Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  Infantile colic is a benign process in which an infant has paroxysms of inconsolable crying for more than three hours per day, more than three days per week, for longer than three weeks. […] The cause of infantile colic is not known; proposed causes include alterations in fecal microflora, intolerance to cow’s milk protein or lactose, gastrointestinal immaturity or inflammation, increased serotonin secretion, poor feeding technique, and maternal smoking or nicotine replacement therapy. […] Despite decades of research, the cause of infantile colic is not known. Proposed causes include alterations in fecal microflora, intolerance to cow’s milk protein or lactose, gastrointestinal immaturity or inflammation, increased serotonin secretion, poor feeding technique, and maternal smoking or nicotine replacement therapy.

• #2 Colic: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10823-colic

  Colic means your otherwise healthy baby cries excessively for no apparent reason. Healthcare providers define colic as intense crying for more than three hours a day, at least three days a week, for more than three weeks. […] Researchers dont know the exact reason babies get colic. There are, however, several factors that may play a role, including: Abdominal pain or discomfort from gas (air swallowed while nursing or crying). Reflux (bringing up) of stomach contents. Food allergies. Milk-protein intolerance. Underfeeding or overfeeding. Overstimulation. An early form of migraine headache. Emotional reaction to frustration, fear or excitement. Underdeveloped digestive system. […] Colic can take a toll on new and old parents alike. The overwhelming stress that colic can place on caregivers can lead to postpartum depression and shaken baby syndrome.

• #3 Colic in babies: Tips for soothing your child from a pediatrician – CHOC – Children’s health hub

  https://health.choc.org/colic-in-babies-tips-for-soothing-your-child-from-a-pediatrician/

  Colic is the term used to describe uncontrollable crying in an otherwise healthy infant. It’s a common issue that typically begins within the first few weeks of life and peaks around six to eight weeks, but it usually resolves on its own by around three to four months of age. […] “We don’t know exactly why colic occurs, but we think that these babies are unusually sensitive to stimuli or may be having trouble digesting breastmilk or formula and are unable to self-console or regulate their nervous systems.” […] Doctors aren’t sure what causes colic. There are several theories about why colic may or may not occur, including: Breastmilk sensitivities. A colicky baby can be sensitive to foods in the mother’s breast milk, so it may be helpful for mothers to eliminate milk products, caffeine, spicy and gas-producing foods to see if this improves the baby’s digestion, Dr. Wilkinson suggests.

• #4 Colic in babies: Causes, symptoms and treatment

  https://medicalxpress.com/news/2023-04-colic-babies-symptoms-treatment.html

  Most new parents have experienced the agony of colic: hours of inconsolable crying from their newborn, leaving them at wit’s end. […] The Mayo Clinic defines colic as frequent, prolonged, and intense crying or fussiness in a healthy infant. More specifically, many physicians will diagnose your child with colic if they cry for more than three hours a day at least three days per week, for more than three weeks, typically starting when the baby is just a few weeks old. […] While the exact cause of colic is not fully understood, it is believed to be related to a combination of factors, including gastrointestinal discomfort, immature digestive systems and overstimulation. […] And, thankfully, many of the issues believed to cause colic in babies can be treated by their pediatrician, according to the Mayo Clinic: Gas or indigestion, An insufficiently developed digestive system, Overfeeding or underfeeding, Sensitivity to breast milk or formula, Fear, frustration or excitement, Overstimulation, Early childhood headaches or migraines. […] However, because babies cannot yet communicate what is bothering them, the situation often gets worse before it gets better.

• #5 Colic – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colic/symptoms-causes/syc-20371074

  Colic is frequent, prolonged and intense crying or fussiness in a healthy infant. […] The cause of colic is unknown. It may result from numerous contributing factors. While a number of causes have been explored, it’s difficult for researchers to account for all the important features, such as why it usually begins late in the first month of life, how it varies among infants, why it happens at certain times of day and why it resolves on its own in time. […] Possible contributing factors that have been explored include: Digestive system that isn’t fully developed, Imbalance of healthy bacteria in the digestive tract, Food allergies or intolerances, Overfeeding, underfeeding or infrequent burping, Early form of childhood migraine, Family stress or anxiety.

