Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Geographic tongue – global prevalence – National Elf Service

  https://www.nationalelfservice.net/dentistry/oral-medicine-and-pathology/geographic-tongue-global-prevalence/

  Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis, is characterised by smooth areas on the top and sides of the tongue due to an absence of filiform papillae. […] Understanding the frequency of this condition in the population is helpful in establishing the diagnosis and providing information to patients. […] The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the global prevalence of geographic tongue in patients 18 years. […] The period prevalence meta-analysis found the prevalence rate to be 3% (95%CI; 0.4% to 5.5%). […] The point prevalence meta-analysis found the prevalence rate to be 3% (95%CI; -0.2% to 5.5%). […] The proportion of geographic tongue in adults varied widely around the world. However, the results demonstrated that approximately one in 30 adults has geographic tongue. […] This review provides a helpful estimate on the worldwide prevalence of geographic tongue however it should be considered that not all countries are represented. […] Despite the limitations, this systematic review does provide a helpful estimate the global prevalence of geographic tongue.

• #2 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features.[2] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases.[1][2] Further evaluation may be needed if any of the associations with geographic tongue is suspected. Associations with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, HIV, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, Down syndrome, reactive arthritis, Aarskog syndrome, fetal hydantoin syndrome, and Robinow syndrome have been reported.[1][2][3][4][12]

• #3 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is a harmless inflammatory condition affecting the surface of the tongue. Treatment is not necessary.[2] For symptomatic cases, therapy is available.

• #4 Geographic Tongue: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078465-overview

  Geographic tongue has reportedly occurred in up to 3% of the general population in the United States. International frequency rates for geographic tongue are similar to those reported in the United States. […] Geographic tongue can affect all age groups; however, it is more predominant in adults than in children. Females have been reported to be affected twice as often as males. Exacerbations have been suggested to be related to hormonal factors. No racial or ethnic predilection has been reported.

• #5 Lingua Geographica | Encyclopedia MDPI

  https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31317

  Geographic tongue is a common condition, affecting 2-3% of the adult general population, although other sources report a prevalence of up to 14%. […] It is one of the most common tongue disorders that occurs in children. […] The condition often starts in childhood, sometimes at an early age, but others report that the highest incidence occurs in the over 40 age group. […] Females are sometimes reported to be more commonly affected than males, in a 2:1 ratio, although others report that the gender distribution is equal.

• #6 Geographic tongue – global prevalence – National Elf Service

  https://www.nationalelfservice.net/dentistry/oral-medicine-and-pathology/geographic-tongue-global-prevalence/

  Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis, is characterised by smooth areas on the top and sides of the tongue due to an absence of filiform papillae. […] Understanding the frequency of this condition in the population is helpful in establishing the diagnosis and providing information to patients. […] The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the global prevalence of geographic tongue in patients 18 years. […] The period prevalence meta-analysis found the prevalence rate to be 3% (95%CI; 0.4% to 5.5%). […] The point prevalence meta-analysis found the prevalence rate to be 3% (95%CI; -0.2% to 5.5%). […] The proportion of geographic tongue in adults varied widely around the world. However, the results demonstrated that approximately one in 30 adults has geographic tongue. […] This review provides a helpful estimate on the worldwide prevalence of geographic tongue however it should be considered that not all countries are represented. […] Despite the limitations, this systematic review does provide a helpful estimate the global prevalence of geographic tongue.

• #7 Geographic tongue – global prevalence – National Elf Service

  https://www.nationalelfservice.net/dentistry/oral-medicine-and-pathology/geographic-tongue-global-prevalence/

  Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis, is characterised by smooth areas on the top and sides of the tongue due to an absence of filiform papillae. […] Understanding the frequency of this condition in the population is helpful in establishing the diagnosis and providing information to patients. […] The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the global prevalence of geographic tongue in patients 18 years. […] The period prevalence meta-analysis found the prevalence rate to be 3% (95%CI; 0.4% to 5.5%). […] The point prevalence meta-analysis found the prevalence rate to be 3% (95%CI; -0.2% to 5.5%). […] The proportion of geographic tongue in adults varied widely around the world. However, the results demonstrated that approximately one in 30 adults has geographic tongue. […] This review provides a helpful estimate on the worldwide prevalence of geographic tongue however it should be considered that not all countries are represented. […] Despite the limitations, this systematic review does provide a helpful estimate the global prevalence of geographic tongue.

• #8 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features.[2] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases.[1][2] Further evaluation may be needed if any of the associations with geographic tongue is suspected. Associations with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, HIV, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, Down syndrome, reactive arthritis, Aarskog syndrome, fetal hydantoin syndrome, and Robinow syndrome have been reported.[1][2][3][4][12]

• #9 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features.[2] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases.[1][2] Further evaluation may be needed if any of the associations with geographic tongue is suspected. Associations with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, HIV, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, Down syndrome, reactive arthritis, Aarskog syndrome, fetal hydantoin syndrome, and Robinow syndrome have been reported.[1][2][3][4][12]

• #10 Paediatric geographic tongue (5year old boy): A case report with review of literature – JDPO

  https://www.jdpo.org/html-article/18143

  Geographic tongue often develops throughout childhood and affects between 1 and 2.5 percent of people worldwide. […] One percent to two percent of the world’s population are affected with geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis, which is a chronic, immune-mediated, inflammatory illness. […] Geographic tongue often develops throughout childhood and affects between 1 and 2.5 percent of people worldwide. The paediatric population has a prevalence that ranges from 0.37 percent to 14.3 percent. […] Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men. […] Geographic tongue’s aetiology is unclear, but in youngsters, environmental allergens may play a role. […] The prevalence of benign migrating glossitis is believed to be 2% in the general population and to increase to 9% in psoriasis patients.

• #11

  https://journals.lww.com/ijpd/fulltext/2018/19020/geographic_tongue_in_8_month_old_monozygotic.14.aspx

  Geographical tongue is a common entity with the prevalence of 1.05%1.85% in general population. It is common in adults as compared to children. […] In India, geographical tongue is reported in children in 0.89%. […] In a study in Israel, incidence as high as 14.29% has been observed in children up to 2 years of age. […] The prevalence was found to be more in females in a study on 1540 participants, however, a statistical significance could not be established. […] Recently, geographical tongue has been reported in 5-year-old monozygotic twins supporting the role of genetic factors in the etiopathogenesis. […] Genetic factors have also been considered in etiology as seen from positive family history in some reports. Significantly higher prevalence of geographical tongue has been seen in parents and siblings of affected individuals, suggesting a polygenic mode of inheritance.

• #12

  https://journals.lww.com/ijpd/fulltext/2018/19020/geographic_tongue_in_8_month_old_monozygotic.14.aspx

  Geographical tongue is a common entity with the prevalence of 1.05%1.85% in general population. It is common in adults as compared to children. […] In India, geographical tongue is reported in children in 0.89%. […] In a study in Israel, incidence as high as 14.29% has been observed in children up to 2 years of age. […] The prevalence was found to be more in females in a study on 1540 participants, however, a statistical significance could not be established. […] Recently, geographical tongue has been reported in 5-year-old monozygotic twins supporting the role of genetic factors in the etiopathogenesis. […] Genetic factors have also been considered in etiology as seen from positive family history in some reports. Significantly higher prevalence of geographical tongue has been seen in parents and siblings of affected individuals, suggesting a polygenic mode of inheritance.

• #13 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features.[2] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases.[1][2] Further evaluation may be needed if any of the associations with geographic tongue is suspected. Associations with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, HIV, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, Down syndrome, reactive arthritis, Aarskog syndrome, fetal hydantoin syndrome, and Robinow syndrome have been reported.[1][2][3][4][12]

• #14 Lingua Geographica | Encyclopedia MDPI

  https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31317

  Geographic tongue is a common condition, affecting 2-3% of the adult general population, although other sources report a prevalence of up to 14%. […] It is one of the most common tongue disorders that occurs in children. […] The condition often starts in childhood, sometimes at an early age, but others report that the highest incidence occurs in the over 40 age group. […] Females are sometimes reported to be more commonly affected than males, in a 2:1 ratio, although others report that the gender distribution is equal.

• #15 Geographic Tongue – European Association of Oral Medicine

  https://eaom.eu/education/eaom-handbook/geographic-tongue/

  Geographic tongue occurs in approximately 3% of the population worldwide. In epidemiological reports the prevalence of the condition varies between 0.28% and 14.4% in all age groups, although it occurs more commonly in adults than in children. Females are affected twice as often as males. There is no apparent racial or ethnic predilection. […] Geographic tongue is a benign condition that never turns into malignancy. There are also no reported consequences nor risks associated with this condition. The only complication is the discomfort due to the persistent clinical appearance and frequent reccurence after healing. The reported association between geographic tongue and allergic diseases could sometimes suggest the dental practitioner should obtain medical advice for the affected patient.

• #16 Geographic tongue (Benign migratory glossitis): An Overview with Images — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue affects approximately 13% of the adult population worldwide. It is less common in children. The incidence is twice as high in women than in men. Patients may have a family history of geographic tongue or fissured tongue. […] The cause of geographic tongue is unknown but geographic tongue occurs more often in patients who have psoriasis, especially pustular psoriasis. […] The diagnosis of geographic tongue is based on clinical examination of the tongue and the patient history. Routine laboratory tests are usually normal. […] There is no cure for geographic tongue. Usually, no treatment is required apart from reassurance. […] The outcome of geographic tongue is good. In most cases, it resolves over time without treatment.

• #17 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features.[2] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases.[1][2] Further evaluation may be needed if any of the associations with geographic tongue is suspected. Associations with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, HIV, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, Down syndrome, reactive arthritis, Aarskog syndrome, fetal hydantoin syndrome, and Robinow syndrome have been reported.[1][2][3][4][12]

• #18 Geographic Tongue: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078465-overview

  Geographic tongue has reportedly occurred in up to 3% of the general population in the United States. International frequency rates for geographic tongue are similar to those reported in the United States. […] Geographic tongue can affect all age groups; however, it is more predominant in adults than in children. Females have been reported to be affected twice as often as males. Exacerbations have been suggested to be related to hormonal factors. No racial or ethnic predilection has been reported.

• #19 Geographic tongue (Benign migratory glossitis): An Overview with Images — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue affects approximately 13% of the adult population worldwide. It is less common in children. The incidence is twice as high in women than in men. Patients may have a family history of geographic tongue or fissured tongue. […] The cause of geographic tongue is unknown but geographic tongue occurs more often in patients who have psoriasis, especially pustular psoriasis. […] The diagnosis of geographic tongue is based on clinical examination of the tongue and the patient history. Routine laboratory tests are usually normal. […] There is no cure for geographic tongue. Usually, no treatment is required apart from reassurance. […] The outcome of geographic tongue is good. In most cases, it resolves over time without treatment.

