Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue is a benign chronic relapsing recurring inflammatory condition of the oral cavity of unknown etiology. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of geographic tongue and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating this condition. […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features. […] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases. […] Geographic tongue usually does not require any treatment if asymptomatic. […] For symptomatic lesions, topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, cyclosporine, vitamin A, zinc, acetaminophen, topical tacrolimus have been shown to be effective. […] Geographic tongue is a benign usually asymptomatic condition with a good prognosis.

• #1 Geographic tongue (Benign migratory glossitis): An Overview with Images — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is a benign oral inflammatory condition characterised by loss of epithelium, particularly of the filiform papillae on the dorsum of the tongue. […] The diagnosis of geographic tongue is based on clinical examination of the tongue and the patient history. Routine laboratory tests are usually normal. […] There is no cure for geographic tongue. Usually, no treatment is required apart from reassurance.

• #1 Geographic tongue: Causes, pictures, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319342

  Geographic tongue may go undetected for months or years. Often a dentist or doctor discovers the condition during a routine oral examination. […] A doctor or dentist may diagnose geographic tongue. This is most commonly done through a simple examination of the tongue and mouth. They may: check for signs of illness, such as swollen glands, fever, or other symptoms; look at the tongue under a light; poke the tongue to check for unusual-feeling tissue or tenderness; ask someone to move their tongue to examine it better. […] In some cases, a doctor may order additional tests if they suspect the condition is not geographic tongue.

• #1 Geographic Tongue Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078465-clinical

  Patients with geographic tongue (benign migratory glossitis) may present with a burning sensation or an irritation of the tongue noted with hot or spicy foods. […] They may report that the discomfort waxes and wanes over time, and they routinely state that the lesions affect different areas of the tongue at different times. […] Patients are occasionally concerned about a diagnosis of oral cancer, which prompts them to be evaluated despite having noted these lesions over a period of many years. […] The tongue exhibits a well-demarcated area of erythema, primarily affecting the dorsum and often extending to involve the lateral borders of the tongue. […] Within the area of erythema, the normal tongue architecture is effaced, with loss of the filiform papillae and atrophy of the overlying mucosa. […] Surrounding this area of erythema is a well-defined, hyperkeratotic, yellow-white border with an irregular serpiginous outline. […] Similar lesions may be present concurrently on other aspects of the tongue or at other mucosal sites, including the floor of the mouth and the cheek mucosa.

• #1 Paediatric geographic tongue (5year old boy): A case report with review of literature – JDPO

  https://www.jdpo.org/html-article/18143

  Geographic tongue often develops throughout childhood and affects between 1 and 2.5 percent of people worldwide. […] Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis, is a chronic, immune-mediated, inflammatory illness. […] It is a benign, inflammatory condition that most frequently affects the tongue’s dorsum and may spread to its lateral edges. […] The loss of filiform papillae and thinning of the epithelium are represented by the erythematous patches. […] On further oral examination, it was diagnosed that the patient has geographic tongue, and the patient and his parents are not aware of it. […] The tongue had atrophic or depapillated patches on the dorsum or lateral border of the tongue. […] Geographic tongue often develops throughout childhood and affects between 1 and 2.5 percent of people worldwide.

• #1 Geographic tongue – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_tongue

  Geographic tongue (GT) is a lesion with an unknown origin. […] Diagnosis of geographic tongue (GT) mainly relies on clinical, intraoral findings. […] A differential diagnosis between oral candidiasis and GT, two similar looking conditions, can be established through a careful and thorough examination. […] Although rare, cytological techniques and biopsies can be done to aid in a clinical diagnosis. […] The differential diagnosis includes oral lichen planus, erythematous candidiasis, leukoplakia, lupus erythematosus, glossitis, and chemical burns. […] Since the appearance and the history of the condition (i.e. migrating areas of depapillation) are so striking, there is rarely any need for biopsy. […] When biopsy is taken, the histopathologic appearance is quite similar to psoriasis.

• #1 Geographic Tongue: Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is where irregular spots or patches appear on the top and sides of the tongue, creating patterns that resemble a map. […] Geographic tongue is very distinct, so a healthcare professional may only need to see your tongue to make a diagnosis. […] To do this, your doctor may use blood tests to look for markers of inflammation, infection, or nutritional deficiencies. […] Rarely, a biopsy of skin may be necessary if the condition does not resolve in a few weeks.

• #1 Geographic tongue: Predisposing factors, diagnosis and treatment. A systematic review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29903400/

  Geographic tongue (GT) is a lesion of unknown origin associated with systemic diseases and therefore involves multidisciplinary care. […] The GT diagnosis was clinical in 98.81% of the cases, and GT displayed an association with psoriasis, allergies and anxiety. […] The diagnosis of GT is mainly clinical. GT is an asymptomatic disorder that usually requires no treatment. Understanding GT is necessary due to the comorbid intraoral and extraoral diseases that accompany the condition.

• #1 Geographic tongue | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/83/8/565

  A previously healthy 35-year-old woman presented with reddish discoloration of her tongue for the past 7 days, accompanied by mild soreness over the area when eating spicy foods. The lesion had also changed shape repeatedly. […] These findings were suggestive of geographic tongue, a benign, self-limiting inflammation. […] Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis and lingual erythema migrans, is commonly seen in daily practice, with a prevalence of 2% to 3% in the general population. […] This condition is characterized by circinate, map-like areas of erythema surrounded by well-demarcated scalloped white borders, typically on the dorsum and the lateral borders of the tongue. […] The precise etiology remains obscure. […] Histopathologically, geographic tongue is characterized by hyperparakeratosis and acanthosis resembling psoriasis. Hence, it has been postulated that it represents a form of intra-oral psoriasis. […] Geographic tongue has a remitting and relapsing course with no complications or permanent sequelae. […] Reassurance is the main treatment.

• #1 Geographic tongue: Causes and treatment | CURAPROX

  https://curaprox.co.za/blog/post/what-can-you-do-to-avoid-or-get-rid-of-geographic-tongue?srsltid=AfmBOorKKqU63xkqYVH2JTlXTlWz47jIV_sCbZ6BYUnONpATkxKOmhqs

  Geographic tongue (also referred to as „lingua geographica”) is not a disease but merely a benign variation in appearance of the top of the tongue. […] Geographic tongue is neither contagious nor dangerous. The condition is common in children and young people. […] Geographic tongue does not usually bleed. If the red patches start to bleed, talk to a health care professional. […] Since geographic tongue is not a disease, it is also not „curable”. It is rather an inflammation of the surface of the tongue that can occur if you are predisposed to developing it and also disappears again on its own. […] Currently, the causes of this condition remain unclear, and its course is unpredictable and varies significantly. […] Emotional stress and psychological issues exacerbate the symptoms and prolong the duration or cause the recurrence of geographic tongue.

• #1 Geographic tongue – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/geographic-tongue/symptoms-causes/syc-20354396

  Geographic tongue is an inflammatory but harmless condition affecting the surface of the tongue. […] Geographic tongue sometimes can cause tongue pain and make you more sensitive to certain foods, such as spices, salt and even sweets. […] Because most people with geographic tongue don’t show symptoms, they won’t need treatment. If you have symptoms, they may be related to a fungal infection, so see your doctor or dentist. In some cases, medicine may be prescribed to help ease symptoms. […] The cause of geographic tongue is not known, and there’s no way to prevent it. […] Geographic tongue is harmless, but it can sometimes be uncomfortable. It does not pose a threat to your health, cause long-term complications or raise your risk of major health problems.

