Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hyperglycemia in diabetes – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperglycemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373631

  High blood sugar, also called hyperglycemia, affects people who have diabetes. Several factors can play a role in hyperglycemia in people with diabetes. They include food and physical activity, illness, and medications not related to diabetes. Skipping doses or not taking enough insulin or other medication to lower blood sugar also can lead to hyperglycemia. […] Diabetes drastically reduces insulin’s effects on the body. This may be because your pancreas is unable to produce insulin, as in type 1 diabetes. Or it may be because your body is resistant to the effects of insulin, or it doesn’t make enough insulin to keep a normal glucose level, as in type 2 diabetes. […] In people who have diabetes, glucose tends to build up in the bloodstream. This condition is called hyperglycemia. It may reach dangerously high levels if it is not treated properly. Insulin and other drugs are used to lower blood sugar levels.

• #2 Hyperglycemia (High Blood Glucose) | American Diabetes Association

  https://diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-care/hyperglycemia

  Hyperglycemia is the technical term for high blood glucose (blood sugar). High blood glucose happens when the body has too little insulin or when the body can’t use insulin properly. […] A number of things can cause hyperglycemia: If you have type 1, you may not have given yourself enough insulin. If you have type 2, your body may have enough insulin, but it is not as effective as it should be. […] Hyperglycemia can be a serious problem if you don’t treat it, so it’s important to treat as soon as you detect it. If you fail to treat hyperglycemia, a condition called ketoacidosis (diabetic coma) could occur. Ketoacidosis develops when your body doesn’t have enough insulin. Without insulin, your body can’t use glucose for fuel, so your body breaks down fats to use for energy. […] When your body breaks down fats, waste products called ketones are produced. Your body cannot tolerate large amounts of ketones and will try to get rid of them through the urine. Unfortunately, the body cannot release all the ketones and they build up in your blood, which can lead to ketoacidosis.

• #3 Hyperglycemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430900/

  The term „hyperglycemia” is derived from the Greek hyper (high) + glykys (sweet/sugar) + haima (blood). Hyperglycemia is blood glucose greater than 125 mg/dL while fasting and greater than 180 mg/dL 2 hours postprandial. A patient has impaired glucose tolerance, or pre-diabetes, with a fasting plasma glucose of 100 mg/dL to 125 mg/dL. […] Factors contributing to hyperglycemia include reduced insulin secretion, decreased glucose utilization, and increased glucose production. Glucose homeostasis is a balance between hepatic glucose production and peripheral glucose uptake and utilization. Insulin is the most important regulator of glucose homeostasis. […] The secondary causes of hyperglycemia include the following: Destruction of the pancreas from chronic pancreatitis, hemochromatosis, pancreatic cancer, and cystic fibrosis; Endocrine disorders that cause peripheral insulin resistance like Cushing syndrome, acromegaly, and pheochromocytoma; Use of medications like glucocorticoids, phenytoin, and estrogens; Gestational diabetes is known to occur in 4% of all pregnancies and is primarily due to decreased insulin sensitivity; Total parental nutrition and dextrose infusion; Reactive as seen postoperatively or in critically ill patients.

• #4 Figure 1. [Pathogenesis of hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia results…]. – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279093/figure/mgmt-diab-hosp-patnt.F1/

  Hyperglycemia results from increased hepatic glucose production and impaired glucose utilization in peripheral tissues. Reduced insulin and excess counter-regulatory hormones (glucagon, cortisol, catecholamines, and growth hormone) increase lipolysis and protein breakdown (proteolysis) and impair glucose uptake by peripheral tissues. Hyperglycemia causes osmotic diuresis, leading to volume depletion, decreasing glomerular filtration rate, and worsening hyperglycemia. At the cellular level, increased blood glucose concentrations result in mitochondrial injury by generating reactive oxygen species and endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting nitric oxide production. Hyperglycemia increases levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) and interleukin [IL]-6, leading to immune system dysfunction. These changes can eventually lead to an increased risk of infection, impaired wound healing, multiple organ failure, prolonged hospital stay, and death. […] Hyperglycemia results from increased hepatic glucose production and impaired glucose utilization in peripheral tissues.

• #5 Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9815-hyperglycemia-high-blood-sugar

  Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) is common in people who have diabetes. If its left untreated, chronic hyperglycemia can lead to diabetes complications, such as nerve damage, eye disease and kidney damage. […] Hyperglycemia usually means you have diabetes, and people with diabetes can experience hyperglycemia episodes frequently. […] Severe hyperglycemia can also lead to an acute (sudden and severe) life-threatening complication called diabetes-related ketoacidosis (DKA), especially in people with diabetes who take insulin or people with undiagnosed Type 1 diabetes. This requires immediate medical treatment. […] Hyperglycemia most often results from a lack of insulin. This can happen due to insulin resistance and/or issues with your pancreas the organ that makes insulin. […] A common cause of hyperglycemia is insulin resistance. Insulin resistance, also known as impaired insulin sensitivity, happens when cells in your muscles, fat and liver dont respond as they should to insulin.

• #6 Hyperglycemia and diabetes: Connection, symptoms, treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/311204

  Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) is the main sign of diabetes. Insufficient insulin production, resistance to the action of insulin, or both can cause diabetes to develop. […] Diabetes causes high blood sugar levels through two possible mechanisms: insufficient insulin production in the pancreas and resistance to the action of insulin elsewhere in the body. […] In type 1 diabetes, the immune system destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. In type 2 diabetes, the body’s cells resist the action of insulin and, as a result, the pancreas does not respond appropriately and does not release enough insulin. […] Several factors can worsen hyperglycemia in people with diabetes, such as: eating too many carbohydrates, especially before exercise; exercising less than they planned to; taking an insufficient amount of insulin or other diabetes medications; experiencing stress from health conditions or life events; taking other medications, such as steroids.

• #7 Hyperglycemia (High Blood Glucose) | American Diabetes Association

  https://diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-care/hyperglycemia

  Hyperglycemia is the technical term for high blood glucose (blood sugar). High blood glucose happens when the body has too little insulin or when the body can’t use insulin properly. […] A number of things can cause hyperglycemia: If you have type 1, you may not have given yourself enough insulin. If you have type 2, your body may have enough insulin, but it is not as effective as it should be. […] Hyperglycemia can be a serious problem if you don’t treat it, so it’s important to treat as soon as you detect it. If you fail to treat hyperglycemia, a condition called ketoacidosis (diabetic coma) could occur. Ketoacidosis develops when your body doesn’t have enough insulin. Without insulin, your body can’t use glucose for fuel, so your body breaks down fats to use for energy. […] When your body breaks down fats, waste products called ketones are produced. Your body cannot tolerate large amounts of ketones and will try to get rid of them through the urine. Unfortunately, the body cannot release all the ketones and they build up in your blood, which can lead to ketoacidosis.

