Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Norovirus – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/norovirus

  DIAGNOSIS

• #2 Norovirus – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/norovirus

  DIAGNOSIS

• #3 Norovirus – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513265/

  Noroviruses are nonenveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses from the Caliciviridae family and are the leading cause of acute gastrointestinal illness worldwide. […] This course explores the complexities surrounding norovirus, including the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, management, preventative strategies, and evolving vaccines. […] In cases where norovirus is suspected, several enzyme immunoassays and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are available for the detection of norovirus. […] While enzyme immunoassays are the most readily available test, RT-PCR remains the gold standard for detection. […] The Kaplan clinical and epidemiological criteria for norovirus were developed before the development of laboratory testing and are still considered useful when definitive testing is unavailable.

• #4 Norovirus infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/norovirus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355302

  Norovirus infection is usually diagnosed based on your symptoms, but noroviruses can be identified from a stool sample. […] If you have a weakened immune system or have other medical conditions, your health care provider might recommend a stool test to confirm the presence of norovirus.

• #5 What Is Norovirus? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/norovirus/guide/

  Norovirus can also be detected in a stool sample. If you have an underlying health issue or weakened immune system, your doctor may want to order a stool test. […] A doctor can usually diagnose norovirus based on a person’s symptoms.

• #6 About Norovirus | Norovirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/about/index.html

  Diagnostic methods for norovirus focus on detecting viral RNA (genetic material) or viral antigen. Diagnostic tests are available at all public health laboratories and many clinical laboratories.

• #7 I am worried about my stomach cramps and diarrhea. Kindly help.

  https://www.icliniq.com/qa/norovirus/how-is-norovirus-diagnosed-and-what-treatments-are-available

  Norovirus is usually diagnosed based on symptoms like sudden vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps, and sometimes fever. In some cases, laboratory tests are used to confirm the diagnosis, especially in severe cases or outbreaks. The main tests for norovirus are: […] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): This is the most accurate test for detecting norovirus in stool samples and is commonly used to confirm the diagnosis. […] Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs): These tests detect norovirus in stool samples and provide quicker results, though they are less sensitive than PCR. […] Electron microscopy: This can identify the virus in stool samples, but it is rarely used because it is expensive and complex.

• #8 Norovirus infection – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA HealthClose overlayDownload document

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/norovirus+infection/norovirus+infection+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Diagnosis can be made by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) testing of a faecal sample in a pathology laboratory, but is usually only done for investigation of outbreaks. […] Symptoms usually begin 24 to 48 hours after ingestion of the virus, but can appear as early as 12 hours after exposure.

• #9 Viral gastroenteritis (not rotavirus)

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/viral-gastroenteritis-not-rotavirus

  Norovirus is recognised as the major cause of outbreaks of non-bacterial infectious gastroenteritis. […] Abrupt onset of symptoms, forceful vomiting as a prominent symptom and high secondary attack rate in an outbreak of gastroenteritis are features suggestive of norovirus. […] Diagnosis is predominantly based on clinical presentation. Virus in stool can be visualised and distinguished by electron microscopy. Nucleic acid hybridisation and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays to detect norovirus genome are sensitive and specific tools for outbreak investigation. Nucleotide sequencing provides a classification of the viruses and is an important tool in establishing vehicles of infection in outbreak settings. […] The known range for norovirus is 18-72 hours. […] Norovirus is recognised as the major cause of outbreaks of non-bacterial infectious gastroenteritis.

• #10 Norovirus – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513265/

  Noroviruses are nonenveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses from the Caliciviridae family and are the leading cause of acute gastrointestinal illness worldwide. […] This course explores the complexities surrounding norovirus, including the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, management, preventative strategies, and evolving vaccines. […] In cases where norovirus is suspected, several enzyme immunoassays and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are available for the detection of norovirus. […] While enzyme immunoassays are the most readily available test, RT-PCR remains the gold standard for detection. […] The Kaplan clinical and epidemiological criteria for norovirus were developed before the development of laboratory testing and are still considered useful when definitive testing is unavailable.

• #11 Norovirus – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513265/

  If all of the following Kaplan criteria are positive, a norovirus outbreak is highly probable: Vomiting in more than half of symptomatic cases, Mean (or median) incubation period of 24 to 48 hours, Mean (or median) duration of illness of 12 to 60 hours, No bacterial pathogen isolated on stool culture. […] Many cases of norovirus go undiagnosed, as many patients do not seek medical attention for treatment. […] The primary clinical focus should be on the patient’s hydration status, with an emphasis on infection control to prevent the spread of disease to healthcare workers and patient contacts. […] Infection control is a priority in preventing norovirus outbreaks. […] Currently, hand hygiene is the primary preventive method for outbreaks. […] Effective management of norovirus requires a coordinated interprofessional approach involving physicians, advanced practitioners, nurses, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals to enhance patient-centered care, safety, and outcomes.

• #12 Norovirus infection – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/norovirus-infection/

  Diagnosis is usually clinical; diagnostic studies are not required because confirmation does not affect management. […] Consider diagnostic studies in the following: Patients with red flags for diarrhea or risk factors for severe infection, diagnostic uncertainty, concern for community or institutional outbreaks. […] Suspect a possible norovirus outbreak if 2 patients with an epidemiological link present with symptoms of gastroenteritis within the same timeframe. […] Viral studies for norovirus: usually performed on whole stool. […] Whole stool is the preferred sample for viral testing. […] Confirmation of norovirus: Viral studies including genotyping. […] If viral studies are not possible, consider using the Kaplan criteria; norovirus is likely if: The mean or median duration of disease is 12-60 hours after an incubation period of 24-48 hours, more than 50% of affected patients have vomiting, no enteric bacteria have been detected.

• #13 Norovirus: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/food-poisoning/norovirus/health-professionals.html

  Norovirus is usually diagnosed on clinical suspicion in a patient with acute onset of vomiting and/or watery diarrhea. The diagnosis of norovirus is usually presumptive in such patients. The likelihood of norovirus is higher in the setting of an outbreak or during the winter in temperate regions. […] Confirming the diagnosis with stool testing is generally not necessary, although it may be useful in immunocompromised patients with severe or persistent symptoms. […] Laboratory testing can confirm the diagnosis of norovirus infection using reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing on a stool sample. […] In patients with a positive norovirus test but atypical symptoms, such as dysentery/bloody diarrhea or voluminous watery stools, other pathogens should be ruled out before attributing them to norovirus. These would include bacterial causes of diarrhea, including cholera in endemic regions.

• #14 Norovirus infection – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/norovirus-infection/

  Diagnosis is usually clinical; diagnostic studies are not required because confirmation does not affect management. […] Consider diagnostic studies in the following: Patients with red flags for diarrhea or risk factors for severe infection, diagnostic uncertainty, concern for community or institutional outbreaks. […] Suspect a possible norovirus outbreak if 2 patients with an epidemiological link present with symptoms of gastroenteritis within the same timeframe. […] Viral studies for norovirus: usually performed on whole stool. […] Whole stool is the preferred sample for viral testing. […] Confirmation of norovirus: Viral studies including genotyping. […] If viral studies are not possible, consider using the Kaplan criteria; norovirus is likely if: The mean or median duration of disease is 12-60 hours after an incubation period of 24-48 hours, more than 50% of affected patients have vomiting, no enteric bacteria have been detected.

