Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Norovirus – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513265/

  Noroviruses are nonenveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses from the Caliciviridae family and are the leading cause of acute gastrointestinal illness worldwide. […] Noroviruses have 10 known genogroups and 49 genotypes. The classification into genogroups and genotypes is based on amino acid diversity in VP1 and ORF1 proteins. Human infections are predominantly due to genogroups GI, GII, and GIV, with GII being the most common cause of gastroenteritis. […] The primary mode of transmission of norovirus is fecal-oral. Sources include ingesting contaminated water or food or direct transmission from a contaminated surface or infected person. […] Norovirus outbreaks are common in several different settings. Norovirus is known to cause gastroenteritis outbreaks in hospitals and other healthcare facilities.

• #2 Norovirus – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4284304/

  Norovirus, an RNA virus of the family Caliciviridae, is a human enteric pathogen that causes substantial morbidity across both health care and community settings. […] Several factors enhance the transmissibility of norovirus, including the small inoculum required to produce infection (<100 viral particles), prolonged viral shedding, and its ability to survive in the environment. [...] Human noroviruses are the leading cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in all age groups and have been associated with high-profile outbreaks in hospitals, nursing homes, cruise ships, and the military. [...] It is estimated that each year, noroviruses are responsible for 64,000 diarrheal episodes requiring hospitalization, 900,000 clinic visits among children in industrialized nations, and ~200,000 deaths of children <5 years old in the developing world.

• #3 Norovirus – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4284304/

  The Norwalk virus agent (the original prototype virus is referred to as Norwalk virus in this review) was originally visualized by using immunoelectron microscopy, revealing 27-nm virus-like particles. […] The Caliciviridae family of small, nonenveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses is now comprised of five genera, including Norovirus, Sapovirus, Lagovirus, Nebovirus, and Vesivirus. […] The human norovirus genome is composed of a linear, positive-sense RNA that is ~7.6 kb in length. […] Human norovirus infections are caused, in decreasing order of frequency, by GII (mostly GII.4), GI, and, to a very limited extent, GIV. […] The genetic diversity of the human noroviruses is apparent from the observation that VP1 amino acid sequences of GII.4 strains differ by 37% to 38% from the prototypic GI.1 Norwalk virus strain and by 5% to 7% within the GII genotype alone, with as much as a 2.8% difference between strains of an individual virus.

• #4 Norovirus – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513265/

  Noroviruses are nonenveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses from the Caliciviridae family and are the leading cause of acute gastrointestinal illness worldwide. […] Noroviruses have 10 known genogroups and 49 genotypes. The classification into genogroups and genotypes is based on amino acid diversity in VP1 and ORF1 proteins. Human infections are predominantly due to genogroups GI, GII, and GIV, with GII being the most common cause of gastroenteritis. […] The primary mode of transmission of norovirus is fecal-oral. Sources include ingesting contaminated water or food or direct transmission from a contaminated surface or infected person. […] Norovirus outbreaks are common in several different settings. Norovirus is known to cause gastroenteritis outbreaks in hospitals and other healthcare facilities.

• #5 Norovirus – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4284304/

  Norovirus has been likened to a “shape-shifter,” a mythical creature that can change form or being. This description refers to its diversity, with, as determined by the VP1 amino acid sequence, at least 6 genogroups (genogroup I [GI] to GVI) and >40 genotypes, together with its continued evolution, apparently in response to the selective pressure exerted by the human immune system.

• #6 Norovirus – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513265/

  Noroviruses are nonenveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses from the Caliciviridae family and are the leading cause of acute gastrointestinal illness worldwide. […] Noroviruses have 10 known genogroups and 49 genotypes. The classification into genogroups and genotypes is based on amino acid diversity in VP1 and ORF1 proteins. Human infections are predominantly due to genogroups GI, GII, and GIV, with GII being the most common cause of gastroenteritis. […] The primary mode of transmission of norovirus is fecal-oral. Sources include ingesting contaminated water or food or direct transmission from a contaminated surface or infected person. […] Norovirus outbreaks are common in several different settings. Norovirus is known to cause gastroenteritis outbreaks in hospitals and other healthcare facilities.

• #7 Norovirus – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4284304/

  The Norwalk virus agent (the original prototype virus is referred to as Norwalk virus in this review) was originally visualized by using immunoelectron microscopy, revealing 27-nm virus-like particles. […] The Caliciviridae family of small, nonenveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses is now comprised of five genera, including Norovirus, Sapovirus, Lagovirus, Nebovirus, and Vesivirus. […] The human norovirus genome is composed of a linear, positive-sense RNA that is ~7.6 kb in length. […] Human norovirus infections are caused, in decreasing order of frequency, by GII (mostly GII.4), GI, and, to a very limited extent, GIV. […] The genetic diversity of the human noroviruses is apparent from the observation that VP1 amino acid sequences of GII.4 strains differ by 37% to 38% from the prototypic GI.1 Norwalk virus strain and by 5% to 7% within the GII genotype alone, with as much as a 2.8% difference between strains of an individual virus.

• #8 Norovirus – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4284304/

  The Norwalk virus agent (the original prototype virus is referred to as Norwalk virus in this review) was originally visualized by using immunoelectron microscopy, revealing 27-nm virus-like particles. […] The Caliciviridae family of small, nonenveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses is now comprised of five genera, including Norovirus, Sapovirus, Lagovirus, Nebovirus, and Vesivirus. […] The human norovirus genome is composed of a linear, positive-sense RNA that is ~7.6 kb in length. […] Human norovirus infections are caused, in decreasing order of frequency, by GII (mostly GII.4), GI, and, to a very limited extent, GIV. […] The genetic diversity of the human noroviruses is apparent from the observation that VP1 amino acid sequences of GII.4 strains differ by 37% to 38% from the prototypic GI.1 Norwalk virus strain and by 5% to 7% within the GII genotype alone, with as much as a 2.8% difference between strains of an individual virus.

• #9 Norovirus – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4284304/

  Norovirus has been likened to a “shape-shifter,” a mythical creature that can change form or being. This description refers to its diversity, with, as determined by the VP1 amino acid sequence, at least 6 genogroups (genogroup I [GI] to GVI) and >40 genotypes, together with its continued evolution, apparently in response to the selective pressure exerted by the human immune system.