• #8 Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/diabetes-hyperglycemia

  Hyperglycemia (also called high blood sugar or high blood glucose) is when there’s too much glucose (sugar) in your bloodstream, typically because your body isn’t making or using insulin as well as it should. Insulin is a hormone that helps balance out your blood sugar levels. […] A major reason why you may have hyperglycemia is insulin resistance. It’s also the leading cause of type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance happens when your muscle, fat, and liver cells react abnormally to insulin. As a result, your body needs higher amounts of insulin to balance out your blood sugar levels. If your body doesn’t get the insulin it needs, you’ll end up with hyperglycemia. […] When you have diabetes, your blood sugar may rise if you: Skip or forget your insulin or oral glucose-lowering medicine, Eat too many grams of carbohydrates for the amount of insulin you took, or eat too many carbs in general, Have an infection, Are sick, Are under stress, Become inactive or exercise less than usual, Take part in strenuous physical activity, especially when your blood sugar levels are high and insulin levels are low.

• #9 Hyperglycemia – Diabetes Symptoms | Medtronic

  https://www.medtronicdiabetes.com/symptoms/hyperglycemia

  Hyperglycemia is what happens when there is too much sugar in the blood. For people living with diabetes, the body either has too little insulin, or loses the ability to process insulin properly. This often results in hyperglycemia, also known as high blood glucose (BG) or high blood sugar. […] Glucose levels can rise too high for many reasons. Here are just a few: Food can cause BG levels to rise too high if you do not take enough insulin to cover your food (especially if carbohydrate grams are not counted correctly or if a food bolus is missed). Illness or infection (such as cold, flu, or stomach virus) can cause BG levels to run higher than usual. Stress (emotional or physical) can cause an increase in BG levels. Medications (prescription and over-the-counter) can affect your BG. […] Most hyperglycemia occurs when there is some insulin in the body, but not enough to keep glucose levels within your target range. […] Left untreated, hyperglycemia can pose serious health risks. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a major complication that can result from hyperglycemia. […] Your doctor may also propose changes to your medication or insulin as a means of treating hyperglycemia.

• #10 Hyperglycemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430900/

  Major Risk Factors for Hyperglycemia include: Weight more than 120% of the desired body weight; Family history of type 2 diabetes; Native Americans, Hispanics, Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders, or African Americans; Presence of hyperlipidemia or hypertension; History of gestational diabetes; Presence of polycystic ovarian syndrome. […] Hyperglycemia in a patient with type 1 diabetes is a result of genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors. These lead to the destruction of pancreatic beta cells and insulin deficiency. In a patient with type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and abnormal insulin secretion lead to hyperglycemia. […] The treatment goals of hyperglycemia involve eliminating the symptoms related to hyperglycemia and reducing long-term complications. Glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes is achieved by a variable insulin regimen along with proper nutrition. Patients with type 2 diabetes are managed with diet and lifestyle changes as well as medications. Type 2 diabetes also may be managed on oral glucose-lowering agents.

• #11 Hyperglycemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperglycemia

  Hyperglycemia may be caused by: diabetes, various (non-diabetic) endocrine disorders (insulin resistance and thyroid, adrenal, pancreatic, and pituitary disorders), sepsis and certain infections, intracranial diseases (e.g. encephalitis, brain tumors (especially if near the pituitary gland), brain haemorrhages, and meningitis) (frequently overlooked), convulsions, end-stage terminal disease, prolonged/major surgeries, stress, and excessive eating of carbohydrates. […] Chronic, persistent hyperglycaemia is most often a result of diabetes. […] In diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia is usually caused by low insulin levels (diabetes mellitus type 1) and/or by resistance to insulin at the cellular level (diabetes mellitus type 2), depending on the type and state of the disease. […] The leading cause of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes is the failure of insulin to suppress glucose production by glycolysis and gluconeogenesis due to insulin resistance. […] Chronic hyperglycemia that persists even in fasting states is most commonly caused by diabetes mellitus.

• #12 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-dm-and-disorders-of-blood-sugar-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm

  Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which the body does not produce enough or respond normally to insulin, causing blood sugar (glucose) levels to be abnormally high. […] If the body does not produce enough insulin to move the glucose into the cells, or if the cells stop responding normally to insulin (called insulin resistance), the resulting high levels of glucose in the blood and the inadequate amount of glucose in the cells together produce the symptoms and complications of diabetes. […] Obesity is the chief risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes, and 80 to 90% of people with type 2 diabetes have overweight or obesity. […] Certain disorders and medications can affect the way the body uses insulin and can lead to type 2 diabetes. […] High blood glucose levels also cause disturbances in the body’s immune system, so people with diabetes mellitus are particularly susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections.

• #13 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview

  Secondary diabetes may occur in patients taking glucocorticoids or when patients have conditions that antagonize the actions of insulin (eg, Cushing syndrome, acromegaly, pheochromocytoma). […] A study by Pauza et al suggested that glucagonlike peptide1 (GLP-1) is associated with the link between diabetes and hypertension. […] Major risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus include the following: Age greater than 45 years (though, as noted above, type 2 diabetes mellitus is occurring with increasing frequency in young individuals), Weight greater than 120% of desirable body weight, Family history of type 2 diabetes in a first-degree relative (eg, parent or sibling), Hispanic, Native American, African American, Asian American, or Pacific Islander descent, History of previous impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG), Hypertension (130/80 mm Hg or above) or dyslipidemia (HDL cholesterol level 40 mg/dL or triglyceride level 150 mg/dL), History of gestational diabetes mellitus or of delivering a baby with a birth weight of over 9 lb, Polycystic ovarian syndrome (which results in insulin resistance).

• #14 Hyperglycemia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/hyperglycemia-symptoms-causes-treatments

  Hyperglycemia is a condition in which the level of glucose in the blood is higher than normal. Sometimes called high blood sugar, it commonly affects people who have diabetes mellitus, but it can also develop in non-diabetics. […] Hyperglycemia most commonly affects people who have diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the body does not make enough insulin. In type 2 diabetes, the body makes an adequate amount of insulin, but the cells do not respond to it properly. This is called insulin resistance. […] For people with diabetes, hyperglycemia can be triggered by: Eating too many carbohydrates, Not exercising enough, Not taking enough insulin medication (for type 1 diabetes) or other medications that regulate blood glucose levels. […] Hyperglycemia can also be caused by: Medications such as corticosteroids, thiazide diuretics, beta-blockers, and antipsychotics, Certain conditions that affect the pancreas, which produces insulin, Medical conditions that can cause insulin resistance, such as Cushings syndrome and acromegaly, Pregnancy, Stress. […] In general, hyperglycemia that is transient does not cause long-term problems. But if hyperglycemia persists, it can lead to serious complications, including eye problems, kidney damage, nerve damage, and cardiovascular disease.