• #15 Laboratory Testing for Norovirus | Norovirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/php/laboratories/index.html

  Diagnostic methods for norovirus testing focus on detecting viral RNA (genetic material) or viral antigen. […] RT-qPCR assays are the preferred diagnostic method to detect norovirus. […] EIA tests should not replace RT-qPCR during outbreak investigations; they are not recommended for testing single samples from sporadic cases. […] Diagnostic tests for norovirus detect viral RNA (genetic material) or viral antigen. Tests are available at all public health laboratories and many clinical laboratories. Most use reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays to detect norovirus. […] RT-qPCR assays are the preferred method to detect norovirus. RT-qPCR assays are very sensitive and specific. They can detect as few as 10 to 100 norovirus copies. […] Rapid commercial enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) that detect norovirus antigen in stool samples are also available. However, these kits have poor sensitivity (50% to 75%) and are generally not recommended for testing single samples from sporadic cases of gastroenteritis.

• #16 Laboratory Testing for Norovirus | Norovirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/php/laboratories/index.html

  Diagnostic methods for norovirus testing focus on detecting viral RNA (genetic material) or viral antigen. […] RT-qPCR assays are the preferred diagnostic method to detect norovirus. […] EIA tests should not replace RT-qPCR during outbreak investigations; they are not recommended for testing single samples from sporadic cases. […] Diagnostic tests for norovirus detect viral RNA (genetic material) or viral antigen. Tests are available at all public health laboratories and many clinical laboratories. Most use reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays to detect norovirus. […] RT-qPCR assays are the preferred method to detect norovirus. RT-qPCR assays are very sensitive and specific. They can detect as few as 10 to 100 norovirus copies. […] Rapid commercial enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) that detect norovirus antigen in stool samples are also available. However, these kits have poor sensitivity (50% to 75%) and are generally not recommended for testing single samples from sporadic cases of gastroenteritis.

• #17 Norovirus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus

  Specific diagnosis of norovirus is routinely made by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays or quantitative PCR assays, which give results within a few hours. These assays are very sensitive and can detect as few as 10 virus particles. […] Tests such as ELISA that use antibodies against a mixture of norovirus strains are available commercially, but lack specificity and sensitivity.

• #18 Norovirus: Epidemiology Clinical Features and Laboratory Diagnostics | Quest Diagnostics

  https://www.questdiagnostics.com/our-company/actions-insights/2019/norovirus-epidemiology-clinical-features-and-laboratory-diagnostics

  Stool is a preferred specimen for laboratory diagnosis of norovirus, and the only validated specimen for FDA-approved methods for clinical diagnosis. […] Enzyme immunoassays (EIA) detect norovirus antigen. […] Because of the modest performance of EIA, this method is not recommended for clinical diagnosis of norovirus infection in sporadic cases of gastroenteritis. […] Sensitivity and specificity of PCR-based assays range from 90% to 100%, depending on the assay. […] RT-PCR assays have become the gold standard for norovirus detection.

• #19 Norovirus: Epidemiology Clinical Features and Laboratory Diagnostics | Quest Diagnostics

  https://www.questdiagnostics.com/our-company/actions-insights/2019/norovirus-epidemiology-clinical-features-and-laboratory-diagnostics

  Stool is a preferred specimen for laboratory diagnosis of norovirus, and the only validated specimen for FDA-approved methods for clinical diagnosis. […] Enzyme immunoassays (EIA) detect norovirus antigen. […] Because of the modest performance of EIA, this method is not recommended for clinical diagnosis of norovirus infection in sporadic cases of gastroenteritis. […] Sensitivity and specificity of PCR-based assays range from 90% to 100%, depending on the assay. […] RT-PCR assays have become the gold standard for norovirus detection.

• #20 Norovirus infection laboratory findings – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Norovirus_infection_laboratory_findings

  Laboratory findings of norovirus infection include elevated concentration of inflammatory markers, hypokalemia, and chloride-sensitive metabolic alkalosis. Signs of dehydration may be present, such as relative polycythemia, elevated BUN, and elevated creatinine (pre-renal acute kidney injury). RT-PCR assay is the optimal test for the diagnosis of norovirus infection. Enzyme immunoassays to detect norovirus have been developed but are less useful due to low sensitivity. Norovirus is not usually grown on culture. […] RT-PCR assays are the preferred laboratory method for detecting norovirus. These assays are very sensitive and can detect as few as 10 to 100 norovirus copies per reaction. They use different primers to differentiate genogroup I and genogroup II norovirus. RT-PCR assays are also quantitative and can provide estimates of viral load. The assays may be used to detect norovirus in stool, vomitus, foods, water, and environmental specimens.

• #21 2400 – Norovirus RT PCR QUAL | Clinical | Eurofins-Viracor

  https://www.eurofins-viracor.com/test-menu/2400-norovirus-rt-pcr-qual/

  Noroviruses are a major cause of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis, accounting for as many as 50% of viral gastroenteritis cases. […] Real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR has been shown to be a sensitive, specific method for early assessment of norovirus infections, contributing to positive clinical outcomes. […] Extraction of norovirus nucleic acid from fecal specimens, followed by reverse transcription of viral RNA, then amplification and detection of cDNA using real-time PCR. […] The assay differentiates between Norovirus Group I and Group II. […] Detection of norovirus RNA in the stool does not definitively indicate that norovirus is the causative agent of gastrointestinal disease. Results should be used in conjunction with clinical findings, and should not form the sole basis for a diagnosis or treatment decision.

• #22 Multiplex Gastrointestinal Platforms to Improve Norovirus Diagnosis and Outbreak Management – Clinical Conversations

  https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/clinical-conversations/multiplex-gastrointestinal-platforms-to-improve-norovirus-diagnosis-and-outbreak-management/

  Norovirus is often referred to as the stomach bug. […] Dr. Sorel focuses on the importance of diagnostic tests for the swift and precise detection of norovirus infections. […] Today, more advanced methods, such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays targeting norovirus only or multiplex gastrointestinal platforms, are the preferred methods for diagnosing norovirus according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Dr. Sorel says. […] Modern molecular diagnostics can be valuable for a variety of reasons, she explains. […] In short, they are designed to enable a rapid public health response to effectively identify the source of infection, manage outbreaks, and isolate patients, especially in hospital and community settings, Dr. Sorel says. […] Recently now theres multiplex gastrointestinal platforms that have been developed and these platforms allow testing of gastrointestinal pathogens in a single test including viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens, she concludes.