• #20 Geographic Tongue: What a Dermatologist Should Know | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  https://www.actasdermo.org/en-geographic-tongue-what-dermatologist-should-articulo-S1578219019301489

  Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis, is a benign chronic inflammatory condition of the tongue. It is characterized by erythematous lesions with filiform papillae atrophy, surrounded by white limited areas in the dorsal and lateral aspects of the tongue, producing a map-like aspect. This lesions change in size and shape with time, and are characterized by periods of exacerbation and remission without scaring. The cause is unknown, but multiple associations have been described, which will be discussed below. […] Prevalence in general population ranges from 1% to 2,5%. Studies show a greater incidence in children between ages 4 and 5, and adults under 30 years. It tends to appear more in women than men, in a ratio of 1,5:1. Benign migratory glossitis is a condition to which many associations have been established, leading to the formulation of different theories about its possible etiology.

• #21 Lingua Geographica | Encyclopedia MDPI

  https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31317

  Geographic tongue is a common condition, affecting 2-3% of the adult general population, although other sources report a prevalence of up to 14%. […] It is one of the most common tongue disorders that occurs in children. […] The condition often starts in childhood, sometimes at an early age, but others report that the highest incidence occurs in the over 40 age group. […] Females are sometimes reported to be more commonly affected than males, in a 2:1 ratio, although others report that the gender distribution is equal.

• #22 Geographic tongue | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/83/8/565

  Geographic tongue is commonly seen in daily practice, with a prevalence of 2% to 3% in the general population. […] In the United States, the condition is more prevalent in whites and blacks than in Hispanics, but has no association with age or sex. […] The condition is also associated with allergy, stress, diabetes mellitus, and anemia. […] Evaluations to rule out anemia, nutritional deficiencies, and diabetes mellitus can be done if these conditions are suspected, as they are associated with geographic tongue. […] Geographic tongue has a remitting and relapsing course with no complications or permanent sequelae.

• #23 Geographic Tongue: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078465-overview

  Geographic tongue has reportedly occurred in up to 3% of the general population in the United States. International frequency rates for geographic tongue are similar to those reported in the United States. […] Geographic tongue can affect all age groups; however, it is more predominant in adults than in children. Females have been reported to be affected twice as often as males. Exacerbations have been suggested to be related to hormonal factors. No racial or ethnic predilection has been reported.

• #24 Geographic Tongue | DrGreene

  https://www.drgreene.com/qa-articles/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is a marvelous, descriptive name for one of the most common medical conditions of the tongue. […] The exact prevalence varies widely from study to study, but at any given time, somewhere between 0.1 percent and 14.3 percent of otherwise healthy people have it. […] We still do not know exactly what causes geographic tongue, but we do know that it strongly tends to run in families. […] Geographic tongue has polygenic inheritance it is associated with several different genes. […] Geographic tongue is also significantly more common in people who are sensitive to the environment those with allergies, eczema, and/or asthma. […] It is also four times more common in those with diabetes. […] In young women with geographic tongue who are also taking oral contraceptives, the geographic tongue is worst on day 17 of the cycle. […] Most people with geographic tongue are otherwise healthy. […] Geographic tongue heals spontaneously. […] In the future we may know more about geographic tongue, what causes it, and why it recurs.

• #25 Geographic Tongue: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078465-overview

  Geographic tongue has reportedly occurred in up to 3% of the general population in the United States. International frequency rates for geographic tongue are similar to those reported in the United States. […] Geographic tongue can affect all age groups; however, it is more predominant in adults than in children. Females have been reported to be affected twice as often as males. Exacerbations have been suggested to be related to hormonal factors. No racial or ethnic predilection has been reported.

• #26 Geographic Tongue – European Association of Oral Medicine

  https://eaom.eu/education/eaom-handbook/geographic-tongue/

  Geographic tongue occurs in approximately 3% of the population worldwide. In epidemiological reports the prevalence of the condition varies between 0.28% and 14.4% in all age groups, although it occurs more commonly in adults than in children. Females are affected twice as often as males. There is no apparent racial or ethnic predilection. […] Geographic tongue is a benign condition that never turns into malignancy. There are also no reported consequences nor risks associated with this condition. The only complication is the discomfort due to the persistent clinical appearance and frequent reccurence after healing. The reported association between geographic tongue and allergic diseases could sometimes suggest the dental practitioner should obtain medical advice for the affected patient.

• #27 Geographic tongue | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/83/8/565

  Geographic tongue is commonly seen in daily practice, with a prevalence of 2% to 3% in the general population. […] In the United States, the condition is more prevalent in whites and blacks than in Hispanics, but has no association with age or sex. […] The condition is also associated with allergy, stress, diabetes mellitus, and anemia. […] Evaluations to rule out anemia, nutritional deficiencies, and diabetes mellitus can be done if these conditions are suspected, as they are associated with geographic tongue. […] Geographic tongue has a remitting and relapsing course with no complications or permanent sequelae.

• #28 Geographic Tongue | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/geographic-tongue/

  Geographic tongue has an estimated prevalence of 1 to 3 percent of the population. It may occur in either children or adults and exhibits a female predilection. Geographic tongue in the US has a greater prevalence among white and black persons than among Mexican Americans. […] Geographic tongue is a common oral inflammatory condition of unknown etiology.

• #29 Common Tongue Conditions in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0301/p627.html

  According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the point prevalence of tongue lesions is 15.5 percent in U.S. adults. Lesion prevalence is increased in those who wear dentures or use tobacco. The most common tongue condition is geographic tongue, followed by fissured tongue and hairy tongue. […] Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis or erythema migrans, affects 1 to 14 percent of the U.S. population and is of unknown etiology. […] The prevalence is higher among white and black persons compared with Mexican Americans, and it has an association with fissured tongue and an inverse association with cigarette smoking. […] With geographic tongue, the dorsal tongue develops areas of papillary atrophy that appear smooth and are surrounded by raised serpiginous borders. These regions of atrophy spontaneously resolve and migrate, giving the tongue a variegated appearance. The condition is benign and localized, generally requiring no treatment except reassurance. Some patients may have sensitivity to hot or spicy foods.

• #30 Geographic Tongue: What a Dermatologist Should Know | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  https://www.actasdermo.org/en-geographic-tongue-what-dermatologist-should-articulo-S1578219019301489

  Although the cause of geographic tongue is still unknown, most patients report family history of the condition, suggesting then a possible genetic predisposition. Prevalence of this condition among parents and siblings of these patients is significantly higher than general population. […] Studies have linked the presence of allergies with geographic tongue. It has been reported that patients with personal or family history of asthma, eczema, allergic rhinitis and higher levels of immunoglobulin E are more prone to have geographic tongue when compared to people without the mentioned diseases. […] Atopic dermatitis is a relapsing chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with other atopic diseases such as allergic rhinitis and asthma. […] Regarding its association with geographic tongue, studies have reported that patients with a personal or family history of atopy are more likely to have benign migratory glossitis.

• #31 Geographic Tongue | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22216

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] The etiology of geographic tongue remains largely unknown; however, a few theories have been proposed.[1][2] Psychosomatic and hereditary factors have been suggested to have a role in the etiology of geographic tongue.[2] Redman et al. showed a higher prevalence of geographic tongue in mentally ill patients.[7] Ebrahimi et al. showed that decreasing stress could help heal lesions in geographic tongue, further demonstrating an association between stress and geographic tongue[2]. A possible role of familial and hereditary factors has been suggested.[1][4] Redman et al. showed that geographic tongue was more prevalent in first degree relatives than in the control group (14.4% vs. 4%). An increased prevalence of geographic tongue in parents and siblings was significantly higher than in the general population. A polygenetic inheritance model has been proposed regarding the etiology of this disorder.[8]

• #32 Geographic Tongue | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22216

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] The etiology of geographic tongue remains largely unknown; however, a few theories have been proposed.[1][2] Psychosomatic and hereditary factors have been suggested to have a role in the etiology of geographic tongue.[2] Redman et al. showed a higher prevalence of geographic tongue in mentally ill patients.[7] Ebrahimi et al. showed that decreasing stress could help heal lesions in geographic tongue, further demonstrating an association between stress and geographic tongue[2]. A possible role of familial and hereditary factors has been suggested.[1][4] Redman et al. showed that geographic tongue was more prevalent in first degree relatives than in the control group (14.4% vs. 4%). An increased prevalence of geographic tongue in parents and siblings was significantly higher than in the general population. A polygenetic inheritance model has been proposed regarding the etiology of this disorder.[8]

• #33 Geographic Tongue | DrGreene

  https://www.drgreene.com/qa-articles/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is a marvelous, descriptive name for one of the most common medical conditions of the tongue. […] The exact prevalence varies widely from study to study, but at any given time, somewhere between 0.1 percent and 14.3 percent of otherwise healthy people have it. […] We still do not know exactly what causes geographic tongue, but we do know that it strongly tends to run in families. […] Geographic tongue has polygenic inheritance it is associated with several different genes. […] Geographic tongue is also significantly more common in people who are sensitive to the environment those with allergies, eczema, and/or asthma. […] It is also four times more common in those with diabetes. […] In young women with geographic tongue who are also taking oral contraceptives, the geographic tongue is worst on day 17 of the cycle. […] Most people with geographic tongue are otherwise healthy. […] Geographic tongue heals spontaneously. […] In the future we may know more about geographic tongue, what causes it, and why it recurs.

• #34

  https://journals.lww.com/ijpd/fulltext/2018/19020/geographic_tongue_in_8_month_old_monozygotic.14.aspx

  Geographical tongue is a common entity with the prevalence of 1.05%1.85% in general population. It is common in adults as compared to children. […] In India, geographical tongue is reported in children in 0.89%. […] In a study in Israel, incidence as high as 14.29% has been observed in children up to 2 years of age. […] The prevalence was found to be more in females in a study on 1540 participants, however, a statistical significance could not be established. […] Recently, geographical tongue has been reported in 5-year-old monozygotic twins supporting the role of genetic factors in the etiopathogenesis. […] Genetic factors have also been considered in etiology as seen from positive family history in some reports. Significantly higher prevalence of geographical tongue has been seen in parents and siblings of affected individuals, suggesting a polygenic mode of inheritance.