• #15 Hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/hyperglycaemia-high-blood-sugar/

  A variety of things can trigger an increase in blood sugar level in people with diabetes, including: stress, an illness, such as a cold, eating too much, such as snacking between meals, a lack of exercise, dehydration, missing a dose of your diabetes medication, or taking an incorrect dose, over-treating an episode of hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar), taking certain medicines, such as steroid medication. […] If you’ve been diagnosed with diabetes and you have symptoms of hyperglycaemia, follow the advice your care team has given you to reduce your blood sugar level. […] There are simple ways to reduce your risk of severe or prolonged hyperglycaemia: Be careful what you eat be particularly aware of how snacking and eating sugary foods or carbohydrates can affect your blood sugar level.

• #16 Hyperglycemia in diabetes // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/hyperglycemia-in-diabetes

  Many factors can contribute to hyperglycemia, including: Not using enough insulin or other diabetes medication, Not injecting insulin properly or using expired insulin, Not following your diabetes eating plan, Being inactive, Having an illness or infection, Using certain medications, such as steroids or immunosuppressants, Being injured or having surgery, Experiencing emotional stress, such as family problems or workplace issues. […] Illness or stress can trigger hyperglycemia. That’s because hormones your body makes to fight illness or stress can also cause blood sugar to rise. You may need to take extra diabetes medication to keep blood glucose in your target range during illness or stress.

• #17 High blood sugar (hyperglycemia) and diabetic ketoacidosis

  https://www.diabinfo.de/en/living-with-diabetes/treatment/high-blood-sugar-hyperglycemia-and-diabetic-ketoacidosis.html

  High blood sugar (or hyperglycemia) causes the blood sugar level to rise above 250 mg/dl (13.9 mmol/l). Very high levels indicate an acute emergency. The result may be a life-threatening diabetic coma. […] The primary cause of high blood sugar levels is a lack of insulin. […] Hyperglycemia occurs in people with diabetes. […] The following is a list of possible causes of high blood sugar levels: Diabetes has not yet been diagnosed (new manifestation); Patients forgot to inject insulin or the carbohydrate content of a meal was underestimated; Increased insulin requirement due to an infection or stress; The insulin is no longer effective enough (for example, during a heatwave); The insulin pen, needle, pump or infusion set is defective; Injection sites have been changed (lipohypertrophies); Medications that reduce insulin sensitivity (for example, glucocorticoids) or cause a sharp increase in blood sugar levels.

• #18 What is High Blood Glucose? | Joslin Diabetes Center

  https://joslin.org/news-stories/all-news-stories/education/2020/04/what-high-blood-glucose

  People who do not have diabetes typically have fasting plasma blood glucose levels that run under 100 mg/dl. […] In general, high blood glucose, also called 'hyperglycemia’, is considered „high” when it is 160 mg/dl or above your individual blood glucose target. […] If your blood glucose runs high for long periods of time, this can pose significant problems for your long-term increased risk of complications, such as eye disease, kidney disease, heart attacks and strokes and more. […] High blood glucose can pose health problems in the short-term as well. […] What Causes High Blood Glucose? […] Too much food […] Too little exercise or physical activity […] Skipped or not enough diabetes pills or insulin […] Insulin that has spoiled after being exposed to extreme heat or freezing cold

• #19 Blood Glucose Spikes: Common Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/causes-blood-sugar-spikes

  If you light up, you raise your chances of getting diabetes. If you already have diabetes, you’re more likely to have trouble finding the right dose of insulin and controlling your blood sugar. […] When you’re dehydrated, your glucose may be higher than it would normally be. […] Your hormones fluctuate during those phases to help prepare your body for pregnancy, including the luteal phase, when progesterone rises and estrogen declines. For some people, these higher levels of progesterone can cause insulin resistance and cravings for foods such as chocolate and sugary sweets. […] Many things can cause your blood sugar to spike, not just foods. Stress, dehydration, smoking, and lack of sleep are just a few things that can send your blood sugar soaring.

• #20 Hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar) – symptoms and management | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/hyperglycaemia-high-blood-sugar

  Hyperglycaemia is when you have too much glucose (sugar) in your blood. […] People with diabetes can be at risk of hyperglycaemia. […] There are many possible causes, such as not taking enough insulin or being sick or stressed. […] If you have diabetes, hyperglycaemia can happen for a range of reasons, including: not enough or missed insulin, or diabetes medication; taking some medicines, such as steroid medicines; unsuitable food choices; drinking a lot of alcohol; the amount of physical activity you do. […] Conditions that can also lead to hyperglycaemia include: being unwell; being in pain; being stressed, emotional or excited; having an infection (such as thrush, cystitis or a wound infection).

• #21 Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/diabetes-hyperglycemia

  People without diabetes can also have high blood sugar. Causes include: Cushing’s syndrome. This rare condition happens when your cortisol hormone levels stay raised for too long. One symptom of the disease is high blood sugar. […] Another possible reason for a spike in your blood sugar is what’s called the dawn phenomenon. This is when your blood sugar rises in the morning, usually between 4 and 8 a.m. Researchers aren’t sure what causes the dawn phenomenon. But they think when your body releases certain hormones (growth hormone, cortisol, and others) overnight, it boosts insulin resistance and raises your blood sugar.

• #22 Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): Symptoms and Management

  https://www.healthline.com/health/type-2-diabetes/hyperglycemia

  Hyperglycemia refers to high blood sugar levels. Over time, chronic high blood sugar can cause major health complications. […] Several factors can contribute to hyperglycemia, including dietary choices and a sedentary lifestyle. Chronic high blood sugar is a symptom of diabetes. […] A number of factors can contribute to hyperglycemia, including: not getting the right dosage of insulin or other glucose-lowering medication, eating more carbohydrates than usual, being less physically active than usual, illness or infection, high levels of stress, physical trauma, such as an orthopedic injury. […] If you have diabetes, you may also experience regular episodes of high blood sugar between 3 a.m. and 8 a.m., before you have eaten anything. This is known as the Dawn phenomenon. You could also experience the Somogyi effect, which is where you take insulin before bed and wake up with high blood sugar.

• #23 Understanding and treating hyperglycemia | Diabetes Québec

  https://www.diabete.qc.ca/en/diabetes/diabetes-management/hyperglycemia/understanding-and-treating-hyperglycemia/

  Hyperglycemia occurs when the amount of insulin in the blood is insufficient or ineffective. When glucose circulating in the blood cannot enter the cells because of a lack of insulin, it accumulates in the blood and raises a persons glycemia (blood glucose levels). […] The primary causes of hyperglycemia are: a diet abnormally high in carbohydrates, reduced physical activity, insufficient insulin and/or antidiabetic medication (dosage error or a skipped dose), physical stress (illness, surgery, infection, etc.) or psychological stress (mourning a death, new job, moving, etc.), taking certain drugs (e.g.: cortisone). […] Hyperglycemia can also be caused by two lesser known phenomena: the dawn phenomenon and the Somogyi effect.

