Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  Infantile colic is a benign process in which an infant has paroxysms of inconsolable crying for more than three hours per day, more than three days per week, for longer than three weeks. […] The cause of infantile colic is not known; proposed causes include alterations in fecal microflora, intolerance to cow’s milk protein or lactose, gastrointestinal immaturity or inflammation, increased serotonin secretion, poor feeding technique, and maternal smoking or nicotine replacement therapy. […] Colic is a diagnosis of exclusion after a detailed history and physical examination have ruled out concerning causes. […] The standard diagnostic criteria known as the rule of three is crying more than three hours per day, more than three days per week, for longer than three weeks. […] Once concerning causes have been ruled out, the physician can safely diagnose colic in an infant who meets the rule of three criteria.

• #2 Colic: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10823-colic

  Colic means your otherwise healthy baby cries excessively for no apparent reason. Healthcare providers define colic as intense crying for more than three hours a day, at least three days a week, for more than three weeks. […] Colicky babies are healthy infants who have repeated periods of inconsolable crying without apparent reason. These crying episodes last for hours without stopping. Symptoms of colic in babies can vary. […] You can usually diagnose colic based on the pattern of symptoms. Itll help if you keep a record of: […] Your babys healthcare provider may perform a physical exam to rule out a physical condition such as esophageal reflux, an infection or an allergy as the cause of your babys fussiness. […] Theres no cure, but there are steps you can take to help soothe a colicky baby. You may try the following baby colic treatments.

• #3 Infantile colic – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/713

  Infantile colic is characterized by paroxysms of uncontrollable crying in an otherwise healthy and well-fed infant. Typically starts in the first weeks of life and ends by 4-5 months of age. […] Diagnosis is clinical. Assessment should be directed at excluding alternate causes of distress, although 5% of distressed infants have identifiable medical conditions for their crying. […] Infantile colic is defined as paroxysms of uncontrollable crying or fussing in an otherwise healthy (no evidence of faltering growth, fever, or illness) and well-fed infant aged 5 months. The duration of crying is 3 hours per day, and 3 days per week, for at least 3 weeks. […] Key diagnostic factors include generally well and thriving infants. […] Other diagnostic factors include normal urine, absence of recurrent vomiting, absence of diarrhea, normal temperature, absence of abdominal distention, normal tympanic membrane, and absence of signs of physical trauma. […] Diagnostic tests include clinical evaluation as the first tests to order, and tests to consider include urinalysis, urine culture, plain radiograph of a suspected fractured area, and abdominal radiograph.

• #4 Tools assessment and diagnosis to infant colic: a systematic review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28261843/

  Infant colic occurs between 10% and 40% of healthy born children in their first year of life. Its assessment is complex, and there are only a few instruments of appraisement and diagnosis. […] Four tools were obtained for valuation of infant colic. Parental diary of infant cry and fuss behaviour, Crying Pattern Questionnaire, Infant Colic Scale and, lastly, a validity of the Turkish version of the Infant Colic Scale. […] Analysis of the existing tools involves the need to design and validate new assessment scales for this clinical frame.

• #5 Colic | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617697/all/Colic?q=soy

  One in six families who have children with colic seek care from a health care professional. […] Estimates are difficult to make due to lack of standard definition; literature suggests a prevalence of 340%. […] Possible risk factors include maternal smoking, increased maternal age, and being the first-born child. […] In addition, colic has been associated with higher levels of maternal stress, anxiety, and depression. […] Although no study has shown any certain way to prevent colic, educating parents about infant crying can be helpful. Remind parents that crying is an infant’s way to communicate, inform them of the expected average hours a day an infant may cry, and teach them soothing techniques. […] Causes of colic are multifactorial, and it is typically considered to result from an interaction between infant, maternal, and paternal factors and the environment at a unique time of biologic vulnerability. No single cause has been identified. Several hypotheses for the etiology exist.

• #6 Infantile Colic – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518962/

  Infants typically experience abdominal discomfort as a manifestation of infantile colic, which is a benign condition occurring in the second or third week of their lives. Persistent and inconsolable crying in infants characterizes infantile colic, which affects nearly 20% of newborns and infants. Despite its widespread occurrence, the underlying cause of colic remains elusive. Symptoms reach their peak around 6 weeks and typically resolve by the age of 12 weeks. […] Healthcare providers establish a clinical diagnosis of infantile colic through a history and physical examination after eliminating potential pathological causes. […] Infantile colic is a clinical diagnosis that relies on history and physical examination; therefore, laboratory studies and imaging are typically unnecessary. […] When the history aligns with the Rome IV criteria or the Wessel „Rule of 3,” and there are no significant physical examination findings, clinicians can confidently diagnose infantile colic. Laboratory testing and imaging studies are unnecessary.

• #7 Infantile Colic: Diagnosis and treatment options in Primary Care – The Journal of Turkish Family Physician

  http://turkishfamilyphysician.com/articles/review/infantile-colic-diagnosis-and-treatment-options-in-primary-care/

  Infantile colic (IC) is a condition that can be defined as unexplained episodes of crying/restlessness in otherwise healthy infants. […] Recognizing colic at the primary care level is possible and necessary, with a prevalence known to range between 10-40% in all infants. […] Although the exact etiology remains unclear, understanding theories related to the cause of colic can help clinicians to make more accurate decisions in the diagnosis and treatment process. […] In the differential diagnosis, alarm symptoms accompanying crying must be evaluated, and referrals should be provided when necessary. […] While there is no definitive cure for infantile colic, some coping methods have shown to be beneficial in reducing the severity of episodes. […] Parents of infants who meet diagnostic criteria for colic should be informed about the temporary nature of colic and possible treatment strategies. […] It is important for primary healthcare providers and families to manage the situation as a team during this process.