• #23 Multiplex Gastrointestinal Platforms to Improve Norovirus Diagnosis and Outbreak Management – Clinical Conversations

  https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/clinical-conversations/multiplex-gastrointestinal-platforms-to-improve-norovirus-diagnosis-and-outbreak-management/

  Norovirus is often referred to as the stomach bug. […] Dr. Sorel focuses on the importance of diagnostic tests for the swift and precise detection of norovirus infections. […] Today, more advanced methods, such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays targeting norovirus only or multiplex gastrointestinal platforms, are the preferred methods for diagnosing norovirus according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Dr. Sorel says. […] Modern molecular diagnostics can be valuable for a variety of reasons, she explains. […] In short, they are designed to enable a rapid public health response to effectively identify the source of infection, manage outbreaks, and isolate patients, especially in hospital and community settings, Dr. Sorel says. […] Recently now theres multiplex gastrointestinal platforms that have been developed and these platforms allow testing of gastrointestinal pathogens in a single test including viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens, she concludes.

• #24 Norovirus – National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases

  https://nccid.ca/debrief/norovirus/

  Several commercial platforms for detecting multiple gastrointestinal pathogens have recently become available. Noroviruses of genogroup I and genogroup II are among them. The sensitivity of these assays for norovirus is comparable to that of RT-qPCR. […] There are also commercial enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) that detect norovirus antigen in stool samples. However, due to their low sensitivity (50 to 75%), these kits are not recommended in general.

• #25 Norovirus – National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases

  https://nccid.ca/debrief/norovirus/

  Several commercial platforms for detecting multiple gastrointestinal pathogens have recently become available. Noroviruses of genogroup I and genogroup II are among them. The sensitivity of these assays for norovirus is comparable to that of RT-qPCR. […] There are also commercial enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) that detect norovirus antigen in stool samples. However, due to their low sensitivity (50 to 75%), these kits are not recommended in general.

• #26 Laboratory Testing for Norovirus | Norovirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/php/laboratories/index.html

  Diagnostic methods for norovirus testing focus on detecting viral RNA (genetic material) or viral antigen. […] RT-qPCR assays are the preferred diagnostic method to detect norovirus. […] EIA tests should not replace RT-qPCR during outbreak investigations; they are not recommended for testing single samples from sporadic cases. […] Diagnostic tests for norovirus detect viral RNA (genetic material) or viral antigen. Tests are available at all public health laboratories and many clinical laboratories. Most use reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays to detect norovirus. […] RT-qPCR assays are the preferred method to detect norovirus. RT-qPCR assays are very sensitive and specific. They can detect as few as 10 to 100 norovirus copies. […] Rapid commercial enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) that detect norovirus antigen in stool samples are also available. However, these kits have poor sensitivity (50% to 75%) and are generally not recommended for testing single samples from sporadic cases of gastroenteritis.

• #27 Laboratory Testing for Norovirus | Norovirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/php/laboratories/index.html

  Diagnostic methods for norovirus testing focus on detecting viral RNA (genetic material) or viral antigen. […] RT-qPCR assays are the preferred diagnostic method to detect norovirus. […] EIA tests should not replace RT-qPCR during outbreak investigations; they are not recommended for testing single samples from sporadic cases. […] Diagnostic tests for norovirus detect viral RNA (genetic material) or viral antigen. Tests are available at all public health laboratories and many clinical laboratories. Most use reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays to detect norovirus. […] RT-qPCR assays are the preferred method to detect norovirus. RT-qPCR assays are very sensitive and specific. They can detect as few as 10 to 100 norovirus copies. […] Rapid commercial enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) that detect norovirus antigen in stool samples are also available. However, these kits have poor sensitivity (50% to 75%) and are generally not recommended for testing single samples from sporadic cases of gastroenteritis.

• #28 Norovirus infection laboratory findings – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Norovirus_infection_laboratory_findings

  Rapid commercial assays, such as enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), that detect norovirus antigen have recently been developed. However, these kits have poor sensitivity (50%) and are not recommended for diagnosing norovirus infection in sporadic cases of gastroenteritis. The RIDASCREEN Norovirus 3rd Generation EIA was recently cleared by Food and Drug Administration for preliminary identification of norovirus when testing multiple specimens during outbreaks. Samples that test negative should be confirmed by a second technique, such as RT-PCR. EIA kits should not replace molecular methods during outbreak investigations. […] Human noroviruses cannot be grown in cell culture. Diagnostic methods focus on detecting viral RNA or antigen.

• #29 Laboratory Testing for Norovirus | Norovirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/php/laboratories/index.html

  These assays can be used for preliminary identification of norovirus when testing multiple specimens during outbreaks. However, samples that test negative should be confirmed by a second technique, such as RT-qPCR. Thus, EIA kits should not replace RT-qPCR during outbreak investigations. […] Norovirus can be genotyped by sequence analysis of a RT-PCR product amplified from a partial region of both the polymerase gene (region B) and capsid gene (region C) in a single reaction for either genogroup I or genogroup II viruses.

• #30 Norovirus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus

  Specific diagnosis of norovirus is routinely made by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays or quantitative PCR assays, which give results within a few hours. These assays are very sensitive and can detect as few as 10 virus particles. […] Tests such as ELISA that use antibodies against a mixture of norovirus strains are available commercially, but lack specificity and sensitivity.

• #31 Norovirus: diagnosis and treatment | Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

  https://www.otsuka.co.jp/en/health-and-illness/quick-tests-for-infectious-diseases/norovirus/diagnosis/

  Previously, to diagnose norovirus, it was usually necessary to analyze the stool and vomit of infected persons, using specialist devices such as electron microscopes to detect norovirus particles, genes, and proteins. […] Recently, a rapid diagnostic technique that can provide a result in 15 minutes used a stool sample has been developed and is now being used in clinical settings.

• #32 I am worried about my stomach cramps and diarrhea. Kindly help.

  https://www.icliniq.com/qa/norovirus/how-is-norovirus-diagnosed-and-what-treatments-are-available

  Norovirus is usually diagnosed based on symptoms like sudden vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps, and sometimes fever. In some cases, laboratory tests are used to confirm the diagnosis, especially in severe cases or outbreaks. The main tests for norovirus are: […] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): This is the most accurate test for detecting norovirus in stool samples and is commonly used to confirm the diagnosis. […] Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs): These tests detect norovirus in stool samples and provide quicker results, though they are less sensitive than PCR. […] Electron microscopy: This can identify the virus in stool samples, but it is rarely used because it is expensive and complex.

• #33 What Are The Latest Advancements In Diagnostic Testing For Norovirus? – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/what-are-the-latest-advancements-in-diagnostic-testing-for-norovirus/

  Norovirus infection cannot be treated with antibiotics. Antibiotics work against bacteria, not viruses. […] Diagnostic tests for norovirus detect viral RNA or antigen. […] Reverse Transcription Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) is a widely used method to detect norovirus. RT-qPCR assays are highly sensitive and specific, capable of detecting even small amounts of viral RNA. […] Rapid enzyme immunoassays (EIA) are available to detect norovirus in stool samples. However, these tests have low sensitivity and are not generally recommended for routine diagnosis. […] RT-LAMP is a rapid and cost-effective technique used to detect viral RNA. […] NASBA amplifies RNA using a series of enzymes at a constant temperature. […] ISC-RT-qPCR is an advanced technique that combines standard RT-qPCR with a pre-capture step, where viral particles are isolated from the sample using specific receptors before amplification.