• #24

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13300-024-01628-0

  With the increasing global incidence of diabetes mellitus, physicians may encounter more patients with acute and chronic complications of medication-induced hyperglycemia and diabetes. […] The exact incidence of medication-induced hyperglycemia and diabetes is unknown, but there is evidence that glucocorticoids, antipsychotic medications, cardiovascular medications (statins, beta blockers, diuretics), certain anti-infectives, antineoplastic medications, immunosuppressive agents, and hormonal treatment are associated with changes in glucose metabolism and increased incidence of hyperglycemia and/or diabetes. […] The main mechanisms of medication-induced hyperglycemia include insulin resistance, weight gain, and direct effect on beta cell action, but certain medications alter glucose metabolism in other specific ways which can change management, and are important to recognize.

• #25

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13300-024-01628-0

  We recognize that lack of robust, prospective, and randomized trials proving causality can often lead to wide variability of incidence with certain medications (e.g., statin therapies). […] Perhaps the most well-known class of medication that leads to hyperglycemia and diabetes is glucocorticoids. […] Glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia is mediated via binding of glucocorticoid receptors within hepatic, adipose, skeletal, and pancreatic tissue. […] Successful management of steroid-induced hyperglycemia begins with appropriate monitoring of blood glucose. […] The prevalence of diabetes in patients taking antipsychotics is estimated to be 20%, which is 2-3 times greater than the general population. […] Three main mechanisms are responsible for antipsychotic-induced diabetes: insulin resistance, weight gain, and beta cell dysfunction and apoptosis.

• #26

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13300-024-01628-0

  Hyperglycemia is most common with typical antipsychotics such as haloperidol and chlorpromazine; however, agents such as clozapine and olanzapine, which belong to the atypical antipsychotic class, can result in significantly worsened obesity, weight gain, insulin resistance, and diabetes. […] In a prospective study of 12,550 patients without diabetes, Gress et al. studied the incidence of new-onset diabetes and found a 28% higher risk after adjusting for other risk factors. […] Hyperglycemia induced by beta blockers is thought to be due to weight gain, inhibition of beta-2 adrenergic-mediated insulin release, and decreased insulin sensitivity. […] The ALLHAT trial found that the incidence of diabetes was significantly increased (48%) in the chlorthalidone group compared to lisinopril use.

• #27

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13300-024-01628-0

  The main cause of statin-induced hyperglycemia is due to decreased insulin secretion and action. […] A large retrospective study reported that antibiotic use for greater than 90 days had a higher risk of diabetes with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.16. […] mTOR inhibitors such as everolimus or sirolimus are used to treat a variety of malignancies, including renal, breast, or neuroendocrine tumors, by inhibiting tumor proliferation and angiogenesis. […] These medications are used for inflammatory disorders or immunosuppression after organ transplantation, and new-onset diabetes is reported to occur in 15-30% of this patient population. […] Hyperglycemia has been documented as a common side effect of SSA use, with 41.4% of patients developing elevated blood glucose levels in one study, and incident diabetes of 19% in another study.

• #28

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13300-024-01628-0

  Assessment of underlying patient risk factors, dose and duration of a medication that can cause hyperglycemia or diabetes, and pre-existing comorbidities (e.g., cardiovascular disease, renal disease) are key factors to evaluate risk of medication-induced hyperglycemia and diabetes, and a frank discussion with the patient regarding these risks is warranted. […] The importance of monitoring for and recognizing medication-induced hyperglycemia is significant. […] The exact incidence and prevalence of drug-induced hyperglycemia and diabetes are unknown as a result of limited studies, the sometimes transient nature of hyperglycemia with resolution upon discontinuation of the implicated medication, the lack of distinguishing features between naturally occurring versus medication-induced diabetes, and the lack of monitoring and testing.

• #29

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13300-024-01628-0

  ADT is used for treatment of prostate cancer, and it has been linked to a 28% risk of diabetes. […] This medication is indicated in treatment of hepatitis C and has been associated with beta cell destruction and subsequent risk of developing T1DM. […] There is evidence that a hyperthyroid state may worsen pre-existing diabetes mellitus, and that insulin resistance can be improved by restoring a euthyroid state. […] Overall, the potential of a drug to cause hyperglycemia and diabetes needs to be known and balanced with the patients underlying risk factors. […] Medication-induced hyperglycemia requires recognition, screening, monitoring, and proper management to prevent acute and chronic complications.

• #30 Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): Definition, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/diabetes/hyperglycemia

  Hyperglycemia is the medical term for abnormally high blood glucose or high blood sugar. It usually affects people who have diabetes. In general, hyperglycemia is a blood sugar level higher than 125 mg/dL when fasting or 180 mg/dL two hours after eating. […] Abnormally high glucose levels occur in people with diabetes because they do not have enough insulin or their cells cannot use insulin properly. Insulin is a hormone that moves glucose from the blood into the cells. Without insulin, excess glucose accumulates in the blood. […] In people with diabetes, either the pancreas does not make enough insulin or the cells cannot use insulin properly. This leads to glucose remaining in the circulating blood instead of going into the cells. The result is hyperglycemia. […] Other hyperglycemia causes include: Certain medications, including corticosteroids, estrogen and phenytoin; Diseases that damage the pancreas, such as cystic fibrosis, pancreatic cancer, and pancreatitis; Endocrine conditions that cause insulin resistance, such as acromegaly, Cushing syndrome, and pheochromocytoma; Surgery, trauma, and critical illness.

• #31 What Causes High Blood Sugar Without Diabetes?

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/causes-blood-sugar-rise-in-non-diabetics-5120349

  Genetics, diet and exercise, and overall health can also influence blood sugar levels. […] A family history of diabetes can increase your risk of developing high blood sugar. […] Excess sugar and refined carbs break down into glucose, raising blood sugar and prompting insulin release for energy storage. […] Lack of physical activity can raise blood sugar because inactive muscles don’t effectively use or store glucose. […] People with Cushing’s syndrome often have high blood sugar due to excess cortisol. […] Pancreatic diseases like pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and cystic fibrosis can lead to hyperglycemia due to damage to pancreatic cells. […] People with PCOS often have hormonal imbalances, including elevated testosterone and insulin. […] Physical stress from injuries or burns can raise blood sugar by changing glucose metabolism.

• #32 Diabetes Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/primary-care/conditions/diabetes

  As blood sugar levels increase due to the resistance, the pancreas tries to make more insulin. […] Eventually, it can’t keep up, and blood sugar remains high. […] Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy in women who do not have type 1 or type 2 diabetes. […] Hormones made by the placenta turn up your body’s insulin resistance to ensure the baby gets enough sugar. […] In some people, the pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin, causing higher-than-normal blood sugars.