• #8 Infantile colic: Clinical features and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/infantile-colic-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Infantile colic: Clinical features and diagnosis […] The clinical features, etiology, and diagnosis of prolonged or excessive crying in young infants are reviewed here. […] Persistent or excessive crying (colic) is one of the most distressing problems of infancy. […] Colic is a benign self-limited condition that resolves with time.

• #9 Colic: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10823-colic

  Colic means your otherwise healthy baby cries excessively for no apparent reason. Healthcare providers define colic as intense crying for more than three hours a day, at least three days a week, for more than three weeks. […] Colicky babies are healthy infants who have repeated periods of inconsolable crying without apparent reason. These crying episodes last for hours without stopping. Symptoms of colic in babies can vary. […] You can usually diagnose colic based on the pattern of symptoms. Itll help if you keep a record of: […] Your babys healthcare provider may perform a physical exam to rule out a physical condition such as esophageal reflux, an infection or an allergy as the cause of your babys fussiness. […] Theres no cure, but there are steps you can take to help soothe a colicky baby. You may try the following baby colic treatments.

• #10 Colic | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/c/colic

  Colic is a problem that affects some babies during the first three to four months of life. It can be very stressful and frustrating to parents. […] Healthcare providers have defined colic as prolonged or excessive crying in an infant who is otherwise well. The crying can be very loud and can last for several hours a day. […] A child who is otherwise well, who cries or is fussy several hours a day, especially from 6 pm to 10 pm, with no apparent reason, may have colic. Also, babies with colic may burp frequently or pass a significant amount of gas, but this is thought to be due to swallowing air while crying and is not a cause of colic. […] The symptoms of colic may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Always consult your child’s physician for a diagnosis. […] A healthcare provider will examine your baby and obtain a medical history. Questions might be asked about how long and how often your child cries, if you have noticed anything that seems to trigger the crying and what comfort measures are effective, if any.

• #11 Colic | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/c/colic

  Colic is a problem that affects some babies during the first three to four months of life. It can be very stressful and frustrating to parents. […] Healthcare providers have defined colic as prolonged or excessive crying in an infant who is otherwise well. The crying can be very loud and can last for several hours a day. […] A child who is otherwise well, who cries or is fussy several hours a day, especially from 6 pm to 10 pm, with no apparent reason, may have colic. Also, babies with colic may burp frequently or pass a significant amount of gas, but this is thought to be due to swallowing air while crying and is not a cause of colic. […] The symptoms of colic may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Always consult your child’s physician for a diagnosis. […] A healthcare provider will examine your baby and obtain a medical history. Questions might be asked about how long and how often your child cries, if you have noticed anything that seems to trigger the crying and what comfort measures are effective, if any.

• #12 Case Based Pediatrics Chapter

  https://www.hawaii.edu/medicine/pediatrics/pedtext/s09c01.html

  Colic is one of the most commonly made diagnoses during the first 4 months of life with a reported incidence of 10% to 35% of all infants. The classic definition of infantile colic was described by Wessel in 1954 as, crying lasting more than 3 hours per day, 3 days per week, and continuing more than 3 weeks in infants less than 3 months of age. During these paroxysms, the legs are often flexed, the infant may be described as gassy, and parents often think the infant has abdominal pain. In addition, crying is not relieved by normal parental interventions (feeding, burping, changing diapers, etc.). […] The four clinical signs of colic are: 1) paroxysmal onset, 2) distinctive high-pitched pain cry, 3) physical signs of hypertonia and 4) inconsolability. Colic presents as intermittent and unexplained crying during the first three months of life by babies that are otherwise healthy. The „infant colic syndrome” (paroxysmal fussing) basically involves cyclic discrete periods of intractable crying, usually on a daily basis, with onset at 1-4 weeks of age and dramatic spontaneous improvement by 3-4 months of age.

• #13 Colic Clinical Presentation: History and Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article//927760-clinical

  Colic remains a diagnosis of exclusion. Crying by infants with or without colic is mostly observed during evening hours and peaks at the age of 6 weeks. The cause of this diurnal rhythm is not known. The amount of crying is not related to an infant’s sex; the mother’s parity; or the parents’ socioeconomic status, education, or ages. […] On acoustic analysis, colicky crying differs from regular crying. Compared with regular crying, colicky crying is more variable in pitch, more turbulent or dysphonic, and has a higher pitch. Mothers of infants with colic, unlike mothers of infants without colic, rate the cries as more urgent, discomforting, arousing, aversive, and irritating than usual. […] Obtain a detailed history about the timing, the amount of crying, and the family’s daily routine. The benign nature of colic should be emphasized. Rule out causes of excessive crying in an infant, such as having hair in the eye, strangulated hernia, otitis, and sepsis. […] Perform physical examination to confirm normalcy. Infants with colic often have accelerated growth. Weight gain is typical, whereas failure to thrive should make one suspicious about the diagnosis of colic.

• #14 Infantile colic – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/713

  Infantile colic is characterized by paroxysms of uncontrollable crying in an otherwise healthy and well-fed infant. Typically starts in the first weeks of life and ends by 4-5 months of age. […] Diagnosis is clinical. Assessment should be directed at excluding alternate causes of distress, although 5% of distressed infants have identifiable medical conditions for their crying. […] Infantile colic is defined as paroxysms of uncontrollable crying or fussing in an otherwise healthy (no evidence of faltering growth, fever, or illness) and well-fed infant aged 5 months. The duration of crying is 3 hours per day, and 3 days per week, for at least 3 weeks. […] Key diagnostic factors include generally well and thriving infants. […] Other diagnostic factors include normal urine, absence of recurrent vomiting, absence of diarrhea, normal temperature, absence of abdominal distention, normal tympanic membrane, and absence of signs of physical trauma. […] Diagnostic tests include clinical evaluation as the first tests to order, and tests to consider include urinalysis, urine culture, plain radiograph of a suspected fractured area, and abdominal radiograph.