• #34 What Are The Latest Advancements In Diagnostic Testing For Norovirus? – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/what-are-the-latest-advancements-in-diagnostic-testing-for-norovirus/

  Norovirus infection cannot be treated with antibiotics. Antibiotics work against bacteria, not viruses. […] Diagnostic tests for norovirus detect viral RNA or antigen. […] Reverse Transcription Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) is a widely used method to detect norovirus. RT-qPCR assays are highly sensitive and specific, capable of detecting even small amounts of viral RNA. […] Rapid enzyme immunoassays (EIA) are available to detect norovirus in stool samples. However, these tests have low sensitivity and are not generally recommended for routine diagnosis. […] RT-LAMP is a rapid and cost-effective technique used to detect viral RNA. […] NASBA amplifies RNA using a series of enzymes at a constant temperature. […] ISC-RT-qPCR is an advanced technique that combines standard RT-qPCR with a pre-capture step, where viral particles are isolated from the sample using specific receptors before amplification.

• #35 What Are The Latest Advancements In Diagnostic Testing For Norovirus? – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/what-are-the-latest-advancements-in-diagnostic-testing-for-norovirus/

  Norovirus infection cannot be treated with antibiotics. Antibiotics work against bacteria, not viruses. […] Diagnostic tests for norovirus detect viral RNA or antigen. […] Reverse Transcription Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) is a widely used method to detect norovirus. RT-qPCR assays are highly sensitive and specific, capable of detecting even small amounts of viral RNA. […] Rapid enzyme immunoassays (EIA) are available to detect norovirus in stool samples. However, these tests have low sensitivity and are not generally recommended for routine diagnosis. […] RT-LAMP is a rapid and cost-effective technique used to detect viral RNA. […] NASBA amplifies RNA using a series of enzymes at a constant temperature. […] ISC-RT-qPCR is an advanced technique that combines standard RT-qPCR with a pre-capture step, where viral particles are isolated from the sample using specific receptors before amplification.

• #36 What Are The Latest Advancements In Diagnostic Testing For Norovirus? – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/what-are-the-latest-advancements-in-diagnostic-testing-for-norovirus/

  Recent advancements have led to the development of biosensors for quick, easy, and accurate norovirus testing. […] These biosensors use specific proteins or antibodies to detect norovirus. […] This method, including Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), measures changes in light as it interacts with viral particles attached to the sensor surface.

• #37 Norovirus: Epidemiology Clinical Features and Laboratory Diagnostics | Quest Diagnostics

  https://www.questdiagnostics.com/our-company/actions-insights/2019/norovirus-epidemiology-clinical-features-and-laboratory-diagnostics

  Stool is a preferred specimen for laboratory diagnosis of norovirus, and the only validated specimen for FDA-approved methods for clinical diagnosis. […] Enzyme immunoassays (EIA) detect norovirus antigen. […] Because of the modest performance of EIA, this method is not recommended for clinical diagnosis of norovirus infection in sporadic cases of gastroenteritis. […] Sensitivity and specificity of PCR-based assays range from 90% to 100%, depending on the assay. […] RT-PCR assays have become the gold standard for norovirus detection.

• #38 Health Care Provider Information on Norovirus – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/norovirus/healthcare.html

  In the last 10 years, diagnosis of norovirus illness in outbreaks has improved with the increasing use of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Currently, 27 state public health laboratories (including the MDH Public Health Laboratory) have the capability to test for noroviruses by RT-PCR. RT-PCR can be used to test stool and emesis samples. Identification of the virus can be best made from stool specimens taken within 48 to 72 hours after onset of symptoms, although good results can be obtained by using RT-PCR on samples taken as long as 5 days after symptom onset. Virus can sometimes be found in stool samples taken as late as 2 weeks after recovery. […] Testing at MDH is reserved for outbreak investigations; routine clinical testing is not available at MDH.

• #39 Health Care Provider Information on Norovirus – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/norovirus/healthcare.html

  In the last 10 years, diagnosis of norovirus illness in outbreaks has improved with the increasing use of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Currently, 27 state public health laboratories (including the MDH Public Health Laboratory) have the capability to test for noroviruses by RT-PCR. RT-PCR can be used to test stool and emesis samples. Identification of the virus can be best made from stool specimens taken within 48 to 72 hours after onset of symptoms, although good results can be obtained by using RT-PCR on samples taken as long as 5 days after symptom onset. Virus can sometimes be found in stool samples taken as late as 2 weeks after recovery. […] Testing at MDH is reserved for outbreak investigations; routine clinical testing is not available at MDH.

• #40 Norovirus PCR, Molecular Detection, Feces – Logan Health Medical Center Laboratory Test Catalog

  https://logan.testcatalog.org/show/LNORO

  A negative result suggests that RNA from norovirus genogroups 1 and 2 was absent in the clinical specimen. […] A positive result suggests that norovirus is the cause of gastrointestinal disease (diarrhea or vomiting); however, in certain patients (eg, immunocompromised hosts), norovirus may be shed for weeks to months in the absence of symptoms. […] This test should not be used as a test-of-cure, due to the fact that norovirus nucleic acid may be detected in patients for weeks to months following the resolution of symptoms. […] A negative result suggests that norovirus is not the cause of gastrointestinal disease (diarrhea or vomiting); however, viral nucleic acid may be present at a level that is below the limit of detection for this test. The results should be interpreted in the context of the patient’s clinical presentation and other laboratory findings.

• #41 Norovirus Genogroups I and II, Real-Time PCR | Test Detail | Quest Diagnostics

  https://testdirectory.questdiagnostics.com/test/test-detail/35980/norovirus-genogroups-i-and-ii-real-time-pcr?p=r&cc=MASTER

  Norovirus Genogroups I and II, Real-Time PCR – Norovirus test is a qualitative in vitro diagnostic test for the identification and differentiation of Norovirus genogroup I (GI) and genogroup II (GII) from raw or unpreserved unformed stool specimens collected from individuals with symptoms of acute gastroenteritis. Noroviruses classified into these two genogroups cause majority of the infections in human. The test utilizes real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect norovirus RNA. […] The analytical performance characteristics of this assay have been determined by Quest Diagnostics. The modifications have not been cleared or approved by FDA. This assay has been validated pursuant to the CLIA regulations and is used for clinical purposes. […] Preferred Specimen(s): 1 g or 5 mL of raw stool collected in a plastic screw-cap vial. […] Transport Container: Sterile plastic leak-proof container. […] Reject Criteria: Specimen other than liquid or semi-formed stool • Stool in preservative or mixed with urine.