• #1 Common Tongue Conditions in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0301/p627.html

  Although easily examined, abnormalities of the tongue can present a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma for physicians. […] Geographic tongue, fissured tongue, and hairy tongue are the most common tongue problems and do not require treatment. […] The most common tongue condition is geographic tongue, followed by fissured tongue and hairy tongue. […] Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis or erythema migrans, affects 1 to 14 percent of the U.S. population and is of unknown etiology. […] With geographic tongue, the dorsal tongue develops areas of papillary atrophy that appear smooth and are surrounded by raised serpiginous borders. […] The condition is benign and localized, generally requiring no treatment except reassurance. […] Topical steroid gels (e.g., triamcinolone dental paste [Oralone]) and antihistamine mouth rinses (e.g., diphenhydramine elixir [Banophen], 12.5 mg per 5 mL diluted in a 1:4 ratio with water) can reduce tongue sensitivity.

• #1 Geographic Tongue Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/geographic-tongue/2182

  Geographic tongue is characterized by irregular patches on the surface of the tongue. This gives it a map-like appearance. […] The exact cause of geographic tongue is unknown. It may be due to irritation from hot or spicy foods, or alcohol. The condition appears to be less common in smokers. […] Symptoms include: Map-like appearance to the surface of the tongue, Patches that move from day to day, Smooth, red patches and sores (lesions) on the tongue, Soreness and burning pain (in some cases). […] No treatment is needed. Antihistamine gel or steroid- or tacrolimus-containing mouth rinses may help ease discomfort. […] Geographic tongue is a harmless condition. It may be uncomfortable and last for a long time. […] Contact your provider if the symptoms last longer than 10 days. Seek medical help right away if: You have breathing problems, Your tongue is severely swollen, You have problems speaking, chewing, or swallowing. […] Avoid irritating your tongue with hot or spicy food or alcohol if you are prone to this condition.

• #1 Geographic Tongue: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21177-geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is a noncancerous condition that causes smooth reddish, patches on your tongue. Geographic tongue is noncancerous, doesnt cause health issues and doesnt require treatment. […] Geographic tongue is a noncancerous condition that creates patches of smooth, reddish skin on your tongue. Geographic tongue is benign, meaning it doesnt spread. […] Geographic tongue isnt painful and its not serious. But you should talk to a healthcare provider if you notice patches or other changes on your tongue. […] Healthcare providers diagnose geographic tongue by asking about your symptoms, such as whether your tongue hurts or if the patches on your tongue go away and come back. […] Theres no treatment to eliminate geographic tongue, but healthcare providers may recommend medication, including mouthwash with an antihistamine, topical analgesics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). […] No, it cant be cured. Geographic tongue often goes away on its own without treatment, but it can come back. […] No, geographic tongue is a noncancerous disorder that doesnt become oral cancer.

• #1 Geographic Tongue – European Association of Oral Medicine

  https://eaom.eu/education/eaom-handbook/geographic-tongue/

  Geographic tongue is a fairly common, usually painless inflammatory disorder that affects mainly the dorsum of the tongue. […] Diagnosis of geographic tongue is based on the clinical aspect of lesions and patient history and seldom requires histologic confirmation. Geographic tongue should be differentiated from candidiasis, leukoplakia, contact allergy, lichen planus, lupus erythematosus and trauma. Once the diagnosis is made, the patient should be informed about causative factors, the course of the condition and its benign nature.

• #1 Oral Health Considerations for Geographic Tongue – Dimensions of Dental Hygiene

  https://dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com/article/oral-health-considerations-geographic-tongue/

  Another study showed that 25% of patients with geographic tongue had allergy concurrently. […] Controversy exists concerning the association between GT and psoriasis. […] The prognosis for GT is good because the condition is usually benign and asymptomatic. […] Based on the clinical appearance and history, GT is usually diagnostic. […] In most cases, GT is asymptomatic, and, because it is a benign condition, GT does not require any treatment. […] For symptomatic cases of GT, use of topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, cyclosporine, and vitamin A may provide some relief. […] For many cases of GT, an integrated approach to diagnosis and management is important. […] Communication and collaboration with other healthcare practitioners are needed. […] Individuals with GT should also be evaluated for signs of psoriasis and then provided with appropriate referrals. […] As oral health professionals, recommending stress management programs and initiating mental health referrals might be indicated for individuals with GT.

• #2 Geographic tongue (Benign migratory glossitis): An Overview with Images — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is a benign oral inflammatory condition characterised by loss of epithelium, particularly of the filiform papillae on the dorsum of the tongue. […] The diagnosis of geographic tongue is based on clinical examination of the tongue and the patient history. Routine laboratory tests are usually normal. […] There is no cure for geographic tongue. Usually, no treatment is required apart from reassurance.

• #2 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue is a benign chronic relapsing recurring inflammatory condition of the oral cavity of unknown etiology. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of geographic tongue and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating this condition. […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features. […] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases. […] Geographic tongue usually does not require any treatment if asymptomatic. […] For symptomatic lesions, topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, cyclosporine, vitamin A, zinc, acetaminophen, topical tacrolimus have been shown to be effective. […] Geographic tongue is a benign usually asymptomatic condition with a good prognosis.

• #2 Geographic tongue: Causes, pictures, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319342

  Geographic tongue may go undetected for months or years. Often a dentist or doctor discovers the condition during a routine oral examination. […] A doctor or dentist may diagnose geographic tongue. This is most commonly done through a simple examination of the tongue and mouth. They may: check for signs of illness, such as swollen glands, fever, or other symptoms; look at the tongue under a light; poke the tongue to check for unusual-feeling tissue or tenderness; ask someone to move their tongue to examine it better. […] In some cases, a doctor may order additional tests if they suspect the condition is not geographic tongue.

• #2 Fissured, hairy, and geographic tongue – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/702

  Geographic tongue appears as well-demarcated red areas of the dorsal and lateral tongue, with white scalloped borders. Its etiology is unknown and no treatment, other than symptomatic relief, is generally necessary. […] Geographic tongue is a common, benign clinical condition that predominantly affects the lateral margins, the tip, and the dorsal surface of the tongue. Rarely, it may occur at other sites within the mouth, such as the buccal mucosa, the labial mucosa, and the soft palate. Geographic tongue presents as well-delineated areas of erythema with raised white circinate edges. […] well-demarcated areas of erythema on the dorsal tongue (geographic tongue) […] atrophic red central zone within patches (geographic tongue) […] lesions that seem to migrate (geographic tongue)

• #2 Fissured, hairy, and geographic tongue – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/702

  Geographic tongue appears as well-demarcated red areas of the dorsal and lateral tongue, with white scalloped borders. […] Geographic tongue is a common, benign clinical condition that predominantly affects the lateral margins, the tip, and the dorsal surface of the tongue. Rarely, it may occur at other sites within the mouth, such as the buccal mucosa, labial mucosa, and soft palate. Geographic tongue presents as well-delineated areas of erythema with raised white circinate edges. […] well-demarcated areas of erythema on the dorsal tongue (geographic tongue) […] atrophic red central zone within patches (geographic tongue) […] lesions that seem to migrate (geographic tongue)

