Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Geographic tongue (Benign migratory glossitis): An Overview with Images — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is a benign oral inflammatory condition characterised by loss of epithelium, particularly of the filiform papillae on the dorsum of the tongue. […] The cause of geographic tongue is unknown but geographic tongue occurs more often in patients who have psoriasis, especially pustular psoriasis. […] It is also seen in patients with a food allergy, allergic contact dermatitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, reactive arthritis, anaemia, hormonal disturbance, emotional stress and in patients with early-stage of type 1 diabetes.

• #1 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue is a benign chronic relapsing recurring inflammatory condition of the oral cavity of unknown etiology. […] The etiology of geographic tongue remains largely unknown; however, a few theories have been proposed. Psychosomatic and hereditary factors have been suggested to have a role in the etiology of geographic tongue. […] A possible role of familial and hereditary factors has been suggested. […] A polygenetic inheritance model has been proposed regarding the etiology of this disorder.

• #1 Geographic tongue | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/83/8/565

  Geographic tongue is characterized by circinate, map-like areas of erythema surrounded by well-demarcated scalloped white borders, typically on the dorsum and the lateral borders of the tongue. […] The precise etiology remains obscure. […] Hence, it has been postulated that it represents a form of intra-oral psoriasis. […] The condition is also associated with allergy, stress, diabetes mellitus, and anemia. […] Contrary to previous belief, geographic tongue has been found to have an inverse association with smoking. […] Evaluations to rule out anemia, nutritional deficiencies, and diabetes mellitus can be done if these conditions are suspected, as they are associated with geographic tongue.

• #1 Geographic tongue: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001049.htm

  Geographic tongue is characterized by irregular patches on the surface of the tongue. This gives it a map-like appearance. […] The exact cause of geographic tongue is unknown. It may be due to irritation from hot or spicy foods, or alcohol. The condition appears to be less common in smokers. […] The change in pattern on the surface of the tongue occurs when there is a loss of the tiny, finger-like projections, called papillae, on the tongue. These areas look flat as a result. The appearance of the tongue may change very quickly. The flat-looking areas may remain for more than a month.

• #1 Geographic Tongue: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21177-geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is a noncancerous condition that causes smooth reddish, patches on your tongue. […] Geographic tongue is a noncancerous condition that creates patches of smooth, reddish skin on your tongue. […] Geographic tongue is benign, meaning it doesnt spread. […] Healthcare providers arent sure what causes the condition. […] They believe people with certain diseases are more likely to develop geographic tongue. […] People who dont get enough zinc, iron, folic acid and vitamins B6 and B12 from their daily diet may have an increased risk of developing geographic tongue. […] Healthcare providers arent sure what causes geographic tongue, but they believe people with certain conditions, like diabetes or skin issues, have increased risk of developing geographic tongue. […] No, geographic tongue is a noncancerous disorder that doesnt become oral cancer.

• #1 Treatment Strategies for Geographic Tongue – Decisions in Dentistry

  https://decisionsindentistry.com/article/treatment-strategies-geographic-tongue/

  Vitamin deficiency has been considered as a potential etiology for GT; specifically, vitamin D, B6, B12, folic acid, iron and zinc deficiencies have been suggested as contributing factors. […] Hormonal changes have been considered as a potential etiology for GT. […] Psychological factors, such as stress and anxiety, may play a role in the etiology of GT. […] While the etiology of GT remains unknown, recent studies have revealed varying insights into the pathophysiology of this inflammatory disease. […] Discussions regarding genetic implications in the pathophysiology of GT have also been explored. A mutation in the IL36RN gene was detected in a three-generational family with GT.

• #1

  https://www.teethtalkgirl.com/dental-health/geographic-tongue/

  Geographic tongue is a condition where the dorsal (top) surface of the tongue develops these irregular-looking, map-like patterns of red patches. […] The cause of geographic tongue is not completely understood, but its thought to be related to our bodys inflammatory or immune response. […] The exact cause of geographic tongue is not something you can pinpoint as an aha moment, but it is thought to be related to inflammation and changes in our bodies because of an immune response, illness, or deficiency. […] Some researchers do believe that allergies and allergic reactions play a role in the development of geographic tongue. […] Psoriasis and eczema are skin conditions that cause a variety of symptoms. […] The cause of psoriasis and eczema is unknown, but researchers believe environmental and genetic factors may play a role.

• #1 Geographic Tongue: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue causes are not fully understood. […] It might be linked with certain health issues, such as eczema and psoriasis, some types of arthritis, and type 1 diabetes. […] Geographic tongue tends to run in families, so it might also have something to do with your genes. […] Not having enough of certain nutrients, such as iron, zinc, folic acid, and vitamins B6 and B12, might cause geographic tongue. […] Other things that might cause it are stress, hormone changes, and allergies. […] Geographic tongue is also linked to a condition called fissured tongue, which causes grooves to form on the tongue.

• #1 Factors associated with geographic tongue and fissured tongue | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2016.491

  Despite this study being of cross-sectional design, these investigators concur with others in suggesting that some subjects with geographic tongue go on to develop fissured tongue. […] But then as stated in the introduction of the article, the investigators cite others who have reported that the causes of geographic tongue and fissured tongue differ; for example, stress and fungal infections have been linked with geographic tongue, whereas psoriasis and orofacial granulomatosis have been linked with a fissured tongue. […] The key finding was that both anti-hypertensive medications and consumption of Swedish snus (moist powder tobacco, placed under the upper lip for extended periods, the sale of which is illegal in the EU, except Sweden) were associated with geographic tongue.

• #1 Symptoms and Causes of Geographic TongueCauses

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/geographic-tongue-4179024

  Geographic tongue is a harmless condition affecting the tongue’s mucous membrane. […] The exact cause of geographic tongue isn’t known. However, there are many theories associated with the disorder. Potential causes of geographic tongue include: Stress, Nutritional deficiencies, Autoimmune disorders and other inflammatory conditions (such as psoriasis and eczema), Type 1 diabetes, Hormonal disturbances, Allergies, Genetics. […] While there are theories about why people develop geographic tongue, none have been proven.

• #1 Geographic tongue – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/geographic-tongue/symptoms-causes/syc-20354396

  Geographic tongue results from the loss of tiny hairlike structures on your tongue’s surface. These structures are called papillae. The cause of geographic tongue is not known, and there’s no way to prevent it. There may be a link between geographic tongue and other conditions, such as psoriasis. This is a skin disease that causes a rash with itchy, scaly patches. But more research is needed to learn about possible connections to other health conditions. […] Geographic tongue is an inflammatory but harmless condition affecting the surface of the tongue. […] Geographic tongue is harmless, but it can sometimes be uncomfortable. It does not pose a threat to your health, cause long-term complications or raise your risk of major health problems.