• #42 Norovirus Genogroups I and II, Real-Time PCR | Test Detail | Quest Diagnostics

  https://testdirectory.questdiagnostics.com/test/test-detail/35980/norovirus-genogroups-i-and-ii-real-time-pcr?p=r&cc=MASTER

  Norovirus Genogroups I and II, Real-Time PCR – Norovirus test is a qualitative in vitro diagnostic test for the identification and differentiation of Norovirus genogroup I (GI) and genogroup II (GII) from raw or unpreserved unformed stool specimens collected from individuals with symptoms of acute gastroenteritis. Noroviruses classified into these two genogroups cause majority of the infections in human. The test utilizes real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect norovirus RNA. […] The analytical performance characteristics of this assay have been determined by Quest Diagnostics. The modifications have not been cleared or approved by FDA. This assay has been validated pursuant to the CLIA regulations and is used for clinical purposes. […] Preferred Specimen(s): 1 g or 5 mL of raw stool collected in a plastic screw-cap vial. […] Transport Container: Sterile plastic leak-proof container. […] Reject Criteria: Specimen other than liquid or semi-formed stool • Stool in preservative or mixed with urine.

• #43 Norovirus PCR, Molecular Detection, Feces – Logan Health Medical Center Laboratory Test Catalog

  https://logan.testcatalog.org/show/LNORO

  Test Code LNORO Norovirus PCR, Molecular Detection, Feces […] Diagnosing gastrointestinal disease (diarrhea or vomiting) caused by norovirus genogroups 1 and 2 […] This test should not be used as a test-of-cure. […] The diagnosis of norovirus infection can often be made on clinical grounds, and symptoms generally resolve in 24 to 48 hours. However, in certain patients, especially those who are immunocompromised or hospitalized, laboratory testing may be indicated for infection control purposes and to limit the use of antibiotics. Testing of diarrheal feces by real-time polymerase chain reaction allows for a rapid and sensitive means of detecting and differentiating norovirus G1 and G2 in clinical stool samples. […] A positive result indicates that RNA from norovirus genogroups 1 and/or 2 was present in the clinical specimen.

• #44 Norovirus PCR, Molecular Detection, Feces – Logan Health Medical Center Laboratory Test Catalog

  https://logan.testcatalog.org/show/LNORO

  A negative result suggests that RNA from norovirus genogroups 1 and 2 was absent in the clinical specimen. […] A positive result suggests that norovirus is the cause of gastrointestinal disease (diarrhea or vomiting); however, in certain patients (eg, immunocompromised hosts), norovirus may be shed for weeks to months in the absence of symptoms. […] This test should not be used as a test-of-cure, due to the fact that norovirus nucleic acid may be detected in patients for weeks to months following the resolution of symptoms. […] A negative result suggests that norovirus is not the cause of gastrointestinal disease (diarrhea or vomiting); however, viral nucleic acid may be present at a level that is below the limit of detection for this test. The results should be interpreted in the context of the patient’s clinical presentation and other laboratory findings.

• #45 Norovirus PCR, Molecular Detection, Feces – Logan Health Medical Center Laboratory Test Catalog

  https://logan.testcatalog.org/show/LNORO

  A negative result suggests that RNA from norovirus genogroups 1 and 2 was absent in the clinical specimen. […] A positive result suggests that norovirus is the cause of gastrointestinal disease (diarrhea or vomiting); however, in certain patients (eg, immunocompromised hosts), norovirus may be shed for weeks to months in the absence of symptoms. […] This test should not be used as a test-of-cure, due to the fact that norovirus nucleic acid may be detected in patients for weeks to months following the resolution of symptoms. […] A negative result suggests that norovirus is not the cause of gastrointestinal disease (diarrhea or vomiting); however, viral nucleic acid may be present at a level that is below the limit of detection for this test. The results should be interpreted in the context of the patient’s clinical presentation and other laboratory findings.

• #46 Norovirus PCR, Molecular Detection, Feces – Logan Health Medical Center Laboratory Test Catalog

  https://logan.testcatalog.org/show/LNORO

  A negative result suggests that RNA from norovirus genogroups 1 and 2 was absent in the clinical specimen. […] A positive result suggests that norovirus is the cause of gastrointestinal disease (diarrhea or vomiting); however, in certain patients (eg, immunocompromised hosts), norovirus may be shed for weeks to months in the absence of symptoms. […] This test should not be used as a test-of-cure, due to the fact that norovirus nucleic acid may be detected in patients for weeks to months following the resolution of symptoms. […] A negative result suggests that norovirus is not the cause of gastrointestinal disease (diarrhea or vomiting); however, viral nucleic acid may be present at a level that is below the limit of detection for this test. The results should be interpreted in the context of the patient’s clinical presentation and other laboratory findings.

• #47 Northwell Health Labs Test Directory

  https://labs.northwell.edu/test/78679070

  Noroviruses are a major cause of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis, accounting for as many as 50% of viral gastroenteritis cases. […] Real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR has been shown to be a sensitive, specific method for early assessment of norovirus infections, contributing to positive clinical outcomes. […] Detection of norovirus RNA in the stool does not definitively indicate that norovirus is the causative agent of gastrointestinal disease. Asymptomatic shedding of norovirus, especially in immunocompromised patients, has been reported in peer reviewed scientific literature. Results should be used in conjunction with clinical findings, and should not form the sole basis for a diagnosis or treatment decision.

• #48 Norovirus: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/food-poisoning/norovirus/health-professionals.html

  Norovirus is usually diagnosed on clinical suspicion in a patient with acute onset of vomiting and/or watery diarrhea. The diagnosis of norovirus is usually presumptive in such patients. The likelihood of norovirus is higher in the setting of an outbreak or during the winter in temperate regions. […] Confirming the diagnosis with stool testing is generally not necessary, although it may be useful in immunocompromised patients with severe or persistent symptoms. […] Laboratory testing can confirm the diagnosis of norovirus infection using reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing on a stool sample. […] In patients with a positive norovirus test but atypical symptoms, such as dysentery/bloody diarrhea or voluminous watery stools, other pathogens should be ruled out before attributing them to norovirus. These would include bacterial causes of diarrhea, including cholera in endemic regions.

• #49 A narrative review of norovirus epidemiology, biology, and challenges to vaccine development | npj Vaccines

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-024-00884-2

  Norovirus may be suspected based on symptoms, but routine testing is not usually conducted outside of outbreak investigations. […] Laboratory confirmation of norovirus is generally not necessary in clinical settings, although it may be useful in select situations, for example in immunocompromised patients with severe or persistent symptoms or for public health purposes during outbreaks of gastroenteritis. […] The most widely used method is reverse-transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays, which provides high sensitivity and specificity, can estimate viral load in stool samples, and can discriminate between pathogens. […] Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) can also be used to diagnose norovirus AGE in stool samples but have poor sensitivity. […] Ideally, stool specimens should be collected 1-3 days from symptom onset and frozen or refrigerated to ensure nucleic acid integrity.

