Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Iritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354961

  Iritis (i-RYE-tis) is swelling and irritation (inflammation) in the colored ring around your eye’s pupil (iris). Another name for iritis is anterior uveitis. […] Iritis is the most common type of uveitis. Uveitis is inflammation of part of or all of the uvea. The cause is often unknown. It can result from an underlying condition or genetic factor. […] Often, the cause of iritis can’t be determined. In some cases, iritis can be linked to eye trauma, genetic factors or certain diseases. […] People who develop certain autoimmune diseases because of a gene alteration that affects their immune systems might also develop acute iritis. […] This autoimmune disease involves the growth of collections of inflammatory cells in areas of your body, including your eyes. […] If not treated properly, iritis could lead to: Glaucoma. Recurrent iritis can result in glaucoma, a serious eye condition characterized by increased pressure inside the eye and possible vision loss.

• #1 Iritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430909/

  Eye pain is thought to be due to irritation of the ciliary nerves and ciliary muscle spasms. […] Increased permeability of blood vessels in the anterior chamber allows proteinaceous transudate („flare”) and WBCs („cells”), the characteristic 'flare and cells’ seen with the slit lamp. […] In infectious uveitis, the pathophysiological mechanism is immune-mediated destruction of foreign antigens that may cause damage to the uveal tissue, vessels, and cells. […] There is immune complex deposition inside the uveal tract in autoimmune uveitic conditions, a form of hypersensitivity reaction. […] Uveal inflammation behaves similarly to inflammation in other body tissues, i.e., having a vascular and cellular response. […] Pathophysiologically, the uveal inflammation is subdivided into purulent (suppurative) and nonpurulent (non-suppurative) types.

• #2 Iritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430909/

  Eye pain is thought to be due to irritation of the ciliary nerves and ciliary muscle spasms. […] Increased permeability of blood vessels in the anterior chamber allows proteinaceous transudate („flare”) and WBCs („cells”), the characteristic 'flare and cells’ seen with the slit lamp. […] In infectious uveitis, the pathophysiological mechanism is immune-mediated destruction of foreign antigens that may cause damage to the uveal tissue, vessels, and cells. […] There is immune complex deposition inside the uveal tract in autoimmune uveitic conditions, a form of hypersensitivity reaction. […] Uveal inflammation behaves similarly to inflammation in other body tissues, i.e., having a vascular and cellular response. […] Pathophysiologically, the uveal inflammation is subdivided into purulent (suppurative) and nonpurulent (non-suppurative) types.

• #3 Diagnosis and treatment of anterior uveitis: optometric management | OPTO

  https://www.dovepress.com/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-anterior-uveitis-optometric-management-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTO

  The most common patient symptom is blurry vision, secondary to cells and flare in the aqueous. […] Pain and photophobia are also common, owing mainly to ciliary muscle spasm, though anterior chamber infiltration, corneal epithelial edema, and pupillary muscle involvement can also contribute to light sensitivity. […] Pain may be more localized and severe if associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). […] Common presenting signs of acute anterior uveitis include circumlimbal injection and anterior chamber cells and flare. […] The Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group developed a grading scheme for both anterior chamber cells and flare. […] Grading the level of inflammation is critical in initiating and monitoring the response to treatment. […] The presence of band keratopathy and loss of contour to the iris face may suggest that the presenting uveitis is more chronic in nature.

• #4 Iritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430909/

  In non-granulomatous (NG) uveitis, diffuse inflammation is characterized by dilatation and increase in permeability of vasculature, blood-aqueous barrier breakdown, increase in exudates, increased infiltration by lymphocytes, plasma cells and, macrophages. […] In granulomatous uveitis, there is increased infiltration by lymphocytes, plasma cells, epithelioid cells, and giant cells resulting in nodule formation.