• #2 Geographic Tongue Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078465-clinical

  Patients with geographic tongue (benign migratory glossitis) may present with a burning sensation or an irritation of the tongue noted with hot or spicy foods. […] They may report that the discomfort waxes and wanes over time, and they routinely state that the lesions affect different areas of the tongue at different times. […] Patients are occasionally concerned about a diagnosis of oral cancer, which prompts them to be evaluated despite having noted these lesions over a period of many years. […] The tongue exhibits a well-demarcated area of erythema, primarily affecting the dorsum and often extending to involve the lateral borders of the tongue. […] Within the area of erythema, the normal tongue architecture is effaced, with loss of the filiform papillae and atrophy of the overlying mucosa. […] Surrounding this area of erythema is a well-defined, hyperkeratotic, yellow-white border with an irregular serpiginous outline. […] Similar lesions may be present concurrently on other aspects of the tongue or at other mucosal sites, including the floor of the mouth and the cheek mucosa.

• #2 Geographic Tongue Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078465-differential

  In addition to the conditions listed below, differentials for geographic tongue include contact stomatitis of the tongue. Contact stomatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the oral mucosa arising from contact with irritants or allergens; it usually resolves with identification and removal of the causative agent. […] Differential Diagnoses include Cancers of the Oral Mucosa, Chemical Burns, Fissured Tongue, Lichen Planus, Mucosal Candidiasis, and Plaque Psoriasis.

• #2 Geographic tongue // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is an inflammatory but harmless condition affecting the surface of the tongue. […] Your physician or dentist usually can diagnose geographic tongue by looking at your tongue and going over your symptoms. […] Some symptoms of geographic tongue may look like other conditions, such as oral lichen planus. This condition appears as lacy white patches in the mouth sometimes with painful sores. So some conditions might need to be ruled out before making a diagnosis.

• #2 Geographic Tongue: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is a condition that causes red patches to form on your tongue or in other areas of your mouth. […] Geographic tongue can happen at any age, but its more likely in young adults. […] Your dentist or doctor will ask about your symptoms and look at your mouth and tongue. During the exam, your doctor might: […] You may need tests to rule out other medical conditions.

• #2 Geographic tongue | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/83/8/565

  A previously healthy 35-year-old woman presented with reddish discoloration of her tongue for the past 7 days, accompanied by mild soreness over the area when eating spicy foods. The lesion had also changed shape repeatedly. […] These findings were suggestive of geographic tongue, a benign, self-limiting inflammation. […] Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis and lingual erythema migrans, is commonly seen in daily practice, with a prevalence of 2% to 3% in the general population. […] This condition is characterized by circinate, map-like areas of erythema surrounded by well-demarcated scalloped white borders, typically on the dorsum and the lateral borders of the tongue. […] The precise etiology remains obscure. […] Histopathologically, geographic tongue is characterized by hyperparakeratosis and acanthosis resembling psoriasis. Hence, it has been postulated that it represents a form of intra-oral psoriasis. […] Geographic tongue has a remitting and relapsing course with no complications or permanent sequelae. […] Reassurance is the main treatment.

• #2 Geographic Tongue: Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is where irregular spots or patches appear on the top and sides of the tongue, creating patterns that resemble a map. […] Geographic tongue is very distinct, so a healthcare professional may only need to see your tongue to make a diagnosis. […] To do this, your doctor may use blood tests to look for markers of inflammation, infection, or nutritional deficiencies. […] Rarely, a biopsy of skin may be necessary if the condition does not resolve in a few weeks.

• #2 Oral Health Considerations for Geographic Tongue – Dimensions of Dental Hygiene

  https://dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com/article/oral-health-considerations-geographic-tongue/

  Another study showed that 25% of patients with geographic tongue had allergy concurrently. […] Controversy exists concerning the association between GT and psoriasis. […] The prognosis for GT is good because the condition is usually benign and asymptomatic. […] Based on the clinical appearance and history, GT is usually diagnostic. […] In most cases, GT is asymptomatic, and, because it is a benign condition, GT does not require any treatment. […] For symptomatic cases of GT, use of topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, cyclosporine, and vitamin A may provide some relief. […] For many cases of GT, an integrated approach to diagnosis and management is important. […] Communication and collaboration with other healthcare practitioners are needed. […] Individuals with GT should also be evaluated for signs of psoriasis and then provided with appropriate referrals. […] As oral health professionals, recommending stress management programs and initiating mental health referrals might be indicated for individuals with GT.

• #2 Geographic Tongue: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Sable Industries Inc.

  https://sableindustriesinc.com/geographic-tongue-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/

  And, while geographic tongue is generally considered idiopathic, ongoing research suggests that it may actually be a manifestation of systemic disease. […] For example, scientific literature has suggested a relationship between geographic tongue and psoriasis, indicating that geographic tongue could be an oral manifestation of this skin condition. […] Its critical that you partner with a patients other healthcare providers in order to suggest appropriate management, especially when the patient experiences physical discomfort or anxiety surrounding geographic tongue. […] For example, you might recommend rinsing with lukewarm saltwater, alkaline rinses, or anesthetic rinses to provide relief for mild cases of geographic tongue, or you may suggest that a patient follow up with their dermatologist if you suspect that their geographic tongue may be linked to a skin condition like psoriasis. […] While we dont fully understand the reasons why geographic tongue occasionally manifests, your prudence in identifying this condition during routine dental hygiene appointments and examinations can make all the difference in how a patient manages their overall health.

• #2 Geographic Tongue

  https://www.aaom.com/geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue (also known as benign migratory glossitis) is an inflammatory disorder that usually appears on the top and sides of the tongue. […] The cause of geographic tongue is unknown. Several factors have been proposed as possible causes such as emotional stress, psychological factors, habits, allergies, diabetes and hormonal disturbances. However, none of these factors have been conclusively linked to geographic tongue. […] Geographic tongue is a fairly common condition. It can occur at any time in life, including childhood. It is estimated to affect from 1 – 2.5% of the population. […] Geographic tongue usually has no symptoms. In most cases, there is no need for treatment of this condition. […] No. There has not been any report regarding geographic tongue causing cancer. In most cases, a biopsy is not necessary to establish the diagnosis because of the identifiable clinical findings.

• #2 Geographic Tongue: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21177-geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is a noncancerous condition that causes smooth reddish, patches on your tongue. Geographic tongue is noncancerous, doesnt cause health issues and doesnt require treatment. […] Geographic tongue is a noncancerous condition that creates patches of smooth, reddish skin on your tongue. Geographic tongue is benign, meaning it doesnt spread. […] Geographic tongue isnt painful and its not serious. But you should talk to a healthcare provider if you notice patches or other changes on your tongue. […] Healthcare providers diagnose geographic tongue by asking about your symptoms, such as whether your tongue hurts or if the patches on your tongue go away and come back. […] Theres no treatment to eliminate geographic tongue, but healthcare providers may recommend medication, including mouthwash with an antihistamine, topical analgesics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). […] No, it cant be cured. Geographic tongue often goes away on its own without treatment, but it can come back. […] No, geographic tongue is a noncancerous disorder that doesnt become oral cancer.

