Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Salivary stones: symptoms, aetiology, biochemical composition and treatment | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2014.1054

  Salivary stones or sialoliths are calcified structures or concretions located in the parenchyma or ductal system of the salivary glands. Sialolithiasis is a common salivary gland disorder characterised by the obstruction of the salivary secretion, accounting for approximately one third of salivary gland disorders. […] The exact aetiology of salivary stones is not completely understood, and various hypotheses have been put forward. These hypotheses include the agglomeration of sialomicroliths, anatomical variations of the salivary ducts and an altered biochemical composition of saliva. It is considered that salivary stasis or decreased salivary flow contributes to the precipitation of calcium. […] A sialomicrolith is a microscopic concretion in a salivary gland. These concretions consist of crystals containing calcium and phosphorus, as well as organic secretory material in granular form and necrotic cell residues.

• #2 Sialolithiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549845/

  Sialolithiasis is a benign condition involving the formation of stones within the ducts of the major salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. […] The etiology of salivary stone formation remains elusive, and research into etiologic factors is still limited due to the relatively rare incidence of the disease, which makes extensive studies difficult. Factors that are believed to affect salivary stone formation are divided into two major groups: anatomical, affecting saliva formation or flow (ie, duct stenosis or inflammation), and compositional (ie, increased calcium content or altered enzyme function). […] Research examining the geographic distribution of hard water and salivary calculi formation demonstrated no correlation with an increased incidence of salivary stones in areas of increased water hardness. […] In recent years tobacco smoking has been discussed as a potential risk factor for the formation of salivary stones. Tobacco may induce inflammation within the salivary ducts and decrease the production of salivary amylase.

• #3 Salivary Gland Stones (Salivary Calculi) | Health

  https://patient.info/ears-nose-throat-mouth/salivary-gland-disorders-leaflet/salivary-gland-stones-salivary-calculi

  Salivary gland stones sometimes form in one of the salivary glands. These stones are small and form from chemicals in the saliva. […] The reason why these stones form is not known. […] The reason why a stone forms is not known. […] Some research suggests that changes in the flow of saliva through the gland are connected with the formation of stones.

• #4 Sialolithiasis Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatments

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-sialolithiasis-1192027

  Sialolithiasis is a benign condition where stones form in the salivary ducts. These stones are called calculi and are mostly composed of calcium. Conditions such as dehydration which cause thickening, or decreased water content of the saliva can cause the calcium and phosphate in saliva to form a stone. […] You may develop sialolithiasis even if you are healthy, and a cause may not always be able to be pinpointed. However, conditions that may cause thick saliva and subsequent sialolithiasis include: Dehydration, Use of medications or conditions which cause dry mouth (diuretics and anticholinergics), Sjorgen’s syndrome, lupus, and autoimmune diseases in which the immune system may attack the salivary glands, Radiation therapy of the mouth, Gout, Smoking, Trauma. […] Submandibular stones account for 80 to 92 percent of all sialolithiasis, while parotid stones account for most of the remaining cases at 6 to 20 percent.

• #5

  https://www.hegabacademy.com/articles.aspx?bid=55

  Sialolithiasis (Salivary Gland Stones) is the most common disease of the salivary glands. It is affects 12 in 1000 of the adult population; men are affected twice as much as women; children are rarely affected. […] Sialolithiasis accounts for more than 50% of diseases of the large salivary glands and is thus the most common cause of acute and chronic salivary gland infections. More than 80% occur in the Submandibular Gland or its duct, 6% in the Parotid Gland and 2% in the Sublingual Gland or minor salivary glands. […] If the Submandibular Gland has been damaged by recurrent infection and fibrosis or calculi have formed within the gland, the gland may require removal. […] If the stone has caused multiple infections in the Submandibular Gland, this may have damaged the gland so much that removal of the stone will have no beneficial effects. If this is the case, the Submandibular Gland may need to be removed.

• #6 Managing Your Salivary Gland Stones – Symptoms & Treatment | Carle.org

  https://carle.org/conditions/salivary-gland-stone

  The cause is unknown. Its not contagious or passed from parents to children. […] Most stones are made of chemicals called calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate mixed with cell debris and mucus. […] Salivary gland stones affect ducts to the submandibular gland in nearly 80% of cases, the parotid gland in 14%, and the sublingual gland in 6%.