• #5 Iritis and Uveitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1209505-overview

  The etiology of uveitis varies between populations and often is idiopathic; however, genetic, traumatic, or infectious mechanisms are known to promote or trigger uveitis. […] The mechanism for trauma is believed to be a combination of microbial contamination and accumulation of necrotic products at the site of injury, stimulating the body to mount an inflammatory response in the anterior segment of the eye. […] For infectious etiologies of uveitis, it is postulated that the immune reaction directed against foreign molecules or antigens may injure the uveal tract vessels and cells. […] When uveitis is found in association with autoimmune disorders, the mechanism may be a hypersensitivity reaction involving immune complex deposition within the uveal tract.

• #6 “Infectious uveitis: a comprehensive systematic review of emerging trends and molecular pathogenesis using network analysis” | Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection | Full Text

  https://joii-journal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12348-024-00444-8

  Infectious uveitis arises from diverse pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, each with its unique pathogenic mechanisms and clinical presentations. […] Pathogenesis involves complex interactions between infectious agents and the ocular immune response, with key roles for cytokines and chemokines. […] The PPI network highlighted IFNG, IL6, TNF, and CD4 as central nodes. […] The KEGG pathway analysis identifies several pathways significantly enriched related to infectious uveitis including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction which highlights the extensive network of cytokine signaling involved in mediating the immune response. […] Different viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections have recently been linked with anterior and posterior uveitis and other common ocular manifestations.

• #7 Immunologic mechanisms of uveitis | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/immunologic-mechanisms-of-uveitis/

  Following the infiltration of ocular tissue by inflammatory cells, the release of cytokines and the recruitment of additional leukocytes lead to further tissue injury and resultant scarring and fibrosis. […] CD4+ T cells play a key role in mediating ocular inflammation in uveitis; however, CD8+ T cells, B lymphocytes, and macrophages have also been implicated. […] Immune cells implicated in uveitis include CD4+ T-helper cells, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, B cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells. […] Interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor- are key proinflammatory cytokines seen in uveitis. […] The T-cell response is thought to be the arm of the immune system primarily responsible for the majority of uveitic syndromes, with CD4+ T-helper (Th) cells being the subset of immune cells most commonly implicated.

• #8 Immunologic mechanisms of uveitis | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/immunologic-mechanisms-of-uveitis/

  The Th1 cellular response is thought to be proinflammatory and is most commonly associated with proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN-, IL-12, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-. […] The presence of Th17 cells in inflamed tissue may contribute to chronicity of ocular inflammation; further studies are underway to characterize this pathway better. […] While T cells are thought to be the immune cell most intimately associated with the pathogenesis of the majority of uveitic syndromes, B cells may also play a limited role in some forms of uveitis. […] Recent interest in the precise role of natural killer (NK) cells in patients with autoimmune disease has arisen from several studies suggesting that a distinct population of immunoregulatory NK cells arises during the treatment of active uveitis. […] The most well-characterized group of soluble mediators of inflammation in uveitis are cytokines, chemical mediators involved in the recruitment of ocular immune cells, augmentation of the immune response, and tissue damage in some cases.

• #9

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10238-022-00954-6

  The pathogenic molecules, such as inflammatory cytokines secreted by uveitogenic Th17 cells, promote the disruption of the bloodocular barrier, leading to accumulation of other inflammatory cells through cytokine-receptor-JAK/STAT interactions, including monocytes, Th2, and Th1 cells that exacerbate uveitis. […] Furthermore, the differences in the clinical features of NIU can be associated with the diversity of antigens that trigger the inflammatory cascade. The inflammatory cascade may also be triggered by the molecular mimicry of both antigens on invading microorganisms and self-antigens. […] In terms of polygenic and environmental influences, the imbalance between inflammatory and regulatory mechanisms of immune system is associated with the etiology of NIU.