• #6 Infantile Colic – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518962/

  Infantile colic is a common condition causing abdominal discomfort in newborns during the first few weeks after birth. The etiology of colic is still unknown, as the studies conducted so far have been restricted due to inadequate blinding and conflicting or inconsistent results. Many proposed contributing factors, such as biological, gastrointestinal, and psychosocial elements, define colic causes. In addition, the signs and symptoms may indicate the culmination of various contributing factors. […] People often attribute colic to incorrect feeding techniques, overfeeding, underfeeding, and insufficient burping. Maternal diets that include cow’s milk may contribute to infant distress in breastfed infants with colic, suggesting a link to cow’s milk protein intolerance. The connection to lactose intolerance presents more contradictory evidence.

• #7 Colic – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=colic-90-P01985

  Colic is when a healthy baby cries for a very long time, for no obvious reason. […] Experts dont know for sure what causes colic. There are a few theories about why it happens. Colic may occur when babies: […] Other theories about what causes colic are less likely. These include: […] Having a milk allergy or intolerance.

• #8 Infantile Colic – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518962/

  Some studies support the presence of increased motilin in newborns and infants with colic, suggesting gut hypermotility as a result of autonomic imbalance. Gut inflammation, as measured by fecal calprotectin, and alterations in the fecal microbiome may also contribute to infantile colic. […] Certain studies have suggested a link between colic and migraine, demonstrating an association between infantile colic and the later development of migraine headaches during adolescence. Other proposed contributing factors include maternal smoking or nicotine replacement therapy, the immaturity of the nervous and gastrointestinal systems, sleep disruption, hypersensitivity to the environment, sensory overload, family stress, gastroesophageal reflux, and parental anxiety.

• #9 The physiological causes of colic: An evidence-based review for parents

  https://parentingscience.com/causes-of-colic/

  It’s also possible that one of the causes of colic pain is related to levels of serotonin and melatonin. Serotonin increases intestinal contractions, melatonin suppresses them. […] Several studies suggest that colicky babies have higher levels of serum motilin, a hormone that stimulates contractions or spasms in the gastrointestinal tract (Savino et al 2007; Lothe et al 1990; Lothe et al 1987). […] In a recent study comparing colicky infants with their healthy counterparts, 82% of the 55 infants with colic tested positive for the Helicobacter pylori bacterium — the pathogen known to cause gastric pain and peptic ulcers in older people. Just 23% of control infants were infected with H. pylori (Ali 2012). […] Differences in gut flora hint that colicky babies might benefit from probiotics—“friendly” microorganisms that colonize the digestive tract and help reduce bowel inflammation.

• #10 What causes colic in babies: An evidence-based guide

  https://parentingscience.com/what-causes-colic/

  What causes colic? According to a popular definition, colic is excessive crying or fussing in an otherwise healthy baby. It’s the catch-all term doctors use to describe intense, inconsolable crying when they aren’t immediately sure what’s going on. So there isn’t any single answer or remedy. Different babies cry for different reasons. […] But as many parents know, colicky babies often give the impression that they are in pain, and research supports the idea that some babies are suffering from painful medication conditions, including cow’s milk protein intolerance and migraine. […] Moreover, there is mounting evidence that infantile colic is linked with a distinctive physical profile: Twenty-first century studies have consistently found that “colicky” babies have a different mix of bacteria colonizing their intestines.

• #11 What causes colic in babies: An evidence-based guide

  https://parentingscience.com/what-causes-colic/

  Other, less dire, conditions linked with excessive fussing or crying include: cow’s milk protein intolerance and food allergies, carbohydrate malabsorption, GERD, or gastroesophageal reflux disorder, and transient lactose intolerance. […] Studies have failed to find evidence that colicky babies harbored more intestinal gas than other infants. […] Studies show that babies are more likely to suffer from colic if migraines run in the family. […] Studies conducted in Italy, Canada, and Poland report the same thing: Babies who develop colic have higher than normal concentrations of bacteria that can cause gas and inflammation. […] So differences in gut flora are linked with colic. But what causes colic symptoms? One idea that colicky babies have inflammation of the gut, a hypothesis consistent with observations that colicky infants are more likely to test positive for show biomarkers of low-grade inflammation.

• #12 What causes colic in babies: An evidence-based guide

  https://parentingscience.com/what-causes-colic/

  Researchers are still putting together pieces of the puzzle. But the general idea is high concentrations of certain bacteria can cause intestinal inflammation. In addition, they may prompt babies to grow more pain receptors in the gut, making the babies more sensitive to potentially painful stimuli. […] For centuries people assumed that infantile colic was caused by abdominal pain. But this assumption became controversial in the 20th century, so the medical profession adopted new definitions of colic that made no reference to causation. […] Under this definition, “colic” is really just another label for “excessive crying,” which could be caused by a wide variety of things, including conditions completely unrelated to abdominal pain (or physical pain of any kind). […] Babies exhibiting these signs are more likely to have an underlying medical condition, so if you observe them, you should consult your doctor.