• #7 Salivary stones: symptoms, aetiology, biochemical composition and treatment | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2014.1054

  The anatomical differences between Wharton’s and Stenson’s duct may favour the formation of sialoliths in the submandibular gland. Although the diameter of both ducts are comparable, Wharton’s duct is longer and has a bow-shaped course in the cranial direction. This results in a flow against gravity, which may facilitate stasis of submandibular saliva. […] An altered saliva composition may predispose to the formation of salivary stones. It has been reported that the salivary protein content and viscosity of saliva is higher in patients with sialolithiasis than in unaffected individuals. […] A decreased salivary flow rate may facilitate the formation of a salivary stone. However, there is no increased incidence of sialolithiasis in patients suffering from Sjgren’s syndrome. The use of diuretics predisposes to formation of salivary stones, because diuretics decrease the salivary flow rate. […] Smoking may decrease the antimicrobial activity of saliva, resulting in an increased bacterial load and inflammation of the salivary duct and/or gland.

• #8 Salivary Stones – Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine Center

  https://ofpomcenter.usc.edu/salivary-stones/

  Salivary Stone Formation Stages: Decreased saliva flow deposits settle in walls of salivary duct flow of saliva slowed deposits of calcium, phosphorus forms small concretions (micro-stone) grow into stone stones block the duct. And when bacteria move from the mouth up, around the blockage, into salivary duct inflammation, tissue swelling (sialadenitis secondary to stone). […] The following are some of the etiological factors for salivary stone formation: Abnormal narrowing of the salivary gland duct, Salivary gland inflammation or infections, Dehydration, Medications (i.e., antidepressants, anticholinergics, antispasmodics, antihistamines, antihypertensives), Saliva composition (i.e., calcium saturation), A deficit of crystallization inhibitors (i.e., phytate). […] The higher rate of stone formation in the submandibular gland is due to: The submandibular duct (Whartons duct) is longer than other salivary ducts. That means that saliva secretions travel further before being discharged into the mouth. The tortuous duct course. The Whartons duct possesses two curves, at the posterior border of the mylohyoid muscle and near the duct orifice. The flow of saliva from the submandibular gland is often against gravity due to the location of the duct orifice is higher than the gland. The submandibular gland orifice itself is smaller than that of the parotid.

• #9 How to Diagnose and Remove Salivary Stones (Sialoliths)

  https://ostrowonline.usc.edu/salivary-stones/

  Salivary stones, also called sialoliths, are calcified organic masses that form within the salivary glands secretory system. Salivary stones comprise of organic and inorganic materials, including calcium carbonates and phosphates, cellular debris, glycoproteins, and mucopolysaccharides. […] The following are some of the etiological factors for salivary stone formation: Abnormal narrowing of the salivary gland duct, Salivary gland inflammation or infections, Dehydration medications (i.e., antidepressants, anticholinergics, antispasmodics, antihistamines, antihypertensives), Saliva composition (i.e., calcium saturation), A deficit of crystallization inhibitors (i.e., phytate). […] The higher rate of stone formation in the submandibular gland is due to a few reasons: The submandibular duct (Whartons duct) is longer than other salivary ducts. That means that saliva secretions travel further before being discharged into the mouth. The Whartons duct possesses two curves, at the posterior border of the mylohyoid muscle and near the duct orifice. The flow of saliva from the submandibular gland is often against gravity due to the location of the duct orifice is higher than the gland. The submandibular gland orifice itself is smaller than that of the parotid.

• #10 Salivary stones: symptoms, aetiology, biochemical composition and treatment | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2014.1054

  The anatomical differences between Wharton’s and Stenson’s duct may favour the formation of sialoliths in the submandibular gland. Although the diameter of both ducts are comparable, Wharton’s duct is longer and has a bow-shaped course in the cranial direction. This results in a flow against gravity, which may facilitate stasis of submandibular saliva. […] An altered saliva composition may predispose to the formation of salivary stones. It has been reported that the salivary protein content and viscosity of saliva is higher in patients with sialolithiasis than in unaffected individuals. […] A decreased salivary flow rate may facilitate the formation of a salivary stone. However, there is no increased incidence of sialolithiasis in patients suffering from Sjgren’s syndrome. The use of diuretics predisposes to formation of salivary stones, because diuretics decrease the salivary flow rate. […] Smoking may decrease the antimicrobial activity of saliva, resulting in an increased bacterial load and inflammation of the salivary duct and/or gland.

