reflect these findings.

• #55 Infantile Colic | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0815/p735.html

  Infant massage does not significantly improve colic symptoms and is not recommended. […] Simethicone (Mylicon), a safe, over-the-counter drug for decreasing intraluminal gas, has been promoted as an agent to decrease colicky episodes. A randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial concluded that treatment with this agent produces results similar to those of placebo. […] Systematic reviews of studies using anti-cholinergic drugs in the treatment of colic found them to be more effective than placebo. […] Herbal teas containing mixtures of chamomile, vervain, licorice, fennel, and lemon balm, used up to three times a day (150 mL per dose) have been shown to decrease crying in colicky infants. […] Counseling parents about these specific management techniques was not shown to provide benefits above routine advice, support, and reassurance.

• #56 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  A systematic review of 13 studies found a statistically significant decrease in crying time among infants who switched to partially, extensively, or completely hydrolyzed formulas. […] Physical therapies for colic include chiropractic and osteopathic manipulation, massage, and acupuncture. […] Herbal supplements, including Mentha piperita (peppermint) and various herbal teas (including fennel, chamomile, vervain, lemon balm, and licorice), have decreased crying time in some studies. […] Gripe water, which consists of dill seed oil, bicarbonate, and hydrogenated glucose, has also been used for the treatment of colic. However, there are no trials demonstrating its effectiveness, and it may cause harm.

• #57 Comparison of common interventions for the treatment of infantile colic: a systematic review of reviews and guidelines | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/2/e035405

  Objective To conduct a systematic review of systematic reviews and national guidelines to assess the effectiveness of four treatment approaches (manual therapy, probiotics, proton pump inhibitors and simethicone) on colic symptoms including infant crying time, sleep distress and adverse events. […] High-level evidence showed that probiotics were most effective for reducing crying time in breastfed infants (range 25 min to 65 min over 24 hours). Manual therapies had moderate to low-quality evidence showing reduced crying time (range 33 min to 76 min per 24 hours). Simethicone had moderate to low evidence showing no benefit or negative effect. One meta-analysis did not support the use of proton pump inhibitors for reducing crying time and fussing. […] The strongest evidence for the treatment of colic was probiotics for breastfed infants, followed by weaker but favourable evidence for manual therapy indicated by crying time. Both forms of treatment carried a low risk of serious adverse events. The guidance reviewed did not reflect these findings.

• #58 Colic in Babies – How to Treat and Cope | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/colic/

  Just because your baby has colic doesn’t mean they’re unhealthy. There are many ways to soothe your baby. Giving your baby extra attention, such as holding them for extended periods, won’t spoil them. […] Your baby’s crying is mixed with a fever, vomiting, loose or bloody stools, or decreased movement. Your baby’s crying or behavior changes suddenly.

• #59

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut1873

  Colic is extreme crying in a baby between 3 weeks and 3 months of age. Doctors may diagnose colic when a baby is healthy but cries more than 3 hours a day, more than 3 days a week, for more than 3 weeks. The crying is often more intense than normal crying. […] Home treatment will not cure colic, but it may help your baby cry less hard and less often. […] Babies usually grow out of colic by about 3 months of age. […] Here are some ways you can help your baby who has colic. […] Try soothing your baby with motion or sound. […] Cuddle your baby. […] Change their position. […] Take your baby for a walk or ride. […] If your baby likes the water, try giving them a warm bath. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: Your baby cries in a strange way or for a very long time. […] Watch closely for changes in your child’s health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: Your baby is not gaining weight. […] You have tried comfort measures many times and have not been able to console your baby.