• #35

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-016-1750-y

  Geographic tongue (GT) is a benign inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology. […] The prevalence of GT varies from 0.2 to 14.29% (Furlanetto et al. 2006), but most surveys show a range between 1.0 and 2.5% (Assimakopoulos et al. 2002) while the etiology of GT remains unknown. […] Several GT-associated conditions have been reported, such as generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP), heredity, allergies, hormonal disturbances, juvenile diabetes, stress and Down syndrome (Assimakopoulos et al. 2002; Redman et al. 1972). […] This study reveals the mechanism of GT for the first time. […] For GT associated with IL36RN mutations, we propose that GT can be classified as a new subtype of DITRA, and that the inheritance pattern of GPP combined with GT is semi-dominant. […] The association between GT alone and these IL36RN variants suggests that they are genetic risk factors for GT alone.

• #36

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-016-1750-y

  However, about 66.7% (32/48) of the individuals belonging to the sporadic GT alone cohort were found to lack IL36RN mutations, suggesting that IL36RN mutations are not the only disease-causing variants in GT patients. […] The presence of GT in wild-type individuals were associated with an imbalance in protein expression between IL-36Ra and IL-36 in tongue tissue.

• #37 Geographic tongue (Benign migratory glossitis): An Overview with Images — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue affects approximately 13% of the adult population worldwide. It is less common in children. The incidence is twice as high in women than in men. Patients may have a family history of geographic tongue or fissured tongue. […] The cause of geographic tongue is unknown but geographic tongue occurs more often in patients who have psoriasis, especially pustular psoriasis. […] The diagnosis of geographic tongue is based on clinical examination of the tongue and the patient history. Routine laboratory tests are usually normal. […] There is no cure for geographic tongue. Usually, no treatment is required apart from reassurance. […] The outcome of geographic tongue is good. In most cases, it resolves over time without treatment.

• #38 SciELO Brazil – Geographic tongue and psoriasis: clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical and genetic correlation – a literature review Geographic tongue and psoriasis: clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical and genetic correlation – a

  https://www.scielo.br/j/abd/a/Pqz56st7SQHTgNCjNjxVfmh/

  Geographic tongue is a chronic, inflammatory, and immune-mediated oral lesion of unknown etiology. It affects between 0.6% and 4.8% of the world population, occurring more often in children, with a slight preference for females, and with its frequency reducing with age. Studies show that geographic tongue is the oral manifestation more commonly associated with psoriatic disease. The difficulty in accepting the diagnosis of geographic tongue as oral psoriasis resides in the fact that some nonpsoriatic patients present geographic tongue. Some authors believe that the prevalence of oral lesions would be much higher if the psoriatic patients underwent thorough oral examination. Geographic tongue is the most common oral lesions in psoriasis, with or without arthritis, presenting high prevalence in these patients, as well relation to the severity of the disease, leading some authors to consider the combination of these conditions. Approximately 10% of patients with psoriasis present geographic tongue. Studies show prevalence of fissured tongue ranging from 9.8% to 47.5% and of geographic tongue between 5.6% and 18.1%. The authors concluded that the prevalence of specific oral lesions of psoriasis would be much higher than the one reported due to the fact that, as a rule, patients are not subjected to a full and thorough oral examination, which would bring reliable results to help resolve this divergence. Geographic tongue may present histopathology and immunogenetic patterns similar to psoriasis, leading some authors to consider the association between these diseases. In psoriasis, the inflammatory infiltrate is predominantly mononuclear, consisting mainly of T-cells, CD4 + in the dermis and CD8 + in the epidermis. Despite the unknown etiology, some authors suggest that there is a genetic basis between psoriasis and geographic tongue. HLA typing, associated with histopathologic and immunohistochemical analyzes, contributes to the definition of oral psoriasis, and it is essential to make this diagnosis for proper management and treatment of this condition.

• #39 Unraveling oral psoriasis and its relationship with geographic tongue: A literature review

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6190/full/v5/i2/84.htm

  Geographic tongue is the most common oral lesion in psoriasis, and histopathological, immunohistochemical, and genetic similarities have been observed between the two diseases. […] The diagnosis of geographic tongue as oral psoriasis is controversial and difficult as some patients with geographic tongue do not suffer from psoriasis. […] The occurrence of oral lesions in psoriasis is rare; however, some authors consider geographic tongue as an oral manifestation of psoriasis. […] Approximately 10% of patients with psoriasis present with geographic tongue, and it is more commonly associated with the pustular form of the disease. […] The prevalence of fissured tongue ranges from 9.8% to 47.5%, whereas that of geographic tongue ranges from 5.6% to 18.1%. […] The authors concluded that the prevalence of oral lesions of psoriasis may be much higher than currently reported because, in general, patients are not subjected to a thorough oral examination. […] Geographic tongue is the most prevalent oral lesion in psoriasis, with histopathological, immunohistochemical, and genetic similarities observed between the diseases.

• #40 Unraveling oral psoriasis and its relationship with geographic tongue: A literature review

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6190/full/v5/i2/84.htm

  Geographic tongue is the most common oral lesion in psoriasis, and histopathological, immunohistochemical, and genetic similarities have been observed between the two diseases. […] The diagnosis of geographic tongue as oral psoriasis is controversial and difficult as some patients with geographic tongue do not suffer from psoriasis. […] The occurrence of oral lesions in psoriasis is rare; however, some authors consider geographic tongue as an oral manifestation of psoriasis. […] Approximately 10% of patients with psoriasis present with geographic tongue, and it is more commonly associated with the pustular form of the disease. […] The prevalence of fissured tongue ranges from 9.8% to 47.5%, whereas that of geographic tongue ranges from 5.6% to 18.1%. […] The authors concluded that the prevalence of oral lesions of psoriasis may be much higher than currently reported because, in general, patients are not subjected to a thorough oral examination. […] Geographic tongue is the most prevalent oral lesion in psoriasis, with histopathological, immunohistochemical, and genetic similarities observed between the diseases.

• #41 Paediatric geographic tongue (5year old boy): A case report with review of literature – JDPO

  https://www.jdpo.org/html-article/18143

  Geographic tongue often develops throughout childhood and affects between 1 and 2.5 percent of people worldwide. […] One percent to two percent of the world’s population are affected with geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis, which is a chronic, immune-mediated, inflammatory illness. […] Geographic tongue often develops throughout childhood and affects between 1 and 2.5 percent of people worldwide. The paediatric population has a prevalence that ranges from 0.37 percent to 14.3 percent. […] Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men. […] Geographic tongue’s aetiology is unclear, but in youngsters, environmental allergens may play a role. […] The prevalence of benign migrating glossitis is believed to be 2% in the general population and to increase to 9% in psoriasis patients.

• #42 Unraveling oral psoriasis and its relationship with geographic tongue: A literature review

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6190/full/v5/i2/84.htm

  Geographic tongue is the most common oral lesion in psoriasis, and histopathological, immunohistochemical, and genetic similarities have been observed between the two diseases. […] The diagnosis of geographic tongue as oral psoriasis is controversial and difficult as some patients with geographic tongue do not suffer from psoriasis. […] The occurrence of oral lesions in psoriasis is rare; however, some authors consider geographic tongue as an oral manifestation of psoriasis. […] Approximately 10% of patients with psoriasis present with geographic tongue, and it is more commonly associated with the pustular form of the disease. […] The prevalence of fissured tongue ranges from 9.8% to 47.5%, whereas that of geographic tongue ranges from 5.6% to 18.1%. […] The authors concluded that the prevalence of oral lesions of psoriasis may be much higher than currently reported because, in general, patients are not subjected to a thorough oral examination. […] Geographic tongue is the most prevalent oral lesion in psoriasis, with histopathological, immunohistochemical, and genetic similarities observed between the diseases.

• #43 Geographic Tongue: Is There a Systemic Link? – Today’s RDH

  https://www.todaysrdh.com/geographic-tongue-is-there-a-systemic-link/

  Geographic tongue is an inflammatory but harmless condition affecting the surface of the tongue. Its characterized by patches missing papillae, which appear as smooth, red islands, often with slightly raised borders. Lesions are migratory and can appear for days to several weeks and then disappear and reappear in a different location. […] Nevertheless, a plethora of epidemiological studies showed geographic tongue is most common in psoriatic patients. […] The findings of many studies suggest that geographic tongue and fissured tongue may be an oral manifestation of psoriasis. However, additional studies should be conducted to strongly validate the relationship and the mechanism of association. […] Considering the findings in many studies conclude that geographic tongue and fissured tongue can be suggested as oral manifestations of psoriasis, dental professionals should inform patients about the association and recommend a routine skin examination with a dermatologist.

• #44 Oral Health Considerations for Geographic Tongue – Dimensions of Dental Hygiene

  https://dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com/article/oral-health-considerations-geographic-tongue/

  Another study showed that 25% of patients with geographic tongue had allergy concurrently. […] Controversy exists concerning the association between GT and psoriasis. […] A weak association has also been noted with HLA-B13 in both GT and psoriasis. […] However, patients without psoriasis can present with GT as well. […] Vitamin deficiency has been considered as a potential etiology for GT. […] Hormone changes have been considered a potential etiology for GT. […] Psychological factors, such as stress and anxiety, may play a role in the etiology of GT. […] Some studies have indicated that GT is less common in smokers.

• #45 Geographic Tongue: What a Dermatologist Should Know | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  https://www.actasdermo.org/en-geographic-tongue-what-dermatologist-should-articulo-S1578219019301489

  Although the cause of geographic tongue is still unknown, most patients report family history of the condition, suggesting then a possible genetic predisposition. Prevalence of this condition among parents and siblings of these patients is significantly higher than general population. […] Studies have linked the presence of allergies with geographic tongue. It has been reported that patients with personal or family history of asthma, eczema, allergic rhinitis and higher levels of immunoglobulin E are more prone to have geographic tongue when compared to people without the mentioned diseases. […] Atopic dermatitis is a relapsing chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with other atopic diseases such as allergic rhinitis and asthma. […] Regarding its association with geographic tongue, studies have reported that patients with a personal or family history of atopy are more likely to have benign migratory glossitis.

• #46 Geographic Tongue: What a Dermatologist Should Know | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  https://www.actasdermo.org/en-geographic-tongue-what-dermatologist-should-articulo-S1578219019301489

  Although the cause of geographic tongue is still unknown, most patients report family history of the condition, suggesting then a possible genetic predisposition. Prevalence of this condition among parents and siblings of these patients is significantly higher than general population. […] Studies have linked the presence of allergies with geographic tongue. It has been reported that patients with personal or family history of asthma, eczema, allergic rhinitis and higher levels of immunoglobulin E are more prone to have geographic tongue when compared to people without the mentioned diseases. […] Atopic dermatitis is a relapsing chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with other atopic diseases such as allergic rhinitis and asthma. […] Regarding its association with geographic tongue, studies have reported that patients with a personal or family history of atopy are more likely to have benign migratory glossitis.