• #10 Norovirus infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/norovirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20355296

  Norovirus infection can cause severe vomiting and diarrhea that start suddenly. Noroviruses are highly contagious. They commonly spread through food or water that is contaminated during preparation or through contaminated surfaces. Noroviruses can also spread through close contact with a person who has norovirus infection. […] Noroviruses are highly contagious. That means the norovirus infection can easily spread to others. The virus is shed in stool and vomit. You can spread the virus from the time you first have symptoms of illness until several days after you recover. Noroviruses can stay on surfaces and objects for days or weeks. […] You can get norovirus infection by: Eating contaminated food, Drinking contaminated water, Touching your hand to your mouth after your hand has been in contact with a contaminated surface or object, Being in close contact with a person who has norovirus infection. […] Noroviruses are difficult to kill because they can withstand hot and cold temperatures and many disinfectants.

• #11 Norovirus | The Unwelcome Invader: Causes, Symptoms

  https://idatb.com/norovirus/

  Noroviruses belong to the Caliciviridae family and are non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses. At least six genogroups (GI to GVI) and numerous genetic clusters are within these groups. The most common genogroups responsible for human infections are GI and GII. […] Transmission of the Norovirus occurs through several routes, including: Direct person-to-person contact, Consumption of contaminated food or water, Contact with contaminated surfaces. […] The virus is highly contagious, with as few as 18 viral particles being enough to cause infection. Contamination can occur at any food handling and preparation stage, including the growing, harvesting, processing, and consumption phases. High-risk foods include shellfish, ready-to-eat foods, and fresh produce. […] Dr. Aron Hall, a Norovirus expert at the CDC, warns, “Noroviruses are remarkably resilient, able to survive freezing temperatures, heating up to 60 degrees Celsius (140 degrees Fahrenheit), and a wide range of pH levels.”

• #12 Norovirus | The Unwelcome Invader: Causes, Symptoms

  https://idatb.com/norovirus/

  Noroviruses belong to the Caliciviridae family and are non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses. At least six genogroups (GI to GVI) and numerous genetic clusters are within these groups. The most common genogroups responsible for human infections are GI and GII. […] Transmission of the Norovirus occurs through several routes, including: Direct person-to-person contact, Consumption of contaminated food or water, Contact with contaminated surfaces. […] The virus is highly contagious, with as few as 18 viral particles being enough to cause infection. Contamination can occur at any food handling and preparation stage, including the growing, harvesting, processing, and consumption phases. High-risk foods include shellfish, ready-to-eat foods, and fresh produce. […] Dr. Aron Hall, a Norovirus expert at the CDC, warns, “Noroviruses are remarkably resilient, able to survive freezing temperatures, heating up to 60 degrees Celsius (140 degrees Fahrenheit), and a wide range of pH levels.”

• #13 Norovirus infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/norovirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20355296

  Norovirus infection can cause severe vomiting and diarrhea that start suddenly. Noroviruses are highly contagious. They commonly spread through food or water that is contaminated during preparation or through contaminated surfaces. Noroviruses can also spread through close contact with a person who has norovirus infection. […] Noroviruses are highly contagious. That means the norovirus infection can easily spread to others. The virus is shed in stool and vomit. You can spread the virus from the time you first have symptoms of illness until several days after you recover. Noroviruses can stay on surfaces and objects for days or weeks. […] You can get norovirus infection by: Eating contaminated food, Drinking contaminated water, Touching your hand to your mouth after your hand has been in contact with a contaminated surface or object, Being in close contact with a person who has norovirus infection. […] Noroviruses are difficult to kill because they can withstand hot and cold temperatures and many disinfectants.

• #14 Norovirus Infection – Warde Medical Laboratory

  https://wardelab.com/warde-reports/norovirus-infection/

  Noroviruses are ubiquitous and they are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. […] Mead et al. reported that noroviruses cause 23 million infections, 50,000 hospitalizations and 310 fatalities in the United States each year. […] Noroviruses (formerly Norwalk-like viruses) are nonenveloped RNA viruses and members of the Calicivirus family. […] Most human norovirus gastroenteritis is caused by genogroup II viruses. […] Long-term and cross-strain immunity to noroviruses is limited. […] Noroviruses replicate efficiently in the upper intestine and extremely high viral loads (>100,000 virus particles/gram of material) are present in stool and vomitus. […] Ingestion of just 10 virus particles is sufficient to produce infection in normal healthy individuals. […] Most norovirus contamination of food is thought to occur during preparation and service by food handlers who are infected with the virus. […] Noroviruses can also be transmitted in swimming pools and water parks. […] Noroviruses are extremely hardy and difficult to destroy.

• #15 Norovirus Infection – Warde Medical Laboratory

  https://wardelab.com/warde-reports/norovirus-infection/

  Noroviruses are ubiquitous and they are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. […] Mead et al. reported that noroviruses cause 23 million infections, 50,000 hospitalizations and 310 fatalities in the United States each year. […] Noroviruses (formerly Norwalk-like viruses) are nonenveloped RNA viruses and members of the Calicivirus family. […] Most human norovirus gastroenteritis is caused by genogroup II viruses. […] Long-term and cross-strain immunity to noroviruses is limited. […] Noroviruses replicate efficiently in the upper intestine and extremely high viral loads (>100,000 virus particles/gram of material) are present in stool and vomitus. […] Ingestion of just 10 virus particles is sufficient to produce infection in normal healthy individuals. […] Most norovirus contamination of food is thought to occur during preparation and service by food handlers who are infected with the virus. […] Noroviruses can also be transmitted in swimming pools and water parks. […] Noroviruses are extremely hardy and difficult to destroy.

• #16 Norovirus – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513265/

  Noroviruses are nonenveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses from the Caliciviridae family and are the leading cause of acute gastrointestinal illness worldwide. […] Noroviruses have 10 known genogroups and 49 genotypes. The classification into genogroups and genotypes is based on amino acid diversity in VP1 and ORF1 proteins. Human infections are predominantly due to genogroups GI, GII, and GIV, with GII being the most common cause of gastroenteritis. […] The primary mode of transmission of norovirus is fecal-oral. Sources include ingesting contaminated water or food or direct transmission from a contaminated surface or infected person. […] Norovirus outbreaks are common in several different settings. Norovirus is known to cause gastroenteritis outbreaks in hospitals and other healthcare facilities.