• #13 What Is Colic? Causes, Remedies and Symptoms of Colic in Babies

  https://www.whattoexpect.com/first-year/health-and-safety/what-is-colic/

  An immature digestive system. Digesting food is a big task for a baby’s brand new gastrointestinal system. As a result, food may pass through too quickly and not break down completely, resulting in pain from gas in the intestines. […] Infant acid reflux. Research has found that infant GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) can trigger episodes in colicky babies, though it doesn’t cause colic. Infant GERD is often the result of an underdeveloped lower esophageal sphincter, the muscle that keeps stomach acid from flowing back up into the throat and mouth, which can irritate the esophagus. Symptoms include frequent spitting up, poor eating and irritability during and after feedings. The good news is, most babies outgrow GERD by age 1 (and colic usually goes away long before then). […] Food allergies or sensitivity. Some experts believe that colic is the result of an allergy to cow’s milk proteins (or lactose intolerance) in formula-fed babies. Less often, colic may be a reaction to specific foods in Moms diet in breastfed babies. Either way, these allergies or sensitivity can cause tummy pain that may set off colicky behavior.

• #14 Colic: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927760-overview

  An association between colic and cow’s milk allergy (CMA) has been postulated. […] Data from one study suggested an association between low birth weight and increased incidence of colic. […] Some reports have focused on intestinal microflora and its association with colic. […] In summary, complex interactions between behavioral and psychological factors, nutrition, immaturity of GI tract, microbial dysbiosis, and intestinal dysmotility are responsible for the development of colic.

• #14 Colic: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927760-overview

  Gastrointestinal (GI) causes may include, but are not limited to, gastroesophageal reflux, overfeeding, underfeeding, milk protein allergy, and early introduction of solids. […] Parental anxiety and stress have been the subject of many studies. Postpartum depression may lead to stress in parents, which may be transferred to the infant, resulting in excess crying. […] Other causes include inexperienced parents or incomplete or no burping after feeding. Incorrect positioning after feeding may contribute to excessive crying. […] Some epidemiologic evidence suggests that exposure to cigarette smoke and its metabolites may be related to colic. Maternal smoking and exposure to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) during pregnancy may be associated with colic. […] Some evidence has linked persistent crying in young infants to food allergy.

• #15 The physiological causes of colic: An evidence-based review for parents

  https://parentingscience.com/causes-of-colic/

  For example, in one study, researchers included criteria like diarrhea and spasm. They found that almost 45% of these colicky babies responded favorably when treated for transient lactose intolerance (Kanabar et al 2001). […] It also seems that severe infantile colic is linked with physical ailments later in life. In one study, researchers tracked babies with severe colic. Ten years later, these kids were more likely than others to suffer from recurrent abdominal pain and/or allergies (Savino et al 2005). Perhaps some colic cases are simply an early manifestation of long-term health problems. […] A variety of medical conditions can cause colic symptoms, including cow’s milk protein intolerance / allergy, carbohydrate malabsorption, infantile migraine, and acid reflux. […] There is strong evidence that some babies suffer from a temporary, transient inability to digest lactose, the sugar in milk. Transient lactose intolerance is usually caused by acute diarrhea, which damages the mucosal lining of the intestinal wall (Bartrop and Hull 1973).

• #16 Colic | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/colic

  Infant colic is regular, unexplained crying fits that usually last for at least three hours. […] The cause is unknown, but theories include immaturity of the bowel, food allergies and gas or wind. […] Despite much research into this common condition, the cause of colic remains unknown. There are many theories; however, some babies have colic when no clear factors seem to be the cause. Popular theories include: […] certain foods in the mothers diet may cause symptoms of food allergy or intolerance in her breastfed baby. […] caffeine and nicotine in breast milk have been linked to infant irritability, since the babys body isnt able to efficiently get rid of these substances. […] babies may overreact to the unfamiliar sensations of gas or fullness and may interpret these feelings as painful or alarming. […] babies may take a few months to adjust to life outside the womb.