• #60

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/crying-colic/Pages/Colic.aspx

  Do not overfeed your baby, which could make them uncomfortable. […] Walk your baby in a baby carrier to soothe them. […] Rock your baby, run the vacuum in the next room, or place them where they can hear the clothes dryer, a fan or a white-noise machine. […] Introduce a pacifier. […] Lay your baby tummy-down across your knees and gently rub their back. […] Swaddle them in a large, thin blanket so that they feel secure and warm. […] When you’re feeling tense and anxious, have a family member or a friend look after the baby and get out of the house. […] No matter how impatient or angry you become, a baby should never be shaken. […] Be sure to let your own doctor know if you are feeling depressed or are having trouble dealing with your emotions.

• #61 Colic in Babies | American Pregnancy Association

  https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/first-year-of-life/colic/

  Try to have meals prepared (or frozen for quick preparation) ahead of time so that you are not distracted during the fussy evening hours. […] Take turns with a spouse or other family member in holding the baby during the hardest hours of the day. […] Talk with your health care provider if you are feeling overwhelmed by your crying baby—remember a colicky baby is often very overwhelming for any parent. […] If the crying is too much and you don’t know what to do—put the baby down in a safe place and get a minute alone to take a cleansing breath and remind yourself this will not last forever. […] Try to sleep when your baby sleeps so that you are well rested when they are the fussiest. […] Seek out support groups in your area for new moms such as LaLeche League or a MOPS group.

• #62 Colic (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/colic.html

  Colic is when a healthy baby cries a lot for a longer time than most babies. […] Colic doesn’t mean a baby has any health problems. With time, colic goes away on its own. […] Colic is a special pattern of crying. Babies with colic are healthy, and eating and growing well but cry in spells. […] Doctors aren’t sure what causes colic. It may be due to digestion problems or a sensitivity to something in the baby’s formula or that a nursing mom is eating. […] There’s no treatment to make colic go away. But there are ways you can help: Make sure your baby isn’t hungry. Make sure your baby has a clean diaper. Try burping your baby more often during feedings. If you bottle-feed, try other bottles to see if they help your baby swallow less air. Ask your doctor if changing formula could help. Some nursing moms find that cutting caffeine, dairy, soy, egg, nuts, or wheat from their diet helps. […] Caring for a colicky baby can be hard. If your baby won’t stop crying: Call a friend or family member for support or to take care of the baby while you take a break. […] Colic is nobody’s fault. Try to relax, and know that your baby will outgrow this phase.

• #63 Colic » Whānau Āwhina PlunketPlunket Logo

  https://www.plunket.org.nz/child-health-concerns-and-symptoms/crying/colic/

  Colic is crying that can last for several hours without an obvious reason. Colic won’t harm your baby or cause any long-term health issues, and most babies outgrow it after 16 weeks. […] It can be difficult to soothe a baby with colic, but there are a few things you can try to help calm your little one: hold your baby upright for feeds and burp them afterwards; if your baby is breastfed and seems worse after mum eats certain foods, talk to your Plunket nurse, or other Well Child provider; if your baby is bottle-fed, check you are preparing it correctly; hold your baby while they are crying and talk to them with a soothing voice; play soothing music; keep the lights dimmed; babies like to move so try gentle swaying, push them in a pram, or use a front pack to carry your baby while you do things around the house; give your baby a warm bath or a gentle stomach rub. […] Remember to never shake your baby as it can lead to permanent brain damage or death (known as shaken baby syndrome).

• #64 Treating infants’ colic

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1479474/

  When conventional therapy is ineffective, many parents search for alternative methods of treatment, especially for a natural way. […] Colic continues to be a noisy phenomenon for parents. While efforts have been made to discover dietary resolutions for colic, and changing diet is often effective in children with protein sensitivity or carbohydrate malabsorption, for most babies, no definitive solution has yet been found. Cimetropium and fennel oil preparations look more promising than other remedies, but their effectiveness and safety for infants should be further investigated. In most cases of colic, no underlying cause can be found, and addressing parental concerns is the best way to cope with it.