• #2 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue is a benign chronic relapsing recurring inflammatory condition of the oral cavity of unknown etiology. […] The etiology of geographic tongue remains largely unknown; however, a few theories have been proposed. Psychosomatic and hereditary factors have been suggested to have a role in the etiology of geographic tongue. […] A possible role of familial and hereditary factors has been suggested. […] A polygenetic inheritance model has been proposed regarding the etiology of this disorder.

• #2 Geographic Tongue: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue causes are not fully understood. […] It might be linked with certain health issues, such as eczema and psoriasis, some types of arthritis, and type 1 diabetes. […] Geographic tongue tends to run in families, so it might also have something to do with your genes. […] Not having enough of certain nutrients, such as iron, zinc, folic acid, and vitamins B6 and B12, might cause geographic tongue. […] Other things that might cause it are stress, hormone changes, and allergies. […] Geographic tongue is also linked to a condition called fissured tongue, which causes grooves to form on the tongue.

• #2 Geographic tongue (Benign migratory glossitis): An Overview with Images — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is a benign oral inflammatory condition characterised by loss of epithelium, particularly of the filiform papillae on the dorsum of the tongue. […] The cause of geographic tongue is unknown but geographic tongue occurs more often in patients who have psoriasis, especially pustular psoriasis. […] It is also seen in patients with a food allergy, allergic contact dermatitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, reactive arthritis, anaemia, hormonal disturbance, emotional stress and in patients with early-stage of type 1 diabetes.

• #2 Geographic tongue – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_tongue

  Geographic tongue, also known by several other terms, is a condition of the mucous membrane of the tongue, usually on the dorsal surface. […] The cause is unknown, but the condition is entirely benign (importantly, it does not represent oral cancer), and there is no curative treatment. […] The cause is unknown. Geographic tongue does not usually cause any symptoms, and in those cases where there are symptoms, an oral parafunctional habit may be a contributory factor. […] Some suggest that hormonal factors may be involved, because one reported case in a female appeared to vary in severity in correlation with oral contraceptive use. […] People with geographic tongue frequently claim that their condition worsens during periods of psychological stress. […] Geographic tongue is inversely associated with smoking and tobacco use.

• #2 Geographic Tongue: Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/geographic-tongue

  Having too little vitamin B can cause inflammation, swelling, and other symptoms on the tongue. Specifically, B6, B12, and folate (B9) deficiencies have been associated with geographic tongue. […] Deficiencies in vitamin D, zinc, and iron have also been linked to geographic tongue. […] Pregnant people go through a lot of hormonal changes, and the growing fetus takes a lot of nutrients from your body. This can make you deficient in certain vitamins, and you may experience symptoms similar to those of a geographic tongue.

• #2 Geographic Tongue – Causes, Treatment and Symptoms | Oral-B UK

  https://www.oralb.co.uk/en-gb/oral-health/conditions/other-oral-health-conditions/geographic-tongue-causes-treatment-symptoms

  Geographic tongue is a benign oral inflammatory condition that causes an irregular, map-like pattern on the tongue. […] Doctors dont have all the answers on geographic tongue causes and what causes geographic tongue to flare up – though it commonly runs in families, so genetics will likely play a part in your chances of being affected by this condition. […] There is thought to be a link between geographic tongue and having psoriasis, an inflammatory skin condition causing itchiness and scaly rashes. […] There have been cases of geographic tongue in women who were taking birth control pills, which could mean the associated hormonal surges can heighten the risk of developing the condition. […] If you suffer regularly from flair ups of eczema or hay fever, this could increase the chances of developing geographic tongue.

• #2 Paediatric geographic tongue (5year old boy): A case report with review of literature – JDPO

  https://www.jdpo.org/html-article/18143

  Geographic tongue often develops throughout childhood and affects between 1 and 2.5 percent of people worldwide. […] Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis, is a chronic, immune-mediated, inflammatory illness. […] Geographic tongue’s aetiology is unclear, but in youngsters, environmental allergens may play a role. Other symptoms linked to this pathology include vitamin B deficiency, a food trigger like cheese, congenital abnormality, asthma, rhinitis, and systemic illnesses like psoriasis, anaemia, digestive problems, candidiasis, lichen planus, hormone imbalance, and psychological issues. […] The prevalence of benign migrating glossitis is believed to be 2% in the general population and to increase to 9% in psoriasis patients. […] Although a biopsy may be necessary, the diagnosis is typically made clinically. […] The geographic tongue condition is still without a permanent remedy. Among the choices, corticosteroids are thought to be the most effective.

• #2 Geographic tongue: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001049.htm

  Geographic tongue is characterized by irregular patches on the surface of the tongue. This gives it a map-like appearance. […] The exact cause of geographic tongue is unknown. It may be due to irritation from hot or spicy foods, or alcohol. The condition appears to be less common in smokers. […] The change in pattern on the surface of the tongue occurs when there is a loss of the tiny, finger-like projections, called papillae, on the tongue. These areas look flat as a result. The appearance of the tongue may change very quickly. The flat-looking areas may remain for more than a month.

• #2 Geographic Tongue – Possible causes and common treatment options – Sendhil Dental

  https://www.sendhildental.com/geographic-tongue-causes-and-treatments/

  This is an inflammatory disorder that affects the mucous membranes inside our mouth and develops pink or purplish patches in various regions of our mouth. […] It has been reported that geographic tongue can also be caused by health disorders like fever, eczema and others that have an allergic reaction to our body. […] Fissures on the tongue can be defined as the deep grooves, cracks that cause wrinkles over the tongue surfaces. This condition is linked to various syndromes, vitamin deficiency or malnutrition. […] Besides these, various psychological factors and hormonal disturbances also have connectivity to this inflammatory tongue disorder.

• #2 Geographic Tongue | Geographic Stomatitis – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/geographic-tongue.htm

  Geographic tongue affects about 1 to 3% of the population and there is no known cause for the condition, the following are the risk factors […] This condition has a familial inheritance pattern indicating that genes play an important role. HLA B15 is associated with the condition. […] The lack of vitamin B has also been linked to the condition […] The condition may arise due to irritation caused by hot, spicy food or even alcohol […] Hormonal changes have also been found to play a role in this condition. There have been reported cases of geographical tongue among women who consume oral contraceptives. […] A study conducted by Dafar A and colleagues and published in the journal Acta odontologica Scandinavica 2015, found an association between the use of anti-hypertensive drugs and geographic tongue.

• #2 Geographic tongue – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/geographic-tongue/symptoms-causes/syc-20354396

  Geographic tongue results from the loss of tiny hairlike structures on your tongue’s surface. These structures are called papillae. The cause of geographic tongue is not known, and there’s no way to prevent it. There may be a link between geographic tongue and other conditions, such as psoriasis. This is a skin disease that causes a rash with itchy, scaly patches. But more research is needed to learn about possible connections to other health conditions. […] Geographic tongue is an inflammatory but harmless condition affecting the surface of the tongue. […] Geographic tongue is harmless, but it can sometimes be uncomfortable. It does not pose a threat to your health, cause long-term complications or raise your risk of major health problems.