• #10

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10238-022-00954-6

  Although the prevalence differs in region and ethnicity, NIU is one of the main reasons for vision loss. […] Therefore, a better exploration of the potential inflammatory mechanisms of NIU is needed to reduce ocular inflammation and administer effective treatments. Environmental factors, molecular mimicry and hereditary susceptibility are all thought to be important factors in the pathogenesis of many forms of NIU and are associated with inflammatory cytokines and T lymphocyte subsets, which can be related to both the therapy and the clinical course of NIU. […] The bloodocular barrier is an anatomical barrier that anatomically prevents pathogens from peripheral bloodstream into the eye and protects ocular cells and tissues that are associated with vision. […] Once the bloodocular barrier is damaged, ocular immune function can protect eye by inhibiting pathogenic T cells.

• #11

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10238-022-00954-6

  Furthermore, retinal pigment epithelial cells and corneal endothelial cells can convert both CD8+T cells and CD4+T cells into regulatory T cells (Treg cells), while iris pigment epithelial cells can convert CD8+T cells into Treg cells. […] Notably, Treg cells contributed to the immune-privileged status of eye. […] Treg cells generate transforming growth factor, the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-35, and IL-10. […] Therefore, immune response that causes pathogenic autoimmunity is prevented or suppressed by Treg cells that secrete immunosuppressive cytokines. […] Despite ocular safeguards, persistent and intense inflammation can also overcome the protection mechanisms and multilayered barriers. […] Th17 cells are involved in early activities in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders.

• #12 Why is My Iris Inflamed? When to See a Doctor for Iritis – AGEI Blog

  https://assileye.com/blog/iritis-causes-and-treatment/

  Iritis typically has a swift onset and usually occurs in one eye at a time. It can be acute or chronic. Acute iritis, if caught quickly, can resolve pretty quickly as well. Chronic iritis, however, can take months or years to heal. You can also have recurrent iritis iritis that keeps coming back. […] Unfortunately, many cases of iritis are idiopathic, meaning we cant figure out what caused it. […] A few possible causes include: Infections. Viral infections, such as cold sores and shingles caused by herpes viruses, may initiate iritis. Infectious diseases from other viruses and bacteria can also be linked to uveitis, such as Lyme disease, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, and syphilis. […] Patients who develop autoimmune diseases because of a specific gene alteration (HLA-b27) that enables systemic diseases, causing their immune systems to build acute iritis. These diseases include ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriatic arthritis.

• #13 Uveitis (Iritis): Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://patient.info/eye-care/eye-problems/uveitis

  Uveitis is inflammation of the uveal tract. […] Anterior uveitis is the term for inflammation which affects the eye’s front (anterior) part of the uveal tract. […] It is most often caused by inflammatory diseases, infections or trauma. […] Uveitis is caused by inflammatory response inside the eye. […] Uveitis may be caused by an attack from the body’s own immune system (autoimmunity). […] Autoimmune diseases that are associated with uveitis include rheumatoid arthritis and Behet’s disease. […] It is also thought that 'idiopathic’ uveitis may, in fact, have an autoimmune basis. […] Uveitis can occur after injury to your eye. […] In this case, iatrogenic uveitis is usually uveitis that has resulted from eye surgery. […] Some cancers are associated with inflammation and uveitis.

• #14 Traumatic Iritis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Traumatic_Iritis

  Traumatic iritis is inflammation of the iris due to trauma. […] It is a subtype of uveitis localized to the iris also called anterior uveitis. […] Traumatic iritis is typically caused by blunt eye injury, but has been reported after injury from other sources including firecrackers, pellet gun projectiles, motor vehicle accidents, amongst many others. […] Trauma is one of the most common causes of anterior uveitis. […] Trauma to the eye causes injury and death to cells that subsequently form necrotic products. These necrotic products stimulate an inflammatory reaction. Increased permeability of blood vessels in the eye allow inflammatory cells (WBCs), inflammatory mediators (proteins, etc.), and other blood contents to enter the eye tissue and eye media.