• #50 Norovirus: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/food-poisoning/norovirus/health-professionals.html

  More than 1 similar illness resulting from a common exposure should raise suspicion for a norovirus outbreak and prompt involvement of public health officials for laboratory testing and epidemiologic investigation. […] Asymptomatic shedding of norovirus has diagnostic implications, as diarrhea due to another cause in an asymptomatic carrier may be misattributed to norovirus infection. In addition, asymptomatic shedding has epidemiologic implications. For example, asymptomatic food handlers can transmit infection to others, as viral loads on the hands of asymptomatic and symptomatic food handlers during outbreaks are similar.

• #51 A narrative review of norovirus epidemiology, biology, and challenges to vaccine development | npj Vaccines

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-024-00884-2

  Norovirus may be suspected based on symptoms, but routine testing is not usually conducted outside of outbreak investigations. […] Laboratory confirmation of norovirus is generally not necessary in clinical settings, although it may be useful in select situations, for example in immunocompromised patients with severe or persistent symptoms or for public health purposes during outbreaks of gastroenteritis. […] The most widely used method is reverse-transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays, which provides high sensitivity and specificity, can estimate viral load in stool samples, and can discriminate between pathogens. […] Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) can also be used to diagnose norovirus AGE in stool samples but have poor sensitivity. […] Ideally, stool specimens should be collected 1-3 days from symptom onset and frozen or refrigerated to ensure nucleic acid integrity.

• #52 Norovirus infection – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/norovirus-infection/

  Diagnosis is usually clinical; diagnostic studies are not required because confirmation does not affect management. […] Consider diagnostic studies in the following: Patients with red flags for diarrhea or risk factors for severe infection, diagnostic uncertainty, concern for community or institutional outbreaks. […] Suspect a possible norovirus outbreak if 2 patients with an epidemiological link present with symptoms of gastroenteritis within the same timeframe. […] Viral studies for norovirus: usually performed on whole stool. […] Whole stool is the preferred sample for viral testing. […] Confirmation of norovirus: Viral studies including genotyping. […] If viral studies are not possible, consider using the Kaplan criteria; norovirus is likely if: The mean or median duration of disease is 12-60 hours after an incubation period of 24-48 hours, more than 50% of affected patients have vomiting, no enteric bacteria have been detected.

• #53 Norovirus infection – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/norovirus-infection/

  Diagnosis is usually clinical; diagnostic studies are not required because confirmation does not affect management. […] Consider diagnostic studies in the following: Patients with red flags for diarrhea or risk factors for severe infection, diagnostic uncertainty, concern for community or institutional outbreaks. […] Suspect a possible norovirus outbreak if 2 patients with an epidemiological link present with symptoms of gastroenteritis within the same timeframe. […] Viral studies for norovirus: usually performed on whole stool. […] Whole stool is the preferred sample for viral testing. […] Confirmation of norovirus: Viral studies including genotyping. […] If viral studies are not possible, consider using the Kaplan criteria; norovirus is likely if: The mean or median duration of disease is 12-60 hours after an incubation period of 24-48 hours, more than 50% of affected patients have vomiting, no enteric bacteria have been detected.

• #54 Norovirus: Epidemiology Clinical Features and Laboratory Diagnostics | Quest Diagnostics

  https://www.questdiagnostics.com/our-company/actions-insights/2019/norovirus-epidemiology-clinical-features-and-laboratory-diagnostics

  Molecular tests are the most reliable and rapid way to detect norovirus and to differentiate it from other causes of gastroenteritis. […] Rapid identification of norovirus as the cause of illness in a school or healthcare setting may allow early implementation of control measures that can slow its spread. […] Molecular testing provides a definitive diagnosis of norovirus infection and eliminates the use of unnecessary antibiotic treatment. Molecular diagnosis also provides critical information for healthcare personnel in planning how to control an outbreak of gastroenteritis in hospitals, nursing homes, and other facilities. […] FDA-approved diagnostic procedures for norovirus are based on the detection of virus in stool samples by enzyme immunoassays (EIA) or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other molecular methods.

• #55 Norovirus: Epidemiology Clinical Features and Laboratory Diagnostics | Quest Diagnostics

  https://www.questdiagnostics.com/our-company/actions-insights/2019/norovirus-epidemiology-clinical-features-and-laboratory-diagnostics

  Molecular tests are the most reliable and rapid way to detect norovirus and to differentiate it from other causes of gastroenteritis. […] Rapid identification of norovirus as the cause of illness in a school or healthcare setting may allow early implementation of control measures that can slow its spread. […] Molecular testing provides a definitive diagnosis of norovirus infection and eliminates the use of unnecessary antibiotic treatment. Molecular diagnosis also provides critical information for healthcare personnel in planning how to control an outbreak of gastroenteritis in hospitals, nursing homes, and other facilities. […] FDA-approved diagnostic procedures for norovirus are based on the detection of virus in stool samples by enzyme immunoassays (EIA) or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other molecular methods.

• #56 Noroviruses

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/noroviruses.html

  Standard hospital laboratories and commercial laboratories usually are not equipped to detect noroviruses. The specialized laboratories that can detect these viruses perform tests on stool specimens from an infected person to detect the virus. […] In Illinois, only Illinois Department of Public Health laboratories have the capability to confirm a diagnosis of one of these viruses. This laboratory service is reserved for testing a small number of people associated with recognized outbreaks and is not available for testing individual cases of gastrointestinal illness.

• #57 Noroviruses

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/noroviruses.html

  Standard hospital laboratories and commercial laboratories usually are not equipped to detect noroviruses. The specialized laboratories that can detect these viruses perform tests on stool specimens from an infected person to detect the virus. […] In Illinois, only Illinois Department of Public Health laboratories have the capability to confirm a diagnosis of one of these viruses. This laboratory service is reserved for testing a small number of people associated with recognized outbreaks and is not available for testing individual cases of gastrointestinal illness.

• #58 Norovirus: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/food-poisoning/norovirus/health-professionals.html

  More than 1 similar illness resulting from a common exposure should raise suspicion for a norovirus outbreak and prompt involvement of public health officials for laboratory testing and epidemiologic investigation. […] Asymptomatic shedding of norovirus has diagnostic implications, as diarrhea due to another cause in an asymptomatic carrier may be misattributed to norovirus infection. In addition, asymptomatic shedding has epidemiologic implications. For example, asymptomatic food handlers can transmit infection to others, as viral loads on the hands of asymptomatic and symptomatic food handlers during outbreaks are similar.

• #59 Norovirus: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/food-poisoning/norovirus/health-professionals.html

  More than 1 similar illness resulting from a common exposure should raise suspicion for a norovirus outbreak and prompt involvement of public health officials for laboratory testing and epidemiologic investigation. […] Asymptomatic shedding of norovirus has diagnostic implications, as diarrhea due to another cause in an asymptomatic carrier may be misattributed to norovirus infection. In addition, asymptomatic shedding has epidemiologic implications. For example, asymptomatic food handlers can transmit infection to others, as viral loads on the hands of asymptomatic and symptomatic food handlers during outbreaks are similar.