• #33 Hyperglycemia: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hyperglycemia-causes-risk-factors-1087604

  The role of genetics in hyperglycemia is best explained in the context of diabetes risk based on family history. […] Type 2 diabetes is different from type 1 in that the body becomes resistant to insulin. […] Daily habits play a much larger role in type 2 diabetes than in type 1 diabetes. […] Lifestyle risk factors commonly associated with type 2 diabetes include: Being overweight or obese: Body fat increases the resistance of cells to insulin. […] Not exercising enough: Glucose is the fuel the body needs to function. […] Women who develop gestational diabetes are at an increased risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes later. […] Pancreatic disease (pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and cystic fibrosis) and endocrine disorders such as Cushing syndrome can cause hyperglycemia, which means high blood sugar. […] Following trauma or during an illness, blood glucose levels may rise due to stress on your body. […] Following a hyperglycemic diet, exercising regularly, and managing your weight are the best ways to reduce your risk of hyperglycemia and diabetes.

• #34 What Causes High Blood Sugar Without Diabetes?

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/causes-blood-sugar-rise-in-non-diabetics-5120349

  The body also undergoes stress after surgery. […] Elevated cortisol levels during infections block insulin’s ability to lower blood sugar, leading to high glucose levels. […] Certain medications, including catecholamine vasopressors like dopamine and norepinephrine, immunosuppressants like tacrolimus and cyclosporine, and corticosteroids, can raise blood glucose levels. […] Excess fat cells, known as adipocytes, throw off the balance of glucose and insulin in the body. […] Some research shows that advanced gum disease causes inflammation in the body to rise, which can lead to higher blood sugar levels.

• #35 Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/118361-overview

  Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, major, life-threatening complication of diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, and ketonuria. […] DKA is a state of absolute or relative insulin deficiency aggravated by ensuing hyperglycemia, dehydration, and acidosis-producing derangements in intermediary metabolism. The most common causes are underlying infection, disruption of insulin treatment, and new onset of diabetes. […] The absence of insulin, the primary anabolic hormone, means that tissues such as muscle, fat, and liver do not uptake glucose. Counterregulatory hormones, such as glucagon, growth hormone, and catecholamines, enhance triglyceride breakdown into free fatty acids and gluconeogenesis, which is the main cause for the elevation in serum glucose level in DKA. […] The most common scenarios for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) are underlying or concomitant infection (40%), missed or disrupted insulin treatments (25%), and newly diagnosed, previously unknown diabetes (15%).

• #36 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview

  The genetics of type 2 diabetes are complex and not completely understood. Evidence supports the involvement of multiple genes in pancreatic beta-cell failure and insulin resistance. […] Accumulating evidence suggests that depression is a significant risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes. […] Evidence exists that COVID-19 may actually lead to the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. […] A report by Xie and Al-Aly found that among study patients who had survived the first 30 days of COVID-19, the risk for diabetes at 1 year was increased by about 40%. […] A retrospective study by Wang et al indicated that hyperglycemia, even in the absence of diabetes, is an independent predictor of 28-day mortality in patients with COVID-19.

• #37 Hyperglycemia | High Blood Sugar | Diabetes | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/hyperglycemia.html

  A key part of managing diabetes is controlling your blood glucose levels. To do this, you need to follow a diabetes meal plan and get regular physical activity. You might also need to take diabetes medicines. You have to balance all of these to keep your blood glucose at the right levels. But if you eat too much food or the wrong foods, don’t take your medicines correctly, or don’t get physical activity, you can get hyperglycemia. It can also happen if you are stressed or sick. […] Less commonly, people who don’t have diabetes can also get hyperglycemia. It can be caused by conditions that can affect insulin or glucose levels in your blood. They include problems with your pancreas or adrenal glands, certain medicines, and severe illnesses. […] If hyperglycemia is not treated, it can cause other problems. In people with diabetes, long-term hyperglycemia can lead to serious health problems (diabetes complications).

• #38 7 Causes of High Blood Sugar in Non-Diabetics [Non-Diabetic Hyperglycemia] – Nutrisense Journal

  https://www.nutrisense.io/blog/what-causes-blood-sugar-to-rise-in-non-diabetics?srsltid=AfmBOopUmZ522Rdeh1EUKG_WK7VuXs7EFER4XcTsCUkgJGV2GfQ8lbWC

  Non-diabetic hyperglycemia is a temporary elevation of blood sugar levels in people who don’t have diabetes. […] Research has demonstrated that glucose levels in non-diabetics can fluctuate into pre-diabetic or diabetic range. […] Chronic psychosocial stress is a risk factor for developing insulin resistance and diabetes as well as many other diseases. […] Certain medications with corticosteroids or diuretics can lead to higher blood glucose levels. […] Certain dietary choices like eating carbohydrates by themselves, consuming higher-carb foods (especially later in the day, or eating more refined or processed carbohydrates such as pastas, sugary desserts or candy can lead to higher glucose spikes for some people, even without diabetes. […] Leaving hyperglycemia untreated can lead to an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, nerve damage, and damage to your blood vessels, organs, and tissues. […] Chronic stress-response activation is a known risk factor for the development of insulin resistance and diabetes.

• #39

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes

  Hyperglycaemia, also called raised blood glucose or raised blood sugar, is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes and over time leads to serious damage to many of the body’s systems, especially the nerves and blood vessels. […] High blood glucose causes around 11% of cardiovascular deaths. […] Type 2 diabetes affects how your body uses sugar (glucose) for energy. It stops the body from using insulin properly, which can lead to high levels of blood sugar if not treated. […] Over time, type 2 diabetes can cause serious damage to the body, especially nerves and blood vessels. […] Factors that contribute to developing type 2 diabetes include being overweight, not getting enough exercise, and genetics. […] Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) are intermediate conditions in the transition between normality and diabetes. People with IGT or IFG are at high risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes, although this is not inevitable.

• #40 Pre-Diabetes: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/diabetes/pre-diabetes-impaired-glucose-tolerance

  In non-diabetic hyperglycaemia (NDH, previously known as impaired glucose tolerance or pre-diabetes), your blood sugar (glucose) is raised beyond the normal range. Whilst this raised glucose level is not so high that you have type 2 diabetes, you are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes when you have NDH. […] NDH develops for the same reasons as type 2 diabetes. They include: Being overweight or obese (most people with pre-diabetes are overweight or obese). Having a family history of diabetes. This refers to a close family member with diabetes – a mother, father, brother or sister. Doing little physical activity. Having other risk factors for cardiovascular disease such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol levels. If a woman has polycystic ovary syndrome and is also overweight. If you developed diabetes during pregnancy (called gestational diabetes).