• #15 Iritis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Care

  https://www.healthline.com/health/eye-health/iritis

  Iritis, also called anterior uveitis, is inflammation of the colored part of your eye called the iris. […] Sometimes, its not known what causes iritis, but it tends to be associated with a number of health conditions. These include ankylosing spondylitis, ulcerative colitis, and multiple sclerosis. […] Iritis is caused by inflammation in your eye. Inflammation is your bodys way of responding to tissue damage or foreign invaders. […] Most of the time, the exact cause of iritis isnt known. Its thought to be triggered by immune responses, genetic factors, and infections. […] Iritis not caused by an injury is associated with a number of diseases. For example, about half of people with ankylosing spondylitis experience at least one case of iritis or uveitis. […] Iritis is inflammation of your iris that often develops with no apparent cause. Autoimmune reactions, genetic factors, and injuries can all contribute to the development of iritis, but the exact cause isnt usually known.

• #16 Iritis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/iritis

  Iritis is the most common type of uveitis. Uveitis is inflammation of part of or all of the uvea. The cause is often unknown. It can result from an underlying condition or genetic factor. […] Often, the cause of iritis can’t be determined. In some cases, iritis can be linked to eye trauma, genetic factors or certain diseases. […] People who develop certain autoimmune diseases because of a gene alteration that affects their immune systems might also develop acute iritis. […] This autoimmune disease involves the growth of collections of inflammatory cells in areas of your body, including your eyes. […] Iritis treatment is designed to preserve vision and relieve pain and inflammation. For iritis associated with an underlying condition, treating that condition also is necessary.

• #17 Uveitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uveitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20378734

  Uveitis is a form of eye inflammation. It affects the middle layer of tissue in the eye wall (uvea). […] Possible causes of uveitis are infection, injury, or an autoimmune or inflammatory disease. Many times a cause can’t be identified. […] The type of uveitis you have depends on which part or parts of the eye are inflamed: Anterior uveitis affects the inside of the front of your eye (between the cornea and the iris) and the ciliary body. It is also called iritis and is the most common type of uveitis. […] In about half of all cases, the specific cause of uveitis isn’t clear, and the disorder may be considered an autoimmune disease that only affects the eye or eyes. […] Uveitis is one of the most common complications of ankylosing spondylitis.

• #18 Uveitis (anterior) – College of Optometrists

  https://www.college-optometrists.org/clinical-guidance/clinical-management-guidelines/uveitis_anterior

  Anterior uveitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the iris and the anterior part of the ciliary body. […] Acute anterior uveitis usually causes pain, redness, photophobia and blurred vision. […] It usually occurs in those with autoimmune conditions including ankylosing spondylitis, inflammatory bowel disease and sarcoidosis, but it can also be the result of injury or infection. […] In approximately 50% of cases, no cause can be found. […] Some patients with anterior uveitis may also have inflammation elsewhere in the body e.g. ankylosing spondylitis, inflammatory bowel disease, sarcoidosis. […] Around half of patients with anterior uveitis are born with a genetic variant known as Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) B27 which makes them more likely to develop the condition. […] If the uveitis comes back later, investigations including blood tests and X-rays will usually be ordered to look for underlying inflammation elsewhere in the body. Controlling that inflammation may help to prevent further attacks of uveitis.

• #19 Iritis – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/eye-health/iritis/

  After iritis of unknown cause, the second most common type of anterior uveitis (inflammation of the front of the eye) is associated with the HLA-B27 gene. It’s responsible for 40-70% of anterior uveitis cases, depending on the region, and is more commonly seen in males. […] A large-scale study found that the most common causes of uveitis were unknown followed by seronegative spondyloarthropathies (a group of diseases involving the joints), Sarcoidosis, Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Behcets, and HIV. These conditions commonly cause anterior uveitis. Posterior uveitis (inflammation at the back of the eye), on the other hand, is commonly caused by Toxoplasmosis, unknown reasons, CMV, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Sarcoidosis.