• #11 Sialolithiasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialolithiasis

  Sialolithiasis is a crystallopathy where a calcified mass or sialolith forms within a salivary gland, usually in the duct of the submandibular gland (also termed „Wharton’s duct”). […] Sialolithiasis may also develop because of the presence of existing chronic infection of the glands, dehydration (e.g. use of phenothiazines), Sjgren’s syndrome and/or increased local levels of calcium, but in many instances the cause is idiopathic (unknown). […] There are thought to be a series of stages that lead to the formation of a calculus (lithogenesis). Initially, factors such as abnormalities in calcium metabolism, dehydration, reduced salivary flow rate, altered acidity (pH) of saliva caused by oropharyngeal infections, and altered solubility of crystalloids, leading to precipitation of mineral salts, are involved.

• #12 Sialolithiasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialolithiasis

  The next stage involves the formation of a nidus which is successively layered with organic and inorganic material, eventually forming a calcified mass. […] Other sources suggest a retrograde theory of lithogenesis, where food debris, bacteria or foreign bodies from the mouth enter the ducts of a salivary gland and are trapped by abnormalities in the sphincter mechanism of the duct opening (the papilla), which are reported in 90% of cases. […] Stone formation occurs most commonly in the submandibular gland for several reasons. The concentration of calcium in saliva produced by the submandibular gland is twice that of the saliva produced by the parotid gland. […] These factors all promote slowing and stasis of saliva in the submandibular duct, making the formation of an obstruction with subsequent calcification more likely. […] Salivary calculi sometimes are associated with other salivary diseases, e.g. sialoliths occur in two thirds of cases of chronic sialadenitis, although obstructive sialadenitis is often a consequence of sialolithiasis.

• #13 Salivary Stones – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/oral-and-pharyngeal-disorders/salivary-stones

  Stones composed of calcium salts often obstruct salivary glands, causing pain, swelling, and sometimes infection. […] Most salivary stones are composed of calcium phosphate with small amounts of magnesium and carbonate. Patients with gout may have uric acid stones. Stone formation requires a nidus on which salts can precipitate during salivary stasis. Stasis occurs in patients who are debilitated, dehydrated, have reduced food intake, or take anticholinergics. […] Persisting or recurrent stones predispose to infection of the involved gland (sialadenitis).

• #14

  https://journals.lww.com/em-news/fulltext/2008/04000/diagnosis__salivary_gland_stone_sialolith.10.aspx

  Most salivary calculi are small, usually less than 1 cm, but megaliths or giant calculi have been reported. […] They are composed of mineralized debris that accumulates within the duct lumen including calcium phosphate, carbon, and trace amounts of magnesium, potassium, and ammonium. […] Salivary calculi grow by deposition at an estimated rate of 1 mm to 1.5 mm per year. […] Sialoliths are most the common cause of acute and chronic infections of salivary glands. […] The resulting salivary stasis from stone formation allows bacterial ascent into the gland and then increases the risk of bacterial colonization and acute salivary gland infection. […] Because stones are more common in Wharton’s duct, so are acute bacterial infections of the submandibular gland versus the parotid. […] It is both diagnostic and therapeutic, and has the benefit of differentiating between obstructive inflammatory conditions and calculi. […] Despite most sialoliths being composed of calcium elements, they are not associated with systemic calcium abnormalities, so a serum calcium level is not needed.

• #14

  https://journals.lww.com/em-news/fulltext/2008/04000/diagnosis__salivary_gland_stone_sialolith.10.aspx

  Sialoliths, or salivary stones, are the most common disease of the salivary glands in middle-aged patients. […] The exact etiology of sialolith formation remains unknown, but it is thought that the more alkaline, viscous, mucus-rich saliva, which contains a higher percentage of calcium phosphates, in addition to the long and sinuous position of Wharton’s duct, contributes to stasis, making the submandibular salivary system more prone to the development of sialoliths than the parotid gland. […] It is known that systemic diseases (gout, Sjgrens), medications (anticholinergics, antisialogogues), local trauma, head and neck radiotherapy, being elderly, and renal impairment also can predispose patients to sialolith formation. […] It is estimated that sialolithiasis affects 12 of every 1000 patients in the adult population, with men affected twice as often as women.

• #15 Salivary Duct Stones: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/salivary-duct-stones

  Salivary duct stones are masses of crystallized minerals that form in the tubes that saliva passes through after its made in your salivary glands. […] The reason why the stones form in the first place isnt known. A few factors have been associated with a higher risk of having these stones. These include: taking medications, such as blood pressure drugs and antihistamines, which reduce the amount of saliva produced by your glands; being dehydrated, as this makes your saliva more concentrated; not eating enough food, which causes a decrease in saliva production. […] Certain substances in your saliva, such as calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate, can crystalize and form stones. They can range in size from a few millimeters to more than two centimeters. When these stones block your salivary ducts, saliva builds up in the glands, which makes them swell.