• #2 Geographic tongue

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20199567

  The cause of geographic tongue is not known, and there’s no way to prevent it. […] There may be a link between geographic tongue and other conditions, such as psoriasis. […] But more research is needed to learn about possible connections to other health conditions.

• #3 Geographic Tongue: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078465-overview

  Geographic tongue (benign migratory glossitis) is a benign condition that occurs in up to 3% of the general population. […] The etiology and pathogenesis of geographic tongue are still poorly understood. […] A definitive cause for geographic tongue has not been elucidated, but some studies have found this condition to be more frequent in patients with psoriasis. […] A polygenic mode of inheritance has been suggested for geographic tongue. […] No increased incidence of geographic tongue has been noted with medication use or exposure to environmental agents. […] Immunologic and psychologic parameters have been associated with geographic tongue. […] It has been suggested that the lingual microbiota may play a role in geographic tongue.

• #3 Geographic Tongue – Causes, Treatment and Symptoms | Oral-B UK

  https://www.oralb.co.uk/en-gb/oral-health/conditions/other-oral-health-conditions/geographic-tongue-causes-treatment-symptoms

  Geographic tongue is a benign oral inflammatory condition that causes an irregular, map-like pattern on the tongue. […] Doctors dont have all the answers on geographic tongue causes and what causes geographic tongue to flare up – though it commonly runs in families, so genetics will likely play a part in your chances of being affected by this condition. […] There is thought to be a link between geographic tongue and having psoriasis, an inflammatory skin condition causing itchiness and scaly rashes. […] There have been cases of geographic tongue in women who were taking birth control pills, which could mean the associated hormonal surges can heighten the risk of developing the condition. […] If you suffer regularly from flair ups of eczema or hay fever, this could increase the chances of developing geographic tongue.

• #3 Geographic Tongue

  https://www.aaom.com/geographic-tongue

  The cause of geographic tongue is unknown. Several factors have been proposed as possible causes such as emotional stress, psychological factors, habits, allergies, diabetes and hormonal disturbances. However, none of these factors have been conclusively linked to geographic tongue. […] A relationship between geographic tongue and psoriasis (a skin disease) has been reported. Geographic tongue was found to be more frequent in patients with psoriasis. Some consider geographic tongue an oral form of psoriasis.

• #3 Risk factors associated with symptomatic geographic tongue. | JAA

  https://www.dovepress.com/identifying-chili-as-a-risk-factor-for-the-geographic-tongue-a-case-re-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA

  Geographic tongue (GT) is a chronic tongue condition triggered by various factors such as immune reactions, allergies, stress, hereditary factors, and nutritional deficiencies. […] The etiology of GT is still unknown. Several related etiological factors have been proposed, including heredity, psoriasis, allergies, diabetes mellitus, hormonal disorders, nutritional disorders, psychological disorders such as stress, drugs such as oral contraceptives, lichen planus, Down syndrome, and Reiters syndrome. […] Allergies or atopy may be conditions underlying the occurrence of GT, as in this patient. Previous studies have shown that GT is frequently found in patients with allergies. […] Predisposing factors for GT are associated with allergies triggered by the consumption of certain foods, including hot, spicy, salty, and cheese.

• #3 Geographic tongue | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/83/8/565

  Geographic tongue is characterized by circinate, map-like areas of erythema surrounded by well-demarcated scalloped white borders, typically on the dorsum and the lateral borders of the tongue. […] The precise etiology remains obscure. […] Hence, it has been postulated that it represents a form of intra-oral psoriasis. […] The condition is also associated with allergy, stress, diabetes mellitus, and anemia. […] Contrary to previous belief, geographic tongue has been found to have an inverse association with smoking. […] Evaluations to rule out anemia, nutritional deficiencies, and diabetes mellitus can be done if these conditions are suspected, as they are associated with geographic tongue.

• #3 Geographic Tongue – Causes, Treatment and Symptoms | Oral-B UK

  https://www.oralb.co.uk/en-gb/oral-health/conditions/other-oral-health-conditions/geographic-tongue-causes-treatment-symptoms

  There may be a link between developing geographic tongue and having diabetes, especially type 1 diabetes. […] Some people with geographic tongue will feel discomfort or sensitivity when consuming spicy or acidic foods and drinks. […] People who are low on iron, zinc, folic acid, or B vitamins may be more at risk of developing geographic tongue. […] There have been studies around a link between asthma and geographic tongue, which both can flair up due to surroundings. […] Emotional stress and anxiety are possible risk factors for developing geographic tongue. […] Geographic tongue is likely caused by genetics, though emotional stress, allergies, diabetes, and hormones may also play a part in developing the condition.

• #3 Geographic tongue – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_tongue

  Geographic tongue, also known by several other terms, is a condition of the mucous membrane of the tongue, usually on the dorsal surface. […] The cause is unknown, but the condition is entirely benign (importantly, it does not represent oral cancer), and there is no curative treatment. […] The cause is unknown. Geographic tongue does not usually cause any symptoms, and in those cases where there are symptoms, an oral parafunctional habit may be a contributory factor. […] Some suggest that hormonal factors may be involved, because one reported case in a female appeared to vary in severity in correlation with oral contraceptive use. […] People with geographic tongue frequently claim that their condition worsens during periods of psychological stress. […] Geographic tongue is inversely associated with smoking and tobacco use.

• #3 Stress as worsening of the signs and symptoms of the geographic tongue during the COVID-19 pandemic: a pilot study | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-022-02609-0

  Geographic Tongue (GT) is a benign inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology, which is characterized by the loss of epithelium due to the atrophy of filiform papillae. […] The exact cause of atrophy of the tongues papillae in patients with GT remains unknown. […] However, studies show that genetic factors, allergies, vitamin deficiency, psoriasis, stress, and depression may be associated with GT. […] In the present study, 4 participants associated the worsening of their signs and symptoms of GT with the stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Late in the 19th and mid-twentieth centuries, several studies suggested emotional stress as a possible etiological factor associated with GT. […] Recent studies have demonstrated the association of GT to the presence of anxiety, stress, and depression, corroborating the results of this study, where stress was statistically related to the worsening of the symptoms of geographic tongue. […] Therefore, despite the worsening of the apparent symptoms of GT associated with COVID-19 pandemic stress, it is crucial to perform an accurate oral examination and stress evaluation in patients affected by Sars-Cov-2 to understand oral manifestations of this new disease in the world.