• #2 Common Tongue Conditions in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0301/p627.html

  Although easily examined, abnormalities of the tongue can present a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma for physicians. […] Geographic tongue, fissured tongue, and hairy tongue are the most common tongue problems and do not require treatment. […] The most common tongue condition is geographic tongue, followed by fissured tongue and hairy tongue. […] Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis or erythema migrans, affects 1 to 14 percent of the U.S. population and is of unknown etiology. […] With geographic tongue, the dorsal tongue develops areas of papillary atrophy that appear smooth and are surrounded by raised serpiginous borders. […] The condition is benign and localized, generally requiring no treatment except reassurance. […] Topical steroid gels (e.g., triamcinolone dental paste [Oralone]) and antihistamine mouth rinses (e.g., diphenhydramine elixir [Banophen], 12.5 mg per 5 mL diluted in a 1:4 ratio with water) can reduce tongue sensitivity.

• #2 Geographic tongue: Causes and treatment | CURAPROX

  https://curaprox.co.za/blog/post/what-can-you-do-to-avoid-or-get-rid-of-geographic-tongue?srsltid=AfmBOorKKqU63xkqYVH2JTlXTlWz47jIV_sCbZ6BYUnONpATkxKOmhqs

  If you are not sure whether you are suffering from geographic tongue or another condition, it is best to consult a health care professional. […] The following health conditions present similar symptoms to those of geographic tongue: Oral thrush (fungal infection of the tongue and oral cavity), Leukoplakia (hairy white patches after weakening of the immune system, e.g. due to a HIV infection), Scarlet fever (red patches on the tongue and a sore throat), Coated tongue with cold, flu or COVID-19 symptoms, Herpes simplex infection, Minor tongue injuries, Anaemia, Iron deficiency, Folic acid deficiency, Vitamin B12 deficiency. […] After being diagnosed with geographic tongue, there are various measures you can take to alleviate the symptoms and to get over them faster. […] Individuals suffering from geographic tongue often find that their symptoms worsen when using an aggressive toothpaste or mouthwash.

• #2 Geographic Tongue: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Qwark

  https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/geographic-tongue

  Oral hygiene maintenance is vital in preventing Geographic Tongue. […] A diet that consists of spicy, acidic or salty foods can exacerbate a sensitive tongue. […] A carefree lifestyle, healthy and balanced diet, low stress levels, and a good oral hygiene regimen can reduce the occurrence of Geographic Tongue. […] Currently, there are no medications or supplements that can prevent the onset of Geographic Tongue.

• #2 Geographic Tongue Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/geographic-tongue/2182

  Geographic tongue is characterized by irregular patches on the surface of the tongue. This gives it a map-like appearance. […] The exact cause of geographic tongue is unknown. It may be due to irritation from hot or spicy foods, or alcohol. The condition appears to be less common in smokers. […] Symptoms include: Map-like appearance to the surface of the tongue, Patches that move from day to day, Smooth, red patches and sores (lesions) on the tongue, Soreness and burning pain (in some cases). […] No treatment is needed. Antihistamine gel or steroid- or tacrolimus-containing mouth rinses may help ease discomfort. […] Geographic tongue is a harmless condition. It may be uncomfortable and last for a long time. […] Contact your provider if the symptoms last longer than 10 days. Seek medical help right away if: You have breathing problems, Your tongue is severely swollen, You have problems speaking, chewing, or swallowing. […] Avoid irritating your tongue with hot or spicy food or alcohol if you are prone to this condition.

• #2 Exploring Geographic Tongue: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://www.smilearizonadentistry.com/blog/exploring-geographic-tongue-symptoms

  Geographic tongue may not always manifest noticeable symptoms, with some individuals remaining unaware of any changes until diagnosed during a medical examination. […] Your healthcare professional or dentist typically identifies migratory glossitis through a visual examination of your tongue and a discussion about your symptoms. […] While some symptoms can resemble those of other conditions like oral lichen planus, often accompanied by painful sores, it may be necessary to rule out other conditions before confirming a diagnosis. […] On the other hand, for geographic tongue treatment, your physician might suggest the following: Anesthetic gels that reduce pain and inflammation when applied to affected areas. […] If the red patches persist for weeks, it’s advisable to consult a doctor. They can help rule out other possibilities and discuss methods to alleviate discomfort.

• #2 Geographic tongue: Predisposing factors, diagnosis and treatment. A systematic review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29903400/

  Geographic tongue (GT) is a lesion of unknown origin associated with systemic diseases and therefore involves multidisciplinary care. […] The GT diagnosis was clinical in 98.81% of the cases, and GT displayed an association with psoriasis, allergies and anxiety. […] The diagnosis of GT is mainly clinical. GT is an asymptomatic disorder that usually requires no treatment. Understanding GT is necessary due to the comorbid intraoral and extraoral diseases that accompany the condition.

• #2 Treatment Strategies for Geographic Tongue – Decisions in Dentistry

  https://decisionsindentistry.com/article/treatment-strategies-geographic-tongue/

  Based on the clinical appearance and history, GT is usually diagnostic. […] In most cases, GT is asymptomatic, and, because it is a benign condition, it does not require treatment. […] The prognosis for GT is generally good because the condition is usually benign and asymptomatic. […] For many cases of GT, an integrated approach to diagnosis and management is important. […] Communication and collaboration with other healthcare providers are needed to ensure patient-centered care.

• #3 Geographic tongue: Causes, pictures, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319342

  Geographic tongue may go undetected for months or years. Often a dentist or doctor discovers the condition during a routine oral examination. […] A doctor or dentist may diagnose geographic tongue. This is most commonly done through a simple examination of the tongue and mouth. They may: check for signs of illness, such as swollen glands, fever, or other symptoms; look at the tongue under a light; poke the tongue to check for unusual-feeling tissue or tenderness; ask someone to move their tongue to examine it better. […] In some cases, a doctor may order additional tests if they suspect the condition is not geographic tongue.

• #3 Geographic tongue | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/83/8/565

  A previously healthy 35-year-old woman presented with reddish discoloration of her tongue for the past 7 days, accompanied by mild soreness over the area when eating spicy foods. The lesion had also changed shape repeatedly. […] These findings were suggestive of geographic tongue, a benign, self-limiting inflammation. […] Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis and lingual erythema migrans, is commonly seen in daily practice, with a prevalence of 2% to 3% in the general population. […] This condition is characterized by circinate, map-like areas of erythema surrounded by well-demarcated scalloped white borders, typically on the dorsum and the lateral borders of the tongue. […] The precise etiology remains obscure. […] Histopathologically, geographic tongue is characterized by hyperparakeratosis and acanthosis resembling psoriasis. Hence, it has been postulated that it represents a form of intra-oral psoriasis. […] Geographic tongue has a remitting and relapsing course with no complications or permanent sequelae. […] Reassurance is the main treatment.