• #17 Understanding Norovirus: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.nanavatimaxhospital.org/blogs/norovirus-infection

  Norovirus is a highly contagious virus that causes gastroenteritis, commonly known as the stomach flu. It is responsible for the majority of foodborne illness outbreaks worldwide and spreads easily through contaminated food, water, surfaces, and person-to-person contact. […] Norovirus spreads easily in crowded or enclosed environments. The main causes include: […] 1. Person-to-Person Contact: Shaking hands or touching an infected person. Inhalation of aerosolized particles from vomit or diarrhea. […] 2. Contaminated Food: Consuming food handled by an infected person. Eating raw or undercooked shellfish, fresh produce, or ready-to-eat foods. […] 3. Contaminated Water: Drinking untreated or improperly sanitized water. Using contaminated water for washing food or cooking. […] 4. Surface Contamination: Touching infected surfaces and then touching the mouth. High-risk surfaces include doorknobs, countertops, and bathroom fixtures.

• #18 What Should I Do If My Child Has Norovirus? | Mount Sinai Today

  https://health.mountsinai.org/blog/what-should-i-do-if-my-child-has-norovirus/

  If your child has a stomach bug, it could be norovirus—a highly contagious stomach virus that causes diarrhea and vomiting. […] Norovirus is a common contagious virus that inflames the intestines, causing nausea, diarrhea, and throwing up. Sometimes it can also cause fever. The disease is spread when particles from an infected person’s feces or vomit spreads to others, typically in bathrooms, but also by eating or drinking contaminated foods and beverages; using contaminated utensils; touching contaminated surfaces; or having any direct contact with someone who is infected. Norovirus is highly transmissible, and infected people can actually shed billions of norovirus particles at a time, but it can take fewer than 100 norovirus particles to make another person sick. […] Newborn babies and children who have underlying chronic illnesses such as kidney disease and diabetes are at higher risk for becoming dehydrated and severely ill because excessive fluid losses can affect their kidney and their liver function. […] Testing is available. However, norovirus is similar to other types of stomach infections, such as rotavirus, and symptom management is the same, so testing isn’t useful.

• #19 Norovirus | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/norovirus

  People with norovirus infection are most contagious when they have symptoms, especially vomiting, and during the first few days after feeling better. Studies have shown that you can still spread norovirus for two weeks or more after you feel better. […] Norovirus can be diagnosed by testing stool from an infected person. Many laboratories in Massachusetts are able to perform this test, but health care providers often base their diagnosis on a patient’s symptoms and how long they last. […] There is no specific treatment for norovirus infection. Norovirus cannot be treated with antibiotics and people usually get better without medical attention in 1 to 3 days. It is important for people infected with norovirus to drink plenty of liquids to replace fluids they have lost and prevent dehydration.

• #20 Norovirus: What to do if you catch it and helping to stop the spread – UK Health Security AgencyGOV.UK

  https://ukhsa.blog.gov.uk/2022/11/17/norovirus-what-to-do-if-you-catch-it-and-helping-to-stop-the-spread/

  Individuals are most infectious when symptomatic, but it is possible to pass on norovirus or shed the virus, thereby contaminating surfaces, objects or even food, both before developing symptoms and after symptoms have stopped. […] Norovirus immunity is short lived and there is no cross-strain immunity, therefore it is possible to have multiple norovirus infections in a short period of time if you’re exposed to different strains.

• #21 Norovirus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus

  Norovirus, also known as Norwalk virus and sometimes referred to as the winter vomiting disease, is the most common cause of gastroenteritis. […] Infection is characterized by non-bloody diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. […] The virus is usually spread by the fecal–oral route. […] This may be through contaminated food or water or person-to-person contact. […] Risk factors include unsanitary food preparation and sharing close quarters. […] Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms. […] There is no vaccine or specific treatment for norovirus. […] Norovirus results in about 685 million cases of disease and 200,000 deaths globally a year. […] Norovirus infections occur more commonly during winter months. […] It often occurs in outbreaks, especially among those living in close quarters. […] In the United States, it is the cause of about half of all foodborne disease outbreaks.

• #22 About Norovirus | Norovirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/about/index.html

  Norovirus is the leading cause of vomiting and diarrhea, and foodborne illness in the United States. […] Norovirus is a very contagious virus that causes vomiting and diarrhea. […] Norovirus causes acute gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach or intestines. […] You can get norovirus illness many times in your life because there are many different types of noroviruses. […] If eaten raw, oysters and other filter-feeding shellfish can contain viruses and bacteria that can cause illness or death. […] Norovirus spreads very easily and quickly in different ways. […] There is no specific medicine to treat people with norovirus illness. […] Antibiotic drugs will not help treat norovirus infections because they fight bacteria, not viruses.

• #23 Causes and Symptoms of Norovirus Infection – MN Dept. of HealthMinnesota Department of HealthMinnesota Department of healthprintsearchsharefacebookinstagramlinkedintwitteryoutube

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/norovirus/basics.html

  Noroviruses are members of a group of viruses called caliciviruses, known previously as “Norwalk-like viruses.” This infection is often mistakenly referred to as the “stomach flu,” but noroviruses are not related to the flu (influenza), which is a respiratory illness caused by influenza virus. Norovirus is also sometimes called viral gastroenteritis, food poisoning, and calicivirus. […] Norovirus infection causes gastroenteritis, which is an inflammation of the stomach and the small and large intestines. Norovirus is by far the leading cause of foodborne illness outbreaks in Minnesota and the rest of the U.S. […] Noroviruses are found in the stool or vomit of infected people. People can become infected with the virus in several ways, including: eating food or drinking liquids that are contaminated with norovirus by foodhandlers who have not washed their hands adequately.

• #24 Norovirus Fact Sheet – MN Dept. of HealthMinnesota Department of HealthMinnesota Department of healthprintsearchsharefacebookinstagramlinkedintwitteryoutube

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/norovirus/noro.html

  Noroviruses are a group of viruses (previously known as Norwalk-like viruses) that can cause gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. Norovirus is the leading cause of foodborne illness outbreaks in Minnesota. […] People become infected with norovirus by: […] Eating food or drinking liquids contaminated by an infected person. […] Eating uncooked shellfish that has been harvested from contaminated waters. […] Touching contaminated surfaces or objects and then touching their mouth or eating without washing their hands first.

• #25 Norovirus: Symptoms, treatment, and preventionMedical News Today

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/179107

  Norovirus is a member of the Caliciviridae family of viruses. These viruses are responsible for about 90% of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks and close to 50% of cases across the world. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), norovirus causes gastroenteritis in 19–21 million people per year in the United States. The virus is also responsible for 109,000 annual hospitalizations and 900 deaths in the U.S. every year. […] The Department of Health and Human Services suggest that the following are the most common causes of human norovirus infections: contaminated foods, shellfish, ready-to-eat foods, such as salads, ice, cookies, fruit, and sandwiches, that a worker with a norovirus infection has handled, any food that contains particles of the feces or vomit of a person with norovirus.