• #3 Geographic Tongue: Functional Medicine Solutions

  https://internalhealingandwellnessmd.com/conditions-treated/functional-medicine-approach-to-geographic-tongue/

  Geographic tongue’s exact cause is not well understood, but it is believed to be linked to various factors, including genetic predisposition, nutritional deficiencies, immune system irregularities, and lifestyle factors. […] Understanding these triggers is crucial for managing geographic tongue. Identifying and addressing root causes can lead to significant symptom improvements. This approach requires a comprehensive assessment of each patient’s unique health profile. Potential triggers include: […] Genetic predisposition […] Nutritional deficiencies […] Immune system irregularities […] Stress […] Hormonal changes […] Food allergies or sensitivities.

• #3 What Foods Trigger Geographic Tongue?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_foods_trigger_geographic_tongue/article.htm

  Geographic tongue is a harmless condition that appears on the top and sides of the tongue, forming small, map-like red areas. Foods that may trigger geographic tongue include hot foods and beverages, alcohol, and spicy foods. […] There are no specific causes for geographic tongue. However, experts suggest that it might be linked to genetic inheritance, as it often appears on people who have fissured tongues, a different tongue condition that has strong genetic links. Conditions such as psoriasis may also be linked to geographic tongue. Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease that creates silver-scaled patches on the skin. Other suspected causes for geographic tongue include allergies, juvenile diabetes, and hormonal disturbances. In some cases, even emotional stress may trigger this condition.

• #3 Geographic Tongue – Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/dental-oral-health/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is a condition that produces white patches on the surface of the tongue. […] Medical evidence suggests a few reasons for the occurrence of geographic tongue. They are: […] Hormonal Disturbances: Women who consume oral contraceptive medication have severe alterations in hormonal balance. These alterations might result in the development of the geographic tongue. […] Psoriasis patients have the possibility of getting a geographic tongue. […] Doctors have identified that diabetic patients have an increased occurrence of geographic tongue. This was particularly noted in type 1 diabetes. […] A deficiency in the level of iron, folic acid, zinc, and vitamins like B6 and B12 can cause a geographic tongue. […] A strong correlation between the occurrence of the fissured tongue and geographic tongue was identified. Genetic mutations resulted in these conditions.

• #3 What is the geographic tongue? Causes and treatment – Smile Care Cosmetic Centre

  https://www.smilecareplymouth.co.uk/blog/what-is-the-geographic-tongue-causes-and-treatment/

  In the specialty of oral medicine it is called: benign migratory glossitis what is more commonly known as geographic tongue that comes to be a benign inflammation of the league that presents areas with erythema, despilated areas with well-defined surrounding margins on the dorsal surface, these can appear and disappear within just days. […] The exact cause is not known, although it is known that it occurs more frequently in women and is considered linked to the following systemic pathologies: asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, acne, nutritional or vitamin alterations, stress and / or anxiety they also contribute greatly. […] Geographic tongue is more common in people with asthma. Lithium carbonate has been associated with the development of the geographic tongue. There is a fourfold increase in geographic tongue with patients who have juvenile diabetes.

• #3 Geographic tongue – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/geographic-tongue/symptoms-causes/syc-20354396

  Geographic tongue results from the loss of tiny hairlike structures on your tongue’s surface. These structures are called papillae. The cause of geographic tongue is not known, and there’s no way to prevent it. There may be a link between geographic tongue and other conditions, such as psoriasis. This is a skin disease that causes a rash with itchy, scaly patches. But more research is needed to learn about possible connections to other health conditions. […] Geographic tongue is an inflammatory but harmless condition affecting the surface of the tongue. […] Geographic tongue is harmless, but it can sometimes be uncomfortable. It does not pose a threat to your health, cause long-term complications or raise your risk of major health problems.

• #4 Geographic Tongue: Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is estimated to occur in about 1 to 3 percent of the population. […] Researchers do not know exactly why geographic tongue develops, but certain people may be more likely to develop it than others. These people typically have a disease or condition that increases their risk. […] Celiac disease is an abnormal allergy to gluten that causes serious digestive problems. A 2016 study found that 15% of study participants with geographic tongue tested positive for celiac disease. […] People with psoriasis are more likely to develop geographic tongue, and some experts think geographic tongue is an oral form of psoriasis. […] This inflammatory condition causes bumps and lesions on the surface of the skin or inside the mouth. A geographic tongue may be the oral form of this condition.

• #4 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue is a benign chronic relapsing recurring inflammatory condition of the oral cavity of unknown etiology. […] The etiology of geographic tongue remains largely unknown; however, a few theories have been proposed. Psychosomatic and hereditary factors have been suggested to have a role in the etiology of geographic tongue. […] A possible role of familial and hereditary factors has been suggested. […] A polygenetic inheritance model has been proposed regarding the etiology of this disorder.

• #4 Paediatric geographic tongue (5year old boy): A case report with review of literature – JDPO

  https://www.jdpo.org/html-article/18143

  Geographic tongue often develops throughout childhood and affects between 1 and 2.5 percent of people worldwide. […] Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis, is a chronic, immune-mediated, inflammatory illness. […] Geographic tongue’s aetiology is unclear, but in youngsters, environmental allergens may play a role. Other symptoms linked to this pathology include vitamin B deficiency, a food trigger like cheese, congenital abnormality, asthma, rhinitis, and systemic illnesses like psoriasis, anaemia, digestive problems, candidiasis, lichen planus, hormone imbalance, and psychological issues. […] The prevalence of benign migrating glossitis is believed to be 2% in the general population and to increase to 9% in psoriasis patients. […] Although a biopsy may be necessary, the diagnosis is typically made clinically. […] The geographic tongue condition is still without a permanent remedy. Among the choices, corticosteroids are thought to be the most effective.

• #4 Geographic Tongue: Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/geographic-tongue

  Having too little vitamin B can cause inflammation, swelling, and other symptoms on the tongue. Specifically, B6, B12, and folate (B9) deficiencies have been associated with geographic tongue. […] Deficiencies in vitamin D, zinc, and iron have also been linked to geographic tongue. […] Pregnant people go through a lot of hormonal changes, and the growing fetus takes a lot of nutrients from your body. This can make you deficient in certain vitamins, and you may experience symptoms similar to those of a geographic tongue.

• #4 Geographic Tongue | DrGreene

  https://www.drgreene.com/qa-articles/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is a marvelous, descriptive name for one of the most common medical conditions of the tongue. […] We still do not know exactly what causes geographic tongue, but we do know that it strongly tends to run in families. Geographic tongue has polygenic inheritance it is associated with several different genes. […] It has been most closely linked to psoriasis, and is notably more common in those who have psoriasis. […] Geographic tongue is also significantly more common in people who are sensitive to the environment those with allergies, eczema, and/or asthma. […] It is also four times more common in those with diabetes. […] In young women with geographic tongue who are also taking oral contraceptives, the geographic tongue is worst on day 17 of the cycle. This suggests that hormone levels probably play a role. […] Perhaps there is even some truth to the unproven belief that stress can trigger geographic tongue. […] Weaker links have been reported to anemia, seborrhea, and eating spicy foods. […] In the future we may know more about geographic tongue, what causes it, and why it recurs.