• #15 Colic – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colic/symptoms-causes/syc-20371074

  Colic is frequent, prolonged and intense crying or fussiness in a healthy infant. […] Excessive, inconsolable crying may be colic or an indication of an illness or condition that causes pain or discomfort. Schedule an appointment with your child’s health care provider for a thorough exam if your infant experiences excessive crying or other signs or symptoms of colic. […] The cause of colic is unknown. It may result from numerous contributing factors. […] Risk factors for colic are not well-understood. […] Colic does not cause short-term or long-term medical problems for a child. […] The stress of calming a crying baby has sometimes prompted parents to shake or otherwise harm their child.

• #16 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  Infantile colic is a benign process in which an infant has paroxysms of inconsolable crying for more than three hours per day, more than three days per week, for longer than three weeks. […] The cause of infantile colic is not known; proposed causes include alterations in fecal microflora, intolerance to cow’s milk protein or lactose, gastrointestinal immaturity or inflammation, increased serotonin secretion, poor feeding technique, and maternal smoking or nicotine replacement therapy. […] Colic is a diagnosis of exclusion after a detailed history and physical examination have ruled out concerning causes. […] The standard diagnostic criteria known as the rule of three is crying more than three hours per day, more than three days per week, for longer than three weeks. […] Once concerning causes have been ruled out, the physician can safely diagnose colic in an infant who meets the rule of three criteria.

• #17 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  Infantile colic is a benign process in which an infant has paroxysms of inconsolable crying for more than three hours per day, more than three days per week, for longer than three weeks. […] The cause of infantile colic is not known; proposed causes include alterations in fecal microflora, intolerance to cow’s milk protein or lactose, gastrointestinal immaturity or inflammation, increased serotonin secretion, poor feeding technique, and maternal smoking or nicotine replacement therapy. […] Colic is a diagnosis of exclusion after a detailed history and physical examination have ruled out concerning causes. […] The standard diagnostic criteria known as the rule of three is crying more than three hours per day, more than three days per week, for longer than three weeks. […] Once concerning causes have been ruled out, the physician can safely diagnose colic in an infant who meets the rule of three criteria.

• #18 Colic | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617697/all/Colic?q=soy

  GI disturbances are often implicated in colic. Abnormal motility has been hypothesized and is somewhat supported by the fact that anticholinergics may improve symptoms. […] Recent studies have suggested an association with Helicobacter pylori and infantile colic. Others theorized that colic is a form of milk protein allergy. However, these studies are limited, and no causality has been established. […] A neurodevelopmental etiology is supported by the fact that infants with colic have similar patterns of crying to infants without colic and that colic is outgrown. Excessive crying has also been considered a manifestation of normal emotional development where colic is on the end of a spectrum of crying.

• #19 WO/2001/040801 DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT FOR HELICOBACTER PYLORI INDUCED COLIC

  https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2001040801

  The present invention provides a method for determining the cause of colic in infants and providing treatment therefor. In accordance with the method of the present invention, an infant exhibiting symptoms of colic is tested to determine if the symptoms could be attributable to an H.pylori induced infection and, if the test is positive, the infant is treated for the infection using an accepted treatment method.

• #20 Infantile Colic: Diagnosis and treatment options in Primary Care – The Journal of Turkish Family Physician

  http://turkishfamilyphysician.com/articles/review/infantile-colic-diagnosis-and-treatment-options-in-primary-care/

  Infantile colic (IC) is a condition that can be defined as unexplained episodes of crying/restlessness in otherwise healthy infants. […] Recognizing colic at the primary care level is possible and necessary, with a prevalence known to range between 10-40% in all infants. […] Although the exact etiology remains unclear, understanding theories related to the cause of colic can help clinicians to make more accurate decisions in the diagnosis and treatment process. […] In the differential diagnosis, alarm symptoms accompanying crying must be evaluated, and referrals should be provided when necessary. […] While there is no definitive cure for infantile colic, some coping methods have shown to be beneficial in reducing the severity of episodes. […] Parents of infants who meet diagnostic criteria for colic should be informed about the temporary nature of colic and possible treatment strategies. […] It is important for primary healthcare providers and families to manage the situation as a team during this process.

• #21 Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1001/p577.html

  Infantile colic is a benign process in which an infant has paroxysms of inconsolable crying for more than three hours per day, more than three days per week, for longer than three weeks. […] The cause of infantile colic is not known; proposed causes include alterations in fecal microflora, intolerance to cow’s milk protein or lactose, gastrointestinal immaturity or inflammation, increased serotonin secretion, poor feeding technique, and maternal smoking or nicotine replacement therapy. […] Colic is a diagnosis of exclusion after a detailed history and physical examination have ruled out concerning causes. […] The standard diagnostic criteria known as the rule of three is crying more than three hours per day, more than three days per week, for longer than three weeks. […] Once concerning causes have been ruled out, the physician can safely diagnose colic in an infant who meets the rule of three criteria.

• #22 Infantile colic – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/713

  Infantile colic is characterized by paroxysms of uncontrollable crying in an otherwise healthy and well-fed infant. Typically starts in the first weeks of life and ends by 4-5 months of age. […] Diagnosis is clinical. Assessment should be directed at excluding alternate causes of distress, although 5% of distressed infants have identifiable medical conditions for their crying. […] Infantile colic is defined as paroxysms of uncontrollable crying or fussing in an otherwise healthy (no evidence of faltering growth, fever, or illness) and well-fed infant aged 5 months. The duration of crying is 3 hours per day, and 3 days per week, for at least 3 weeks. […] Key diagnostic factors include generally well and thriving infants. […] Other diagnostic factors include normal urine, absence of recurrent vomiting, absence of diarrhea, normal temperature, absence of abdominal distention, normal tympanic membrane, and absence of signs of physical trauma. […] Diagnostic tests include clinical evaluation as the first tests to order, and tests to consider include urinalysis, urine culture, plain radiograph of a suspected fractured area, and abdominal radiograph.