• #26 Norovirus: Symptoms, treatment, and preventionMedical News Today

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/179107

  According to the CDC, about 70% of foodborne norovirus infection outbreaks occur due to the direct contamination of food by a handler with norovirus immediately before its consumption. […] The best way to prevent the spread of foodborne noroviruses is to practice proper food handling. Good hand hygiene and food cleaning are important for preventing the transmission of norovirus.

• #27 Understanding Norovirus: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.nanavatimaxhospital.org/blogs/norovirus-infection

  Norovirus is a highly contagious virus that causes gastroenteritis, commonly known as the stomach flu. It is responsible for the majority of foodborne illness outbreaks worldwide and spreads easily through contaminated food, water, surfaces, and person-to-person contact. […] Norovirus spreads easily in crowded or enclosed environments. The main causes include: […] 1. Person-to-Person Contact: Shaking hands or touching an infected person. Inhalation of aerosolized particles from vomit or diarrhea. […] 2. Contaminated Food: Consuming food handled by an infected person. Eating raw or undercooked shellfish, fresh produce, or ready-to-eat foods. […] 3. Contaminated Water: Drinking untreated or improperly sanitized water. Using contaminated water for washing food or cooking. […] 4. Surface Contamination: Touching infected surfaces and then touching the mouth. High-risk surfaces include doorknobs, countertops, and bathroom fixtures.

• #28 Understanding the Causes and Symptoms of Norovirus

  https://www.afcurgentcare.com/burlington/blog/understanding-the-causes-symptoms-of-norovirus/

  Norovirus is a highly contagious virus that causes gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It spreads rapidly through contaminated food, water, surfaces, or close contact with infected individuals. […] Norovirus is a very contagious viral infection. It is caused by consuming contaminated food or beverages which can be contaminated at any point including production, processing, cooking, and storage. Eating undercooked meat or seafood are some of the most common ways to contract norovirus. […] Norovirus can survive on surfaces like door handles for multiple days and symptoms may not appear until up to 48 hours after exposure, increasing the chances of the virus spreading.

• #29 Understanding the Causes and Symptoms of Norovirus

  https://www.afcurgentcare.com/burlington/blog/understanding-the-causes-symptoms-of-norovirus/

  Norovirus is a highly contagious virus that causes gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It spreads rapidly through contaminated food, water, surfaces, or close contact with infected individuals. […] Norovirus is a very contagious viral infection. It is caused by consuming contaminated food or beverages which can be contaminated at any point including production, processing, cooking, and storage. Eating undercooked meat or seafood are some of the most common ways to contract norovirus. […] Norovirus can survive on surfaces like door handles for multiple days and symptoms may not appear until up to 48 hours after exposure, increasing the chances of the virus spreading.

• #30 Norovirus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus

  Norovirus, also known as Norwalk virus and sometimes referred to as the winter vomiting disease, is the most common cause of gastroenteritis. […] Infection is characterized by non-bloody diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. […] The virus is usually spread by the fecal–oral route. […] This may be through contaminated food or water or person-to-person contact. […] Risk factors include unsanitary food preparation and sharing close quarters. […] Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms. […] There is no vaccine or specific treatment for norovirus. […] Norovirus results in about 685 million cases of disease and 200,000 deaths globally a year. […] Norovirus infections occur more commonly during winter months. […] It often occurs in outbreaks, especially among those living in close quarters. […] In the United States, it is the cause of about half of all foodborne disease outbreaks.

• #31 Norovirus: Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, and MoreHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/norovirus

  Norovirus is a stomach and intestinal virus that’s very contagious. It passes easily through direct or indirect contact with an infected person. It can spread quickly in close quarters such as hospitals, schools, and day care centers. […] Norovirus is thought to be the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in the world, leading to 685 million cases a year. Gastroenteritis is inflammation and infection of the stomach and intestinal tract caused by any infectious organism, like bacteria and viruses. Norovirus is responsible for up to 21 million illnesses in the United States each year. […] It all starts when you come into contact with the virus. It could be lurking on your food. Or perhaps you touch an infected light switch or hold someone’s hand before touching your mouth or nose. That’s when those tiny particles gain entry to your body.

• #32 Norovirus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus

  Norovirus, also known as Norwalk virus and sometimes referred to as the winter vomiting disease, is the most common cause of gastroenteritis. […] Infection is characterized by non-bloody diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. […] The virus is usually spread by the fecal–oral route. […] This may be through contaminated food or water or person-to-person contact. […] Risk factors include unsanitary food preparation and sharing close quarters. […] Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms. […] There is no vaccine or specific treatment for norovirus. […] Norovirus results in about 685 million cases of disease and 200,000 deaths globally a year. […] Norovirus infections occur more commonly during winter months. […] It often occurs in outbreaks, especially among those living in close quarters. […] In the United States, it is the cause of about half of all foodborne disease outbreaks.

• #33 Norovirus | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/norovirus

  Norovirus is a very contagious virus that causes acute gastroenteritis with vomiting and diarrhea. Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestines. While it is sometimes called the “stomach flu” or “stomach bug,” norovirus is not related to the flu, which is caused by the influenza virus. […] Norovirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis among people of all ages in the United States. It is possible to get sick at any time of the year, but illnesses are most common between November and April. […] Noroviruses are very contagious and can be found in the stool or vomit of infected people. People get sick by accidentally getting tiny particles of stool or vomit in their mouth from a person infected with norovirus. […] There are many strains of noroviruses, and being infected does not provide long-lasting immunity. People can become infected with norovirus many times during their life.

• #34 Norovirus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus

  Norovirus, also known as Norwalk virus and sometimes referred to as the winter vomiting disease, is the most common cause of gastroenteritis. […] Infection is characterized by non-bloody diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. […] The virus is usually spread by the fecal–oral route. […] This may be through contaminated food or water or person-to-person contact. […] Risk factors include unsanitary food preparation and sharing close quarters. […] Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms. […] There is no vaccine or specific treatment for norovirus. […] Norovirus results in about 685 million cases of disease and 200,000 deaths globally a year. […] Norovirus infections occur more commonly during winter months. […] It often occurs in outbreaks, especially among those living in close quarters. […] In the United States, it is the cause of about half of all foodborne disease outbreaks.