• #4 Geographic Tongue – Causes, Treatment and Symptoms | Oral-B UK

  https://www.oralb.co.uk/en-gb/oral-health/conditions/other-oral-health-conditions/geographic-tongue-causes-treatment-symptoms

  There may be a link between developing geographic tongue and having diabetes, especially type 1 diabetes. […] Some people with geographic tongue will feel discomfort or sensitivity when consuming spicy or acidic foods and drinks. […] People who are low on iron, zinc, folic acid, or B vitamins may be more at risk of developing geographic tongue. […] There have been studies around a link between asthma and geographic tongue, which both can flair up due to surroundings. […] Emotional stress and anxiety are possible risk factors for developing geographic tongue. […] Geographic tongue is likely caused by genetics, though emotional stress, allergies, diabetes, and hormones may also play a part in developing the condition.

• #4 Risk factors associated with symptomatic geographic tongue. | JAA

  https://www.dovepress.com/identifying-chili-as-a-risk-factor-for-the-geographic-tongue-a-case-re-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA

  Geographic tongue (GT) is a chronic tongue condition triggered by various factors such as immune reactions, allergies, stress, hereditary factors, and nutritional deficiencies. […] The etiology of GT is still unknown. Several related etiological factors have been proposed, including heredity, psoriasis, allergies, diabetes mellitus, hormonal disorders, nutritional disorders, psychological disorders such as stress, drugs such as oral contraceptives, lichen planus, Down syndrome, and Reiters syndrome. […] Allergies or atopy may be conditions underlying the occurrence of GT, as in this patient. Previous studies have shown that GT is frequently found in patients with allergies. […] Predisposing factors for GT are associated with allergies triggered by the consumption of certain foods, including hot, spicy, salty, and cheese.

• #4 Geographic Tongue – No Cause For Alarm

  https://www.deardoctor.com/inside-the-magazine/issue-26/geographic-tongue/

  Geographic tongue often runs in families, and although it can occur at any age, it tends to affect mostly middle-aged adults. […] Several factors have been proposed as possible triggers including emotional stress, psychological issues and hormonal disturbances. However, none of these factors have been conclusively linked to it. […] Zinc or vitamin B deficiencies may also be a factor in those affected. […] In addition, a relationship has been reported between geographic tongue and psoriasis (a common skin condition characterized by patchy redness and scaling). […] Foods with high levels of acidity, such as tomatoes and citrus fruits, tend to aggravate geographic tongue, as do eggplant, mint, and hot and spicy foods. […] Astringent substances, such as alcohol or mouthwashes, are also irritants that can aggravate it.

• #4 Factors associated with geographic tongue and fissured tongue | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2016.491

  Despite this study being of cross-sectional design, these investigators concur with others in suggesting that some subjects with geographic tongue go on to develop fissured tongue. […] But then as stated in the introduction of the article, the investigators cite others who have reported that the causes of geographic tongue and fissured tongue differ; for example, stress and fungal infections have been linked with geographic tongue, whereas psoriasis and orofacial granulomatosis have been linked with a fissured tongue. […] The key finding was that both anti-hypertensive medications and consumption of Swedish snus (moist powder tobacco, placed under the upper lip for extended periods, the sale of which is illegal in the EU, except Sweden) were associated with geographic tongue.

• #4 Geographic tongue – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_tongue

  Some studies have reported a link between geographic tongue and psoriasis, although 90% of children who are diagnosed with geographic tongue do not develop psoriasis. […] Again however, modern research studies do not support any link between psoriasis and geographic tongue. […] Geographic tongue (GT) is a lesion with an unknown origin. However, it has been reported more frequently in people with psoriasis, history of allergies, asthma and rhinitis. […] Studies have also suggested that psychological/psychiatric factors, diabetes, gastrointestinal diseases and haematological disorders may predispose to GT however, more studies with a larger cohort are needed to determine if GT could be an oral manifestation of a systemic disease. […] There is strong evidence to support a high prevalence of celiac disease and iron-deficiency anaemia in patients with GT.

• #4 Geographic Tongue: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21177-geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is a noncancerous condition that causes smooth reddish, patches on your tongue. […] Geographic tongue is a noncancerous condition that creates patches of smooth, reddish skin on your tongue. […] Geographic tongue is benign, meaning it doesnt spread. […] Healthcare providers arent sure what causes the condition. […] They believe people with certain diseases are more likely to develop geographic tongue. […] People who dont get enough zinc, iron, folic acid and vitamins B6 and B12 from their daily diet may have an increased risk of developing geographic tongue. […] Healthcare providers arent sure what causes geographic tongue, but they believe people with certain conditions, like diabetes or skin issues, have increased risk of developing geographic tongue. […] No, geographic tongue is a noncancerous disorder that doesnt become oral cancer.

• #5 Geographic tongue – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_tongue

  Sometimes geographic tongue is said to run in families, and it is reported to be associated with several different genes, though studies show family association may also be caused by similar diets. […] Some have reported links with various human leukocyte antigens, such as increased incidence of HLA-DR5, HLA-DRW6 and HLA-Cw6 and decreased incidence in HLA-B51. […] Vitamin B2 deficiency (ariboflavinosis) can cause several signs in the mouth, possibly including geographic tongue, although other sources state that geographic tongue is not related to nutritional deficiency. […] In the past, some research suggested that geographic tongue was associated with diabetes, seborrheic dermatitis and atopy, however newer research does not corroborate these findings. […] Others suggest allergy as a major factor, e.g. to nickel sulphate.

• #5 Paediatric geographic tongue (5year old boy): A case report with review of literature – JDPO

  https://www.jdpo.org/html-article/18143

  Geographic tongue often develops throughout childhood and affects between 1 and 2.5 percent of people worldwide. […] Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis, is a chronic, immune-mediated, inflammatory illness. […] Geographic tongue’s aetiology is unclear, but in youngsters, environmental allergens may play a role. Other symptoms linked to this pathology include vitamin B deficiency, a food trigger like cheese, congenital abnormality, asthma, rhinitis, and systemic illnesses like psoriasis, anaemia, digestive problems, candidiasis, lichen planus, hormone imbalance, and psychological issues. […] The prevalence of benign migrating glossitis is believed to be 2% in the general population and to increase to 9% in psoriasis patients. […] Although a biopsy may be necessary, the diagnosis is typically made clinically. […] The geographic tongue condition is still without a permanent remedy. Among the choices, corticosteroids are thought to be the most effective.