• #20 Uveitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uveitis

  Onset of uveitis can broadly be described as a failure of the ocular immune system and the disease results from inflammation and tissue destruction. Uveitis is driven by the Th17 T cell sub-population that bear T-cell receptors specific for proteins found in the eye. […] Autoreactive T cells must normally be held in check by the suppressive environment produced by microglia and dendritic cells in the eye. […] Whether through infection or other causes, this balance can be upset and autoreactive T cells allowed to proliferate and migrate to the eye. […] Failure of this mechanism leads to neutrophil and other leukocyte recruitment from the peripheral blood through IL-17 secretion. Tissue destruction is mediated by non-specific macrophage activation and the resulting cytokine cascades. […] Serum TNF- is significantly elevated in cases while IL-6 and IL-8 are present in significantly higher quantities in the aqueous humour in patients with both quiescent and active uveitis.

• #21 Anterior Uveitis – Creative Biolabs

  https://www.creative-biolabs.com/complement-therapeutics/anterior-uveitis.htm

  The exact pathogenesis of AU is not clear, while there is a diverse set of accepted etiologies that span a wide spectrum of genetic, infectious and noninfectious causes. […] Strong evidence has pointed to reactivation of viruses (herpes simplex, varicella zoster, etc.) parasites, and fungi as important causes of anterior uveitis. Bacterial infection is another significant contributing factor in the pathogenesis of AU. […] Complement and complement regulatory proteins (CRegs) in the pathogenesis of anterior uveitis have been addressed and recognized, especially C3 and complement receptor 3 (CR3). The presence of complement was critical for local production of cytokines (IFN- and IL-10), chemokines (IP-10), and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and LECAM-1) in anterior uveitis.

• #22 Traumatic Iritis: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/traumatic-iritis-3422015

  Traumatic iritis is inflammation of the iris due to trauma. […] In traumatic iritis, the eye injury will trigger an inflammatory response in which white blood cells and proteins will rapidly accumulate between the iris and lens. […] The acute inflammatory response will also cause the fluid in the front of the eye, called the aqueous humor, to thicken, causing blurring. […] Inflammation associated with traumatic iritis can often increase intraocular pressure (pressure within the eye). […] If left unchecked, extreme inflammation can cause parts of the iris and lens to stick together—a condition known as synechia. […] This, in turn, can affect the movement of fluid through the eye, causing the iris to bulge. […] The increased pressure can lead to a serious complication known as angle-closure glaucoma. […] When blunt trauma damages the eye’s drainage system, it can lead to angle recession glaucoma.

• #23 Iritis

  https://www.aapos.org/glossary/iritis

  Iritis can have many causes, including trauma, infection and autoimmune diseases such as Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease), nephritis, and reactive arthritis. […] Iritis may cause many ocular problems including iris attachments to the lens (posterior synechiae) or other eye structures (peripheral anterior synechiae) cataracts, glaucoma, inflammation in the vitreous (vitritis) and retina (retinitis), swelling in the back of the eye (macular edema) as well as calcium accumulation on the cornea (band keratopathy). […] The effective treatment of acute or chronic eye inflammation often requires collaboration between an ophthalmologist and pediatric subspecialists, such as rheumatologists. […] Treatment depends on the severity of the ocular inflammation. Topical steroid eye drops are the initial treatment, but steroid may also be given as an injection around the eye or taken orally. Other systemic medications utilized include methotrexate, infliximab (Remicade) and adalimumab (Humira).