• #47 Comparison of the Prevalence of Geographic Tongue in Asthmatic Patients and Healthy Subjects in Masih Daneshvari Hospital in 2014 – Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences

  https://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-146-en.html

  Comparison of the Prevalence of Geographic Tongue in Asthmatic Patients and Healthy Subjects in Masih Daneshvari Hospital in 2014. […] Geographic tongue is a recurrent disorder with several associated etiologies. […] The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of geographic tongue between asthmatic patients and healthy subjects. […] The prevalence of geographic tongue was 21.2% (n=17) in the asthmatic patients and 5% (n=4) in the healthy controls. A significant association was found between asthma and occurrence of geographic tongue (P0.002). […] According to the results, the asthmatic patients showed a significant higher prevalence of geographic tongue compared with the healthy controls.

• #48 Oral Health Considerations for Geographic Tongue – Dimensions of Dental Hygiene

  https://dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com/article/oral-health-considerations-geographic-tongue/

  Another study showed that 25% of patients with geographic tongue had allergy concurrently. […] Controversy exists concerning the association between GT and psoriasis. […] A weak association has also been noted with HLA-B13 in both GT and psoriasis. […] However, patients without psoriasis can present with GT as well. […] Vitamin deficiency has been considered as a potential etiology for GT. […] Hormone changes have been considered a potential etiology for GT. […] Psychological factors, such as stress and anxiety, may play a role in the etiology of GT. […] Some studies have indicated that GT is less common in smokers.

• #49 Risk factors associated with symptomatic geographic tongue. | JAA

  https://www.dovepress.com/identifying-chili-as-a-risk-factor-for-the-geographic-tongue-a-case-re-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA

  Geographic tongue (GT) is a chronic tongue condition triggered by various factors such as immune reactions, allergies, stress, hereditary factors, and nutritional deficiencies. The prevalence of GT in the population ranges from 1% to 3%, and its symptoms can cause discomfort to patients. […] This report highlights the significance of identifying the risk factors associated with symptomatic GT. […] The identification of risk factors is required for effective management. […] Allergies or atopy may be conditions underlying the occurrence of GT, as in this patient. Previous studies have shown that GT is frequently found in patients with allergies. […] The patients history, serum levels of total IgE, and prick testing have indicated an association between GT and allergies. […] Predisposing factors for GT are associated with allergies triggered by the consumption of certain foods, including hot, spicy, salty, and cheese. […] Approximately 56% of GT patients have a history of related allergies. […] Identifying risk factors, such as chili as an allergen, plays an important role in making a diagnosis and providing appropriate therapy for symptomatic geographic tongue patients.

• #50 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features.[2] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases.[1][2] Further evaluation may be needed if any of the associations with geographic tongue is suspected. Associations with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, HIV, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, Down syndrome, reactive arthritis, Aarskog syndrome, fetal hydantoin syndrome, and Robinow syndrome have been reported.[1][2][3][4][12]

• #51 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features.[2] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases.[1][2] Further evaluation may be needed if any of the associations with geographic tongue is suspected. Associations with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, HIV, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, Down syndrome, reactive arthritis, Aarskog syndrome, fetal hydantoin syndrome, and Robinow syndrome have been reported.[1][2][3][4][12]

• #52 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features.[2] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases.[1][2] Further evaluation may be needed if any of the associations with geographic tongue is suspected. Associations with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, HIV, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, Down syndrome, reactive arthritis, Aarskog syndrome, fetal hydantoin syndrome, and Robinow syndrome have been reported.[1][2][3][4][12]

• #53 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features.[2] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases.[1][2] Further evaluation may be needed if any of the associations with geographic tongue is suspected. Associations with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, HIV, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, Down syndrome, reactive arthritis, Aarskog syndrome, fetal hydantoin syndrome, and Robinow syndrome have been reported.[1][2][3][4][12]

• #54 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features.[2] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases.[1][2] Further evaluation may be needed if any of the associations with geographic tongue is suspected. Associations with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, HIV, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, Down syndrome, reactive arthritis, Aarskog syndrome, fetal hydantoin syndrome, and Robinow syndrome have been reported.[1][2][3][4][12]

• #55 Geographic Tongue: What a Dermatologist Should Know | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  https://www.actasdermo.org/en-geographic-tongue-what-dermatologist-should-articulo-S1578219019301489

  Although the cause of geographic tongue is still unknown, most patients report family history of the condition, suggesting then a possible genetic predisposition. Prevalence of this condition among parents and siblings of these patients is significantly higher than general population. […] Studies have linked the presence of allergies with geographic tongue. It has been reported that patients with personal or family history of asthma, eczema, allergic rhinitis and higher levels of immunoglobulin E are more prone to have geographic tongue when compared to people without the mentioned diseases. […] Atopic dermatitis is a relapsing chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with other atopic diseases such as allergic rhinitis and asthma. […] Regarding its association with geographic tongue, studies have reported that patients with a personal or family history of atopy are more likely to have benign migratory glossitis.

• #56 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features.[2] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases.[1][2] Further evaluation may be needed if any of the associations with geographic tongue is suspected. Associations with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, HIV, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, Down syndrome, reactive arthritis, Aarskog syndrome, fetal hydantoin syndrome, and Robinow syndrome have been reported.[1][2][3][4][12]

• #57 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features.[2] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases.[1][2] Further evaluation may be needed if any of the associations with geographic tongue is suspected. Associations with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, HIV, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, Down syndrome, reactive arthritis, Aarskog syndrome, fetal hydantoin syndrome, and Robinow syndrome have been reported.[1][2][3][4][12]

• #58 Geographic tongue | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/83/8/565

  Geographic tongue is commonly seen in daily practice, with a prevalence of 2% to 3% in the general population. […] In the United States, the condition is more prevalent in whites and blacks than in Hispanics, but has no association with age or sex. […] The condition is also associated with allergy, stress, diabetes mellitus, and anemia. […] Evaluations to rule out anemia, nutritional deficiencies, and diabetes mellitus can be done if these conditions are suspected, as they are associated with geographic tongue. […] Geographic tongue has a remitting and relapsing course with no complications or permanent sequelae.

• #59 Geographic Tongue | DrGreene

  https://www.drgreene.com/qa-articles/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is a marvelous, descriptive name for one of the most common medical conditions of the tongue. […] The exact prevalence varies widely from study to study, but at any given time, somewhere between 0.1 percent and 14.3 percent of otherwise healthy people have it. […] We still do not know exactly what causes geographic tongue, but we do know that it strongly tends to run in families. […] Geographic tongue has polygenic inheritance it is associated with several different genes. […] Geographic tongue is also significantly more common in people who are sensitive to the environment those with allergies, eczema, and/or asthma. […] It is also four times more common in those with diabetes. […] In young women with geographic tongue who are also taking oral contraceptives, the geographic tongue is worst on day 17 of the cycle. […] Most people with geographic tongue are otherwise healthy. […] Geographic tongue heals spontaneously. […] In the future we may know more about geographic tongue, what causes it, and why it recurs.

• #60 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features.[2] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases.[1][2] Further evaluation may be needed if any of the associations with geographic tongue is suspected. Associations with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, HIV, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, Down syndrome, reactive arthritis, Aarskog syndrome, fetal hydantoin syndrome, and Robinow syndrome have been reported.[1][2][3][4][12]

• #61 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features.[2] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases.[1][2] Further evaluation may be needed if any of the associations with geographic tongue is suspected. Associations with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, HIV, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, Down syndrome, reactive arthritis, Aarskog syndrome, fetal hydantoin syndrome, and Robinow syndrome have been reported.[1][2][3][4][12]

• #62 Oral Health Considerations for Geographic Tongue – Dimensions of Dental Hygiene

  https://dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com/article/oral-health-considerations-geographic-tongue/

  Geographic tongue (GT) is a benign oral mucosal lesion that usually affects the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue. GT affects between 1% and 3% of the population, and occurs more frequently in women than men. All age groups can be affected; however, GT tends to occur more often in adults than children. […] The etiology for GT is unknown. However, a number of etiological factors have been suggested. A hereditary tendency had been reported in previous studies investigating siblings of a parent affected by GT while a more recent study of 5-year-old monozygotic twins with GT supported a genetic etiology. […] GT has also been associated with systemic diseases including atopy, allergy, asthma, stress, eczema, psoriasis, hormonal changes, vitamin deficiencies, and syndromes such as Reiter syndrome and Down syndrome.

• #63 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features.[2] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases.[1][2] Further evaluation may be needed if any of the associations with geographic tongue is suspected. Associations with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, HIV, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, Down syndrome, reactive arthritis, Aarskog syndrome, fetal hydantoin syndrome, and Robinow syndrome have been reported.[1][2][3][4][12]

• #64 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features.[2] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases.[1][2] Further evaluation may be needed if any of the associations with geographic tongue is suspected. Associations with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, HIV, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, Down syndrome, reactive arthritis, Aarskog syndrome, fetal hydantoin syndrome, and Robinow syndrome have been reported.[1][2][3][4][12]

• #65 Internet Scientific Publications

  https://ispub.com/IJFP/9/2/9625

  It is reported to begin in childhood and is most frequently observed in children four to four and half years of age. […] The most common site of the lesions was the lateral borders of the tongue. […] The etiology and pathogenesis remains obscure. […] Many risk factors have been proposed including hormonal disturbances, oral contraceptive use, juvenile diabetes mellitus, pustular psoriasis, allergic conditions such as atopy, hay fever and rhinitis, fissured tongue, Robinow’s syndrome, Reiters syndrome, Down syndrome, psychological factors, nutritional deficiencies, lithium therapy, familial predisposition, Fetal hydantoin syndrome and Aarskogs syndrome. […] A tendency for familial occurrence of this condition has been suggested. […] It has been proposed that benign migratory glossitis is an isolated oral manifestation of psoriasis rather than a mere association.

• #66 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features.[2] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases.[1][2] Further evaluation may be needed if any of the associations with geographic tongue is suspected. Associations with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, HIV, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, Down syndrome, reactive arthritis, Aarskog syndrome, fetal hydantoin syndrome, and Robinow syndrome have been reported.[1][2][3][4][12]

• #67 Internet Scientific Publications

  https://ispub.com/IJFP/9/2/9625

  It is reported to begin in childhood and is most frequently observed in children four to four and half years of age. […] The most common site of the lesions was the lateral borders of the tongue. […] The etiology and pathogenesis remains obscure. […] Many risk factors have been proposed including hormonal disturbances, oral contraceptive use, juvenile diabetes mellitus, pustular psoriasis, allergic conditions such as atopy, hay fever and rhinitis, fissured tongue, Robinow’s syndrome, Reiters syndrome, Down syndrome, psychological factors, nutritional deficiencies, lithium therapy, familial predisposition, Fetal hydantoin syndrome and Aarskogs syndrome. […] A tendency for familial occurrence of this condition has been suggested. […] It has been proposed that benign migratory glossitis is an isolated oral manifestation of psoriasis rather than a mere association.