• #5 Geographic Tongue – Causes, Treatment and Symptoms | Oral-B UK

  https://www.oralb.co.uk/en-gb/oral-health/conditions/other-oral-health-conditions/geographic-tongue-causes-treatment-symptoms

  There may be a link between developing geographic tongue and having diabetes, especially type 1 diabetes. […] Some people with geographic tongue will feel discomfort or sensitivity when consuming spicy or acidic foods and drinks. […] People who are low on iron, zinc, folic acid, or B vitamins may be more at risk of developing geographic tongue. […] There have been studies around a link between asthma and geographic tongue, which both can flair up due to surroundings. […] Emotional stress and anxiety are possible risk factors for developing geographic tongue. […] Geographic tongue is likely caused by genetics, though emotional stress, allergies, diabetes, and hormones may also play a part in developing the condition.

• #5 Geographic Tongue – Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/dental-oral-health/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is a condition that produces white patches on the surface of the tongue. […] Medical evidence suggests a few reasons for the occurrence of geographic tongue. They are: […] Hormonal Disturbances: Women who consume oral contraceptive medication have severe alterations in hormonal balance. These alterations might result in the development of the geographic tongue. […] Psoriasis patients have the possibility of getting a geographic tongue. […] Doctors have identified that diabetic patients have an increased occurrence of geographic tongue. This was particularly noted in type 1 diabetes. […] A deficiency in the level of iron, folic acid, zinc, and vitamins like B6 and B12 can cause a geographic tongue. […] A strong correlation between the occurrence of the fissured tongue and geographic tongue was identified. Genetic mutations resulted in these conditions.

• #5 Geographic Tongue | Geographic Stomatitis – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/geographic-tongue.htm

  Pregnant women are at a higher risk of getting this condition. Studies show that higher levels of sex hormones present during pregnancy are etiological factors for geographical tongue and other mucosal conditions. The level of sex hormones was maximum during the third trimester and the incidence of geographical tongue was also highest during the same period. […] Certain psychological conditions are associated with geographical tongue with scientists finding salivary markers for the same. […] Acid reflux that enters the mouth from stomach can trigger geographic tongue in some individuals.

• #5 What is Geographic Tongue? – Oral-B

  https://oralb.com/en-us/oral-health/conditions/geographic-tongue

  If you suffer regularly from flair ups of eczema or hay fever, this could increase the chances of developing geographic tongue. […] There may be a link between developing geographic tongue and having diabetes, especially type 1 diabetes. […] Some people with geographic tongue will feel discomfort or sensitivity when consuming spicy or acidic foods and drinks. […] People who are low on iron, zinc, folic acid, or B vitamins may be more at risk of developing geographic tongue. […] There have been studies around a link between asthma and geographic tongue, which both can flair up due to surroundings. […] Emotional stress and anxiety are possible risk factors for developing geographic tongue.

• #5 Risk factors associated with symptomatic geographic tongue. | JAA

  https://www.dovepress.com/identifying-chili-as-a-risk-factor-for-the-geographic-tongue-a-case-re-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA

  In this case, GT was triggered by allergies, supported by blood test results showing an elevated eosinophil count of 4%, a total IgE of 698 IU/mL (six times the standard value), and a positive prick test for chili. […] Chili allergy is rare, which is the uniqueness of this case. It presents with tongue lesions and a persistent burning sensation. […] Therefore, identifying risk factors is required to improve the quality of life for GT patients. […] Identifying risk factors, such as chili as an allergen, plays an important role in making a diagnosis and providing appropriate therapy for symptomatic geographic tongue patients.

• #5 Geographic Tongue – No Cause For Alarm

  https://www.deardoctor.com/inside-the-magazine/issue-26/geographic-tongue/

  Geographic tongue often runs in families, and although it can occur at any age, it tends to affect mostly middle-aged adults. […] Several factors have been proposed as possible triggers including emotional stress, psychological issues and hormonal disturbances. However, none of these factors have been conclusively linked to it. […] Zinc or vitamin B deficiencies may also be a factor in those affected. […] In addition, a relationship has been reported between geographic tongue and psoriasis (a common skin condition characterized by patchy redness and scaling). […] Foods with high levels of acidity, such as tomatoes and citrus fruits, tend to aggravate geographic tongue, as do eggplant, mint, and hot and spicy foods. […] Astringent substances, such as alcohol or mouthwashes, are also irritants that can aggravate it.

• #5 Stay connected

  https://www.dentalhealth.org/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is a common condition. […] It happens because of the way the old’ surface of the tongue replaces itself. […] The red areas, because they are thin, can sometimes become infected with thrush (candida) and so feel sore. […] It is not something that you can pass on to other people but it can run in families. […] As the red patches are thin and raw, they tend to be painful when you eat acidic things like citrus fruit or spicy foods – especially chillies. […] Unfortunately, there is no treatment. […] Geographic tongue will never become cancerous, but you will have to learn to live with it.

• #5 Geographic tongue

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/g/geographic-tongue/

  Geographic tongue is an inflammatory but harmless condition affecting the surface of your tongue. […] The cause of geographic tongue is unknown, and there’s no way to prevent the condition. There may be a link between geographic tongue and psoriasis and between geographic tongue and lichen planus. But more research is needed to better understand possible connections. […] Factors that are likely associated with an increased risk include: Family history. Some people with geographic tongue have a family history of the disorder, so inherited genetic factors may increase risk. […] Geographic tongue is a benign condition. It doesn’t pose a threat to your health, cause long-term complications or increase your risk of major health problems.

• #6 Geographic tongue – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_tongue

  Sometimes geographic tongue is said to run in families, and it is reported to be associated with several different genes, though studies show family association may also be caused by similar diets. […] Some have reported links with various human leukocyte antigens, such as increased incidence of HLA-DR5, HLA-DRW6 and HLA-Cw6 and decreased incidence in HLA-B51. […] Vitamin B2 deficiency (ariboflavinosis) can cause several signs in the mouth, possibly including geographic tongue, although other sources state that geographic tongue is not related to nutritional deficiency. […] In the past, some research suggested that geographic tongue was associated with diabetes, seborrheic dermatitis and atopy, however newer research does not corroborate these findings. […] Others suggest allergy as a major factor, e.g. to nickel sulphate.

• #6 Geographic tongue – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_tongue

  Some studies have reported a link between geographic tongue and psoriasis, although 90% of children who are diagnosed with geographic tongue do not develop psoriasis. […] Again however, modern research studies do not support any link between psoriasis and geographic tongue. […] Geographic tongue (GT) is a lesion with an unknown origin. However, it has been reported more frequently in people with psoriasis, history of allergies, asthma and rhinitis. […] Studies have also suggested that psychological/psychiatric factors, diabetes, gastrointestinal diseases and haematological disorders may predispose to GT however, more studies with a larger cohort are needed to determine if GT could be an oral manifestation of a systemic disease. […] There is strong evidence to support a high prevalence of celiac disease and iron-deficiency anaemia in patients with GT.