• #16 Managing Your Salivary Gland Stones – Symptoms & Treatment | Carle.org

  https://carle.org/conditions/salivary-gland-stone

  The cause is unknown. Its not contagious or passed from parents to children. […] Most stones are made of chemicals called calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate mixed with cell debris and mucus. […] Salivary gland stones affect ducts to the submandibular gland in nearly 80% of cases, the parotid gland in 14%, and the sublingual gland in 6%.

• #17 Etiology, diagnosis, and surgical management of obstructive salivary gland disease – Karwowska – Frontiers of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine

  https://fomm.amegroups.org/article/view/51653/html

  Salivary gland stones are composed of organic material mixed with precipitated salts, such as calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. They can be round, oblong, or irregular and can range from a few millimeters in size up to 2 centimeters or more. The etiologic agents responsible for sialolith formation have yet to be determined, and no clear systemic factors have been definitively linked. […] Another etiology of obstruction is the formation of mucous plugs within the salivary gland ducts. For a mucous plug to form, there must be two factors present concurrently: an existing area of salivary stasis, and an increase in the concentration of mucous in the saliva. […] Strictures and stenoses are also common causes of OSGD. Strictures are defined as a short segment of intraluminal scar or adhesion that create a near-complete blockage of the duct, resulting in an extremely small lumen. In contrast to sialoliths, strictures are more commonly found in the parotid duct (70-75%), and affect women three times more frequently than men. […] The exact etiology of strictures and stenoses is unknown, though prior trauma or surgery in the area have been proposed as predisposing factors. Various associations to allergies, autoimmune disease, radioiodine therapy, and prior head and neck radiation have also been postulated.

• #18 How to Diagnose and Remove Salivary Stones (Sialoliths)

  https://ostrowonline.usc.edu/salivary-stones/

  Salivary stones, also called sialoliths, are calcified organic masses that form within the salivary glands secretory system. Salivary stones comprise of organic and inorganic materials, including calcium carbonates and phosphates, cellular debris, glycoproteins, and mucopolysaccharides. […] The following are some of the etiological factors for salivary stone formation: Abnormal narrowing of the salivary gland duct, Salivary gland inflammation or infections, Dehydration medications (i.e., antidepressants, anticholinergics, antispasmodics, antihistamines, antihypertensives), Saliva composition (i.e., calcium saturation), A deficit of crystallization inhibitors (i.e., phytate). […] The higher rate of stone formation in the submandibular gland is due to a few reasons: The submandibular duct (Whartons duct) is longer than other salivary ducts. That means that saliva secretions travel further before being discharged into the mouth. The Whartons duct possesses two curves, at the posterior border of the mylohyoid muscle and near the duct orifice. The flow of saliva from the submandibular gland is often against gravity due to the location of the duct orifice is higher than the gland. The submandibular gland orifice itself is smaller than that of the parotid.

• #19 Causes, natural history, and incidence of salivary stones and obstructions – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19962002/

  Uncertainty about the causes and natural history of salivary stones (sialoliths) and other obstructions is being dispelled by clinical and experimental research. […] Sialoliths are now shown to be secondary to chronic obstructive sialadenitis. […] Microscopic stones (sialomicroliths) accumulate during secretory inactivity in normal salivary glands and produce atrophic foci by obstruction. […] Microbes ascend the main salivary duct during secretory inactivity and proliferate in atrophic foci and cause spreading inflammation, leading to inflammatory swelling and fibrosis that can compress large ducts. […] This leads to stagnation of secretory material rich in calcium that precipitates onto degenerating cellular membranes to form a sialolith.

• #20 Salivary stones: symptoms, aetiology, biochemical composition and treatment | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2014.1054

  Salivary stones or sialoliths are calcified structures or concretions located in the parenchyma or ductal system of the salivary glands. Sialolithiasis is a common salivary gland disorder characterised by the obstruction of the salivary secretion, accounting for approximately one third of salivary gland disorders. […] The exact aetiology of salivary stones is not completely understood, and various hypotheses have been put forward. These hypotheses include the agglomeration of sialomicroliths, anatomical variations of the salivary ducts and an altered biochemical composition of saliva. It is considered that salivary stasis or decreased salivary flow contributes to the precipitation of calcium. […] A sialomicrolith is a microscopic concretion in a salivary gland. These concretions consist of crystals containing calcium and phosphorus, as well as organic secretory material in granular form and necrotic cell residues.