• #68 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features.[2] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases.[1][2] Further evaluation may be needed if any of the associations with geographic tongue is suspected. Associations with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, HIV, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, Down syndrome, reactive arthritis, Aarskog syndrome, fetal hydantoin syndrome, and Robinow syndrome have been reported.[1][2][3][4][12]

• #69 Internet Scientific Publications

  https://ispub.com/IJFP/9/2/9625

  It is reported to begin in childhood and is most frequently observed in children four to four and half years of age. […] The most common site of the lesions was the lateral borders of the tongue. […] The etiology and pathogenesis remains obscure. […] Many risk factors have been proposed including hormonal disturbances, oral contraceptive use, juvenile diabetes mellitus, pustular psoriasis, allergic conditions such as atopy, hay fever and rhinitis, fissured tongue, Robinow’s syndrome, Reiters syndrome, Down syndrome, psychological factors, nutritional deficiencies, lithium therapy, familial predisposition, Fetal hydantoin syndrome and Aarskogs syndrome. […] A tendency for familial occurrence of this condition has been suggested. […] It has been proposed that benign migratory glossitis is an isolated oral manifestation of psoriasis rather than a mere association.

• #70 Geographic tongue | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/83/8/565

  Geographic tongue is commonly seen in daily practice, with a prevalence of 2% to 3% in the general population. […] In the United States, the condition is more prevalent in whites and blacks than in Hispanics, but has no association with age or sex. […] The condition is also associated with allergy, stress, diabetes mellitus, and anemia. […] Evaluations to rule out anemia, nutritional deficiencies, and diabetes mellitus can be done if these conditions are suspected, as they are associated with geographic tongue. […] Geographic tongue has a remitting and relapsing course with no complications or permanent sequelae.

• #71 Geographic tongue | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/83/8/565

  Geographic tongue is commonly seen in daily practice, with a prevalence of 2% to 3% in the general population. […] In the United States, the condition is more prevalent in whites and blacks than in Hispanics, but has no association with age or sex. […] The condition is also associated with allergy, stress, diabetes mellitus, and anemia. […] Evaluations to rule out anemia, nutritional deficiencies, and diabetes mellitus can be done if these conditions are suspected, as they are associated with geographic tongue. […] Geographic tongue has a remitting and relapsing course with no complications or permanent sequelae.

• #72 Stress as worsening of the signs and symptoms of the geographic tongue during the COVID-19 pandemic: a pilot study | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-022-02609-0

  Geographic Tongue (GT) is a benign inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology, which is characterized by the loss of epithelium due to the atrophy of filiform papillae. […] Assess whether there was a change in the clinical aspect of Geographic Tongue (GT) during the COVID-19 pandemic. […] In the second phase, there was a statistical difference between GT groups with or without symptom exacerbation in terms of age and stress as a factor of the oral symptoms. […] Younger patients showed a worsening of the oral lesions related to GT and reported stress during the pandemic. […] Geographic Tongue (GT) is an inflammatory disorder, usually asymptomatic, of unknown etiology, which regularly happens at the tongues dorsum and may sometimes involve its lateral borders. […] The literature has shown several cases of patients positive for COVID-19 and the presence of GT associated with other oral lesions.

• #73 Internet Scientific Publications

  https://ispub.com/IJFP/9/2/9625

  The relationship of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) with psoriasis has been extensively investigated. […] Patients with personal or family history of asthma, eczema and hay fever or elevated total serum immunoglobulin E levels may be more likely to have a geographic tongue. […] It has been reported that hormonal fluctuations can affect the geographical tongue. […] Geographic tongue occurs in association with fissured tongue. […] The prevalence of geographic tongue is less among smokers. […] It may be associated with Reiters syndrome, Down syndrome, Aarskog syndrome, Fetal hydantoin syndrome and Robinow’s syndrome. […] The disease is characterized by periods of exacerbation and remission during which the lesions heal without residual scar formation. […] The majority of the patients are asymptomatic but some patients complain of pain and burning sensation and decreased taste sensation.

• #74 Unraveling oral psoriasis and its relationship with geographic tongue: A literature review

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6190/full/v5/i2/84.htm

  Geographic tongue is the most common oral lesion in psoriasis, and histopathological, immunohistochemical, and genetic similarities have been observed between the two diseases. […] The diagnosis of geographic tongue as oral psoriasis is controversial and difficult as some patients with geographic tongue do not suffer from psoriasis. […] The occurrence of oral lesions in psoriasis is rare; however, some authors consider geographic tongue as an oral manifestation of psoriasis. […] Approximately 10% of patients with psoriasis present with geographic tongue, and it is more commonly associated with the pustular form of the disease. […] The prevalence of fissured tongue ranges from 9.8% to 47.5%, whereas that of geographic tongue ranges from 5.6% to 18.1%. […] The authors concluded that the prevalence of oral lesions of psoriasis may be much higher than currently reported because, in general, patients are not subjected to a thorough oral examination. […] Geographic tongue is the most prevalent oral lesion in psoriasis, with histopathological, immunohistochemical, and genetic similarities observed between the diseases.

• #75 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features.[2] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases.[1][2] Further evaluation may be needed if any of the associations with geographic tongue is suspected. Associations with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, HIV, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, Down syndrome, reactive arthritis, Aarskog syndrome, fetal hydantoin syndrome, and Robinow syndrome have been reported.[1][2][3][4][12]

• #76 Geographic tongue (Benign migratory glossitis): An Overview with Images — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue affects approximately 13% of the adult population worldwide. It is less common in children. The incidence is twice as high in women than in men. Patients may have a family history of geographic tongue or fissured tongue. […] The cause of geographic tongue is unknown but geographic tongue occurs more often in patients who have psoriasis, especially pustular psoriasis. […] The diagnosis of geographic tongue is based on clinical examination of the tongue and the patient history. Routine laboratory tests are usually normal. […] There is no cure for geographic tongue. Usually, no treatment is required apart from reassurance. […] The outcome of geographic tongue is good. In most cases, it resolves over time without treatment.

• #77 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features.[2] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases.[1][2] Further evaluation may be needed if any of the associations with geographic tongue is suspected. Associations with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, HIV, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, Down syndrome, reactive arthritis, Aarskog syndrome, fetal hydantoin syndrome, and Robinow syndrome have been reported.[1][2][3][4][12]

• #78 Internet Scientific Publications

  https://ispub.com/IJFP/9/2/9625

  The characteristic lesions of geographic tongue are seen on the anterior two thirds of the dorsal and lateral borders and less commonly over the ventral surface. […] Diagnosis is based upon history and clinical examination. […] Differential diagnosis includes candidiasis, psoriasis, Reiters syndrome, leukoplakia, lichen planus, systemic lupus erythematosis, herpes simplex, and drug reaction. […] Patients do not usually require treatment apart from reassurance. […] Benign migratory glossitis or geographic tongue is common benign disorder of unknown etiology.

• #79 Internet Scientific Publications

  https://ispub.com/IJFP/9/2/9625

  The characteristic lesions of geographic tongue are seen on the anterior two thirds of the dorsal and lateral borders and less commonly over the ventral surface. […] Diagnosis is based upon history and clinical examination. […] Differential diagnosis includes candidiasis, psoriasis, Reiters syndrome, leukoplakia, lichen planus, systemic lupus erythematosis, herpes simplex, and drug reaction. […] Patients do not usually require treatment apart from reassurance. […] Benign migratory glossitis or geographic tongue is common benign disorder of unknown etiology.

• #80 Internet Scientific Publications

  https://ispub.com/IJFP/9/2/9625

  The characteristic lesions of geographic tongue are seen on the anterior two thirds of the dorsal and lateral borders and less commonly over the ventral surface. […] Diagnosis is based upon history and clinical examination. […] Differential diagnosis includes candidiasis, psoriasis, Reiters syndrome, leukoplakia, lichen planus, systemic lupus erythematosis, herpes simplex, and drug reaction. […] Patients do not usually require treatment apart from reassurance. […] Benign migratory glossitis or geographic tongue is common benign disorder of unknown etiology.

• #81 Geographic tongue (Benign migratory glossitis): An Overview with Images — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue affects approximately 13% of the adult population worldwide. It is less common in children. The incidence is twice as high in women than in men. Patients may have a family history of geographic tongue or fissured tongue. […] The cause of geographic tongue is unknown but geographic tongue occurs more often in patients who have psoriasis, especially pustular psoriasis. […] The diagnosis of geographic tongue is based on clinical examination of the tongue and the patient history. Routine laboratory tests are usually normal. […] There is no cure for geographic tongue. Usually, no treatment is required apart from reassurance. […] The outcome of geographic tongue is good. In most cases, it resolves over time without treatment.

• #82 Paediatric geographic tongue (5year old boy): A case report with review of literature – JDPO

  https://www.jdpo.org/html-article/18143

  Although a biopsy may be necessary, the diagnosis is typically made clinically. […] The geographic tongue condition is still without a permanent remedy. […] Regular and long haul follow up of paediatric patients with geographic tongue is compulsory so as to know the effects of various treatment modalities.

• #83 Internet Scientific Publications

  https://ispub.com/IJFP/9/2/9625

  The characteristic lesions of geographic tongue are seen on the anterior two thirds of the dorsal and lateral borders and less commonly over the ventral surface. […] Diagnosis is based upon history and clinical examination. […] Differential diagnosis includes candidiasis, psoriasis, Reiters syndrome, leukoplakia, lichen planus, systemic lupus erythematosis, herpes simplex, and drug reaction. […] Patients do not usually require treatment apart from reassurance. […] Benign migratory glossitis or geographic tongue is common benign disorder of unknown etiology.

• #84 Internet Scientific Publications

  https://ispub.com/IJFP/9/2/9625

  The relationship of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) with psoriasis has been extensively investigated. […] Patients with personal or family history of asthma, eczema and hay fever or elevated total serum immunoglobulin E levels may be more likely to have a geographic tongue. […] It has been reported that hormonal fluctuations can affect the geographical tongue. […] Geographic tongue occurs in association with fissured tongue. […] The prevalence of geographic tongue is less among smokers. […] It may be associated with Reiters syndrome, Down syndrome, Aarskog syndrome, Fetal hydantoin syndrome and Robinow’s syndrome. […] The disease is characterized by periods of exacerbation and remission during which the lesions heal without residual scar formation. […] The majority of the patients are asymptomatic but some patients complain of pain and burning sensation and decreased taste sensation.