• #35 Norovirus – NFID

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/norovirus/

  Norovirus is a common and highly contagious virus that causes inflammation in the stomach and intestines, a condition known as gastroenteritis. You can get norovirus from an infected person, contaminated food or water, or by touching contaminated surfaces. […] Commonly referred to as food poisoning or a stomach bug, noroviruses are the most common cause of gastroenteritis in the US. […] Norovirus outbreaks have been reported in many settings, including healthcare facilities, restaurants and catered events, schools, and childcare centers. […] There are no specific medicines to treat people with norovirus. Antibiotics do not help because they fight bacteria, not viruses.

• #36 How to Treat Norovirus: What to Know About the Stomach Flu – Primary Careicon-close

  https://healthmatters.nyp.org/dealing-with-a-stomach-bug-heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-norovirus/

  Norovirus is a group of viruses that cause gastroenteritis, or a stomach infection, that can lead to vomiting and diarrhea, among other symptoms. […] It’s the most common cause of stomach viruses in elderly populations and children, but anyone can get it. […] Norovirus is easily transmissible between person to person through viral particles, including saliva, vomit, or stool. […] You can get it by sharing contaminated food, drinks, or utensils, and outbreaks can stem from food preparation by an infected person. […] Norovirus generally causes mild symptoms and lasts no more than 48 to 72 hours.

• #37 Norovirus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus

  Norovirus, also known as Norwalk virus and sometimes referred to as the winter vomiting disease, is the most common cause of gastroenteritis. […] Infection is characterized by non-bloody diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. […] The virus is usually spread by the fecal–oral route. […] This may be through contaminated food or water or person-to-person contact. […] Risk factors include unsanitary food preparation and sharing close quarters. […] Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms. […] There is no vaccine or specific treatment for norovirus. […] Norovirus results in about 685 million cases of disease and 200,000 deaths globally a year. […] Norovirus infections occur more commonly during winter months. […] It often occurs in outbreaks, especially among those living in close quarters. […] In the United States, it is the cause of about half of all foodborne disease outbreaks.

• #38 What Is Norovirus? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/norovirus/guide/

  More than half of all norovirus outbreaks in the United States occur in long-term care facilities. Outbreaks also occur in hospitals, restaurants, and at catered events. […] Norovirus is responsible for 58 percent of all foodborne illnesses in the United States, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] Norovirus is the most common cause of foodborne illness in the United States, but it’s not the only cause.

• #39 Norovirus in Shellfish | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/community-and-environment/shellfish/recreational-shellfish/illnesses/norovirus

  Anyone can get norovirus. Young children, the elderly, and anyone who already has other illnesses may experience longer, more serious illness, and rarely, death. […] People who eat raw oysters or undercooked shellfish are at higher risk of a norovirus illness. Norovirus persists longer in colder marine water and we tend to see more shellfish-related norovirus illnesses in November through March. […] The best way to prevent norovirus in the marine environment is to manage human waste responsibly.

• #40 Norovirus | Saint Mary’s College

  https://www.saintmarys.edu/health-norovirus

  Currently, there is no antiviral medication that works against norovirus and there is no vaccine to prevent infection. Norovirus infection cannot be treated with antibiotics. […] Dehydration among young children, the elderly, the sick, can be common, and it is the most serious health effect that can result from norovirus infection.

• #41 What Should I Do If My Child Has Norovirus? | Mount Sinai Today

  https://health.mountsinai.org/blog/what-should-i-do-if-my-child-has-norovirus/

  If your child has a stomach bug, it could be norovirus—a highly contagious stomach virus that causes diarrhea and vomiting. […] Norovirus is a common contagious virus that inflames the intestines, causing nausea, diarrhea, and throwing up. Sometimes it can also cause fever. The disease is spread when particles from an infected person’s feces or vomit spreads to others, typically in bathrooms, but also by eating or drinking contaminated foods and beverages; using contaminated utensils; touching contaminated surfaces; or having any direct contact with someone who is infected. Norovirus is highly transmissible, and infected people can actually shed billions of norovirus particles at a time, but it can take fewer than 100 norovirus particles to make another person sick. […] Newborn babies and children who have underlying chronic illnesses such as kidney disease and diabetes are at higher risk for becoming dehydrated and severely ill because excessive fluid losses can affect their kidney and their liver function. […] Testing is available. However, norovirus is similar to other types of stomach infections, such as rotavirus, and symptom management is the same, so testing isn’t useful.

• #42 Norovirus: Causes, symptoms and treatment | Live ScienceLive Science

  https://www.livescience.com/42944-what-is-norovirus.html

  Norovirus is transmitted mostly through the fecal-oral route, meaning from feces of an infected individual to the mouth of a susceptible individual. […] The mechanism of norovirus infection is not fully understood, according to a 2012 review published in The Journal of Infectious Diseases. Norovirus is a relatively simple pathogen — each viral particle carries just nine protein-coding genes. […] Human norovirus binds to human cells via several specific receptors, such as histo-blood group antigens (HBGA), according to a 2019 review published in the journal Viruses. […] In addition to humans, norovirus can infect a broad range of hosts including livestock, pets, and wild animals like marine mammals and bats. Norovirus may not be restricted to one host and might be able to jump the species barrier, according to a 2019 review published in the journal Viruses.

• #43 Causes and Symptoms of Norovirus Infection – MN Dept. of HealthMinnesota Department of HealthMinnesota Department of healthprintsearchsharefacebookinstagramlinkedintwitteryoutube

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/norovirus/basics.html

  Noroviruses are members of a group of viruses called caliciviruses, known previously as “Norwalk-like viruses.” This infection is often mistakenly referred to as the “stomach flu,” but noroviruses are not related to the flu (influenza), which is a respiratory illness caused by influenza virus. Norovirus is also sometimes called viral gastroenteritis, food poisoning, and calicivirus. […] Norovirus infection causes gastroenteritis, which is an inflammation of the stomach and the small and large intestines. Norovirus is by far the leading cause of foodborne illness outbreaks in Minnesota and the rest of the U.S. […] Noroviruses are found in the stool or vomit of infected people. People can become infected with the virus in several ways, including: eating food or drinking liquids that are contaminated with norovirus by foodhandlers who have not washed their hands adequately.