• #41 Hyperglycemia | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/hyperglycemia

  Lack of exercise, for example, may cause an elevation in blood sugar. […] Some illnesses may affect blood sugar as well, as can stressful situations, both positive and negative. […] The main danger of hyperglycemia is that it may lead to more serious illnesses. […] A chronic excess of sugar in the blood can damage critical blood vessels, tissues, or organs. […] Heart diseases including strokes and kidney damage rise significantly with hyperglycemic patients. […] People with hyperglycemia have three main avenues of treatment. One involves food intake. […] Eating healthily will decrease the risk of an excess sugar buildup in the bloodstream. […] Exercise is known to help burn glucose and improve well-being in many other ways. […] Many people with hyperglycemia seek treatment involving medications, such as medical insulin, which can help to alter the body’s processes and reduce the internal imbalances contributing to hyperglycemia.

• #42 Hyperglycemia | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/hyperglycemia

  Hyperglycemia is a medical condition characterized by elevated levels of glucose in the bloodstream. […] Common causes of hyperglycemia include insulin imbalances, poor dietary choicesespecially high sugar intakeand a lack of physical activity. […] Hyperglycemia has several potential causes, including an imbalance of insulin (a chemical in the body that helps to process glucose) and health factors such as diet and exercise. […] A major cause is a lack of insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that works within the body to allow the cells to absorb and use glucose. […] Over time, the resulting high blood sugar may contribute to a host of more serious health problems, including diabetes. […] The most common cause is an insulin imbalance. […] People who eat too much food, particularly sugary foods, can elevate their blood sugar to unhealthy levels.

• #43 Key cause of type 2 diabetes uncovered | University of Oxford

  https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2022-11-14-key-cause-type-2-diabetes-uncovered

  DiabetesHealthMedical SciencesResearch […] In diabetes, the pancreatic beta-cells do not release enough of the hormone insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels. […] T2D normally presents in later adult life, and by the time of diagnosis, as much as 50% of beta cell function has been lost. […] While researchers have known for some time that chronically elevated blood sugar (hyperglycaemia) leads to a progressive decline in beta-cell function, what exactly causes beta-cell failure in T2D has remained unclear. […] Now a new study led by Dr Elizabeth Haythorne and Professor Frances Ashcroft of the Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics at the University of Oxford has revealed how chronic hyperglycaemia causes beta-cell failure. […] Importantly, they also demonstrated that beta-cell failure caused by chronic hyperglycaemia can be prevented by slowing the rate of glucose metabolism.

• #44 Key cause of type 2 diabetes uncovered | University of Oxford

  https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2022-11-14-key-cause-type-2-diabetes-uncovered

  Previous work from the Oxford team has shown that chronic hyperglycaemia damages the ability of the beta-cell to produce insulin and to release it when blood glucose levels rise. […] This suggested that prolonged hyperglycaemia sets off a vicious spiral in which an increase in blood glucose leads to beta-cell damage and less insulin secretion – which causes an even greater increase in blood glucose and a further decline in beta-cell function. […] The teams new study is important because it shows that a breakdown product of glucose metabolism, rather than glucose itself, is what causes the failure of beta-cells to release insulin in diabetes. […] High blood glucose levels cause an increased rate of glucose metabolism in the beta-cell which leads to a metabolic bottleneck and the pooling of upstream metabolites.

• #45 Key cause of type 2 diabetes uncovered | University of Oxford

  https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2022-11-14-key-cause-type-2-diabetes-uncovered

  Consequently, the beta-cells become glucose blind and no longer respond to changes in blood glucose with insulin secretion. […] Crucially, the team found that blocking an enzyme called glucokinase, which regulates the first step in glucose metabolism, could prevent the gene changes taking place and maintain glucose-stimulated insulin secretion even in the presence of chronic hyperglycaemia. […] Professor Ashcroft said: This is potentially a useful way to try to prevent beta-cell decline in diabetes. […] Our data suggests that glucokinase activators could have an adverse effect and, somewhat counter-intuitively, that a glucokinase inhibitor might be a better strategy to treat T2D. […] But there is a very long way to go before we can tell if this approach would be useful for treating beta-cell decline in T2D.

• #46 Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/118361-overview

  Causes of DKA in type 1 diabetes mellitus include the following: In 25% of patients, DKA is present at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes due to acute insulin deficiency (occurs in 25% of patients). […] DKA has also been reported in people with type 2 diabetes treated with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. […] There is evidence that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) increases the risk of DKA, possibly in association with beta-cell destruction that may result from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19.

• #47 Hyperglycemia | High Blood Sugar | Diabetes | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/hyperglycemia.html

  If your blood glucose levels get very high, you can develop diabetes-related ketoacidosis (DKA). It happens when your body doesn’t have enough insulin to allow blood glucose into your cells for use as energy. Instead, your liver breaks down fat for fuel. This process produces acids called ketones. When too many ketones are produced too fast, they can build up to dangerous levels in your body. This can be life-threatening. […] If you have diabetes and often have high blood glucose, your health care team may make changes to your diabetes meal plan, physical activity plan, and/or diabetes medicines. […] If you have severe hyperglycemia and are having symptoms of DKA, you will need treatment at the hospital. The treatment often includes I.V. (intravenous) fluids and insulin. […] If you have diabetes, managing your diabetes can help prevent hyperglycemia.

• #48 Diabetes and Celiac Disease | Celiac Disease FoundationBack to HomeBack to HomeAbout the DiseaseGluten-Free ResourcesResearch ResourcesAdvocacy and Public PolicyJoin the EffortSupport the FoundationShare on FacebookShare on TwitterEmail this pageprinter-m

  https://celiac.org/about-celiac-disease/related-conditions/diabetes-and-celiac-disease/

  The estimated prevalence of celiac disease in patients with type 1 diabetes is approximately 6%. Most patients with both conditions have asymptomatic celiac disease, or symptoms that may be confused for symptoms of their diabetes. For this reason, screening for celiac disease is recommended after a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, as well as counseling for the signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes after a celiac disease diagnosis. […] In cases of type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks and destroys the specialized cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. When the body can no longer produce sufficient insulin (a protein that regulates blood glucose concentration), the resulting chronically high glucose levels in the blood (hyperglycemia) cause blood vessel and nerve damage. This can lead to serious complications, such as: stroke, heart disease, kidney disease, and amputation.