• #3 Fissured, hairy, and geographic tongue – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/702

  Geographic tongue appears as well-demarcated red areas of the dorsal and lateral tongue, with white scalloped borders. Its etiology is unknown and no treatment, other than symptomatic relief, is generally necessary. […] Geographic tongue is a common, benign clinical condition that predominantly affects the lateral margins, the tip, and the dorsal surface of the tongue. Rarely, it may occur at other sites within the mouth, such as the buccal mucosa, the labial mucosa, and the soft palate. Geographic tongue presents as well-delineated areas of erythema with raised white circinate edges. […] well-demarcated areas of erythema on the dorsal tongue (geographic tongue) […] atrophic red central zone within patches (geographic tongue) […] lesions that seem to migrate (geographic tongue)

• #3 Geographic Tongue Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078465-clinical

  Patients with geographic tongue (benign migratory glossitis) may present with a burning sensation or an irritation of the tongue noted with hot or spicy foods. […] They may report that the discomfort waxes and wanes over time, and they routinely state that the lesions affect different areas of the tongue at different times. […] Patients are occasionally concerned about a diagnosis of oral cancer, which prompts them to be evaluated despite having noted these lesions over a period of many years. […] The tongue exhibits a well-demarcated area of erythema, primarily affecting the dorsum and often extending to involve the lateral borders of the tongue. […] Within the area of erythema, the normal tongue architecture is effaced, with loss of the filiform papillae and atrophy of the overlying mucosa. […] Surrounding this area of erythema is a well-defined, hyperkeratotic, yellow-white border with an irregular serpiginous outline. […] Similar lesions may be present concurrently on other aspects of the tongue or at other mucosal sites, including the floor of the mouth and the cheek mucosa.

• #3 Geographic Tongue Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078465-differential

  In addition to the conditions listed below, differentials for geographic tongue include contact stomatitis of the tongue. Contact stomatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the oral mucosa arising from contact with irritants or allergens; it usually resolves with identification and removal of the causative agent. […] Differential Diagnoses include Cancers of the Oral Mucosa, Chemical Burns, Fissured Tongue, Lichen Planus, Mucosal Candidiasis, and Plaque Psoriasis.

• #3 Geographic tongue – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_tongue

  Geographic tongue (GT) is a lesion with an unknown origin. […] Diagnosis of geographic tongue (GT) mainly relies on clinical, intraoral findings. […] A differential diagnosis between oral candidiasis and GT, two similar looking conditions, can be established through a careful and thorough examination. […] Although rare, cytological techniques and biopsies can be done to aid in a clinical diagnosis. […] The differential diagnosis includes oral lichen planus, erythematous candidiasis, leukoplakia, lupus erythematosus, glossitis, and chemical burns. […] Since the appearance and the history of the condition (i.e. migrating areas of depapillation) are so striking, there is rarely any need for biopsy. […] When biopsy is taken, the histopathologic appearance is quite similar to psoriasis.

• #3 Oral Health Considerations for Geographic Tongue – Dimensions of Dental Hygiene

  https://dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com/article/oral-health-considerations-geographic-tongue/

  Another study showed that 25% of patients with geographic tongue had allergy concurrently. […] Controversy exists concerning the association between GT and psoriasis. […] The prognosis for GT is good because the condition is usually benign and asymptomatic. […] Based on the clinical appearance and history, GT is usually diagnostic. […] In most cases, GT is asymptomatic, and, because it is a benign condition, GT does not require any treatment. […] For symptomatic cases of GT, use of topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, cyclosporine, and vitamin A may provide some relief. […] For many cases of GT, an integrated approach to diagnosis and management is important. […] Communication and collaboration with other healthcare practitioners are needed. […] Individuals with GT should also be evaluated for signs of psoriasis and then provided with appropriate referrals. […] As oral health professionals, recommending stress management programs and initiating mental health referrals might be indicated for individuals with GT.

• #3 Geographic Tongue: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21177-geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is a noncancerous condition that causes smooth reddish, patches on your tongue. Geographic tongue is noncancerous, doesnt cause health issues and doesnt require treatment. […] Geographic tongue is a noncancerous condition that creates patches of smooth, reddish skin on your tongue. Geographic tongue is benign, meaning it doesnt spread. […] Geographic tongue isnt painful and its not serious. But you should talk to a healthcare provider if you notice patches or other changes on your tongue. […] Healthcare providers diagnose geographic tongue by asking about your symptoms, such as whether your tongue hurts or if the patches on your tongue go away and come back. […] Theres no treatment to eliminate geographic tongue, but healthcare providers may recommend medication, including mouthwash with an antihistamine, topical analgesics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). […] No, it cant be cured. Geographic tongue often goes away on its own without treatment, but it can come back. […] No, geographic tongue is a noncancerous disorder that doesnt become oral cancer.

• #3 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue is a benign chronic relapsing recurring inflammatory condition of the oral cavity of unknown etiology. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of geographic tongue and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating this condition. […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features. […] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases. […] Geographic tongue usually does not require any treatment if asymptomatic. […] For symptomatic lesions, topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, cyclosporine, vitamin A, zinc, acetaminophen, topical tacrolimus have been shown to be effective. […] Geographic tongue is a benign usually asymptomatic condition with a good prognosis.

• #3 Geographic Tongue Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/geographic-tongue/2182

  Geographic tongue is characterized by irregular patches on the surface of the tongue. This gives it a map-like appearance. […] The exact cause of geographic tongue is unknown. It may be due to irritation from hot or spicy foods, or alcohol. The condition appears to be less common in smokers. […] Symptoms include: Map-like appearance to the surface of the tongue, Patches that move from day to day, Smooth, red patches and sores (lesions) on the tongue, Soreness and burning pain (in some cases). […] No treatment is needed. Antihistamine gel or steroid- or tacrolimus-containing mouth rinses may help ease discomfort. […] Geographic tongue is a harmless condition. It may be uncomfortable and last for a long time. […] Contact your provider if the symptoms last longer than 10 days. Seek medical help right away if: You have breathing problems, Your tongue is severely swollen, You have problems speaking, chewing, or swallowing. […] Avoid irritating your tongue with hot or spicy food or alcohol if you are prone to this condition.

• #4 Geographic Tongue: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/geographic-tongue-causes-symptoms-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOoq1Zk3kTRpqE0RMHf00cNytOMOVaTIjW-Vo2zx590e3B_Du_09V

  Geographic tongue usually happens when there is an absence of papillae on the tongue, but the exact cause of this absence is still unknown by doctors and researchers. […] On noticing the above signs and symptoms or feeling any discomfort, do visit a dentist right away to get treated at the earliest. The doctor usually uses a lighted instrument to check the tongue properly, ask the patient to move the tongue around to feel any discomfort, examine the texture of the tongue and the oral cavity properly and also look for any signs of infections such as fever or swollen lymph nodes.