• #21 Sialolithiasis – Salivary Stones – What Causes Them and How to Manage | Iowa Head and Neck Protocols

  https://medicine.uiowa.edu/iowaprotocols/sialolithiasis-salivary-stones-what-causes-them-and-how-manage

  Sialolithiasis = „Salivary stone” (see also: Salivary Swelling) […] A primary process reported for parotid stones is a decrease in the salivary secretion, both volume and flow rate (Motamed 2003) due to […] A decrease in salivary secretion results in stasis; with retrograde bacterial contamination of the ductal system. […] Sialolithiasis is both a cause and a consequence of chronic recurring sialadenitis (Travis 1977) […] PCR study found bacterial DNA of Streptococcus genus in all examined sialoliths (Teymoortash 2002) […] Electron microscopy identified „clear evidence of biofilm caves at the core” of each stone studied supporting a microbial etiology (acknowledging the etiology to be most likely multifactorial) (Kao 2020) […] Katz et al (Katz 2009) suggested a genetic predisposition to form stones with 'over 300 families identified”.

• #22 Salivary Stones: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24344-sialolithiasis

  Sialolithiasis is the medical term for salivary gland stones (calculi). Causes include dehydration, smoking and certain autoimmune diseases. […] Any condition that causes thickening of your saliva can result in sialolithiasis, including: Dehydration, Autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and Sjgrens syndrome, Certain medications, such as diuretics, Smoking, Trauma to your salivary glands, Radiation therapy to your mouth. […] Some people develop salivary gland stones even when there isnt an apparent cause.

• #23 Salivary Gland Stones: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/salivary-gland-stones-symptoms-causes-treatments

  Salivary stones form when chemicals in the saliva accumulate in the duct or gland. They mostly contain calcium. The exact cause is not known. But factors contributing to less saliva production and/or thickened saliva may be risk factors for salivary stones. These factors include: dehydration, poor eating, and use of certain medications including some antihistamines, blood pressure drugs, psychiatric drugs, and bladder control drugs. Trauma to the salivary glands may also raise the risk for salivary stones. […] The stones cause no symptoms as they form, but if they reach a size that blocks the duct, saliva backs up into the gland, causing pain and swelling.

• #24 ENT Doctor | Head and Neck Cancer Specialist | Yarah Haidar, MD – Salivary Gland Stones

  https://yarahhaidarmd.com/salivary-gland-stones/

  Salivary gland stones, also called sialolithiasis, is a condition in which mineral deposits harden and form in the salivary glands. […] The exact cause of salivary gland stones is unknown, but the following factors are associated with the condition: Smoking, Gum disease, Trauma to the inside of the mouth, Dehydration caused by illness, inadequate fluid intake or medications such as diuretics and anticholinergic drugs, Malnutrition.

• #25 Salivary Duct Stones | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/salivary-duct-stones

  Salivary duct stones, also called sialoliths, are deposits of minerals in the ducts, or tubes, that drain the salivary glands. […] The exact cause of salivary duct stones is unknown, but they may be related to: Dehydration, which thickens the saliva; Decreased food intake, which lowers the demand for saliva; Medications that decrease saliva production, including certain antihistamines, blood pressure drugs and psychiatric medications.

• #26 Sialolithiasis: A Look at Salivary Gland Stones | Florida E.N.T. & Allergy

  https://floridaentandallergy.com/sialolithiasis-a-look-at-salivary-gland-stones/

  Sialolithiasis is the formation of stones, or calcified deposits, in the salivary glands. […] The exact cause of salivary gland stones isn’t always clear, but several factors can increase the risk: […] Dehydration: Low fluid intake may lead to thicker saliva, which is more prone to form stones. […] Reduced Salivary Flow: Certain medications or conditions that decrease saliva production increase the risk of stone formation. […] Dietary Factors: A diet high in calcium and minerals may contribute to the formation of salivary stones. […] Infections: Chronic infections in the salivary glands can lead to stone development. […] Medications: Some medications, such as antihistamines or diuretics, can decrease saliva flow, raising the risk of stone formation.