• #23 Colic – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colic/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371081

  Your baby’s care provider will do a complete physical exam to identify any possible causes for your baby’s distress. The exam will include: […] Lab tests, X-rays and other diagnostic tests aren’t usually needed, but in unclear cases they help to exclude other conditions as possible causes. […] Your baby’s care provider is likely to ask a number of questions, such as: […] Your answers to these questions can help your baby’s care provider determine if there are other conditions that may be contributing to crying and discomfort.

• #24 Colic: Diagnosis and Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/pediatrics/digestive-diseases/motility-disorders/colic/treatment

  How is Colic Diagnosed? To diagnose colic, your pediatrician will inquire about your babys symptoms and health history. They may also perform a physical examination and listen to the heart, lungs, and abdominal sounds to rule out another reason for the prolonged crying such as an allergy, esophageal reflux, or infection. […] Your physician may try to rule out possible causes of colic, including: Esophageal reflux, An infection, A food allergy. […] Having a baby with colic can be exhausting. At the Children’s Hospital of New York, our pediatricians can help identify the signs of colic, and offer compassionate expertise on how to manage symptoms while keeping your sanity.

• #25 Colic | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/c/colic

  Colic is a problem that affects some babies during the first three to four months of life. It can be very stressful and frustrating to parents. […] Healthcare providers have defined colic as prolonged or excessive crying in an infant who is otherwise well. The crying can be very loud and can last for several hours a day. […] A child who is otherwise well, who cries or is fussy several hours a day, especially from 6 pm to 10 pm, with no apparent reason, may have colic. Also, babies with colic may burp frequently or pass a significant amount of gas, but this is thought to be due to swallowing air while crying and is not a cause of colic. […] The symptoms of colic may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Always consult your child’s physician for a diagnosis. […] A healthcare provider will examine your baby and obtain a medical history. Questions might be asked about how long and how often your child cries, if you have noticed anything that seems to trigger the crying and what comfort measures are effective, if any.

• #26 Patient education: Colic (excessive crying) in infants (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/colic-excessive-crying-in-infants-beyond-the-basics

  Colic is the term used to describe infants who cry excessively for no apparent reason during the first three months of life. Colic is one of the most distressing problems of infancy. The cause of colic is not well understood, but it resolves in most infants by three to four months of age. Colic is defined as „excessive crying.” An infant with colic usually cries for more than three hours per day on more than three days per week. Colic is extremely common and occurs in up to 40 percent of all infants. It usually starts sometime between the third and sixth week after birth and ends when a baby is three to four months of age. For all infants, colic is a temporary problem. It resolves by three months of age in 60 percent of infants and by four months in 90 percent of infants. […] The diagnosis of colic is often made after it has run its typical three- to four-month course. If you are concerned about your infant’s crying, call your child’s doctor or nurse to discuss your concerns and possible management strategies. You can monitor your infant’s crying by keeping a written record of the following information. You can share this information with your child’s doctor or nurse to help determine the cause of crying as well as the best ways to manage it.

• #27 Colic: Diagnosis and Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/pediatrics/digestive-diseases/motility-disorders/colic/treatment

  How is Colic Diagnosed? To diagnose colic, your pediatrician will inquire about your babys symptoms and health history. They may also perform a physical examination and listen to the heart, lungs, and abdominal sounds to rule out another reason for the prolonged crying such as an allergy, esophageal reflux, or infection. […] Your physician may try to rule out possible causes of colic, including: Esophageal reflux, An infection, A food allergy. […] Having a baby with colic can be exhausting. At the Children’s Hospital of New York, our pediatricians can help identify the signs of colic, and offer compassionate expertise on how to manage symptoms while keeping your sanity.

• #28 Colic Clinical Presentation: History and Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article//927760-clinical

  Colic remains a diagnosis of exclusion. Crying by infants with or without colic is mostly observed during evening hours and peaks at the age of 6 weeks. The cause of this diurnal rhythm is not known. The amount of crying is not related to an infant’s sex; the mother’s parity; or the parents’ socioeconomic status, education, or ages. […] On acoustic analysis, colicky crying differs from regular crying. Compared with regular crying, colicky crying is more variable in pitch, more turbulent or dysphonic, and has a higher pitch. Mothers of infants with colic, unlike mothers of infants without colic, rate the cries as more urgent, discomforting, arousing, aversive, and irritating than usual. […] Obtain a detailed history about the timing, the amount of crying, and the family’s daily routine. The benign nature of colic should be emphasized. Rule out causes of excessive crying in an infant, such as having hair in the eye, strangulated hernia, otitis, and sepsis. […] Perform physical examination to confirm normalcy. Infants with colic often have accelerated growth. Weight gain is typical, whereas failure to thrive should make one suspicious about the diagnosis of colic.

• #29 Colic in Babies: Possible Causes, Remedies, and Tips

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/what-is-colic

  Colic Diagnosis […] Theres no test for colic. Your babys doctor will ask you about their symptoms and medical history. The doctor will do a physical exam, focusing on things like your baby’s: […] Energy level […] Skin tone […] Breathing […] Body temperature […] Weight […] The doctor also might order some tests to rule out other problems. […] […] Colic is intense and excessive crying that lasts for more than 3 hours a day, 3 days a week, for more than 3 weeks when there isn’t any clear cause. Many babies have colic and, while it’s hard on parents, it typically goes away on its own. If your baby is crying a lot and you’re worried something is wrong, see your doctor. If you’re having trouble with the stress and fatigue of a colicky baby, practice good self-care and reach out for help if you need it.