• #60 Norovirus: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/food-poisoning/norovirus/health-professionals.html

  Norovirus is usually diagnosed on clinical suspicion in a patient with acute onset of vomiting and/or watery diarrhea. The diagnosis of norovirus is usually presumptive in such patients. The likelihood of norovirus is higher in the setting of an outbreak or during the winter in temperate regions. […] Confirming the diagnosis with stool testing is generally not necessary, although it may be useful in immunocompromised patients with severe or persistent symptoms. […] Laboratory testing can confirm the diagnosis of norovirus infection using reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing on a stool sample. […] In patients with a positive norovirus test but atypical symptoms, such as dysentery/bloody diarrhea or voluminous watery stools, other pathogens should be ruled out before attributing them to norovirus. These would include bacterial causes of diarrhea, including cholera in endemic regions.

• #61 Norovirus infection differential diagnosis – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Norovirus_infection_differential_diagnosis

  Norovirus should be differentiated from other causes of infectious vomiting and diarrhea, including other causes of viral gastroenteritis (sapovirus, adenovirus, rotavirus), bacterial gastroenteritis (yersinia, vibrio, shigella, salmonella, escherichia coli), and parasitic infections (amoebiasis, cryptosporidiosis). […] Norovirus infection must be differentiated from other causes of viral, bacterial, and parasitic gastroenteritis.

• #62 How to Test for Norovirus | Ultima Environmental

  http://www.ultimaenvironmental.com/how-to-test-for-norovirus/

  Norovirus infection is usually diagnosed based on your symptoms, although there are several testing methods available to determine if someone has contracted the virus. […] The most common method to test for Norovirus is by analysing a stool sample. The sample is collected and sent to a laboratory, where it is examined for the presence of Norovirus genetic material. […] Norovirus testing is especially important to protect vulnerable individuals like children and older adults. […] Knowing how to get tested for Norovirus is essential for prompt diagnosis and appropriate management. There are two main ways to get tested for the virus: at home using a DIY testing kit or at a healthcare facility. […] At-home Norovirus testing kits have become increasingly popular and convenient. […] Norovirus rapid test kits include instructions on sample collection and provide a convenient way to test for Norovirus in the comfort of your own home.

• #63 How to Test for Norovirus | Ultima Environmental

  http://www.ultimaenvironmental.com/how-to-test-for-norovirus/

  Norovirus infection is usually diagnosed based on your symptoms, although there are several testing methods available to determine if someone has contracted the virus. […] The most common method to test for Norovirus is by analysing a stool sample. The sample is collected and sent to a laboratory, where it is examined for the presence of Norovirus genetic material. […] Norovirus testing is especially important to protect vulnerable individuals like children and older adults. […] Knowing how to get tested for Norovirus is essential for prompt diagnosis and appropriate management. There are two main ways to get tested for the virus: at home using a DIY testing kit or at a healthcare facility. […] At-home Norovirus testing kits have become increasingly popular and convenient. […] Norovirus rapid test kits include instructions on sample collection and provide a convenient way to test for Norovirus in the comfort of your own home.

• #64 Norovirus: diagnosis and treatment | Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

  https://www.otsuka.co.jp/en/health-and-illness/quick-tests-for-infectious-diseases/norovirus/diagnosis/

  Previously, to diagnose norovirus, it was usually necessary to analyze the stool and vomit of infected persons, using specialist devices such as electron microscopes to detect norovirus particles, genes, and proteins. […] Recently, a rapid diagnostic technique that can provide a result in 15 minutes used a stool sample has been developed and is now being used in clinical settings.

• #65 BTNX | Norovirus Test Cassette – BTNX Inc.

  https://www.btnx.com/Product?id=2121

  The Rapid Response Norovirus Test Cassette is a rapid chromatographic immunoassay for the qualitative detection of Norovirus in human feces specimens to aid in the diagnosis of Norovirus infection. […] Test Principle: Lateral Flow Immunoassay.

• #66

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10096-017-3005-9

  Noroviruses are a leading cause of epidemic and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. The rapid diagnosis of norovirus infection is important for prompt infection control measures and may reduce the need for additional diagnostic testing. […] The Xpert Norovirus assay performed well with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 93% compared to the gold standard (defined as the result obtained by at least two of the three PCR methods). […] We conclude that the performance of the Xpert Norovirus assay was excellent, and that the implementation of the analysis as a 24/7 service at all three hospitals in the county has greatly reduced the time to diagnosis which is beneficial for both patients and healthcare providers. […] Rapid and reliable laboratory diagnostics for early identification of outbreaks and sporadic cases are essential for prompt infection control measures and prevention of nosocomial spread.

• #67

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10096-017-3005-9

  Noroviruses are a leading cause of epidemic and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. The rapid diagnosis of norovirus infection is important for prompt infection control measures and may reduce the need for additional diagnostic testing. […] The Xpert Norovirus assay performed well with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 93% compared to the gold standard (defined as the result obtained by at least two of the three PCR methods). […] We conclude that the performance of the Xpert Norovirus assay was excellent, and that the implementation of the analysis as a 24/7 service at all three hospitals in the county has greatly reduced the time to diagnosis which is beneficial for both patients and healthcare providers. […] Rapid and reliable laboratory diagnostics for early identification of outbreaks and sporadic cases are essential for prompt infection control measures and prevention of nosocomial spread.

• #68

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10096-017-3005-9

  Noroviruses are a leading cause of epidemic and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. The rapid diagnosis of norovirus infection is important for prompt infection control measures and may reduce the need for additional diagnostic testing. […] The Xpert Norovirus assay performed well with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 93% compared to the gold standard (defined as the result obtained by at least two of the three PCR methods). […] We conclude that the performance of the Xpert Norovirus assay was excellent, and that the implementation of the analysis as a 24/7 service at all three hospitals in the county has greatly reduced the time to diagnosis which is beneficial for both patients and healthcare providers. […] Rapid and reliable laboratory diagnostics for early identification of outbreaks and sporadic cases are essential for prompt infection control measures and prevention of nosocomial spread.

• #69 Norovirus: Epidemiology Clinical Features and Laboratory Diagnostics | Quest Diagnostics

  https://www.questdiagnostics.com/our-company/actions-insights/2019/norovirus-epidemiology-clinical-features-and-laboratory-diagnostics

  Molecular tests are the most reliable and rapid way to detect norovirus and to differentiate it from other causes of gastroenteritis. […] Rapid identification of norovirus as the cause of illness in a school or healthcare setting may allow early implementation of control measures that can slow its spread. […] Molecular testing provides a definitive diagnosis of norovirus infection and eliminates the use of unnecessary antibiotic treatment. Molecular diagnosis also provides critical information for healthcare personnel in planning how to control an outbreak of gastroenteritis in hospitals, nursing homes, and other facilities. […] FDA-approved diagnostic procedures for norovirus are based on the detection of virus in stool samples by enzyme immunoassays (EIA) or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other molecular methods.