• #44 Norovirus | Infectious Diseases

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/norovirus

  Norovirus is a gastrointestinal illness caused by a group of viruses. When you ingest (take in) tiny bits of virus, the virus attacks your stomach and intestines. Norovirus illnesses are also known as “stomach flu” or gastroenteritis. […] Norovirus causes diarrhea and vomiting that lasts for several days. These illnesses are highly contagious. Norovirus can lead to severe dehydration, a serious condition requiring hospitalization. […] Anyone can get norovirus. Viruses from the Caliciviridae family cause this highly contagious illness. Viruses spread when you: […] If you eat food or drink water contaminated by a norovirus, you can become infected. […] When you share items that someone with norovirus has used, you may ingest virus particles. […] Norovirus particles in the air can settle on objects and surfaces. You can get norovirus if you touch them and then put your fingers in your mouth.

• #45 Norovirus – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513265/

  The average period from inoculation with the virus until clinical symptoms develop is 1.2 days, and norovirus symptoms usually resolve within 1 to 3 days. […] Host genetic factors appear to play a role in the susceptibility to norovirus, and specific IgG and IgA antibodies develop after infection. […] Infection control is a priority in preventing norovirus outbreaks. While efforts at vaccine development are underway, hand hygiene, surface cleaning, and prevention of body fluid exposure are the mainstays of infection control. […] Norovirus vaccine development remains a priority for both the perceived public health and economic benefits. Developing a vaccine has been difficult because of the complex nature of norovirus, human immune responses, difficulty culturing the virus, and limited animal models for vaccine testing.

• #46 Norovirus: Causes, symptoms and treatment | Live ScienceLive Science

  https://www.livescience.com/42944-what-is-norovirus.html

  Norovirus is transmitted mostly through the fecal-oral route, meaning from feces of an infected individual to the mouth of a susceptible individual. […] The mechanism of norovirus infection is not fully understood, according to a 2012 review published in The Journal of Infectious Diseases. Norovirus is a relatively simple pathogen — each viral particle carries just nine protein-coding genes. […] Human norovirus binds to human cells via several specific receptors, such as histo-blood group antigens (HBGA), according to a 2019 review published in the journal Viruses. […] In addition to humans, norovirus can infect a broad range of hosts including livestock, pets, and wild animals like marine mammals and bats. Norovirus may not be restricted to one host and might be able to jump the species barrier, according to a 2019 review published in the journal Viruses.

• #47 How highly contagious norovirus infection gets its start – WashU Medicine

  https://medicine.washu.edu/news/how-fast-spreading-norovirus-infection-gets-its-start/

  The new study indicates that such infections in the mice cause the number of tuft cells to increase by five- to tenfold, leading the norovirus to replicate more efficiently. […] The researchers, including Herbert W. “Skip” Virgin, MD, PhD, now at Vir Biotechnology, also noted that noroviruses tucked inside tuft cells are effectively hidden from the immune system, which could explain why some people continue to shed virus long after they are no longer sick. […] “This raises important questions about whether human norovirus infects tuft cells and whether people who have chronic norovirus infections and continue to shed the virus long after infection do so because the virus remains hidden in tuft cells,” Wilen said. “If that’s the case, targeting tuft cells may be an important strategy to eradicate the virus.”

• #48 Norovirus – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513265/

  The average period from inoculation with the virus until clinical symptoms develop is 1.2 days, and norovirus symptoms usually resolve within 1 to 3 days. […] Host genetic factors appear to play a role in the susceptibility to norovirus, and specific IgG and IgA antibodies develop after infection. […] Infection control is a priority in preventing norovirus outbreaks. While efforts at vaccine development are underway, hand hygiene, surface cleaning, and prevention of body fluid exposure are the mainstays of infection control. […] Norovirus vaccine development remains a priority for both the perceived public health and economic benefits. Developing a vaccine has been difficult because of the complex nature of norovirus, human immune responses, difficulty culturing the virus, and limited animal models for vaccine testing.

• #49 Norovirus: What to do if you catch it and helping to stop the spread – UK Health Security AgencyGOV.UK

  https://ukhsa.blog.gov.uk/2022/11/17/norovirus-what-to-do-if-you-catch-it-and-helping-to-stop-the-spread/

  Individuals are most infectious when symptomatic, but it is possible to pass on norovirus or shed the virus, thereby contaminating surfaces, objects or even food, both before developing symptoms and after symptoms have stopped. […] Norovirus immunity is short lived and there is no cross-strain immunity, therefore it is possible to have multiple norovirus infections in a short period of time if you’re exposed to different strains.

• #50 About Norovirus | Norovirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/about/index.html

  Norovirus is the leading cause of vomiting and diarrhea, and foodborne illness in the United States. […] Norovirus is a very contagious virus that causes vomiting and diarrhea. […] Norovirus causes acute gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach or intestines. […] You can get norovirus illness many times in your life because there are many different types of noroviruses. […] If eaten raw, oysters and other filter-feeding shellfish can contain viruses and bacteria that can cause illness or death. […] Norovirus spreads very easily and quickly in different ways. […] There is no specific medicine to treat people with norovirus illness. […] Antibiotic drugs will not help treat norovirus infections because they fight bacteria, not viruses.

• #51 Norovirus: What to do if you catch it and helping to stop the spread – UK Health Security AgencyGOV.UK

  https://ukhsa.blog.gov.uk/2022/11/17/norovirus-what-to-do-if-you-catch-it-and-helping-to-stop-the-spread/

  Individuals are most infectious when symptomatic, but it is possible to pass on norovirus or shed the virus, thereby contaminating surfaces, objects or even food, both before developing symptoms and after symptoms have stopped. […] Norovirus immunity is short lived and there is no cross-strain immunity, therefore it is possible to have multiple norovirus infections in a short period of time if you’re exposed to different strains.

• #52 About Norovirus | Norovirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/about/index.html

  Norovirus is the leading cause of vomiting and diarrhea, and foodborne illness in the United States. […] Norovirus is a very contagious virus that causes vomiting and diarrhea. […] Norovirus causes acute gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach or intestines. […] You can get norovirus illness many times in your life because there are many different types of noroviruses. […] If eaten raw, oysters and other filter-feeding shellfish can contain viruses and bacteria that can cause illness or death. […] Norovirus spreads very easily and quickly in different ways. […] There is no specific medicine to treat people with norovirus illness. […] Antibiotic drugs will not help treat norovirus infections because they fight bacteria, not viruses.

• #53 Norovirus | Norovirus Infections | MedlinePlusLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/norovirusinfections.html

  Noroviruses are a group of related viruses. Infection with these viruses causes an illness called gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It can spread from person to person, or through contaminated food or water. You can also get it if you touch a contaminated surface. Norovirus can be serious, especially for young children and older adults. […] Treatment includes bed rest and lots of liquids to prevent dehydration. There is no specific medicine to treat norovirus infections. […] Proper hand washing and safe food preparation may help prevent infections.