• #6 Geographic Tongue | DrGreene

  https://www.drgreene.com/qa-articles/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is a marvelous, descriptive name for one of the most common medical conditions of the tongue. […] We still do not know exactly what causes geographic tongue, but we do know that it strongly tends to run in families. Geographic tongue has polygenic inheritance it is associated with several different genes. […] It has been most closely linked to psoriasis, and is notably more common in those who have psoriasis. […] Geographic tongue is also significantly more common in people who are sensitive to the environment those with allergies, eczema, and/or asthma. […] It is also four times more common in those with diabetes. […] In young women with geographic tongue who are also taking oral contraceptives, the geographic tongue is worst on day 17 of the cycle. This suggests that hormone levels probably play a role. […] Perhaps there is even some truth to the unproven belief that stress can trigger geographic tongue. […] Weaker links have been reported to anemia, seborrhea, and eating spicy foods. […] In the future we may know more about geographic tongue, what causes it, and why it recurs.

• #6 What Foods Trigger Geographic Tongue?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_foods_trigger_geographic_tongue/article.htm

  Because there is no definite evidence settling specific causes for geographic tongue, its hard to pinpoint which food may be able to cause it. However, some experts believe that foods that cause irritation may be a starting point for this condition. […] Its suspected that zinc deficiency may be related to this condition. Zinc plays a crucial role in wound healing and reconstructing the papillae of the tongue. Lacking this mineral can cause atrophies on the tongue, such as geographic tongue.

• #6

  https://www.teethtalkgirl.com/dental-health/geographic-tongue/

  It’s thought that certain conditions may make a person more likely to develop geographic tongue. […] Geographic tongue may run in families, indicating a possible genetic link. […] People with psoriasis, eczema, or other inflammatory skin conditions may be more likely to develop geographic tongue. […] Geographic tongue is more common in women than in men. […] Geographic tongue is more common in middle-aged adults but it can occur at any age, including in children. […] People who smoke or consume alcohol may be more likely to develop geographic tongue than people who dont.

• #6 Stress as worsening of the signs and symptoms of the geographic tongue during the COVID-19 pandemic: a pilot study | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-022-02609-0

  Geographic Tongue (GT) is a benign inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology, which is characterized by the loss of epithelium due to the atrophy of filiform papillae. […] The exact cause of atrophy of the tongues papillae in patients with GT remains unknown. […] However, studies show that genetic factors, allergies, vitamin deficiency, psoriasis, stress, and depression may be associated with GT. […] In the present study, 4 participants associated the worsening of their signs and symptoms of GT with the stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Late in the 19th and mid-twentieth centuries, several studies suggested emotional stress as a possible etiological factor associated with GT. […] Recent studies have demonstrated the association of GT to the presence of anxiety, stress, and depression, corroborating the results of this study, where stress was statistically related to the worsening of the symptoms of geographic tongue. […] Therefore, despite the worsening of the apparent symptoms of GT associated with COVID-19 pandemic stress, it is crucial to perform an accurate oral examination and stress evaluation in patients affected by Sars-Cov-2 to understand oral manifestations of this new disease in the world.

• #6 Risk factors associated with symptomatic geographic tongue. | JAA

  https://www.dovepress.com/identifying-chili-as-a-risk-factor-for-the-geographic-tongue-a-case-re-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA

  In this case, GT was triggered by allergies, supported by blood test results showing an elevated eosinophil count of 4%, a total IgE of 698 IU/mL (six times the standard value), and a positive prick test for chili. […] Chili allergy is rare, which is the uniqueness of this case. It presents with tongue lesions and a persistent burning sensation. […] Therefore, identifying risk factors is required to improve the quality of life for GT patients. […] Identifying risk factors, such as chili as an allergen, plays an important role in making a diagnosis and providing appropriate therapy for symptomatic geographic tongue patients.

• #6 All You Need To Know About Geographic Tongue! –

  https://hpsdental.com/all-you-need-to-know-about-geographic-tongue/

  Geographic tongue occurs when your tongue’s old surface replaces itself. […] Your tongue’s outermost layer fails to evenly come out. […] And in some areas, sections of the skin surface come away so soon that they leave behind a red and sore area that looks like a scratch on the affected skin. […] Because they are relatively thin, the red sections might become infected with candida, or thrush and will become sore as a result. […] However, it can potentially run in families. It is not an infection though. […] Currently, there is no treatment option for geographic tongue. […] Most importantly, it is important to reiterate that geographic tongue will never develop into cancer!

• #7 Geographic Tongue | What it is, Causes, Symptoms and Treatments – KIN

  https://www.kin.es/en/patologias/lengua-geografica/

  Benign migratory glossitis, commonly known as „geographic tongue”, is a chronic or acute inflammation of the tongue that appears discolored, swollen and painful to the point of making activities such as chewing, speaking or even breathing difficult. […] Although migratory glossitis was first described more than 150 years ago, to this day its underlying cause remains unknown. […] It is likely that the geographic tongue has a genetic basis. People with a family history of migratory glossitis may also develop the disease. The reason lies in the transmission of certain genes that are probably involved in the development of the disease, some research has observed an increase of the leukocyte antigens DR5 and DRW6 in patients with migratory glossitis. […] The causes of this type of inflammation are still unknown. However, it has recently been discovered that geographic tongue has a genetic cause: the reason lies in the transmission of certain genes that are probably involved in the development of the disease.

• #7 Treatment Strategies for Geographic Tongue – Decisions in Dentistry

  https://decisionsindentistry.com/article/treatment-strategies-geographic-tongue/

  Dental professionals should be aware of the etiology and pathogenesis, treatment, and oral health considerations for this pathosis. […] Identify the etiology and pathogenesis of geographic tongue (GT). […] While the etiology for GT is unknown, a number of etiological factors have been suggested. A hereditary tendency had been reported in previous studies investigating siblings of a parent affected by GT, while a more recent study of 5-year-old monozygotic twins with GT supported a genetic etiology. […] This condition has also been associated with systemic diseases, including atopy, allergy, asthma, stress, eczema, psoriasis, hormonal changes, vitamin deficiencies, and syndromes such as Reiter syndrome and Down syndrome. […] Controversy exists concerning the association between GT and psoriasis.

• #7 Geographic Tongue: Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is estimated to occur in about 1 to 3 percent of the population. […] Researchers do not know exactly why geographic tongue develops, but certain people may be more likely to develop it than others. These people typically have a disease or condition that increases their risk. […] Celiac disease is an abnormal allergy to gluten that causes serious digestive problems. A 2016 study found that 15% of study participants with geographic tongue tested positive for celiac disease. […] People with psoriasis are more likely to develop geographic tongue, and some experts think geographic tongue is an oral form of psoriasis. […] This inflammatory condition causes bumps and lesions on the surface of the skin or inside the mouth. A geographic tongue may be the oral form of this condition.