• #17 Colic-Causing Foods in Breastfeeding

  https://www.askdrsears.com/topics/feeding-eating/breastfeeding/common-problems/colic-causing-foods-breastfeeding/

  Mother-infant dining partners can enjoy a bountiful menu. But some babies are sensitive to certain foods in mothers diet. Colic-causing foods can enter your breast milk and upset your baby. This can happen as early as two hours after you ingest the colic-causing food. A clue to food sensitivities as a cause of fussy, colicky behavior is a pattern called twenty-four-hour colic. This term describes a hurting episode that occurs within twenty-four hours after the breastfeeding mother eats a colic causing food(s). […] Potentially allergenic proteins in dairy products enter breast milk and produce colicky symptoms in babies. […] Cows milk is the most common culprit in the colic-causing foods list. […] Personal breastfeeding experiences validate what veteran breastfeeding mothers have known for a long time gassy foods make gassy babies.

• #18

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/crying-colic/Pages/Colic.aspx

  Unfortunately, there is no definite explanation for why this happens. Most often, colic means simply that the child is unusually sensitive to stimulation. They may not be able to „self-console” or regulate their nervous system (also known as an immature nervous system.) […] Sometimes, in breastfeeding babies, colic is a sign of sensitivity to a food in the nursing parent’s diet. The discomfort is caused only rarely by sensitivity to milk protein in formula. […] Colicky behavior also may signal a medical problem, such as a hernia or some type of illness.

• #19 Colic – Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/programs-services/gastroenterology/colic/

  Colic is a problem that affects some babies during the first three to four months of life. It is defined by the “rule of three”: crying at least three hours per day, more than three days per week and for three weeks duration or more. Colic can be very stressful and frustrating to parents—especially given the exhaustion that comes with caring for a newborn. Colic usually begins suddenly with loud and mostly continuous crying. […] The causes of colic are not fully understood. There are several theories about why colic may or may not occur, including: […] An inability to self-soothe. Some babies seem overly sensitive to stimulation and are unable to calm themselves. As a baby matures, he or she is better able to regulate his or her immature nervous system. As this happens, colic disappears.

• #20 Colic in Babies: Possible Causes, Remedies, and Tips

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/what-is-colic

  Colic Causes […] Doctors dont know exactly what causes colic. It might be a sign that your baby is having a hard time getting used to being in the world. They may be sensitive to many things, such as loud noises or light. Your baby may have a hard time soothing themselves. Crying may be the only way your baby can express their feelings. Any baby in any family can have colic. […] Some theories about why it happens include: […] A growing digestive system with muscles that often spasm […] Gas […] Hormones that cause belly pain or crankiness […] Sensitivity to light or noise […] Too much stimulation […] A developing nervous system […] An early form of childhood migraine […] Fear, frustration, or excitement […] Inability to self-soothe […] Milk allergy […] Many health conditions can look like colic. If you’re worried about your baby, your doctor can do a full exam to rule out other problems like:

• #21 What Is Colic and the Main Cause? – NowPatient

  https://nowpatient.com/blog/what-is-colic-and-the-main-cause

  Hunger: Some babies may cry because they are hungry. This is more likely to be the case if the baby is not gaining weight properly or if they are not getting enough breast milk or formula […] Overstimulation: Too much stimulation can lead to crying episodes in some babies. This may include exposure to loud noises, bright lights, or too much movement […] Pain: Some experts believe that colic may be caused by pain, such as from teething or an ear infection. However, this has not been proven definitively […] Reflux: Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) occurs when stomach contents return to the oesophagus. This can cause heartburn and other symptoms in adults but often goes unnoticed in infants unless it leads to vomiting or poor weight gain. Some experts believe that GER may contribute to colic in some babies […] Food allergies or sensitivity: Some experts believe that colic results from milk allergies or lactose intolerance. This is a reaction in the gut to the milk, usually the cows milk protein.

• #22 What Causes Colic? | PX Docs

  https://pxdocs.com/colic/what-causes-colic/

  What Causes Colic? Colic, contrary to common belief, is not solely caused by digestive issues like gas or food sensitivities. Instead, it is commonly triggered by neurological dysfunction and interference that can impair not just digestive function but other important bodily functions as well, leaving the child uncomfortable. […] When this tension and dysfunction build up within the neuromuscular system, which is known as subluxation, it can disrupt communication between the brain and organs such as the gut. […] If a family has already done all they can to support the child’s gut nutritionally, it almost certainly leaves what we refer to as neurogenic colic as the real root cause of the discomfort. This means that the tension and subluxation originate from within the nervous system first.