• #85 Paediatric geographic tongue (5year old boy): A case report with review of literature – JDPO

  https://www.jdpo.org/html-article/18143

  Although a biopsy may be necessary, the diagnosis is typically made clinically. […] The geographic tongue condition is still without a permanent remedy. […] Regular and long haul follow up of paediatric patients with geographic tongue is compulsory so as to know the effects of various treatment modalities.

• #86 Geographic Tongue: Is There a Systemic Link? – Today’s RDH

  https://www.todaysrdh.com/geographic-tongue-is-there-a-systemic-link/

  Geographic tongue is an inflammatory but harmless condition affecting the surface of the tongue. Its characterized by patches missing papillae, which appear as smooth, red islands, often with slightly raised borders. Lesions are migratory and can appear for days to several weeks and then disappear and reappear in a different location. […] Nevertheless, a plethora of epidemiological studies showed geographic tongue is most common in psoriatic patients. […] The findings of many studies suggest that geographic tongue and fissured tongue may be an oral manifestation of psoriasis. However, additional studies should be conducted to strongly validate the relationship and the mechanism of association. […] Considering the findings in many studies conclude that geographic tongue and fissured tongue can be suggested as oral manifestations of psoriasis, dental professionals should inform patients about the association and recommend a routine skin examination with a dermatologist.

• #87 Risk factors associated with symptomatic geographic tongue. | JAA

  https://www.dovepress.com/identifying-chili-as-a-risk-factor-for-the-geographic-tongue-a-case-re-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA

  Geographic tongue (GT) is a chronic tongue condition triggered by various factors such as immune reactions, allergies, stress, hereditary factors, and nutritional deficiencies. The prevalence of GT in the population ranges from 1% to 3%, and its symptoms can cause discomfort to patients. […] This report highlights the significance of identifying the risk factors associated with symptomatic GT. […] The identification of risk factors is required for effective management. […] Allergies or atopy may be conditions underlying the occurrence of GT, as in this patient. Previous studies have shown that GT is frequently found in patients with allergies. […] The patients history, serum levels of total IgE, and prick testing have indicated an association between GT and allergies. […] Predisposing factors for GT are associated with allergies triggered by the consumption of certain foods, including hot, spicy, salty, and cheese. […] Approximately 56% of GT patients have a history of related allergies. […] Identifying risk factors, such as chili as an allergen, plays an important role in making a diagnosis and providing appropriate therapy for symptomatic geographic tongue patients.

• #88 Geographic Tongue | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22216

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] The etiology of geographic tongue remains largely unknown; however, a few theories have been proposed.[1][2] Psychosomatic and hereditary factors have been suggested to have a role in the etiology of geographic tongue.[2] Redman et al. showed a higher prevalence of geographic tongue in mentally ill patients.[7] Ebrahimi et al. showed that decreasing stress could help heal lesions in geographic tongue, further demonstrating an association between stress and geographic tongue[2]. A possible role of familial and hereditary factors has been suggested.[1][4] Redman et al. showed that geographic tongue was more prevalent in first degree relatives than in the control group (14.4% vs. 4%). An increased prevalence of geographic tongue in parents and siblings was significantly higher than in the general population. A polygenetic inheritance model has been proposed regarding the etiology of this disorder.[8]

• #89 Stress as worsening of the signs and symptoms of the geographic tongue during the COVID-19 pandemic: a pilot study | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-022-02609-0

  Although its etiology remains unknown, studies show that genetic factors, allergies, vitamin deficiency, psoriasis, stress, and depression may be associated with GT. […] Recent studies have demonstrated the association of GT to the presence of anxiety, stress, and depression, corroborating the results of this study, where stress was statistically related to the worsening of the symptoms of geographic tongue. […] In the present study, 4 participants associated the worsening of their signs and symptoms of GT with the stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Therefore, despite the worsening of the apparent symptoms of GT associated with COVID-19 pandemic stress, it is crucial to perform an accurate oral examination and stress evaluation in patients affected by SARS-CoV-2 to understand oral manifestations of this new disease in the world.

• #90 Oral Health Considerations for Geographic Tongue – Dimensions of Dental Hygiene

  https://dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com/article/oral-health-considerations-geographic-tongue/

  Another study showed that 25% of patients with geographic tongue had allergy concurrently. […] Controversy exists concerning the association between GT and psoriasis. […] A weak association has also been noted with HLA-B13 in both GT and psoriasis. […] However, patients without psoriasis can present with GT as well. […] Vitamin deficiency has been considered as a potential etiology for GT. […] Hormone changes have been considered a potential etiology for GT. […] Psychological factors, such as stress and anxiety, may play a role in the etiology of GT. […] Some studies have indicated that GT is less common in smokers.

• #91 Geographic Tongue | Lansing | Schaefer Dental Group

  https://schaeferdentalgroup.com/oral-health/geographic-tongue/

  Geographic tongue is characterized by harmless lesions, or patches, that can suddenly materialize on the tongue’s top surface. […] No one knows exactly what causes geographic tongue. Some factors that may play a role include vitamin B deficiency, irritation from alcohol or spicy foods, and genetics. […] This condition can be diagnosed simply by examining your tongue; laboratory tests are usually not necessary. Geographic tongue normally resolves on its own, but a dental professional should be consulted if you notice any changes in your tongue’s appearance.

• #92 Internet Scientific Publications

  https://ispub.com/IJFP/9/2/9625

  The relationship of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) with psoriasis has been extensively investigated. […] Patients with personal or family history of asthma, eczema and hay fever or elevated total serum immunoglobulin E levels may be more likely to have a geographic tongue. […] It has been reported that hormonal fluctuations can affect the geographical tongue. […] Geographic tongue occurs in association with fissured tongue. […] The prevalence of geographic tongue is less among smokers. […] It may be associated with Reiters syndrome, Down syndrome, Aarskog syndrome, Fetal hydantoin syndrome and Robinow’s syndrome. […] The disease is characterized by periods of exacerbation and remission during which the lesions heal without residual scar formation. […] The majority of the patients are asymptomatic but some patients complain of pain and burning sensation and decreased taste sensation.

• #93 Common Tongue Conditions in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0301/p627.html

  According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the point prevalence of tongue lesions is 15.5 percent in U.S. adults. Lesion prevalence is increased in those who wear dentures or use tobacco. The most common tongue condition is geographic tongue, followed by fissured tongue and hairy tongue. […] Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis or erythema migrans, affects 1 to 14 percent of the U.S. population and is of unknown etiology. […] The prevalence is higher among white and black persons compared with Mexican Americans, and it has an association with fissured tongue and an inverse association with cigarette smoking. […] With geographic tongue, the dorsal tongue develops areas of papillary atrophy that appear smooth and are surrounded by raised serpiginous borders. These regions of atrophy spontaneously resolve and migrate, giving the tongue a variegated appearance. The condition is benign and localized, generally requiring no treatment except reassurance. Some patients may have sensitivity to hot or spicy foods.

• #94

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-016-1750-y

  Geographic tongue (GT) is a benign inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology. […] The prevalence of GT varies from 0.2 to 14.29% (Furlanetto et al. 2006), but most surveys show a range between 1.0 and 2.5% (Assimakopoulos et al. 2002) while the etiology of GT remains unknown. […] Several GT-associated conditions have been reported, such as generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP), heredity, allergies, hormonal disturbances, juvenile diabetes, stress and Down syndrome (Assimakopoulos et al. 2002; Redman et al. 1972). […] This study reveals the mechanism of GT for the first time. […] For GT associated with IL36RN mutations, we propose that GT can be classified as a new subtype of DITRA, and that the inheritance pattern of GPP combined with GT is semi-dominant. […] The association between GT alone and these IL36RN variants suggests that they are genetic risk factors for GT alone.

• #95 Geographic Tongue: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078465-overview

  Geographic tongue has reportedly occurred in up to 3% of the general population in the United States. International frequency rates for geographic tongue are similar to those reported in the United States. […] Geographic tongue can affect all age groups; however, it is more predominant in adults than in children. Females have been reported to be affected twice as often as males. Exacerbations have been suggested to be related to hormonal factors. No racial or ethnic predilection has been reported.

• #96 Geographic Tongue: What a Dermatologist Should Know | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  https://www.actasdermo.org/en-geographic-tongue-what-dermatologist-should-articulo-S1578219019301489

  Although the cause of geographic tongue is still unknown, most patients report family history of the condition, suggesting then a possible genetic predisposition. Prevalence of this condition among parents and siblings of these patients is significantly higher than general population. […] Studies have linked the presence of allergies with geographic tongue. It has been reported that patients with personal or family history of asthma, eczema, allergic rhinitis and higher levels of immunoglobulin E are more prone to have geographic tongue when compared to people without the mentioned diseases. […] Atopic dermatitis is a relapsing chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with other atopic diseases such as allergic rhinitis and asthma. […] Regarding its association with geographic tongue, studies have reported that patients with a personal or family history of atopy are more likely to have benign migratory glossitis.

• #97 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features.[2] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases.[1][2] Further evaluation may be needed if any of the associations with geographic tongue is suspected. Associations with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, HIV, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, Down syndrome, reactive arthritis, Aarskog syndrome, fetal hydantoin syndrome, and Robinow syndrome have been reported.[1][2][3][4][12]

• #98 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is a harmless inflammatory condition affecting the surface of the tongue. Treatment is not necessary.[2] For symptomatic cases, therapy is available.

• #99 Geographic Tongue

  https://www.aaom.com/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is a fairly common condition. It can occur at any time in life, including childhood. It is estimated to affect from 1 – 2.5% of the population. […] Geographic tongue is not contagious and cannot be passed to anyone else. […] In most cases, there is no need for treatment of this condition.

• #100 Geographic Tongue

  https://www.aaom.com/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is a fairly common condition. It can occur at any time in life, including childhood. It is estimated to affect from 1 – 2.5% of the population. […] Geographic tongue is not contagious and cannot be passed to anyone else. […] In most cases, there is no need for treatment of this condition.

• #101 Geographic Tongue – European Association of Oral Medicine

  https://eaom.eu/education/eaom-handbook/geographic-tongue/

  Geographic tongue occurs in approximately 3% of the population worldwide. In epidemiological reports the prevalence of the condition varies between 0.28% and 14.4% in all age groups, although it occurs more commonly in adults than in children. Females are affected twice as often as males. There is no apparent racial or ethnic predilection. […] Geographic tongue is a benign condition that never turns into malignancy. There are also no reported consequences nor risks associated with this condition. The only complication is the discomfort due to the persistent clinical appearance and frequent reccurence after healing. The reported association between geographic tongue and allergic diseases could sometimes suggest the dental practitioner should obtain medical advice for the affected patient.