• #30 Infantile colic – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/713

  Infantile colic is characterized by paroxysms of uncontrollable crying in an otherwise healthy and well-fed infant. Typically starts in the first weeks of life and ends by 4-5 months of age. […] Diagnosis is clinical. Assessment should be directed at excluding alternate causes of distress, although 5% of distressed infants have identifiable medical conditions for their crying. […] Infantile colic is defined as paroxysms of uncontrollable crying or fussing in an otherwise healthy (no evidence of faltering growth, fever, or illness) and well-fed infant aged 5 months. The duration of crying is 3 hours per day, and 3 days per week, for at least 3 weeks. […] Key diagnostic factors include generally well and thriving infants. […] Other diagnostic factors include normal urine, absence of recurrent vomiting, absence of diarrhea, normal temperature, absence of abdominal distention, normal tympanic membrane, and absence of signs of physical trauma. […] Diagnostic tests include clinical evaluation as the first tests to order, and tests to consider include urinalysis, urine culture, plain radiograph of a suspected fractured area, and abdominal radiograph.

• #31 Infantile Colic | Nutrition Guide for Clinicians

  https://nutritionguide.pcrm.org/nutritionguide/view/Nutrition_Guide_for_Clinicians/1342019/all/Infantile_Colic

  Infantile colic affects up to 40% of infants worldwide. Colic now has various definitions, but the original criteria, described by Morris Wessel in 1954, are described as the rule of 3s: crying for more than 3 hours per day, for more than 3 days per week, lasting at least 3 weeks in an otherwise healthy infant. Peak symptoms occur around 6 weeks of age, and resolution of symptoms is typically seen by 3-6 months of age. […] The differential diagnosis of a crying infant is broad. Colic is a diagnosis of exclusion. A detailed history and physical are essential to rule out serious conditions. Red-flag symptoms that require immediate and thorough evaluation include fever, distended abdomen, and lethargy. […] In addition to Wessels rule of 3s discussed above, the Rome III clinical diagnostic criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders are used to characterize colic. […] If malabsorption, inadequate feeding, pyloric stenosis, intussusception, bowel obstruction, or gastroesophageal reflux are possible, consider laboratory testing, stool samples, and imaging, as appropriate.

• #32 Infantile Colic: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/infantile-colic/

  A physician should exclude any other cause for the excessive crying in order to confirm the diagnosis of infantile colic. […] To confirm the diagnosis, other causes for the crying should always be excluded first. Infantile colic is often defined by rule of three: crying for more than three hours per day, for more than three days per week and for longer than three weeks, in an infant who is well-fed and otherwise healthy. […] Laboratory tests are usually not needed.

• #33 Infantile Colic | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0815/p735.html

  The physical examination begins with careful observation while the infant is being held on the parents lap. […] Laboratory tests and radiographic examinations usually are unnecessary if the child is gaining weight normally and has a normal physical examination. […] The mainstay of colic management is an acknowledgment by the physician of the difficulties the parents are facing and an inquiry into the well-being of the parents. […] A systematic review of randomized controlled trials found a possible therapeutic benefit from eliminating milk products, eggs, wheat, and nuts from the diet of breastfeeding mothers. […] Simethicone, a safe, over-the-counter drug for decreasing intraluminal gas, has been promoted as an agent to decrease colicky episodes. […] Systematic reviews of studies using anti-cholinergic drugs in the treatment of colic found them to be more effective than placebo.

• #34 Infantile Colic | Nutrition Guide for Clinicians

  https://nutritionguide.pcrm.org/nutritionguide/view/Nutrition_Guide_for_Clinicians/1342019/all/Infantile_Colic

  Infantile colic affects up to 40% of infants worldwide. Colic now has various definitions, but the original criteria, described by Morris Wessel in 1954, are described as the rule of 3s: crying for more than 3 hours per day, for more than 3 days per week, lasting at least 3 weeks in an otherwise healthy infant. Peak symptoms occur around 6 weeks of age, and resolution of symptoms is typically seen by 3-6 months of age. […] The differential diagnosis of a crying infant is broad. Colic is a diagnosis of exclusion. A detailed history and physical are essential to rule out serious conditions. Red-flag symptoms that require immediate and thorough evaluation include fever, distended abdomen, and lethargy. […] In addition to Wessels rule of 3s discussed above, the Rome III clinical diagnostic criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders are used to characterize colic. […] If malabsorption, inadequate feeding, pyloric stenosis, intussusception, bowel obstruction, or gastroesophageal reflux are possible, consider laboratory testing, stool samples, and imaging, as appropriate.

• #35 Colic: Diagnosis and Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/pediatrics/digestive-diseases/motility-disorders/colic/treatment

  How is Colic Diagnosed? To diagnose colic, your pediatrician will inquire about your babys symptoms and health history. They may also perform a physical examination and listen to the heart, lungs, and abdominal sounds to rule out another reason for the prolonged crying such as an allergy, esophageal reflux, or infection. […] Your physician may try to rule out possible causes of colic, including: Esophageal reflux, An infection, A food allergy. […] Having a baby with colic can be exhausting. At the Children’s Hospital of New York, our pediatricians can help identify the signs of colic, and offer compassionate expertise on how to manage symptoms while keeping your sanity.

• #36 Tools assessment and diagnosis to infant colic: a systematic review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28261843/

  Infant colic occurs between 10% and 40% of healthy born children in their first year of life. Its assessment is complex, and there are only a few instruments of appraisement and diagnosis. […] Four tools were obtained for valuation of infant colic. Parental diary of infant cry and fuss behaviour, Crying Pattern Questionnaire, Infant Colic Scale and, lastly, a validity of the Turkish version of the Infant Colic Scale. […] Analysis of the existing tools involves the need to design and validate new assessment scales for this clinical frame.