• #4 Fissured, hairy, and geographic tongue – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/702

  Geographic tongue appears as well-demarcated red areas of the dorsal and lateral tongue, with white scalloped borders. Its etiology is unknown and no treatment, other than symptomatic relief, is generally necessary. […] Geographic tongue is a common, benign clinical condition that predominantly affects the lateral margins, the tip, and the dorsal surface of the tongue. Rarely, it may occur at other sites within the mouth, such as the buccal mucosa, the labial mucosa, and the soft palate. Geographic tongue presents as well-delineated areas of erythema with raised white circinate edges. […] well-demarcated areas of erythema on the dorsal tongue (geographic tongue) […] atrophic red central zone within patches (geographic tongue) […] lesions that seem to migrate (geographic tongue)

• #4 Geographic Tongue: Literature Review and Case Reports – Dentistry Today

  https://www.dentistrytoday.com/geographic-tongue-literature-review-and-case-reports/

  Erythema migrans (EM) is a benign, red-and-white condition that commonly affects the tongue. When the lesions of EM appear on the dorsal surface or lateral borders of the tongue, the condition is referred to as geographic tongue (GT). […] However, it also can be difficult to arrive at a diagnosis and may result in an overreaction and misdiagnosis as erythroplakia, a condition that is malignant or premalignant. This article is intended to provide a review of GT that will help with diagnosis of this condition, which is benign. […] The majority of patients presenting to the dental office with GT will be asymptomatic. This, however, will not preclude the patient from experiencing cancer anxiety. If symptoms are present, they may include burning mouth, general oral discomfort, a sensation of something foreign in the mouth, episodes of pain in the ears, or swollen submandibular lymph nodes.

• #4 Geographic Tongue – European Association of Oral Medicine

  https://eaom.eu/education/eaom-handbook/geographic-tongue/

  Geographic tongue is a fairly common, usually painless inflammatory disorder that affects mainly the dorsum of the tongue. […] Diagnosis of geographic tongue is based on the clinical aspect of lesions and patient history and seldom requires histologic confirmation. Geographic tongue should be differentiated from candidiasis, leukoplakia, contact allergy, lichen planus, lupus erythematosus and trauma. Once the diagnosis is made, the patient should be informed about causative factors, the course of the condition and its benign nature.

• #4 Geographic tongue: Predisposing factors, diagnosis and treatment. A systematic review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29903400/

  Geographic tongue (GT) is a lesion of unknown origin associated with systemic diseases and therefore involves multidisciplinary care. […] The GT diagnosis was clinical in 98.81% of the cases, and GT displayed an association with psoriasis, allergies and anxiety. […] The diagnosis of GT is mainly clinical. GT is an asymptomatic disorder that usually requires no treatment. Understanding GT is necessary due to the comorbid intraoral and extraoral diseases that accompany the condition.

• #4 Exploring Geographic Tongue: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://www.smilearizonadentistry.com/blog/exploring-geographic-tongue-symptoms

  Geographic tongue may not always manifest noticeable symptoms, with some individuals remaining unaware of any changes until diagnosed during a medical examination. […] Your healthcare professional or dentist typically identifies migratory glossitis through a visual examination of your tongue and a discussion about your symptoms. […] While some symptoms can resemble those of other conditions like oral lichen planus, often accompanied by painful sores, it may be necessary to rule out other conditions before confirming a diagnosis. […] On the other hand, for geographic tongue treatment, your physician might suggest the following: Anesthetic gels that reduce pain and inflammation when applied to affected areas. […] If the red patches persist for weeks, it’s advisable to consult a doctor. They can help rule out other possibilities and discuss methods to alleviate discomfort.

• #4 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue is a benign chronic relapsing recurring inflammatory condition of the oral cavity of unknown etiology. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of geographic tongue and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating this condition. […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features. […] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases. […] Geographic tongue usually does not require any treatment if asymptomatic. […] For symptomatic lesions, topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, cyclosporine, vitamin A, zinc, acetaminophen, topical tacrolimus have been shown to be effective. […] Geographic tongue is a benign usually asymptomatic condition with a good prognosis.

• #4 Geographic Tongue Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/geographic-tongue/2182

  Geographic tongue is characterized by irregular patches on the surface of the tongue. This gives it a map-like appearance. […] The exact cause of geographic tongue is unknown. It may be due to irritation from hot or spicy foods, or alcohol. The condition appears to be less common in smokers. […] Symptoms include: Map-like appearance to the surface of the tongue, Patches that move from day to day, Smooth, red patches and sores (lesions) on the tongue, Soreness and burning pain (in some cases). […] No treatment is needed. Antihistamine gel or steroid- or tacrolimus-containing mouth rinses may help ease discomfort. […] Geographic tongue is a harmless condition. It may be uncomfortable and last for a long time. […] Contact your provider if the symptoms last longer than 10 days. Seek medical help right away if: You have breathing problems, Your tongue is severely swollen, You have problems speaking, chewing, or swallowing. […] Avoid irritating your tongue with hot or spicy food or alcohol if you are prone to this condition.

• #5 Geographic Tongue: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21177-geographic-tongue

  Geographic tongue is a noncancerous condition that causes smooth reddish, patches on your tongue. Geographic tongue is noncancerous, doesnt cause health issues and doesnt require treatment. […] Geographic tongue is a noncancerous condition that creates patches of smooth, reddish skin on your tongue. Geographic tongue is benign, meaning it doesnt spread. […] Geographic tongue isnt painful and its not serious. But you should talk to a healthcare provider if you notice patches or other changes on your tongue. […] Healthcare providers diagnose geographic tongue by asking about your symptoms, such as whether your tongue hurts or if the patches on your tongue go away and come back. […] Theres no treatment to eliminate geographic tongue, but healthcare providers may recommend medication, including mouthwash with an antihistamine, topical analgesics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). […] No, it cant be cured. Geographic tongue often goes away on its own without treatment, but it can come back. […] No, geographic tongue is a noncancerous disorder that doesnt become oral cancer.

• #5 A digital manual for the early diagnosis of oral neoplasia

  https://screening.iarc.fr/atlasoral_list.php?cat=F1&lang=1&lang=1

  Geographic tongue or benign migratory glossitis, is a lesion of unknown etiology. The condition is characterized by multiple areas of desquamation of the filiform papillae of tongue in an irregular circinate pattern. The fungiform papillae persist as small elevated red dots. The borders are outlined by a thin yellowish white line. The lesion changes its location from time to time and may regress spontaneously. […] Clinically, similar lesions can occur at other sites in the oral cavity and are termed ectopic geographic tongue or erythema circinata. No treatment is required.

• #5 Geographic Tongue – European Association of Oral Medicine

  https://eaom.eu/education/eaom-handbook/geographic-tongue/

  Geographic tongue is a fairly common, usually painless inflammatory disorder that affects mainly the dorsum of the tongue. […] Diagnosis of geographic tongue is based on the clinical aspect of lesions and patient history and seldom requires histologic confirmation. Geographic tongue should be differentiated from candidiasis, leukoplakia, contact allergy, lichen planus, lupus erythematosus and trauma. Once the diagnosis is made, the patient should be informed about causative factors, the course of the condition and its benign nature.

• #5 Oral Health Considerations for Geographic Tongue – Dimensions of Dental Hygiene

  https://dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com/article/oral-health-considerations-geographic-tongue/

  Dental professionals should be aware of the clinical features, etiology and pathogenesis, treatment, and oral health considerations for this unique pathosis. […] Identify the etiology and pathogenesis of geographic tongue (GT). […] Describe the clinical presentation of GT. […] Review treatment strategies for improving outcomes for patients with GT. […] Geographic tongue (GT) is a benign oral mucosal lesion that usually affects the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue. […] The etiology for GT is unknown. However, a number of etiological factors have been suggested. […] GT has also been associated with systemic diseases including atopy, allergy, asthma, stress, eczema, psoriasis, hormonal changes, vitamin deficiencies, and syndromes such as Reiter syndrome and Down syndrome.