• #102 Geographic Tongue – European Association of Oral Medicine

  https://eaom.eu/education/eaom-handbook/geographic-tongue/

  Geographic tongue occurs in approximately 3% of the population worldwide. In epidemiological reports the prevalence of the condition varies between 0.28% and 14.4% in all age groups, although it occurs more commonly in adults than in children. Females are affected twice as often as males. There is no apparent racial or ethnic predilection. […] Geographic tongue is a benign condition that never turns into malignancy. There are also no reported consequences nor risks associated with this condition. The only complication is the discomfort due to the persistent clinical appearance and frequent reccurence after healing. The reported association between geographic tongue and allergic diseases could sometimes suggest the dental practitioner should obtain medical advice for the affected patient.

• #103 Geographic Tongue – European Association of Oral Medicine

  https://eaom.eu/education/eaom-handbook/geographic-tongue/

  Geographic tongue occurs in approximately 3% of the population worldwide. In epidemiological reports the prevalence of the condition varies between 0.28% and 14.4% in all age groups, although it occurs more commonly in adults than in children. Females are affected twice as often as males. There is no apparent racial or ethnic predilection. […] Geographic tongue is a benign condition that never turns into malignancy. There are also no reported consequences nor risks associated with this condition. The only complication is the discomfort due to the persistent clinical appearance and frequent reccurence after healing. The reported association between geographic tongue and allergic diseases could sometimes suggest the dental practitioner should obtain medical advice for the affected patient.

• #104 Common Tongue Conditions in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0301/p627.html

  According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the point prevalence of tongue lesions is 15.5 percent in U.S. adults. Lesion prevalence is increased in those who wear dentures or use tobacco. The most common tongue condition is geographic tongue, followed by fissured tongue and hairy tongue. […] Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis or erythema migrans, affects 1 to 14 percent of the U.S. population and is of unknown etiology. […] The prevalence is higher among white and black persons compared with Mexican Americans, and it has an association with fissured tongue and an inverse association with cigarette smoking. […] With geographic tongue, the dorsal tongue develops areas of papillary atrophy that appear smooth and are surrounded by raised serpiginous borders. These regions of atrophy spontaneously resolve and migrate, giving the tongue a variegated appearance. The condition is benign and localized, generally requiring no treatment except reassurance. Some patients may have sensitivity to hot or spicy foods.

• #105 Geographic tongue (Benign migratory glossitis): An Overview with Images — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue affects approximately 13% of the adult population worldwide. It is less common in children. The incidence is twice as high in women than in men. Patients may have a family history of geographic tongue or fissured tongue. […] The cause of geographic tongue is unknown but geographic tongue occurs more often in patients who have psoriasis, especially pustular psoriasis. […] The diagnosis of geographic tongue is based on clinical examination of the tongue and the patient history. Routine laboratory tests are usually normal. […] There is no cure for geographic tongue. Usually, no treatment is required apart from reassurance. […] The outcome of geographic tongue is good. In most cases, it resolves over time without treatment.

• #106 Geographic tongue (Benign migratory glossitis): An Overview with Images — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue affects approximately 13% of the adult population worldwide. It is less common in children. The incidence is twice as high in women than in men. Patients may have a family history of geographic tongue or fissured tongue. […] The cause of geographic tongue is unknown but geographic tongue occurs more often in patients who have psoriasis, especially pustular psoriasis. […] The diagnosis of geographic tongue is based on clinical examination of the tongue and the patient history. Routine laboratory tests are usually normal. […] There is no cure for geographic tongue. Usually, no treatment is required apart from reassurance. […] The outcome of geographic tongue is good. In most cases, it resolves over time without treatment.

• #107 Geographic tongue | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/83/8/565

  Geographic tongue is commonly seen in daily practice, with a prevalence of 2% to 3% in the general population. […] In the United States, the condition is more prevalent in whites and blacks than in Hispanics, but has no association with age or sex. […] The condition is also associated with allergy, stress, diabetes mellitus, and anemia. […] Evaluations to rule out anemia, nutritional deficiencies, and diabetes mellitus can be done if these conditions are suspected, as they are associated with geographic tongue. […] Geographic tongue has a remitting and relapsing course with no complications or permanent sequelae.

• #108 Geographic tongue (Benign migratory glossitis): An Overview with Images — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue affects approximately 13% of the adult population worldwide. It is less common in children. The incidence is twice as high in women than in men. Patients may have a family history of geographic tongue or fissured tongue. […] The cause of geographic tongue is unknown but geographic tongue occurs more often in patients who have psoriasis, especially pustular psoriasis. […] The diagnosis of geographic tongue is based on clinical examination of the tongue and the patient history. Routine laboratory tests are usually normal. […] There is no cure for geographic tongue. Usually, no treatment is required apart from reassurance. […] The outcome of geographic tongue is good. In most cases, it resolves over time without treatment.

• #109 Paediatric geographic tongue (5year old boy): A case report with review of literature – JDPO

  https://www.jdpo.org/html-article/18143

  Although a biopsy may be necessary, the diagnosis is typically made clinically. […] The geographic tongue condition is still without a permanent remedy. […] Regular and long haul follow up of paediatric patients with geographic tongue is compulsory so as to know the effects of various treatment modalities.

• #110 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] Geographic tongue is a harmless inflammatory condition affecting the surface of the tongue. Treatment is not necessary.[2] For symptomatic cases, therapy is available.

• #111 Geographic Tongue | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22216

  Geographic tongue usually begins in childhood and has an overall global prevalence of approximately 1% to 2.5% of the population. The prevalence in the pediatric population ranges from 0.37% to 14.3%. The greatest prevalence occurs in the age group of 20 to 29 years of age at about 39.4%. Geographic tongue has a slightly greater predilection for women than men.[1][2] […] The etiology of geographic tongue remains largely unknown; however, a few theories have been proposed.[1][2] Psychosomatic and hereditary factors have been suggested to have a role in the etiology of geographic tongue.[2] Redman et al. showed a higher prevalence of geographic tongue in mentally ill patients.[7] Ebrahimi et al. showed that decreasing stress could help heal lesions in geographic tongue, further demonstrating an association between stress and geographic tongue[2]. A possible role of familial and hereditary factors has been suggested.[1][4] Redman et al. showed that geographic tongue was more prevalent in first degree relatives than in the control group (14.4% vs. 4%). An increased prevalence of geographic tongue in parents and siblings was significantly higher than in the general population. A polygenetic inheritance model has been proposed regarding the etiology of this disorder.[8]

• #112 Geographic tongue – Vejthani Hospital | JCI Accredited International Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand.

  https://www.vejthani.com/diseases-conditions/geographic-tongue/

  Geographic tongue is a benign condition that causes an inflammatory but unharmful change to the tongues surface. […] Geographic tongue is a benign and nonpainful condition, lacking any serious implications. […] Given that certain individuals with geographic tongue might not manifest noticeable symptoms and thus may not actively pursue medical intervention, it is plausible that the true prevalence of this condition could surpass existing estimates. […] The exact cause of geographic tongue remains uncertain, and there are currently no established preventive measures. […] Further research is needed to delve into these potential associations. […] Research findings on factors that might elevate the likelihood of geographic tongue have yielded contradictory outcomes.

• #113

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-016-1750-y

  Geographic tongue (GT) is a benign inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology. […] The prevalence of GT varies from 0.2 to 14.29% (Furlanetto et al. 2006), but most surveys show a range between 1.0 and 2.5% (Assimakopoulos et al. 2002) while the etiology of GT remains unknown. […] Several GT-associated conditions have been reported, such as generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP), heredity, allergies, hormonal disturbances, juvenile diabetes, stress and Down syndrome (Assimakopoulos et al. 2002; Redman et al. 1972). […] This study reveals the mechanism of GT for the first time. […] For GT associated with IL36RN mutations, we propose that GT can be classified as a new subtype of DITRA, and that the inheritance pattern of GPP combined with GT is semi-dominant. […] The association between GT alone and these IL36RN variants suggests that they are genetic risk factors for GT alone.

• #114 Unraveling oral psoriasis and its relationship with geographic tongue: A literature review

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6190/full/v5/i2/84.htm

  Geographic tongue is the most common oral lesion in psoriasis, and histopathological, immunohistochemical, and genetic similarities have been observed between the two diseases. […] The diagnosis of geographic tongue as oral psoriasis is controversial and difficult as some patients with geographic tongue do not suffer from psoriasis. […] The occurrence of oral lesions in psoriasis is rare; however, some authors consider geographic tongue as an oral manifestation of psoriasis. […] Approximately 10% of patients with psoriasis present with geographic tongue, and it is more commonly associated with the pustular form of the disease. […] The prevalence of fissured tongue ranges from 9.8% to 47.5%, whereas that of geographic tongue ranges from 5.6% to 18.1%. […] The authors concluded that the prevalence of oral lesions of psoriasis may be much higher than currently reported because, in general, patients are not subjected to a thorough oral examination. […] Geographic tongue is the most prevalent oral lesion in psoriasis, with histopathological, immunohistochemical, and genetic similarities observed between the diseases.

• #115

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-016-1750-y

  However, about 66.7% (32/48) of the individuals belonging to the sporadic GT alone cohort were found to lack IL36RN mutations, suggesting that IL36RN mutations are not the only disease-causing variants in GT patients. […] The presence of GT in wild-type individuals were associated with an imbalance in protein expression between IL-36Ra and IL-36 in tongue tissue.

• #116 Stress as worsening of the signs and symptoms of the geographic tongue during the COVID-19 pandemic: a pilot study | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-022-02609-0

  Although its etiology remains unknown, studies show that genetic factors, allergies, vitamin deficiency, psoriasis, stress, and depression may be associated with GT. […] Recent studies have demonstrated the association of GT to the presence of anxiety, stress, and depression, corroborating the results of this study, where stress was statistically related to the worsening of the symptoms of geographic tongue. […] In the present study, 4 participants associated the worsening of their signs and symptoms of GT with the stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Therefore, despite the worsening of the apparent symptoms of GT associated with COVID-19 pandemic stress, it is crucial to perform an accurate oral examination and stress evaluation in patients affected by SARS-CoV-2 to understand oral manifestations of this new disease in the world.