• #23 Colic in Babies: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.parents.com/baby/care/colic/colic-101-what-it-is-and-what-to-do/

  Some babies suffer from enlarged stomachs or increased gas during their crying spells, leaving some experts to believe gas pain contributes to the screaming. Excessive gas can be caused by lactose intolerance, an allergy to milk, or gas-producing foods passed through the breast milk, such as caffeine, nuts, or some vegetables. Infant acid reflux may also cause digestive issues. […] It’s not unusual for a new parent to be stressed out and anxious by the end of the day. Some experts believe the anxiety of a parent can rub off on their baby and causes the baby to be „stressed out” too. However, it’s important to consider that caring for a colicky baby is inherently stressful and colic happens to babies with parents who don’t feel overly stressed, as well. […] Yet another theory is that colic stems from an imbalance of the brain chemicals melatonin and serotonin. Colicky babies might have more serotonin, which makes the intestinal muscles contract, says Marc Weissbluth, M.D., professor of clinical pediatrics at Northwestern University School of Medicine and author of Your Fussy Baby. One reason colicky babies can fuss more at night, he explains, is that serotonin levels peak in the evening.

• #24 Colic in Babies: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.parents.com/baby/care/colic/colic-101-what-it-is-and-what-to-do/

  This imbalance, the theory goes, naturally resolves when babies start making melatonin, which relaxes intestinal muscles. Babies get ample melatonin from their parents in utero, but levels drop after birth until the baby starts producing it on their own at 3 to 4 months—interestingly, around the same time that colic typically disappears. „This hypothesis should reassure mothers that they didn’t cause colic,” Dr. Weissbluth says. „It takes away the guilt that you’re doing something wrong and aren’t able to soothe your baby.”

• #25 Colic in babies

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/colic/

  It is not known why babies get colic. […] We don’t know what causes colic. Colic is more common in premature babies. […] It can be more common if the baby is in a home where somebody smokes.

• #26 Exploring Hypotheses and Rationale for Causes of Infantile Colic

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5276723/

  Given these diverse associations, it is not surprising that treatment is non-specific and not driven by data. […] Overall, the literature provides evidence for interaction among these three mechanisms, and this review highlights the interplay among these mechanisms and the potential for their identification that may lead to novel approaches to the management of IC. […] The immaturity of hepatic bile acid synthesis, intraluminal levels, and ileal absorption of bile acids in the neonate result in malabsorption of fat, with potential for secondary effects on colonic microbial flora. The latter changes may result in increased nutrient fermentation and reduced levels of dehydroxylated bile acids in the colon, where the contractile activities may be significantly altered. […] Further research on these three, potentially interacting mechanisms may lead to novel approaches to more specific diagnosis and management of infantile colic.

• #27 Infantile Colic | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0815/p735.html

  Although studies have addressed possible psychosocial causes of colic, no evidence has been found in support of this mechanism. […] Studies have suggested that colic may lie at the upper end of the normal distribution of crying in infants. The crying patterns of colicky infants (i.e., peaking around six weeks of age with crying late in the afternoon and evening) are the same in normal infants.

• #28 What Causes Colic? | PX Docs

  https://pxdocs.com/colic/what-causes-colic/

  The resulting neurological dysfunction creates a “neuro-storm” of signals that disrupt sleep, digestive function, and so much more. A colicky baby’s system then constantly cries, moves, twists, and torques to try and find calm and regulation amidst that storm of stress and tension. […] For most infants, the gut issues result from more disruption and dysfunction of the nervous system, often triggered by an overly stressful pregnancy or physically traumatic birth intervention.

• #29 Baby colic – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_colic

  The cause of colic is unknown. […] Fewer than 5% of infants who cry excessively turn out to have an underlying organic disease, such as constipation, gastroesophageal reflux disease, lactose intolerance, anal fissures, subdural hematomas, or infantile migraine. […] Babies fed cow’s milk have been shown to develop antibody responses to the bovine protein, and some studies have shown an association between consumption of cow’s milk and infant colic. […] Studies performed showed conflicting evidence about the role of cow’s milk allergy. […] While previously believed to be related to gas pains, this does not appear to be the case. […] Another theory holds that colic is related to hyperperistalsis of the digestive tube (increased level of activity of contraction and relaxation). […] The evidence that the use of anticholinergic agents improve colic symptoms supports this hypothesis. […] Psychological and social factors have been proposed as a cause, but there is no evidence. […] There is some evidence that cigarette smoke may increase the risk. […] Reflux does not appear to be related to colic.

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