• #37 Colic Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927760-differential

  The differential diagnosis of infantile colic may include all common and uncommon causes of excessive crying. The following is a partial list of other causes of excessive crying in an infant: […] Acute Otitis Media […] Bronchiolitis […] Intussusception […] Pediatric Aseptic Meningitis […] Pediatric Bacterial Meningitis […] Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux […] Pediatric Pneumonia […] Protein Intolerance […] Soy Protein Intolerance.

• #38 Infantile Colic | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0815/p735.html

  Infantile colic can be distressing to parents whose infant is inconsolable during crying episodes. Colic is often defined by the rule of three: crying for more than three hours per day, for more than three days per week, and for longer than three weeks in an infant who is well-fed and otherwise healthy. […] Colic is a diagnosis of exclusion that is made after performing a careful history and physical examination to rule out less common organic causes. […] The cause of infantile colic remains unclear. Underlying organic causes of excessive crying must be considered during the evaluation. Organic causes account for less than 5 percent of infants presenting with excessive crying. […] When parents seek advice about a colicky baby, their concerns must be substantiated by the physician. […] A careful history and physical examination usually are sufficient to determine if there is an organic cause for crying or to relieve parental fears and allow for a diagnosis of colic.

• #39 Infantile Colic | Nutrition Guide for Clinicians

  https://nutritionguide.pcrm.org/nutritionguide/view/Nutrition_Guide_for_Clinicians/1342019/all/Infantile_Colic

  Infantile colic affects up to 40% of infants worldwide. Colic now has various definitions, but the original criteria, described by Morris Wessel in 1954, are described as the rule of 3s: crying for more than 3 hours per day, for more than 3 days per week, lasting at least 3 weeks in an otherwise healthy infant. Peak symptoms occur around 6 weeks of age, and resolution of symptoms is typically seen by 3-6 months of age. […] The differential diagnosis of a crying infant is broad. Colic is a diagnosis of exclusion. A detailed history and physical are essential to rule out serious conditions. Red-flag symptoms that require immediate and thorough evaluation include fever, distended abdomen, and lethargy. […] In addition to Wessels rule of 3s discussed above, the Rome III clinical diagnostic criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders are used to characterize colic. […] If malabsorption, inadequate feeding, pyloric stenosis, intussusception, bowel obstruction, or gastroesophageal reflux are possible, consider laboratory testing, stool samples, and imaging, as appropriate.

• #40 Patient education: Colic (excessive crying) in infants (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/colic-excessive-crying-in-infants-beyond-the-basics

  The goals of treatment for colic are to decrease the infant’s crying, help your family cope, and prevent long-term difficulties in your family’s relationships. Many doctors recommend trying several strategies at once. Parents of infants with colic often feel frustrated, angry, exhausted, guilty, and helpless because of their child’s crying. These feelings are normal and do not indicate that you are incapable or unworthy of caring for your child. […] Call your child’s doctor or nurse during the day or night if any of the following occur: The baby has cried continuously for more than two hours. You are afraid that you or another caretaker may hurt the baby, or if someone has shaken the baby. If crying could be the result of an injury or fall. The baby has a fever of ≥100.4°F (38°C). Parents should call their infant’s health care provider or go to an emergency department immediately.

• #41 Colic | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/c/colic

  Call your child’s doctor if you note any of these symptoms, or if your baby is crying excessively. Your child’s doctor will examine your child to make sure other problems are not present that might be causing colic-like symptoms. […] The symptoms of colic usually resolve by the time a baby is about 4 months of age.

• #42 Diseases Associated with Colic in Horses by Anatomic Location – Digestive System – MSD Veterinary Manual

  https://www.msdvetmanual.com/digestive-system/colic-in-horses/diseases-associated-with-colic-in-horses-by-anatomic-location

  The most common cause of gastric dilatation in horses is excessive gas or intestinal obstruction. Gastric dilatation may be associated with overeating fermentable feedstuffs such as grains, lush grass, and beet pulp. Presumably, the large increase in production of volatile fatty acids inhibits gastric emptying. If untreated, gastric dilatation associated with overeating can rapidly lead to gastric rupture. If intestinal obstruction is the cause of gastric dilatation, the obstruction most often involves the small intestine. The fluid from the obstructed small intestine accumulates in the lumen of the stomach, causing gastric dilatation and retrieval of gastric reflux on passage of the nasogastric tube. Gastric dilatation also may develop in some horses with certain colonic displacements, most notably right dorsal displacement of the colon around the cecum. It is presumed that the displaced colon obstructs duodenal outflow. Gastric dilatation with fluid and gastric reflux also are characteristic findings in horses with proximal enteritis-jejunitis.

• #43 Infantile Colic – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518962/

  The management of infantile colic focuses on interventions to provide caregiver support and reduce infant crying. However, currently, no universal evidence-based guidelines are available. […] A healthcare provider can diagnose colic in newborns after conducting a thorough physical examination. Although no proven therapies are available to treat colic, healthcare providers can offer support and suggestions. Various treatment aims to reduce crying, support families, and prevent long-term issues associated with colic. […] The presumptive diagnosis of infantile colic is clinical and based on ruling out organic causes of unexplained and excessive crying. Confirmation comes with spontaneous symptom resolution. […] Infantile colic typically resolves spontaneously between 3 and 4 months of age, thereby making it a benign and self-limiting condition. Counseling caregivers about colic, assisting them in developing coping mechanisms, and providing specific suggestions for managing excessive crying will support families as their infant outgrows this self-limited condition.