• #117 Geographic tongue – global prevalence – National Elf Service

  https://www.nationalelfservice.net/dentistry/oral-medicine-and-pathology/geographic-tongue-global-prevalence/

  Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis, is characterised by smooth areas on the top and sides of the tongue due to an absence of filiform papillae. […] Understanding the frequency of this condition in the population is helpful in establishing the diagnosis and providing information to patients. […] The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the global prevalence of geographic tongue in patients 18 years. […] The period prevalence meta-analysis found the prevalence rate to be 3% (95%CI; 0.4% to 5.5%). […] The point prevalence meta-analysis found the prevalence rate to be 3% (95%CI; -0.2% to 5.5%). […] The proportion of geographic tongue in adults varied widely around the world. However, the results demonstrated that approximately one in 30 adults has geographic tongue. […] This review provides a helpful estimate on the worldwide prevalence of geographic tongue however it should be considered that not all countries are represented. […] Despite the limitations, this systematic review does provide a helpful estimate the global prevalence of geographic tongue.

• #118 SciELO Brazil – Geographic tongue and psoriasis: clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical and genetic correlation – a literature review Geographic tongue and psoriasis: clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical and genetic correlation – a

  https://www.scielo.br/j/abd/a/Pqz56st7SQHTgNCjNjxVfmh/

  Geographic tongue is a chronic, inflammatory, and immune-mediated oral lesion of unknown etiology. It affects between 0.6% and 4.8% of the world population, occurring more often in children, with a slight preference for females, and with its frequency reducing with age. Studies show that geographic tongue is the oral manifestation more commonly associated with psoriatic disease. The difficulty in accepting the diagnosis of geographic tongue as oral psoriasis resides in the fact that some nonpsoriatic patients present geographic tongue. Some authors believe that the prevalence of oral lesions would be much higher if the psoriatic patients underwent thorough oral examination. Geographic tongue is the most common oral lesions in psoriasis, with or without arthritis, presenting high prevalence in these patients, as well relation to the severity of the disease, leading some authors to consider the combination of these conditions. Approximately 10% of patients with psoriasis present geographic tongue. Studies show prevalence of fissured tongue ranging from 9.8% to 47.5% and of geographic tongue between 5.6% and 18.1%. The authors concluded that the prevalence of specific oral lesions of psoriasis would be much higher than the one reported due to the fact that, as a rule, patients are not subjected to a full and thorough oral examination, which would bring reliable results to help resolve this divergence. Geographic tongue may present histopathology and immunogenetic patterns similar to psoriasis, leading some authors to consider the association between these diseases. In psoriasis, the inflammatory infiltrate is predominantly mononuclear, consisting mainly of T-cells, CD4 + in the dermis and CD8 + in the epidermis. Despite the unknown etiology, some authors suggest that there is a genetic basis between psoriasis and geographic tongue. HLA typing, associated with histopathologic and immunohistochemical analyzes, contributes to the definition of oral psoriasis, and it is essential to make this diagnosis for proper management and treatment of this condition.

• #119 Unraveling oral psoriasis and its relationship with geographic tongue: A literature review

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6190/full/v5/i2/84.htm

  Geographic tongue is the most common oral lesion in psoriasis, and histopathological, immunohistochemical, and genetic similarities have been observed between the two diseases. […] The diagnosis of geographic tongue as oral psoriasis is controversial and difficult as some patients with geographic tongue do not suffer from psoriasis. […] The occurrence of oral lesions in psoriasis is rare; however, some authors consider geographic tongue as an oral manifestation of psoriasis. […] Approximately 10% of patients with psoriasis present with geographic tongue, and it is more commonly associated with the pustular form of the disease. […] The prevalence of fissured tongue ranges from 9.8% to 47.5%, whereas that of geographic tongue ranges from 5.6% to 18.1%. […] The authors concluded that the prevalence of oral lesions of psoriasis may be much higher than currently reported because, in general, patients are not subjected to a thorough oral examination. […] Geographic tongue is the most prevalent oral lesion in psoriasis, with histopathological, immunohistochemical, and genetic similarities observed between the diseases.

• #120 Geographic tongue – global prevalence – National Elf Service

  https://www.nationalelfservice.net/dentistry/oral-medicine-and-pathology/geographic-tongue-global-prevalence/

  Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis, is characterised by smooth areas on the top and sides of the tongue due to an absence of filiform papillae. […] Understanding the frequency of this condition in the population is helpful in establishing the diagnosis and providing information to patients. […] The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the global prevalence of geographic tongue in patients 18 years. […] The period prevalence meta-analysis found the prevalence rate to be 3% (95%CI; 0.4% to 5.5%). […] The point prevalence meta-analysis found the prevalence rate to be 3% (95%CI; -0.2% to 5.5%). […] The proportion of geographic tongue in adults varied widely around the world. However, the results demonstrated that approximately one in 30 adults has geographic tongue. […] This review provides a helpful estimate on the worldwide prevalence of geographic tongue however it should be considered that not all countries are represented. […] Despite the limitations, this systematic review does provide a helpful estimate the global prevalence of geographic tongue.

• #121 Geographic tongue – Vejthani Hospital | JCI Accredited International Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand.

  https://www.vejthani.com/diseases-conditions/geographic-tongue/

  Geographic tongue is a benign condition that causes an inflammatory but unharmful change to the tongues surface. […] Geographic tongue is a benign and nonpainful condition, lacking any serious implications. […] Given that certain individuals with geographic tongue might not manifest noticeable symptoms and thus may not actively pursue medical intervention, it is plausible that the true prevalence of this condition could surpass existing estimates. […] The exact cause of geographic tongue remains uncertain, and there are currently no established preventive measures. […] Further research is needed to delve into these potential associations. […] Research findings on factors that might elevate the likelihood of geographic tongue have yielded contradictory outcomes.

• #122 Geographic tongue – global prevalence – National Elf Service

  https://www.nationalelfservice.net/dentistry/oral-medicine-and-pathology/geographic-tongue-global-prevalence/

  Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis, is characterised by smooth areas on the top and sides of the tongue due to an absence of filiform papillae. […] Understanding the frequency of this condition in the population is helpful in establishing the diagnosis and providing information to patients. […] The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the global prevalence of geographic tongue in patients 18 years. […] The period prevalence meta-analysis found the prevalence rate to be 3% (95%CI; 0.4% to 5.5%). […] The point prevalence meta-analysis found the prevalence rate to be 3% (95%CI; -0.2% to 5.5%). […] The proportion of geographic tongue in adults varied widely around the world. However, the results demonstrated that approximately one in 30 adults has geographic tongue. […] This review provides a helpful estimate on the worldwide prevalence of geographic tongue however it should be considered that not all countries are represented. […] Despite the limitations, this systematic review does provide a helpful estimate the global prevalence of geographic tongue.

• #123

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-016-1750-y

  Geographic tongue (GT) is a benign inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology. […] The prevalence of GT varies from 0.2 to 14.29% (Furlanetto et al. 2006), but most surveys show a range between 1.0 and 2.5% (Assimakopoulos et al. 2002) while the etiology of GT remains unknown. […] Several GT-associated conditions have been reported, such as generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP), heredity, allergies, hormonal disturbances, juvenile diabetes, stress and Down syndrome (Assimakopoulos et al. 2002; Redman et al. 1972). […] This study reveals the mechanism of GT for the first time. […] For GT associated with IL36RN mutations, we propose that GT can be classified as a new subtype of DITRA, and that the inheritance pattern of GPP combined with GT is semi-dominant. […] The association between GT alone and these IL36RN variants suggests that they are genetic risk factors for GT alone.

• #124 Treatment Strategies for Geographic Tongue – Decisions in Dentistry

  https://decisionsindentistry.com/article/treatment-strategies-geographic-tongue/

  While the etiology of GT remains unknown, recent studies have revealed varying insights into the pathophysiology of this inflammatory disease. […] Discussions regarding genetic implications in the pathophysiology of GT have also been explored. […] The prognosis for GT is generally good because the condition is usually benign and asymptomatic. […] For many cases of GT, an integrated approach to diagnosis and management is important. […] Communication and collaboration with other healthcare providers are needed to ensure patient-centered care.

• #125 Risk factors associated with symptomatic geographic tongue. | JAA

  https://www.dovepress.com/identifying-chili-as-a-risk-factor-for-the-geographic-tongue-a-case-re-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA

  Geographic tongue (GT) is a chronic tongue condition triggered by various factors such as immune reactions, allergies, stress, hereditary factors, and nutritional deficiencies. The prevalence of GT in the population ranges from 1% to 3%, and its symptoms can cause discomfort to patients. […] This report highlights the significance of identifying the risk factors associated with symptomatic GT. […] The identification of risk factors is required for effective management. […] Allergies or atopy may be conditions underlying the occurrence of GT, as in this patient. Previous studies have shown that GT is frequently found in patients with allergies. […] The patients history, serum levels of total IgE, and prick testing have indicated an association between GT and allergies. […] Predisposing factors for GT are associated with allergies triggered by the consumption of certain foods, including hot, spicy, salty, and cheese. […] Approximately 56% of GT patients have a history of related allergies. […] Identifying risk factors, such as chili as an allergen, plays an important role in making a diagnosis and providing appropriate therapy for symptomatic geographic tongue patients.

• #126 Geographic tongue: the mysterious condition that makes maps in your mouth

  https://theconversation.com/geographic-tongue-the-mysterious-condition-that-makes-maps-in-your-mouth-39648

  Geographic tongue (GT) is a medical condition in which the upper layer of the tongue, which consists of tiny hair-like protrusions (called papillae), is damaged due to an expanding inflammation. […] GT, which is harmless and affects about 2% of the population, was first reported more than 180 years ago. […] GT has been associated with different diseases such as psoriasis. […] GT is a mysterious condition but we hope that this novel approach will help physicians to assess patients with GT condition and trigger further clinical investigations, particularly into how and why GT patterns form and move around.

• #127 Geographic Tongue | DrGreene

  https://www.drgreene.com/qa-articles/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is a marvelous, descriptive name for one of the most common medical conditions of the tongue. […] The exact prevalence varies widely from study to study, but at any given time, somewhere between 0.1 percent and 14.3 percent of otherwise healthy people have it. […] We still do not know exactly what causes geographic tongue, but we do know that it strongly tends to run in families. […] Geographic tongue has polygenic inheritance it is associated with several different genes. […] Geographic tongue is also significantly more common in people who are sensitive to the environment those with allergies, eczema, and/or asthma. […] It is also four times more common in those with diabetes. […] In young women with geographic tongue who are also taking oral contraceptives, the geographic tongue is worst on day 17 of the cycle. […] Most people with geographic tongue are otherwise healthy. […] Geographic tongue heals spontaneously. […] In the future we may know more about geographic tongue, what causes it, and why it recurs.

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