• #65 Infantile colic – Australian Prescriber

  https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/infantile-colic.html

  If the infant is exclusively breastfed, a three-week trial of the probiotic L. reuteri DSM17938 can be considered. […] The mainstay of management for colic is to help families cope with their infants symptoms, reduce the risks of parental depression, child abuse and early breastfeeding cessation, and to prevent the possibility of long-term adverse effects.

• #66 Comparison of common interventions for the treatment of infantile colic: a systematic review of reviews and guidelines | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/2/e035405

  Objective To conduct a systematic review of systematic reviews and national guidelines to assess the effectiveness of four treatment approaches (manual therapy, probiotics, proton pump inhibitors and simethicone) on colic symptoms including infant crying time, sleep distress and adverse events. […] High-level evidence showed that probiotics were most effective for reducing crying time in breastfed infants (range 25 min to 65 min over 24 hours). Manual therapies had moderate to low-quality evidence showing reduced crying time (range 33 min to 76 min per 24 hours). Simethicone had moderate to low evidence showing no benefit or negative effect. One meta-analysis did not support the use of proton pump inhibitors for reducing crying time and fussing. […] The strongest evidence for the treatment of colic was probiotics for breastfed infants, followed by weaker but favourable evidence for manual therapy indicated by crying time. Both forms of treatment carried a low risk of serious adverse events. The guidance reviewed did not reflect these findings.

• #67 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  Infantile colic is a benign process in which an infant has paroxysms of inconsolable crying for more than three hours per day, more than three days per week, for longer than three weeks. […] The cause of infantile colic is not known; proposed causes include alterations in fecal microflora, intolerance to cow’s milk protein or lactose, gastrointestinal immaturity or inflammation, increased serotonin secretion, poor feeding technique, and maternal smoking or nicotine replacement therapy. […] Colic is a diagnosis of exclusion after a detailed history and physical examination have ruled out concerning causes. Parental support and reassurance are key components of the management of colic. […] Simethicone and proton pump inhibitors are ineffective for the treatment of colic, and dicyclomine is contraindicated. Treatment options for breastfed infants include the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (strain DSM 17938) and reducing maternal dietary allergen intake. Switching to a hydrolyzed formula is an option for formula-fed infants. Evidence does not support chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation, infant massage, swaddling, acupuncture, or herbal supplements.

• #68 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  Infantile colic is a benign process in which an infant has paroxysms of inconsolable crying for more than three hours per day, more than three days per week, for longer than three weeks. […] The cause of infantile colic is not known; proposed causes include alterations in fecal microflora, intolerance to cow’s milk protein or lactose, gastrointestinal immaturity or inflammation, increased serotonin secretion, poor feeding technique, and maternal smoking or nicotine replacement therapy. […] Colic is a diagnosis of exclusion after a detailed history and physical examination have ruled out concerning causes. Parental support and reassurance are key components of the management of colic. […] Simethicone and proton pump inhibitors are ineffective for the treatment of colic, and dicyclomine is contraindicated. Treatment options for breastfed infants include the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (strain DSM 17938) and reducing maternal dietary allergen intake. Switching to a hydrolyzed formula is an option for formula-fed infants. Evidence does not support chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation, infant massage, swaddling, acupuncture, or herbal supplements.

• #69 Treating infants’ colic

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1479474/

  Young parents often visit my office because their infants are crying inconsolably. Results of physical examination are unremarkable, so colic is the most likely cause. Colic has been known for many years, but I am unaware of any good remedy for it. Are there any modern, effective, safe methods of managing colic? […] In most cases, colic is a noisy phenomenon for which there is no good explanation or treatment. Changing babies feedings rarely helps, and effective pharmacologic remedies are as yet unavailable. Several behavioural and complementary therapies have been suggested, but they have not been found effective. Addressing parental concerns and explaining about colic is the best solution until the colic goes away. […] Colic is difficult to treat and hard to investigate and measure. The large placebo effect, the transient nature of the phenomenon, and the undetermined etiology make colic unique. Several trials have looked at medications for treating infantile colic.

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