• #49 Diabetes and Celiac Disease | Celiac Disease FoundationBack to HomeBack to HomeAbout the DiseaseGluten-Free ResourcesResearch ResourcesAdvocacy and Public PolicyJoin the EffortSupport the FoundationShare on FacebookShare on TwitterEmail this pageprinter-m

  https://celiac.org/about-celiac-disease/related-conditions/diabetes-and-celiac-disease/

  The exact cause that triggers the autoimmune reaction in type 1 diabetes is still not understood. There are genetic and environmental factors that can increase the risk of developing diabetes, as well as certain drugs that lead to the specific destruction of the beta cells. […] Diabetes is much easier to test for than celiac disease. A blood test, usually performed after a period of fasting, measures how much glucose is in the blood. If the glucose level is over a certain threshold, a diabetes or pre-diabetes diagnosis is made. […] Treating diabetes typically involves both a change in diet as well as insulin injections. Patients must monitor and control their blood sugar at all times to avoid hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) as well as hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). […] The link between type 1 diabetes and celiac disease was first established in the 1960s. The estimated prevalence of celiac disease in patients with type 1 diabetes is approximately 6%, and about 1% in the general population. Due to the significantly higher prevalence of celiac disease in diabetes patients, many doctors recommend getting screened for celiac disease after a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, and vice versa.

• #50 Diabetes and Celiac Disease | Celiac Disease FoundationBack to HomeBack to HomeAbout the DiseaseGluten-Free ResourcesResearch ResourcesAdvocacy and Public PolicyJoin the EffortSupport the FoundationShare on FacebookShare on TwitterEmail this pageprinter-m

  https://celiac.org/about-celiac-disease/related-conditions/diabetes-and-celiac-disease/

  There is no established link between type 2 diabetes and celiac disease. Type 2 diabetes does have genetic components, but they are not associated with celiac disease genes like type 1 diabetes. […] The gluten-free diet may improve glycemic control for diabetic patients, although that is still controversial, as some studies support the idea and others suggest there is no difference in glycemic control between normal diabetic patients and diabetic patients with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet. […] Untreated celiac disease, leading to a damaged small intestine, can increase risk of hypoglycemia because the small intestine may no longer be able to absorb nutrients, such as sugars, properly, making diagnosis even more imperative. […] Many individuals diagnosed with type 1 diabetes only discover they have celiac disease through routine screening because of the known relationship between the two conditions. Most report having no symptoms of celiac disease, and that the diagnosis is sometimes seen as an after-thought to the diabetes.

• #51 Type 2 Diabetes: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | UW MedicineStethascopeHeart

  https://www.uwmedicine.org/conditions-symptoms/endocrine-diabetes/type-2-diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes, a chronic condition that causes high blood sugar, can be managed with good nutrition, ongoing care and exercise. […] Type 2 diabetes is when your body can’t make enough insulin, or use it well. Insulin helps the cells in your body absorb glucose for energy. Without insulin, too much glucose is left in the blood. This causes high blood sugar. […] The exact cause of Type 2 diabetes is not known. It tends to run in families. […] The exact cause of Type 2 diabetes is not known. It seems to run in families. But it often takes other factors to bring on the disease. These include: Being overweight, Not getting enough physical activity, Taking certain medicines. […] Risk factors include: Age. People ages 45 and older are at higher risk for diabetes. Family history of diabetes. The condition tends to run in families. Extra weight. Being overweight puts you at higher risk. Lack of exercise. Not enough physical activity also puts you at risk. Taking certain medicines. These include steroids, some water pills (diuretics), and medicines for mental health (antipsychotics). […] Diabetes that is not treated or controlled well can cause problems. These can include problems with: Kidneys, Legs, Feet, Eyes, Heart, Nerves, Blood flow.

• #52 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview

  Type 2 diabetes mellitus consists of an array of dysfunctions characterized by hyperglycemia and resulting from the combination of resistance to insulin action, inadequate insulin secretion, and excessive or inappropriate glucagon secretion. […] Hyperglycemia appears to be the determinant of microvascular and metabolic complications. […] The etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus appears to involve complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors. […] Approximately 90% of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are overweight or have obesity. […] A study by Cameron et al indicated that in the United States between 2013 and 2016, obesity was responsible for the development of new-onset diabetes in 41% of adults. […] Some studies suggest that environmental pollutants may play a role in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

• #53 Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9815-hyperglycemia-high-blood-sugar

  Insulin resistance is the main cause of Type 2 diabetes, but anyone can experience it, including people without diabetes and people with other types of diabetes. It can be temporary or chronic. […] Damage to your pancreas can lead to a lack of insulin production and hyperglycemia. […] In Type 1 diabetes, your immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in your pancreas for unknown reasons. This means your pancreas can no longer make insulin, resulting in hyperglycemia. […] Prolonged (chronic) hyperglycemia over the years can damage blood vessels and tissues in your body. This can lead to a variety of complications, including the following: Retinopathy, Nephropathy, Neuropathy, Gastroparesis, Heart disease, Stroke. […] Acute (sudden and severe) hyperglycemia can lead to DKA, which is life-threatening.

• #54 Type 2 diabetes mellitus with hyperglycemia: What to do

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/type-2-diabetes-mellitus-with-hyperglycemia

  Type 2 diabetes with hyperglycemia occurs when a persons blood sugar elevates to potentially dangerous levels. […] Several factors, such as an illness, can cause these fluctuations to occur, even in people with otherwise well-controlled type 2 diabetes. […] Type 2 diabetes with hyperglycemia occurs when a person living with type 2 diabetes has high blood sugar levels. […] It typically happens when a person living with type 2 diabetes is unable to manage their blood sugar levels effectively. […] If high blood sugar levels do not go back down, they can cause ketoacidosis, which is a potentially life threatening condition that requires treatment. […] Certain events and factors can cause or trigger blood sugar spikes or ketoacidosis. They include: missing insulin injections, illness, stroke, heart attack, drug or alcohol use, injury, certain medications, such as corticosteroids or diuretics. […] A person living with type 2 diabetes can develop hyperglycemia, which is a spike in blood sugar levels. […] In more severe cases, a person may develop ketoacidosis.

• #55 If Your Blood Glucose is Too High or Too Low – | Lahey Hospital & Medical Center

  https://www.lahey.org/news-stories/all-news-stories/stories/2019/03/if-your-blood-glucose-is-too-high-or-too-low

  Hyperglycemia means that you have too much blood glucose. It happens when your blood glucose level is around 200 mg/dL or higher. Hyperglycemia can happen if you miss taking your diabetes medications, eat too much or do not get enough exercise. Sometimes, the medications you take for other problems cause high blood glucose. […] If your insulin level is too low, your blood glucose could become so high that it is unsafe. You might develop a serious problem called diabetic ketoacidosis (or DKA). This usually happens in people with Type 1 diabetes and those with glucose levels over 500. […] Hypoglycemia can occur when blood glucose drops below normal levels or drops too quickly. Your blood glucose level is too low if it is under 70 mg/dL. […] Hypoglycemia can be caused by: A combination of these factors, being more active than usual, drinking alcohol, eating at the wrong time for the medications you take, skipping or not finishing meals or snacks, taking too much diabetes medication.