• #5 Geographic Tongue – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554466/

  Geographic tongue is a benign chronic relapsing recurring inflammatory condition of the oral cavity of unknown etiology. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of geographic tongue and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating this condition. […] Geographic tongue is usually diagnosed by its characteristic history and clinical features. […] Confirmation by histology is rarely necessary but may be needed in atypical cases. […] Geographic tongue usually does not require any treatment if asymptomatic. […] For symptomatic lesions, topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, cyclosporine, vitamin A, zinc, acetaminophen, topical tacrolimus have been shown to be effective. […] Geographic tongue is a benign usually asymptomatic condition with a good prognosis.

• #5 Geographic tongue: Causes and treatment | CURAPROX

  https://curaprox.co.za/blog/post/what-can-you-do-to-avoid-or-get-rid-of-geographic-tongue?srsltid=AfmBOorKKqU63xkqYVH2JTlXTlWz47jIV_sCbZ6BYUnONpATkxKOmhqs

  If you are not sure whether you are suffering from geographic tongue or another condition, it is best to consult a health care professional. […] The following health conditions present similar symptoms to those of geographic tongue: Oral thrush (fungal infection of the tongue and oral cavity), Leukoplakia (hairy white patches after weakening of the immune system, e.g. due to a HIV infection), Scarlet fever (red patches on the tongue and a sore throat), Coated tongue with cold, flu or COVID-19 symptoms, Herpes simplex infection, Minor tongue injuries, Anaemia, Iron deficiency, Folic acid deficiency, Vitamin B12 deficiency. […] After being diagnosed with geographic tongue, there are various measures you can take to alleviate the symptoms and to get over them faster. […] Individuals suffering from geographic tongue often find that their symptoms worsen when using an aggressive toothpaste or mouthwash.

• #5 Geographic tongue: Causes and treatment | CURAPROX

  https://curaprox.co.za/blog/post/what-can-you-do-to-avoid-or-get-rid-of-geographic-tongue?srsltid=AfmBOorKKqU63xkqYVH2JTlXTlWz47jIV_sCbZ6BYUnONpATkxKOmhqs

  Geographic tongue (also referred to as „lingua geographica”) is not a disease but merely a benign variation in appearance of the top of the tongue. […] Geographic tongue is neither contagious nor dangerous. The condition is common in children and young people. […] Geographic tongue does not usually bleed. If the red patches start to bleed, talk to a health care professional. […] Since geographic tongue is not a disease, it is also not „curable”. It is rather an inflammation of the surface of the tongue that can occur if you are predisposed to developing it and also disappears again on its own. […] Currently, the causes of this condition remain unclear, and its course is unpredictable and varies significantly. […] Emotional stress and psychological issues exacerbate the symptoms and prolong the duration or cause the recurrence of geographic tongue.

• #6 Geographic Tongue: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/geographic-tongue-causes-symptoms-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOoq1Zk3kTRpqE0RMHf00cNytOMOVaTIjW-Vo2zx590e3B_Du_09V

  Geographic tongue usually happens when there is an absence of papillae on the tongue, but the exact cause of this absence is still unknown by doctors and researchers. […] On noticing the above signs and symptoms or feeling any discomfort, do visit a dentist right away to get treated at the earliest. The doctor usually uses a lighted instrument to check the tongue properly, ask the patient to move the tongue around to feel any discomfort, examine the texture of the tongue and the oral cavity properly and also look for any signs of infections such as fever or swollen lymph nodes.

• #6 Geographic Tongue Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078465-differential

  In addition to the conditions listed below, differentials for geographic tongue include contact stomatitis of the tongue. Contact stomatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the oral mucosa arising from contact with irritants or allergens; it usually resolves with identification and removal of the causative agent. […] Differential Diagnoses include Cancers of the Oral Mucosa, Chemical Burns, Fissured Tongue, Lichen Planus, Mucosal Candidiasis, and Plaque Psoriasis.

• #6 Oral Health Considerations for Geographic Tongue – Dimensions of Dental Hygiene

  https://dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com/article/oral-health-considerations-geographic-tongue/

  Dental professionals should be aware of the clinical features, etiology and pathogenesis, treatment, and oral health considerations for this unique pathosis. […] Identify the etiology and pathogenesis of geographic tongue (GT). […] Describe the clinical presentation of GT. […] Review treatment strategies for improving outcomes for patients with GT. […] Geographic tongue (GT) is a benign oral mucosal lesion that usually affects the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue. […] The etiology for GT is unknown. However, a number of etiological factors have been suggested. […] GT has also been associated with systemic diseases including atopy, allergy, asthma, stress, eczema, psoriasis, hormonal changes, vitamin deficiencies, and syndromes such as Reiter syndrome and Down syndrome.

• #6 Oral Health Considerations for Geographic Tongue – Dimensions of Dental Hygiene

  https://dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com/article/oral-health-considerations-geographic-tongue/

  Another study showed that 25% of patients with geographic tongue had allergy concurrently. […] Controversy exists concerning the association between GT and psoriasis. […] The prognosis for GT is good because the condition is usually benign and asymptomatic. […] Based on the clinical appearance and history, GT is usually diagnostic. […] In most cases, GT is asymptomatic, and, because it is a benign condition, GT does not require any treatment. […] For symptomatic cases of GT, use of topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, cyclosporine, and vitamin A may provide some relief. […] For many cases of GT, an integrated approach to diagnosis and management is important. […] Communication and collaboration with other healthcare practitioners are needed. […] Individuals with GT should also be evaluated for signs of psoriasis and then provided with appropriate referrals. […] As oral health professionals, recommending stress management programs and initiating mental health referrals might be indicated for individuals with GT.

• #6 Geographic Tongue Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/geographic-tongue/2182

  Geographic tongue is characterized by irregular patches on the surface of the tongue. This gives it a map-like appearance. […] The exact cause of geographic tongue is unknown. It may be due to irritation from hot or spicy foods, or alcohol. The condition appears to be less common in smokers. […] Symptoms include: Map-like appearance to the surface of the tongue, Patches that move from day to day, Smooth, red patches and sores (lesions) on the tongue, Soreness and burning pain (in some cases). […] No treatment is needed. Antihistamine gel or steroid- or tacrolimus-containing mouth rinses may help ease discomfort. […] Geographic tongue is a harmless condition. It may be uncomfortable and last for a long time. […] Contact your provider if the symptoms last longer than 10 days. Seek medical help right away if: You have breathing problems, Your tongue is severely swollen, You have problems speaking, chewing, or swallowing. […] Avoid irritating your tongue with hot or spicy food or alcohol if you are prone to this condition.

• #7 Geographic Tongue Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078465-differential

  In addition to the conditions listed below, differentials for geographic tongue include contact stomatitis of the tongue. Contact stomatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the oral mucosa arising from contact with irritants or allergens; it usually resolves with identification and removal of the causative agent. […] Differential Diagnoses include Cancers of the Oral Mucosa, Chemical Burns, Fissured Tongue, Lichen Planus, Mucosal Candidiasis, and Plaque Psoriasis.