• #24 Iritis | Stuart P. Sondheimer, MD

  https://www.drsondheimer.com/blog/eye-conditions/iritis/

  Iritis occurs when the iris tissue becomes inflamed. […] In ititis, white blood cells called leukocytes exude into the anterior chamber (fluid-filled space between the iris and the cornea of the eye). […] The severity of the disease is made based on the concentration of inflammatory cells. […] In chronic iritis, inflammation may be resistant to therapy and may even cause visual impairment can occur from glaucoma, macular swelling or cataracts. […] No cause for iritis can be found in a large number of cases. […] In others, trauma to the eye as well as several inflammatory and infectious diseases can be the culprit. […] Crohns disease, arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease are just a few autoimmune diseases known to cause iritis or uveitis. […] Lyme disease, tuberculosis, syphilis and multiple forms of herpes (herpes simplex, herpes zoster viruses) are among several other infectious causes tied of iritis. […] Its important to treat iritis soon after symptoms appear as each new episode increases chances of scarring, cataracts, glaucoma and other serious eye damage.

• #25 Tattoo-Associated Uveitis – Retina Today

  https://retinatoday.com/articles/2016-may-june/tattoo-associated-uveitis

  Tattoo-associated uveitis is a rare, late sequela of tattooing that is not completely understood. […] Tattoo ink may serve as an antigenic trigger for the development of granulomas in patients susceptible to sarcoidosis. […] Tattoo-associated uveitis may be associated with systemic sarcoidosis or may represent a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. […] Histology of the involved skin may reveal noncaseating granulomas, suggesting an association with sarcoidosis or foreign body reaction (delayed hypersensitivity) due to metallic or other elements in the injected dye. […] In these patients, mild or moderate ocular inflammation should be initially managed with topical steroids and topical cycloplegics to prevent synechiae formation. […] The authors of this study hypothesized that pigment from the inflamed tattoo accumulated in the uvea and led to persistent uveitis.

• #26 Tattoo-Associated Uveitis – Retina Today

  https://retinatoday.com/articles/2016-may-june/tattoo-associated-uveitis

  Interestingly, only tattoos or portions of tattoos containing black ink were affected in all patients, supporting the hypothesis that hypersensitivity is key to the pathogenesis of this condition. […] Tattoo-associated uveitis may be associated with systemic sarcoidosis or may represent a delayed hypersensitivity reaction.

• #27

  https://journals.lww.com/ijo/fulltext/2020/68090/drug_induced_uveitis__a_review.16.aspx

  Uveitis has a wide variety of causes. Despite significant advances in the field of diagnostics as well as in understanding the pathogenesis of uveitis, the cause of uveitis often remains unknown. Over the last few decades, drug-induced uveitis (DIU) has emerged as a rare, yet an important cause of uveitis. DIU shows extremely low prevalence (0.5%), and the data available is limited. […] The exact etiology of DIU remains largely unknown; however, various mechanisms have been proposed which are either direct or indirect. […] Direct mechanism is when the drug has direct access to intraocular tissue. This can be in the form of topical, intravitreal, or intracameral administration. It has been hypothesized that it could be due to direct toxic effect of the drug, it’s metabolite or the vehicle. This would eventually lead to breach in the blood ocular barrier, resulting in ocular inflammation.

• #28

  https://journals.lww.com/ijo/fulltext/2020/68090/drug_induced_uveitis__a_review.16.aspx

  Immune complex deposition in uveal tissues: drugs can directly induce production of antibodies, and these immune complexes get deposited in the uveal tissue resulting in inflammatory reaction, e.g. Bisphosphonates. […] Immune reaction to antigens released from antibiotic-induced death of microorganisms: this happens less than 24 hours after antibiotic administration, e.g. Rifabutin. […] Alteration of melanin’s ability to scavenge free radicals: drugs may combine with melanin thereby inducing uveitis and impairing the drug’s effectiveness for detoxifying free radicals or by enhancing their own intrinsic uveitogenicity. […] Immune check point inhibitors (ICPIs): tumor cells proliferate in an uncontrolled manner by activating inhibitory receptors on tumor-specific T-cells, which can downregulate and suppress T-cell function. Immune checkpoint inhibitors prevent activation of these inhibitory receptors on tumor-specific T-cells, thus enabling the T-cells to become activated and kill the tumor cells. Immune-related adverse events of ICPI are toxicities caused by nonspecific activation of the host own immune system resulting in inflammation.