• #54 Norovirus – NFID

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/norovirus/

  Norovirus is a common and highly contagious virus that causes inflammation in the stomach and intestines, a condition known as gastroenteritis. You can get norovirus from an infected person, contaminated food or water, or by touching contaminated surfaces. […] Commonly referred to as food poisoning or a stomach bug, noroviruses are the most common cause of gastroenteritis in the US. […] Norovirus outbreaks have been reported in many settings, including healthcare facilities, restaurants and catered events, schools, and childcare centers. […] There are no specific medicines to treat people with norovirus. Antibiotics do not help because they fight bacteria, not viruses.

• #55 Norovirus: Causes, symptoms and treatment | Live ScienceLive Science

  https://www.livescience.com/42944-what-is-norovirus.html

  Currently, there are no specific treatments or vaccines for norovirus infection, Yuan said. […] „Firstly, norovirus has many different strains, which can make it difficult to develop a vaccine that provides broad protection against all of them,” she said. It is also difficult to grow norovirus in a laboratory, which has hindered the development of a live oral or inactivated vaccine, she said.

• #56 Norovirus – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513265/

  The average period from inoculation with the virus until clinical symptoms develop is 1.2 days, and norovirus symptoms usually resolve within 1 to 3 days. […] Host genetic factors appear to play a role in the susceptibility to norovirus, and specific IgG and IgA antibodies develop after infection. […] Infection control is a priority in preventing norovirus outbreaks. While efforts at vaccine development are underway, hand hygiene, surface cleaning, and prevention of body fluid exposure are the mainstays of infection control. […] Norovirus vaccine development remains a priority for both the perceived public health and economic benefits. Developing a vaccine has been difficult because of the complex nature of norovirus, human immune responses, difficulty culturing the virus, and limited animal models for vaccine testing.

• #57 Norovirus: Causes, symptoms and treatment | Live ScienceLive Science

  https://www.livescience.com/42944-what-is-norovirus.html

  Currently, there are no specific treatments or vaccines for norovirus infection, Yuan said. […] „Firstly, norovirus has many different strains, which can make it difficult to develop a vaccine that provides broad protection against all of them,” she said. It is also difficult to grow norovirus in a laboratory, which has hindered the development of a live oral or inactivated vaccine, she said.

• #58 Norovirus: What nurses need to know | National Nurses United

  https://www.nationalnursesunited.org/norovirus-what-nurses-need-to-know

  Norovirus is a highly contagious virus that causes acute gastroenteritis. It is the leading cause of foodborne illness in the U.S. and worldwide, with 685 million cases globally each year. Norovirus is estimated to be responsible for approximately 200,000 deaths annually, with over 70,000 occurring among children in developing countries. […] The virus is also resistant to many disinfectants and can survive on surfaces for extended periods. […] Infection can occur with exposure to an infected person or to an environmental contaminant. Common foods linked to norovirus outbreaks include leafy greens, fruits, and raw shellfish, which can become contaminated with norovirus when exposed to untreated sewage and/or if handled by a sick individual. The virus has a low infectious dose, meaning even a small number of viral particles can cause illness, enabling the virus to spread rapidly in crowded conditions. […] Additionally, there are no vaccines against norovirus. The significant diversity between norovirus strains not only increases the feasibility of secondary infections, but also contributes to the difficulty of developing an effective norovirus vaccine.

• #59 Norovirus – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513265/

  The average period from inoculation with the virus until clinical symptoms develop is 1.2 days, and norovirus symptoms usually resolve within 1 to 3 days. […] Host genetic factors appear to play a role in the susceptibility to norovirus, and specific IgG and IgA antibodies develop after infection. […] Infection control is a priority in preventing norovirus outbreaks. While efforts at vaccine development are underway, hand hygiene, surface cleaning, and prevention of body fluid exposure are the mainstays of infection control. […] Norovirus vaccine development remains a priority for both the perceived public health and economic benefits. Developing a vaccine has been difficult because of the complex nature of norovirus, human immune responses, difficulty culturing the virus, and limited animal models for vaccine testing.

• #60 Norovirus – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513265/

  The average period from inoculation with the virus until clinical symptoms develop is 1.2 days, and norovirus symptoms usually resolve within 1 to 3 days. […] Host genetic factors appear to play a role in the susceptibility to norovirus, and specific IgG and IgA antibodies develop after infection. […] Infection control is a priority in preventing norovirus outbreaks. While efforts at vaccine development are underway, hand hygiene, surface cleaning, and prevention of body fluid exposure are the mainstays of infection control. […] Norovirus vaccine development remains a priority for both the perceived public health and economic benefits. Developing a vaccine has been difficult because of the complex nature of norovirus, human immune responses, difficulty culturing the virus, and limited animal models for vaccine testing.

• #61 Norovirus: Symptoms, treatment, and preventionMedical News Today

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/179107

  According to the CDC, about 70% of foodborne norovirus infection outbreaks occur due to the direct contamination of food by a handler with norovirus immediately before its consumption. […] The best way to prevent the spread of foodborne noroviruses is to practice proper food handling. Good hand hygiene and food cleaning are important for preventing the transmission of norovirus.

• #62 Norovirus | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/norovirus

  Take the following steps to prevent getting or spreading the disease: Wash your hands well and often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially: After using the toilet or changing diapers. Before eating, preparing, or handling food. Before giving yourself or someone else medicine. […] Workers in any food-related business who have norovirus must stay out of work for 72 hours after their symptoms have stopped. Food-related businesses include restaurants, sandwich shops, hospital kitchens, and grocery stores. This requirement also applies to workers in schools, residential programs, daycares, and health care facilities who feed, give mouth care or dispense medications.

• #63 Norovirus – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4284304/

  Norovirus, an RNA virus of the family Caliciviridae, is a human enteric pathogen that causes substantial morbidity across both health care and community settings. […] Several factors enhance the transmissibility of norovirus, including the small inoculum required to produce infection (<100 viral particles), prolonged viral shedding, and its ability to survive in the environment. [...] Human noroviruses are the leading cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in all age groups and have been associated with high-profile outbreaks in hospitals, nursing homes, cruise ships, and the military. [...] It is estimated that each year, noroviruses are responsible for 64,000 diarrheal episodes requiring hospitalization, 900,000 clinic visits among children in industrialized nations, and ~200,000 deaths of children <5 years old in the developing world.