• #44 Colic- A Symptom, Not a Diagnosis | Hey Sleepy Baby Blog

  https://heysleepybaby.com/colic-a-symptom-not-a-diagnosis/

  Chances are youve heard of colicky babies or may even have a child whos been diagnosed with colic. Its important to understand though, that the term colic is used as a catch-all term for when doctors dont know why an otherwise healthy newborn is inconsolable for much of the day or night. Colic is a symptom. It is not an acceptable diagnosis. There needs to be more discussion and more investigation to find the root cause if your baby has been diagnosed with colic or youve been told to wait it out. […] Colic is actually difficult to define despite over 50 years of research. Its estimated that about 1 in 5 babies is affected, boys and girls and breastfed and bottle fed equally so. […] Colic is so hard to treat because doctors cant find one root cause even after over 50 years of research. Its most likely that colic is not to be used as a diagnosis itself, but points to an underlying issue. […] If your baby is showing symptoms consistent with colic, its important to thoroughly investigate with your pediatrician, IBCLC, and other trusted healthcare professionals to find the root cause. Remember that crying is communication, and excessive crying and pain is not normal in young babies.

• #45 Colic – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colic/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371081

  Your baby’s care provider will do a complete physical exam to identify any possible causes for your baby’s distress. The exam will include: […] Lab tests, X-rays and other diagnostic tests aren’t usually needed, but in unclear cases they help to exclude other conditions as possible causes. […] Your baby’s care provider is likely to ask a number of questions, such as: […] Your answers to these questions can help your baby’s care provider determine if there are other conditions that may be contributing to crying and discomfort.

• #46 Infantile Colic: Diagnosis and treatment options in Primary Care – The Journal of Turkish Family Physician

  http://turkishfamilyphysician.com/articles/review/infantile-colic-diagnosis-and-treatment-options-in-primary-care/

  Infantile colic (IC) is a condition that can be defined as unexplained episodes of crying/restlessness in otherwise healthy infants. […] Recognizing colic at the primary care level is possible and necessary, with a prevalence known to range between 10-40% in all infants. […] Although the exact etiology remains unclear, understanding theories related to the cause of colic can help clinicians to make more accurate decisions in the diagnosis and treatment process. […] In the differential diagnosis, alarm symptoms accompanying crying must be evaluated, and referrals should be provided when necessary. […] While there is no definitive cure for infantile colic, some coping methods have shown to be beneficial in reducing the severity of episodes. […] Parents of infants who meet diagnostic criteria for colic should be informed about the temporary nature of colic and possible treatment strategies. […] It is important for primary healthcare providers and families to manage the situation as a team during this process.

• #47 Colic | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/c/colic

  Call your child’s doctor if you note any of these symptoms, or if your baby is crying excessively. Your child’s doctor will examine your child to make sure other problems are not present that might be causing colic-like symptoms. […] The symptoms of colic usually resolve by the time a baby is about 4 months of age.

• #48 Patient education: Colic (excessive crying) in infants (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/colic-excessive-crying-in-infants-beyond-the-basics

  The goals of treatment for colic are to decrease the infant’s crying, help your family cope, and prevent long-term difficulties in your family’s relationships. Many doctors recommend trying several strategies at once. Parents of infants with colic often feel frustrated, angry, exhausted, guilty, and helpless because of their child’s crying. These feelings are normal and do not indicate that you are incapable or unworthy of caring for your child. […] Call your child’s doctor or nurse during the day or night if any of the following occur: The baby has cried continuously for more than two hours. You are afraid that you or another caretaker may hurt the baby, or if someone has shaken the baby. If crying could be the result of an injury or fall. The baby has a fever of ≥100.4°F (38°C). Parents should call their infant’s health care provider or go to an emergency department immediately.

• #49 Colic and Gas | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/colic-and-gas

  Colic is usually defined as crying that lasts more than 3 hours per day for more than 3 days out of the week in an otherwise healthy infant under 3 months of age. […] A child who is otherwise well, who cries or is fussy several hours a day, especially from 6 p.m. to midnight, with no apparent reason, may have colic. […] The symptoms of colic may look like other conditions or medical problems. Always consult your child’s healthcare provider for a diagnosis. […] A healthcare provider will examine your baby and obtain a medical history. […] Call your child’s healthcare provider if you note any of these symptoms, or if your baby is crying excessively. […] The symptoms of colic usually resolve by the time a baby is about 4 months of age but may last until the age of 6 months.

• #50 Infantile Colic – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518962/

  Infants typically experience abdominal discomfort as a manifestation of infantile colic, which is a benign condition occurring in the second or third week of their lives. Persistent and inconsolable crying in infants characterizes infantile colic, which affects nearly 20% of newborns and infants. Despite its widespread occurrence, the underlying cause of colic remains elusive. Symptoms reach their peak around 6 weeks and typically resolve by the age of 12 weeks. […] Healthcare providers establish a clinical diagnosis of infantile colic through a history and physical examination after eliminating potential pathological causes. […] Infantile colic is a clinical diagnosis that relies on history and physical examination; therefore, laboratory studies and imaging are typically unnecessary. […] When the history aligns with the Rome IV criteria or the Wessel „Rule of 3,” and there are no significant physical examination findings, clinicians can confidently diagnose infantile colic. Laboratory testing and imaging studies are unnecessary.

• #51 Infantile Colic | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0815/p735.html

  Infantile colic can be distressing to parents whose infant is inconsolable during crying episodes. Colic is often defined by the rule of three: crying for more than three hours per day, for more than three days per week, and for longer than three weeks in an infant who is well-fed and otherwise healthy. […] Colic is a diagnosis of exclusion that is made after performing a careful history and physical examination to rule out less common organic causes. […] The cause of infantile colic remains unclear. Underlying organic causes of excessive crying must be considered during the evaluation. Organic causes account for less than 5 percent of infants presenting with excessive crying. […] When parents seek advice about a colicky baby, their concerns must be substantiated by the physician. […] A careful history and physical examination usually are sufficient to determine if there is an organic cause for crying or to relieve parental fears and allow for a diagnosis of colic.