• #27 Salivary stones: Symptoms, causes, and how to get rid of them

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324421

  Salivary stones are small deposits of calcium and other minerals. They can form in the ducts of any type of salivary gland. Larger stones can block the flow of saliva and cause the glands to swell. […] Doctors do not fully understand what causes salivary stones. However, certain factors can increase a person’s risk of getting them. […] These risk factors include: being male, advancing age, having radiation therapy on the head or neck, mouth injuries, taking medications that affect saliva production, such as anticholinergics, having gout or Sjogrens syndrome, having kidney problems, not drinking enough water.

• #28 How Do You Get Rid of Salivary Gland Stones? Home Remedies, Symptoms

  https://www.medicinenet.com/how_do_you_get_rid_of_salivary_gland_stones/article.htm

  Salivary gland stones (also called sialoliths) are small deposits, mostly made of calcium along with other minerals, found in the salivary gland or the salivary duct. […] There are no well-established causes of salivary gland stone formation. The stones are formed when certain chemicals, such as calcium in the saliva accumulate in the salivary duct or gland. The production of less saliva could be a risk factor for the formation of salivary stones. […] Factors that may increase the risk of salivary stones are: Use of certain medications that cause dry mouth, such as Antihypertensives, Psychiatric drugs, Antihistamines, Bladder control drugs, Injury to the salivary gland, Elderly, Smoking, Gum issues, Radiation therapy to the head and neck, Kidney problems, Gout or Sjogrens syndrome, Low water intake.

• #29 Salivary Gland Stones: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Jefferson Dental & Orthodontics

  https://www.jeffersondentalclinics.com/blog/salivary-gland-stones-symptoms-causes-treatment

  Sialoliths, or salivary stones, are small, solids that form in glands in your mouth and prevent your saliva from flowing. […] When calcium and other minerals build up to form stones, they can block saliva flow and irritate the glands. […] Unfortunately, we dont have a complete understanding of the causes of salivary gland stones. We do know that certain factors increase your risk for developing them. […] Men get them more often than women. […] They are more common in advanced age. […] Radiation therapy to the head or neck can increase your chances. […] Any injuries to the mouth can raise your risk. […] Some medications that impair saliva production can put you at risk. […] Certain physical conditions, like Sjogrens syndrome, gout, and kidney problems increase the chances. […] Failing to drink enough water each day can be a risk factor. […] Though we dont know the exact causes of salivary gland stones, we know risk factors.

• #30 Salivary Gland Stones: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.newmouth.com/oral-health/salivary-gland-stone/

  Salivary gland stones, also known as sialolithiasis, are hard mineral deposits that build in the salivary glands in your mouth. […] The formation of salivary gland stones has also been linked to several risk factors: gum disease, smoking, dehydration, mouth trauma, age (more likely between ages 30 and 60), being male, head and neck radiotherapy, renal impairment, and certain medications like anticholinergics and antisialogogues. […] The submandibular gland is also extra prone to stones, perhaps because of the long shape of the submandibular duct (or Whartons duct).

• #31 Microbiomic association between the saliva and salivary stone in patients with sialolithiasis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-59546-x

  Salivary stones, known as sialoliths, form within the salivary ducts due to abnormal salivary composition and cause painful symptoms, for which surgical removal is the primary treatment. […] The formation of calcified deposits within the salivary glands causes sialolithiasis; however, little is known about the pathophysiology of salivary gland stones. A decreased salivary flow is a well-established factor. The main causes of sialolithiasis are salivary retention and composition. […] Changes in the oral environment, including pH, hydration, inflammation, and bacterial composition and distribution, may facilitate stone formation. Among these factors, bacteria has been reported to play a crucial role in the deposition of calcium during sialolith formation, acting as crystallization nuclei.

• #32 Microbiomic association between the saliva and salivary stone in patients with sialolithiasis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-59546-x

  Several studies have suggested that salivary stones are associated with the presence of bacteria. […] An essential feature of the microbial environment of salivary stones is its low diversity. […] This indicates that, although numerous species are present in saliva, fewer species occur in salivary stones compared to the saliva, and they are unevenly distributed. […] Based on the retrograde theory, stones represent a hypoxic/anoxic environment with a microbial community living surrounded by an EPS matrix, and are negatively correlated with Pseudomonas. […] Comparisons between saliva and salivary stones revealed differences in five major functional characteristics: antibiotic biosynthesis and degradation, metabolism and degradation of organic compounds, amino acid metabolism and biosynthesis, cellular metabolism and processes, and cellular regulation and maintenance. […] The metabolism and degradation of organic compounds and cellular metabolism and processes were observed to be significantly enhanced in salivary stones.

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