• #64 Norovirus – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/norovirus

  Norovirus is one of the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreaks and a main cause of childhood-endemic AGE worldwide. The first outbreak was described in Norwalk, Ohio, in 1968. […] Norovirus is the most common viral cause of epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide; it is also a common cause of endemic diarrhea in community settings. The highest frequency of norovirus infection occurs among infants less than 12 months of age. […] Each year in the United States, norovirus causes 19 to 21 million illnesses, including 900 deaths, 103,000 hospitalizations, 460,000 emergency department visits, and 2.6 million outpatient visits. […] In a meta-analysis including nearly 150,000 patients with acute gastroenteritis, the overall norovirus detection rate was 17 percent. Birth cohort studies in low- and middle-income countries have demonstrated that up to 90 percent of the children experience at least one norovirus infection, and up to 70 percent experience norovirus-associated diarrhea in early childhood.

• #65 Norovirus – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4284304/

  Norovirus, an RNA virus of the family Caliciviridae, is a human enteric pathogen that causes substantial morbidity across both health care and community settings. […] Several factors enhance the transmissibility of norovirus, including the small inoculum required to produce infection (<100 viral particles), prolonged viral shedding, and its ability to survive in the environment. [...] Human noroviruses are the leading cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in all age groups and have been associated with high-profile outbreaks in hospitals, nursing homes, cruise ships, and the military. [...] It is estimated that each year, noroviruses are responsible for 64,000 diarrheal episodes requiring hospitalization, 900,000 clinic visits among children in industrialized nations, and ~200,000 deaths of children <5 years old in the developing world.

• #66 Norovirus – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/norovirus

  Norovirus is one of the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreaks and a main cause of childhood-endemic AGE worldwide. The first outbreak was described in Norwalk, Ohio, in 1968. […] Norovirus is the most common viral cause of epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide; it is also a common cause of endemic diarrhea in community settings. The highest frequency of norovirus infection occurs among infants less than 12 months of age. […] Each year in the United States, norovirus causes 19 to 21 million illnesses, including 900 deaths, 103,000 hospitalizations, 460,000 emergency department visits, and 2.6 million outpatient visits. […] In a meta-analysis including nearly 150,000 patients with acute gastroenteritis, the overall norovirus detection rate was 17 percent. Birth cohort studies in low- and middle-income countries have demonstrated that up to 90 percent of the children experience at least one norovirus infection, and up to 70 percent experience norovirus-associated diarrhea in early childhood.

• #67 Norovirus – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/norovirus

  Norovirus is one of the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreaks and a main cause of childhood-endemic AGE worldwide. The first outbreak was described in Norwalk, Ohio, in 1968. […] Norovirus is the most common viral cause of epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide; it is also a common cause of endemic diarrhea in community settings. The highest frequency of norovirus infection occurs among infants less than 12 months of age. […] Each year in the United States, norovirus causes 19 to 21 million illnesses, including 900 deaths, 103,000 hospitalizations, 460,000 emergency department visits, and 2.6 million outpatient visits. […] In a meta-analysis including nearly 150,000 patients with acute gastroenteritis, the overall norovirus detection rate was 17 percent. Birth cohort studies in low- and middle-income countries have demonstrated that up to 90 percent of the children experience at least one norovirus infection, and up to 70 percent experience norovirus-associated diarrhea in early childhood.

• #68 Nasty Norovirus | Signs, Symptoms, Prevention | BioFire DiagnosticsSearchClick to open the search input fieldLink to: Evolving to Meet Your Needs: BioFire® FilmArray® System Software UpdatesLink to: Meningitis in Pediatric Patients and the Value of Multip

  https://www.biofiredx.com/blog/nasty-norovirus/

  Norovirus is a highly contagious virus that is a common cause of diarrhea and acute gastroenteritis. Norovirus causes gastroenteritis in 19–21 million people per year in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). More seriously, the virus is responsible for 56,000–71,000 annual hospitalizations and 570–800 deaths in the U.S. every year. […] Noroviruses can linger on surfaces for days, and they are difficult to eradicate because they can withstand both hot and cold temperatures and most disinfectants. […] Many pathogens can cause symptoms like diarrhea and vomiting, making it difficult for clinicians to know what’s causing gastrointestinal illness based on symptoms alone. […] The BioFire GI Panel takes a syndromic approach to infectious disease diagnostics, using multiplex PCR technology to simultaneously test for multiple potential pathogens in one quick test. Quickly identifying the causative pathogen may help guide appropriate treatment and may improve patient management. […] There is no specific treatment for norovirus infection, and recovery generally depends on the health of your immune system.

• #69 Norovirus – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4284304/

  Norovirus, an RNA virus of the family Caliciviridae, is a human enteric pathogen that causes substantial morbidity across both health care and community settings. […] Several factors enhance the transmissibility of norovirus, including the small inoculum required to produce infection (<100 viral particles), prolonged viral shedding, and its ability to survive in the environment. [...] Human noroviruses are the leading cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in all age groups and have been associated with high-profile outbreaks in hospitals, nursing homes, cruise ships, and the military. [...] It is estimated that each year, noroviruses are responsible for 64,000 diarrheal episodes requiring hospitalization, 900,000 clinic visits among children in industrialized nations, and ~200,000 deaths of children <5 years old in the developing world.

• #70 Norovirus – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513265/

  Noroviruses are nonenveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses from the Caliciviridae family and are the leading cause of acute gastrointestinal illness worldwide. […] Noroviruses have 10 known genogroups and 49 genotypes. The classification into genogroups and genotypes is based on amino acid diversity in VP1 and ORF1 proteins. Human infections are predominantly due to genogroups GI, GII, and GIV, with GII being the most common cause of gastroenteritis. […] The primary mode of transmission of norovirus is fecal-oral. Sources include ingesting contaminated water or food or direct transmission from a contaminated surface or infected person. […] Norovirus outbreaks are common in several different settings. Norovirus is known to cause gastroenteritis outbreaks in hospitals and other healthcare facilities.

• #71 Norovirus: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/food-poisoning/norovirus/health-professionals.html

  Noroviruses (previously called Norwalk-like viruses) are a group of highly contagious small structured ribonucleic acid (RNA) round viruses belonging to the family Caliciviridae. They are the most common cause of sporadic gastroenteritis across all age groups. […] Noroviruses cause approximately 90% of all outbreaks of epidemic gastroenteritis. They are an important source of foodborne outbreaks globally. […] Norovirus is the leading cause of foodborne disease outbreaks. Outbreaks of norovirus can be difficult to contain given the small inoculum required for transmission and its environmental stability.

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