• #7 Geographic tongue – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_tongue

  Sometimes geographic tongue is said to run in families, and it is reported to be associated with several different genes, though studies show family association may also be caused by similar diets. […] Some have reported links with various human leukocyte antigens, such as increased incidence of HLA-DR5, HLA-DRW6 and HLA-Cw6 and decreased incidence in HLA-B51. […] Vitamin B2 deficiency (ariboflavinosis) can cause several signs in the mouth, possibly including geographic tongue, although other sources state that geographic tongue is not related to nutritional deficiency. […] In the past, some research suggested that geographic tongue was associated with diabetes, seborrheic dermatitis and atopy, however newer research does not corroborate these findings. […] Others suggest allergy as a major factor, e.g. to nickel sulphate.

• #7 Geographic Tongue: Causes, Symptoms & Care | Oral Care

  https://sherwoodparkdental.ca/geographic-tongue-causes-symptoms-and-care/

  The exact cause of migratory glossitis is not known, but according to the National Organization for Rare Diseases (NORD), the map-like appearance of the tongue is the result of inflammation. […] NORD reports that migratory glossitis occurs in about 3% of the population, with females being more prone to it than males. […] It seems to run in families, so there may be a genetic link.

• #8 Treatment Strategies for Geographic Tongue – Decisions in Dentistry

  https://decisionsindentistry.com/article/treatment-strategies-geographic-tongue/

  Vitamin deficiency has been considered as a potential etiology for GT; specifically, vitamin D, B6, B12, folic acid, iron and zinc deficiencies have been suggested as contributing factors. […] Hormonal changes have been considered as a potential etiology for GT. […] Psychological factors, such as stress and anxiety, may play a role in the etiology of GT. […] While the etiology of GT remains unknown, recent studies have revealed varying insights into the pathophysiology of this inflammatory disease. […] Discussions regarding genetic implications in the pathophysiology of GT have also been explored. A mutation in the IL36RN gene was detected in a three-generational family with GT.

• #8 Celiac Disease and Geographic Tongue | BeyondCeliac.org

  https://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/related-conditions/geographic-tongue/

  Geographic tongue, also known as migratory glossitis, is a harmless inflammatory condition characterized by “bald patches” on the tongue. It doesn’t have many symptoms and isn’t associated with infections, nor is it contagious. […] Geographic tongue can affect anyone of any age or race. It often runs in families, which suggests that there’s a genetic component to this condition. […] There is little research into this condition, but one study did find that 15% of those with geographic tongue tested positive for celiac disease. This is higher than the ~1% of the general population that develops celiac disease, suggesting a connection between the two conditions. Geographic tongue is also associated with psoriasis, which, like celiac disease, is an autoimmune condition.

• #9 Geographic Tongue: Causes, Symptoms And Care | Colgate®

  https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/mouth-sores-and-infections/geographic-tongue-causes-symptoms-and-care

  Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis, causes the surface of your tongue to have an irregular, patch-like appearance. This condition gets its distinct name from the fact the patches can look similar to a geographic map. […] The National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences notes that the cause of geographic tongue is unknown. This condition may be linked to psoriasis and lichen planus, though the connection is not well understood. […] Doctors estimate that 3% of people suffer from geographic tongue, according to the Cleveland Clinic. People of every age, gender, and ethnicity are susceptible. […] Geographic tongue often co-occurs in those with: Family history of the condition, Stress, Fissured tongue, Reactive arthritis (also known as Reiter’s syndrome), Psoriasis, Hormonal volatility, Vitamin shortages, Diabetes, especially type 1, Allergies or eczema. […] If you do experience geographic tongue, remember that it’s benign, requires no treatment, and doesn’t lead to other health problems.

• #10 Geographic Tongue: Causes, Symptoms and Care

  https://www.colgate.com/en-in/oral-health/mouth-sores-and-infections/geographic-tongue–causes–symptoms-and-care

  Geographic Tongue: Causes and Symptoms […] The exact cause of migratory glossitis is not known, the map-like appearance of the tongue is the result of inflammation. […] It seems to run in families, so there may be a genetic link. People with a fissured tongue, a condition where the tongue is deeply grooved and has a wrinkled appearance, may also have a higher risk of developing this migratory glossitis, as can those who have a vitamin B deficiency or have the inflammatory skin disease, psoriasis. […] Even though there are certain disorders that often occur along with geographic tongue – hormonal disturbances, emotional stress, juvenile diabetes, allergies and Reiter’s syndrome – there is no real proof that they play a role in causing it. […] Geographic tongue cannot be prevented or cured.

• #11 Paediatric geographic tongue (5year old boy): A case report with review of literature – JDPO

  https://www.jdpo.org/html-article/18143

  Geographic tongue often develops throughout childhood and affects between 1 and 2.5 percent of people worldwide. […] Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis, is a chronic, immune-mediated, inflammatory illness. […] Geographic tongue’s aetiology is unclear, but in youngsters, environmental allergens may play a role. Other symptoms linked to this pathology include vitamin B deficiency, a food trigger like cheese, congenital abnormality, asthma, rhinitis, and systemic illnesses like psoriasis, anaemia, digestive problems, candidiasis, lichen planus, hormone imbalance, and psychological issues. […] The prevalence of benign migrating glossitis is believed to be 2% in the general population and to increase to 9% in psoriasis patients. […] Although a biopsy may be necessary, the diagnosis is typically made clinically. […] The geographic tongue condition is still without a permanent remedy. Among the choices, corticosteroids are thought to be the most effective.

• #12 Treatment Strategies for Geographic Tongue – Decisions in Dentistry

  https://decisionsindentistry.com/article/treatment-strategies-geographic-tongue/

  Dental professionals should be aware of the etiology and pathogenesis, treatment, and oral health considerations for this pathosis. […] Identify the etiology and pathogenesis of geographic tongue (GT). […] While the etiology for GT is unknown, a number of etiological factors have been suggested. A hereditary tendency had been reported in previous studies investigating siblings of a parent affected by GT, while a more recent study of 5-year-old monozygotic twins with GT supported a genetic etiology. […] This condition has also been associated with systemic diseases, including atopy, allergy, asthma, stress, eczema, psoriasis, hormonal changes, vitamin deficiencies, and syndromes such as Reiter syndrome and Down syndrome. […] Controversy exists concerning the association between GT and psoriasis.

• #13 Geographic Tongue: Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is estimated to occur in about 1 to 3 percent of the population. […] Researchers do not know exactly why geographic tongue develops, but certain people may be more likely to develop it than others. These people typically have a disease or condition that increases their risk. […] Celiac disease is an abnormal allergy to gluten that causes serious digestive problems. A 2016 study found that 15% of study participants with geographic tongue tested positive for celiac disease. […] People with psoriasis are more likely to develop geographic tongue, and some experts think geographic tongue is an oral form of psoriasis. […] This inflammatory condition causes bumps and lesions on the surface of the skin or inside the mouth. A geographic tongue may be the oral form of this condition.

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