• #52 Colic | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/colic

  Infant colic is regular, unexplained crying fits that usually last for at least three hours. […] The cause of colic remains unknown. […] There is no test for colic, so the only way to be sure that it is probably only colic is to have the baby checked by a doctor.

• #53 Colic

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/colic/

  Colic is when a baby cries a lot but there’s no obvious cause. It’s a common problem that should get better by around 3 or 4 months of age. But call NHS 111 or see a GP if you’re worried. […] All babies cry, but your baby may have colic if they cry more than 3 hours a day, 3 days a week for at least 1 week but are otherwise healthy. […] It can start when a baby is a few weeks old. It usually stops by the time they’re 3 to 4 months old. […] Your baby does not usually need to see a doctor if they have colic. […] A GP will check for possible causes of your baby’s crying. […] It’s not known exactly what causes some babies to get colic. But it may be because babies find it harder to digest food when they’re young. Or they may be crying because they have problems with food allergies, such as a cows’ milk allergy.

• #54 Patient education: Colic (excessive crying) in infants (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/colic-excessive-crying-in-infants-beyond-the-basics

  Colic can take a toll on families. Some researchers have suggested that colic interferes with child-parent interactions and can have a long-term effect on the family and child. Long-term studies have examined the possible relationships between colic and later childhood, including temperament, sleep patterns, family functioning, asthma, and cognitive development. However, no significant relationship between colic and these features of later childhood have been proven.

• #55 Infantile Colic – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518962/

  The management of infantile colic focuses on interventions to provide caregiver support and reduce infant crying. However, currently, no universal evidence-based guidelines are available. […] A healthcare provider can diagnose colic in newborns after conducting a thorough physical examination. Although no proven therapies are available to treat colic, healthcare providers can offer support and suggestions. Various treatment aims to reduce crying, support families, and prevent long-term issues associated with colic. […] The presumptive diagnosis of infantile colic is clinical and based on ruling out organic causes of unexplained and excessive crying. Confirmation comes with spontaneous symptom resolution. […] Infantile colic typically resolves spontaneously between 3 and 4 months of age, thereby making it a benign and self-limiting condition. Counseling caregivers about colic, assisting them in developing coping mechanisms, and providing specific suggestions for managing excessive crying will support families as their infant outgrows this self-limited condition.

• #56 Tools assessment and diagnosis to infant colic: a systematic review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28261843/

  Infant colic occurs between 10% and 40% of healthy born children in their first year of life. Its assessment is complex, and there are only a few instruments of appraisement and diagnosis. […] Four tools were obtained for valuation of infant colic. Parental diary of infant cry and fuss behaviour, Crying Pattern Questionnaire, Infant Colic Scale and, lastly, a validity of the Turkish version of the Infant Colic Scale. […] Analysis of the existing tools involves the need to design and validate new assessment scales for this clinical frame.

• #57 Field diagnostics – Large Animal Surgery – Supplemental Notes

  https://open.lib.umn.edu/largeanimalsurgery/chapter/diagnostics-3/

  The goal of field diagnostics is to determine where on the flow chart this case is likely positioned. Not all diagnostics are required in most cases. Clinical signs, physical exam findings and nasogastric intubation to check for reflux are key. Flow chart – colic is divided into causes: not gut, large intestine or small intestine. Small intestine gets referred. Not gut gets treated as appropriate. Large intestine is further divided into impaction, gas colic and everything else. Impaction and gas colic can be treated on farm; everything else should be referred. […] While colic typically refers to signs of GI issues, it is important to remember that not all colics are due to GI lesions. […] Horses with colic will look at their side, kick at their belly, act agitated, lie down and/or roll. Many will be sweating due to pain. If they have been rolling, you may see hay or straw on their backs or in their manes. Many that have been rolling will have abrasions on their head or limbs. Commonly, horses will stretch out and pass small amounts of urine.

• #58 Infantile Colic: Diagnosis, management and role of the FODMAP diet

  https://www.monashfodmap.com/blog/infantile-colic-diagnosis-management-and-role-fodmap-diet/

  Infantile colic is known as excessive and frequent crying of unknown cause in otherwise healthy infants. It is a condition that affects approximately 1 in 5 infants globally. […] Infantile colic was previously defined by the Wessels Criteria of crying or fussing more than three hours of the day for more than three days of the week, hence its name of the rule of three. However, the definition has recently shifted to the newer Rome IV criteria, which defines the condition as per below: […] Signs and symptoms of a colicky baby may include excessive and frequent crying, appearing unsettled, irritated and fussy without a definite explanation, and signs of fatigue and perceived pain, such as fist clenching, drawing up knees and wrinkling eyebrows. […] Fortunately, infantile colic is a benign condition that is usually resolved by the time a baby turns 3-4 months old.

• #59 Infantile Colic – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518962/

  The management of infantile colic focuses on interventions to provide caregiver support and reduce infant crying. However, currently, no universal evidence-based guidelines are available. […] A healthcare provider can diagnose colic in newborns after conducting a thorough physical examination. Although no proven therapies are available to treat colic, healthcare providers can offer support and suggestions. Various treatment aims to reduce crying, support families, and prevent long-term issues associated with colic. […] The presumptive diagnosis of infantile colic is clinical and based on ruling out organic causes of unexplained and excessive crying. Confirmation comes with spontaneous symptom resolution. […] Infantile colic typically resolves spontaneously between 3 and 4 months of age, thereby making it a benign and self-limiting condition. Counseling caregivers about colic, assisting them in developing coping mechanisms, and providing specific suggestions for managing excessive crying will support families as their infant outgrows this self-limited condition.

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