• #29

  https://journals.lww.com/ijo/fulltext/2020/68090/drug_induced_uveitis__a_review.16.aspx

  Tumor necrotic factor (TNF) inhibitors induced reactivation of tubercular uveitis: it has been hypothesized that neutralization of TNF by TNF inhibitors during chronic latent tuberculosis (TB) allows replication of organism within the granuloma. […] Other mechanisms: oral contraceptives and topical agents, such as cholinesterase inhibitors, might induce uveitis by acting on microvasculature and causing a rupture of the blood ocular barrier.

• #30 Iritis: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/ophthalmology/iritis-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-diagnosis-treatment-and-complications

  Iritis is the swelling or irritation of the colored ring around your eye’s pupil. The cause is frequently unknown. It could result from an underlying medical condition or a hereditary condition. If neglected, iritis can lead to glaucoma or blindness. […] Acute iritis can also strike individuals with specific autoimmune diseases brought on by gene abnormalities that impact the immune system. These include ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. […] Treatment for iritis aims to reduce pain and inflammation while maintaining vision. It’s also important to treat any underlying conditions linked to iritis. […] Recurrent iritis can lead to glaucoma, a dangerous disorder of the eyes that is marked by elevated intraocular pressure and potential loss of vision.

• #31 Diagnosis and treatment of anterior uveitis: optometric management | OPTO

  https://www.dovepress.com/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-anterior-uveitis-optometric-management-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTO

  Once an etiology has been established, appropriate treatment may commence. […] Initial treatment of anterior uveitis involves topical corticosteroids. […] The most common topical corticosteroid prescribed for the treatment of anterior uveitis is prednisolone acetate 1%. […] In certain cases, additional therapies may be needed in conjunction with topical corticosteroid and cycloplegic therapies. […] Long-term control can be extremely difficult in patients with anterior uveitis. […] The goal of long-term therapy is to keep the eye free of inflammation, which is the most challenging aspect in managing uveitis. […] Accurate and complete diagnosis is a critical first step in the management of the patient with anterior uveitis.

• #32 Iritis Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Is It Serious?

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/iritis/article_em.htm

  Treatment includes the use of medication in the form of eyedrops, and pills if necessary, to promote healing and to help decrease eye pain. […] Eyedrops that dilate the pupil, called cycloplegics, are often used to make the eye more comfortable and to prevent adhesions of the pupil to the underlying lens. […] Steroid (cortisone) eyedrops are usually prescribed unless an infectious agent (virus or bacteria) caused the iritis. […] Iritis can be the cause of certain other eye problems, such as glaucoma and cataract. […] Certain cases of iritis (those associated with systemic diseases, such as sarcoidosis or ankylosing spondylitis) may be chronic or recurrent.

• #33 Uveitis I Eye condition information | RNIB

  https://www.rnib.org.uk/your-eyes/eye-conditions-az/uveitis/

  Anterior uveitis, sometimes called iritis, is when the iris or ciliary body at the front of your eye is inflamed. Anterior uveitis is the most common type of uveitis. […] For most people with acute anterior uveitis a course of eye drops is all the treatment needed to clear up the inflammation. In people with chronic anterior uveitis, they may need long-term medication including immunosuppressants. […] Apart from certain types of uveitis caused by infection, the key to treating uveitis is to use medications that reduce inflammation and control the immune system. Corticosteroids – often referred to as steroids for short – work by reducing the activity of your immune system so that it no longer releases the chemicals which cause inflammation. […] Immunosuppressants can help reduce inflammation by suppressing some of the activity of your immune system. They are important for people who need long-term medication to control their uveitis, since it would not be safe to take high-dose steroids long-term. […] The way in which your sight may be affected in the long term by intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis or panuveitis may be due to the direct effects of the uveitis or its complications.

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