• #7 Oral Health Considerations for Geographic Tongue – Dimensions of Dental Hygiene

  https://dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com/article/oral-health-considerations-geographic-tongue/

  Dental professionals should be aware of the clinical features, etiology and pathogenesis, treatment, and oral health considerations for this unique pathosis. […] Identify the etiology and pathogenesis of geographic tongue (GT). […] Describe the clinical presentation of GT. […] Review treatment strategies for improving outcomes for patients with GT. […] Geographic tongue (GT) is a benign oral mucosal lesion that usually affects the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue. […] The etiology for GT is unknown. However, a number of etiological factors have been suggested. […] GT has also been associated with systemic diseases including atopy, allergy, asthma, stress, eczema, psoriasis, hormonal changes, vitamin deficiencies, and syndromes such as Reiter syndrome and Down syndrome.

• #7 Oral Health Considerations for Geographic Tongue – Dimensions of Dental Hygiene

  https://dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com/article/oral-health-considerations-geographic-tongue/

  Another study showed that 25% of patients with geographic tongue had allergy concurrently. […] Controversy exists concerning the association between GT and psoriasis. […] The prognosis for GT is good because the condition is usually benign and asymptomatic. […] Based on the clinical appearance and history, GT is usually diagnostic. […] In most cases, GT is asymptomatic, and, because it is a benign condition, GT does not require any treatment. […] For symptomatic cases of GT, use of topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, cyclosporine, and vitamin A may provide some relief. […] For many cases of GT, an integrated approach to diagnosis and management is important. […] Communication and collaboration with other healthcare practitioners are needed. […] Individuals with GT should also be evaluated for signs of psoriasis and then provided with appropriate referrals. […] As oral health professionals, recommending stress management programs and initiating mental health referrals might be indicated for individuals with GT.

• #7 Geographic Tongue Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/geographic-tongue/2182

  Geographic tongue is characterized by irregular patches on the surface of the tongue. This gives it a map-like appearance. […] The exact cause of geographic tongue is unknown. It may be due to irritation from hot or spicy foods, or alcohol. The condition appears to be less common in smokers. […] Symptoms include: Map-like appearance to the surface of the tongue, Patches that move from day to day, Smooth, red patches and sores (lesions) on the tongue, Soreness and burning pain (in some cases). […] No treatment is needed. Antihistamine gel or steroid- or tacrolimus-containing mouth rinses may help ease discomfort. […] Geographic tongue is a harmless condition. It may be uncomfortable and last for a long time. […] Contact your provider if the symptoms last longer than 10 days. Seek medical help right away if: You have breathing problems, Your tongue is severely swollen, You have problems speaking, chewing, or swallowing. […] Avoid irritating your tongue with hot or spicy food or alcohol if you are prone to this condition.

• #8 Geographic Tongue Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078465-differential

  In addition to the conditions listed below, differentials for geographic tongue include contact stomatitis of the tongue. Contact stomatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the oral mucosa arising from contact with irritants or allergens; it usually resolves with identification and removal of the causative agent. […] Differential Diagnoses include Cancers of the Oral Mucosa, Chemical Burns, Fissured Tongue, Lichen Planus, Mucosal Candidiasis, and Plaque Psoriasis.

• #8 Geographic tongue – Vejthani Hospital | JCI Accredited International Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand.

  https://www.vejthani.com/diseases-conditions/geographic-tongue/

  Geographic tongue is a benign condition that causes an inflammatory but unharmful change to the tongues surface. […] Geographic tongue is a benign and nonpainful condition, lacking any serious implications. […] Geographic tongue is typically a mild condition, although it can occasionally pose challenges. […] Seeking a second opinion from a healthcare provider or dentist, as well as pursuing appropriate treatment, is essential if the tongue lesions persist beyond a 10-day period. […] The exact cause of geographic tongue remains uncertain, and there are currently no established preventive measures. […] Other specific diseases such as eczema, type 1 diabetes, and reactive arthritis are more prone to develop geographic tongue. […] Geographic tongue can run in families, which raises the possibility that hereditary factors may contribute to the conditions increased chance of development.

• #9 Geographic Tongue: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Sable Industries Inc.

  https://sableindustriesinc.com/geographic-tongue-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/

  And, while geographic tongue is generally considered idiopathic, ongoing research suggests that it may actually be a manifestation of systemic disease. […] For example, scientific literature has suggested a relationship between geographic tongue and psoriasis, indicating that geographic tongue could be an oral manifestation of this skin condition. […] Its critical that you partner with a patients other healthcare providers in order to suggest appropriate management, especially when the patient experiences physical discomfort or anxiety surrounding geographic tongue. […] For example, you might recommend rinsing with lukewarm saltwater, alkaline rinses, or anesthetic rinses to provide relief for mild cases of geographic tongue, or you may suggest that a patient follow up with their dermatologist if you suspect that their geographic tongue may be linked to a skin condition like psoriasis. […] While we dont fully understand the reasons why geographic tongue occasionally manifests, your prudence in identifying this condition during routine dental hygiene appointments and examinations can make all the difference in how a patient manages their overall health.

• #9 Oral Health Considerations for Geographic Tongue – Dimensions of Dental Hygiene

  https://dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com/article/oral-health-considerations-geographic-tongue/

  Dental professionals should be aware of the clinical features, etiology and pathogenesis, treatment, and oral health considerations for this unique pathosis. […] Identify the etiology and pathogenesis of geographic tongue (GT). […] Describe the clinical presentation of GT. […] Review treatment strategies for improving outcomes for patients with GT. […] Geographic tongue (GT) is a benign oral mucosal lesion that usually affects the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue. […] The etiology for GT is unknown. However, a number of etiological factors have been suggested. […] GT has also been associated with systemic diseases including atopy, allergy, asthma, stress, eczema, psoriasis, hormonal changes, vitamin deficiencies, and syndromes such as Reiter syndrome and Down syndrome.

• #10 5 pathologies most likely to affect the tongue: Importance of proper examination and diagnosis | Perio Implant Advisory

  https://www.perioimplantadvisory.com/clinical-tips/article/16411618/5-pathologies-most-likely-to-affect-the-tongue-importance-of-proper-examination-and-diagnosis

  Geographic tongue (figure 5) is a benign condition in which discolored, painless patches of the tongue appear and then reappear from atrophy, often in a different distribution. This is seen in 1%3% of the population. Recent evidence, however, suggests that geographic tongue may be linked with a Vitamin B3 deficiency and inflammation of the intestine or leaky gut/GALT/gut-triggered immune issues. […] Geographic tongue is a benign condition in which discolored, painless patches of the tongue appear and then reappear from atrophy, often in a different distribution.

• #11 5 pathologies most likely to affect the tongue: Importance of proper examination and diagnosis | Perio Implant Advisory

  https://www.perioimplantadvisory.com/clinical-tips/article/16411618/5-pathologies-most-likely-to-affect-the-tongue-importance-of-proper-examination-and-diagnosis

  Geographic tongue (figure 5) is a benign condition in which discolored, painless patches of the tongue appear and then reappear from atrophy, often in a different distribution. This is seen in 1%3% of the population. Recent evidence, however, suggests that geographic tongue may be linked with a Vitamin B3 deficiency and inflammation of the intestine or leaky gut/GALT/gut-triggered immune issues. […] Geographic tongue is a benign condition in which discolored, painless patches of the tongue appear and then reappear from atrophy, often in a different distribution.

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