• #70 Norovirus: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/food-poisoning/norovirus/health-professionals.html

  More than 1 similar illness resulting from a common exposure should raise suspicion for a norovirus outbreak and prompt involvement of public health officials for laboratory testing and epidemiologic investigation. […] Asymptomatic shedding of norovirus has diagnostic implications, as diarrhea due to another cause in an asymptomatic carrier may be misattributed to norovirus infection. In addition, asymptomatic shedding has epidemiologic implications. For example, asymptomatic food handlers can transmit infection to others, as viral loads on the hands of asymptomatic and symptomatic food handlers during outbreaks are similar.

• #71 Norovirus infection | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/norovirus-infection

  Norovirus infection is usually diagnosed from your symptoms. […] A formal diagnosis needs laboratory testing of your stool (poo) sample. Public health staff sometimes ask for stool samples to help manage an outbreak of illness.

• #72 Norovirus – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513265/

  If all of the following Kaplan criteria are positive, a norovirus outbreak is highly probable: Vomiting in more than half of symptomatic cases, Mean (or median) incubation period of 24 to 48 hours, Mean (or median) duration of illness of 12 to 60 hours, No bacterial pathogen isolated on stool culture. […] Many cases of norovirus go undiagnosed, as many patients do not seek medical attention for treatment. […] The primary clinical focus should be on the patient’s hydration status, with an emphasis on infection control to prevent the spread of disease to healthcare workers and patient contacts. […] Infection control is a priority in preventing norovirus outbreaks. […] Currently, hand hygiene is the primary preventive method for outbreaks. […] Effective management of norovirus requires a coordinated interprofessional approach involving physicians, advanced practitioners, nurses, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals to enhance patient-centered care, safety, and outcomes.

• #73 How to Test for Norovirus | Ultima Environmental

  http://www.ultimaenvironmental.com/how-to-test-for-norovirus/

  If you prefer a healthcare professional to conduct the test, visit your GP or local hospital where they can assist in collecting the necessary samples. […] Norovirus testing is readily available, and various options are accessible to individuals seeking a diagnosis. […] The duration for Norovirus testing depends on the testing method used and the laboratory’s efficiency. […] Generally, it takes around 24 to 48 hours to receive the test results from a laboratory. […] If you experience severe symptoms or belong to a high-risk group, you should consult a healthcare professional straight away. […] To prevent spreading Norovirus to others, it’s important to isolate yourself until you have fully recovered and for at least 48 hours after symptoms subside. […] Testing for Norovirus is crucial in identifying the virus and taking necessary actions to prevent it from spreading. […] Testing can be done at home with convenient testing kits or at healthcare facilities with the assistance of medical professionals.

• #74 Norovirus infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/norovirus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355302

  Norovirus infection is usually diagnosed based on your symptoms, but noroviruses can be identified from a stool sample. […] If you have a weakened immune system or have other medical conditions, your health care provider might recommend a stool test to confirm the presence of norovirus.

• #75 What Is Norovirus? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/norovirus/guide/

  Norovirus can also be detected in a stool sample. If you have an underlying health issue or weakened immune system, your doctor may want to order a stool test. […] A doctor can usually diagnose norovirus based on a person’s symptoms.

• #76 Laboratory Testing for Norovirus | Norovirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/php/laboratories/index.html

  Diagnostic methods for norovirus testing focus on detecting viral RNA (genetic material) or viral antigen. […] RT-qPCR assays are the preferred diagnostic method to detect norovirus. […] EIA tests should not replace RT-qPCR during outbreak investigations; they are not recommended for testing single samples from sporadic cases. […] Diagnostic tests for norovirus detect viral RNA (genetic material) or viral antigen. Tests are available at all public health laboratories and many clinical laboratories. Most use reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays to detect norovirus. […] RT-qPCR assays are the preferred method to detect norovirus. RT-qPCR assays are very sensitive and specific. They can detect as few as 10 to 100 norovirus copies. […] Rapid commercial enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) that detect norovirus antigen in stool samples are also available. However, these kits have poor sensitivity (50% to 75%) and are generally not recommended for testing single samples from sporadic cases of gastroenteritis.

• #77 Laboratory Testing for Norovirus | Norovirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/php/laboratories/index.html

  Diagnostic methods for norovirus testing focus on detecting viral RNA (genetic material) or viral antigen. […] RT-qPCR assays are the preferred diagnostic method to detect norovirus. […] EIA tests should not replace RT-qPCR during outbreak investigations; they are not recommended for testing single samples from sporadic cases. […] Diagnostic tests for norovirus detect viral RNA (genetic material) or viral antigen. Tests are available at all public health laboratories and many clinical laboratories. Most use reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays to detect norovirus. […] RT-qPCR assays are the preferred method to detect norovirus. RT-qPCR assays are very sensitive and specific. They can detect as few as 10 to 100 norovirus copies. […] Rapid commercial enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) that detect norovirus antigen in stool samples are also available. However, these kits have poor sensitivity (50% to 75%) and are generally not recommended for testing single samples from sporadic cases of gastroenteritis.

• #78 Rapid diagnosis of acute norovirus-associated gastroenteritis: evaluation of the Xpert Norovirus assay and its implementation as a 24/7 service in three hospitals in Jönköping County, Sweden | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/rapid-diagnosis-of-acute-norovirus-associated-gastroenteritis-ev/12312894

  The gold standard test result was defined as the result obtained by at least two of the following methods: the Xpert Norovirus assay, the in-house PCR method based on Kageyama et al., and the PCR method based on Nordgren et al. […] The sensitivity of the Xpert Norovirus assay was 100% and the specificity was 93%. […] The overall median TAT from arrival of the samples to the laboratories to available test results decreased from 22 h in 2013 to 2.4 h in 2015 (p 0.001). […] A rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial for appropriate infection prevention measures and reduces the necessity of additional diagnostic procedures. […] The Xpert Norovirus assay is rapid and easy to use, and requires little hands-on time. […] In conclusion, we found that the diagnostic performance of the Xpert Norovirus assay was excellent, and since the analytical platform and the ease of performing the test allowed its implementation as a 24/7 service at all hospitals in our county, it has entailed a significant time gain for the patients and the healthcare providers, as well as a more efficient, automated and less stressful work flow in the laboratory.

• #79 Multiplex Gastrointestinal Platforms to Improve Norovirus Diagnosis and Outbreak Management – Clinical Conversations

  https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/clinical-conversations/multiplex-gastrointestinal-platforms-to-improve-norovirus-diagnosis-and-outbreak-management/

  Norovirus is often referred to as the stomach bug. […] Dr. Sorel focuses on the importance of diagnostic tests for the swift and precise detection of norovirus infections. […] Today, more advanced methods, such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays targeting norovirus only or multiplex gastrointestinal platforms, are the preferred methods for diagnosing norovirus according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Dr. Sorel says. […] Modern molecular diagnostics can be valuable for a variety of reasons, she explains. […] In short, they are designed to enable a rapid public health response to effectively identify the source of infection, manage outbreaks, and isolate patients, especially in hospital and community settings, Dr. Sorel says. […] Recently now theres multiplex gastrointestinal platforms that have been developed and these platforms allow testing of gastrointestinal pathogens in a single test including viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens, she concludes.

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