• #56 Hyperglycemia in Diabetes | Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | US MED

  https://www.usmed.com/blog/hyperglycemia-in-diabetes-symptoms-causes-treatment/

  A number of other factors can play a role in hyperglycemia development, as well. These include: Not taking diabetes medications, Taking too little meds, Taking medication at the wrong time, Eating too much, Not eating the right balance of food, Illness or infection, Trauma/stress (physical/emotional). […] If left untreated, hyperglycemia can result in a condition known as diabetic ketoacidosis, or DKA. […] Another serious hyperglycemia complication is called hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS). […] Both diabetic ketoacidosis and HHS are considered emergency complications of hyperglycemia. […] Hyperglycemia is important to take seriously, especially since it can lead to dangerous and even life-threatening conditions.

• #57 Hyperglycemia and diabetes: Connection, symptoms, treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/311204

  Prolonged hyperglycemia increases the risk of diabetes-related complications such as kidney disease, eye disease, and neuropathy. […] Hyperglycemia due to unmanaged diabetes can cause serious long-term complications such as: blood vessel damage that increases the risk of heart disease and stroke; nerve damage; kidney damage or failure; damage to the blood vessels of the retina, which may lead to vision loss or blindness; cataracts (clouding of the lenses of the eyes); foot problems that can lead to serious infections; bone and joint problems; skin problems, including infections and nonhealing wounds; tooth and gum infections. […] A person with diabetes should report any abnormal symptoms to their doctor. Doing so can help them prevent hyperglycemia and receive early treatment in order to avoid long-term complications.

• #58 Diabetes – long-term effects | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-long-term-effects

  Diabetes is a condition in which there is too much glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood. Over time, high blood glucose levels can damage the body’s organs. Possible long-term effects include damage to large (macrovascular) and small (microvascular) blood vessels, which can lead to heart attack, stroke, and problems with the kidneys, eyes, gums, feet and nerves. […] The most common long-term diabetes-related health problems are: damage to the large blood vessels of the heart, brain and legs (macrovascular complications) and damage to the small blood vessels, causing problems in the eyes, kidneys, feet and nerves (microvascular complications). […] People with diabetes are at risk of kidney disease (nephropathy) due to changes in the small blood vessels of the kidneys. […] Nerve damage (neuropathy) is usually caused by high blood glucose levels.

• #59 Diabetes: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7104-diabetes

  Diabetes is a condition that happens when your blood sugar (glucose) is too high. […] If your pancreas isn’t making enough insulin or your body isn’t using it properly, glucose builds up in your bloodstream, causing high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). […] Causes of diabetes include: Insulin resistance: Type 2 diabetes mainly results from insulin resistance. […] Long-term use of certain medications can also lead to Type 2 diabetes, including HIV/AIDS medications and corticosteroids. […] Acute diabetes complications that can be life-threatening include: Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS): This complication mainly affects people with Type 2 diabetes. […] Diabetes can lead to acute (sudden and severe) and long-term complications mainly due to extreme or prolonged high blood sugar levels. […] Chronic high blood sugar can cause severe complications, which are usually irreversible. […] Studies show that people with diabetes may be able to reduce their risk of complications by consistently keeping their A1c levels below 7%.

• #60 Complications of diabetes | Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes | Diabetes UK

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/complications

  Long-term complications are caused by high blood sugar levels over time which can damage the blood vessels and nerves, which reduces blood flow and changing the feeling in different parts of the body, such as the feet. […] Short-term complications which need to be treated quickly are caused by your blood sugar levels going too low or too high if treatment isn’t balanced with other things happening in your life, as lots of things can affect blood sugar levels.

• #61 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-dm-and-disorders-of-blood-sugar-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm

  The diagnosis of diabetes is made when people have abnormally high levels of glucose in the blood. […] Diabetes can be diagnosed if fasting blood glucose levels are 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) or higher. […] Diabetes can be diagnosed if a random (not done after fasting) blood glucose level is higher than 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L). […] Because complications are less likely to develop if people with diabetes strictly control their blood glucose levels, the goal of diabetes treatment is to keep blood glucose levels as close to the normal range as possible. […] Because the risk of complications is so high in people with diabetes, it is important that people carefully control blood glucose levels. […] Glucose that remains high for long periods causes build-up in the walls of blood vessels, causing them to thicken and leak and risking development of atherosclerosis, stroke, eye problems, and other problems. […] Type 2 diabetes can be prevented with lifestyle changes.

• #62 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-dm-and-disorders-of-blood-sugar-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm

  Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which the body does not produce enough or respond normally to insulin, causing blood sugar (glucose) levels to be abnormally high. […] If the body does not produce enough insulin to move the glucose into the cells, or if the cells stop responding normally to insulin (called insulin resistance), the resulting high levels of glucose in the blood and the inadequate amount of glucose in the cells together produce the symptoms and complications of diabetes. […] Obesity is the chief risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes, and 80 to 90% of people with type 2 diabetes have overweight or obesity. […] Certain disorders and medications can affect the way the body uses insulin and can lead to type 2 diabetes. […] High blood glucose levels also cause disturbances in the body’s immune system, so people with diabetes mellitus are particularly susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections.

• #63 Roller coaster effect (Fluctuating Sugar levels) in Diabetes PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Numb

  https://www.pacehospital.com/roller-coaster-effect-in-diabetes

  Fluctuating blood sugars are called Glycaemic variability. This refers to swings in blood glucose, including episodes of high sugars i.e. hyperglycaemia & low sugars i.e. Hypoglycaemia. […] Fluctuating blood sugar levels or Brittle diabetes occur because of explained and unexplained causes, leading to increased sugar levels (Hyperglycemia) and low sugar levels (Hypoglycaemia). […] Glycaemic variability has two components – High blood sugar and Low blood sugar. […] Factors precipitating high sugars are Diet, Physical activity, some infection, sleep & emotional disturbances, drugs like steroids, oral contraceptive pills & alcohol. […] High intake of unhealthy carbohydrate is the main cause for uncontrolled blood sugar in people with diabetes. […] Definitely yes. Fluctuating blood Sugar has Roller Coaster effect on Patient of Diabetes Both

• #64 Roller coaster effect (Fluctuating Sugar levels) in Diabetes PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Numb

  https://www.pacehospital.com/roller-coaster-effect-in-diabetes

  Microvascular i.e. Diabetic Nephropathy, Retinopathy & Neuropathy as well […] Macro vascular complication i.e. Cerebrovascular disease, Cardiovascular disease and Peripheral vascular disease appears early & tend to be more severe in diabetic patient with fluctuating blood sugars. […] Blood sugar fluctuation is more in people with Diabetes Mellitus & also in people with impaired blood sugar regulation.

• #65 Causes & Symptoms of Hyperglycemia in Diabetes

  https://polarbearmeds.com/hyperglycemia-in-diabetes-causes-symptoms/

  There are a many threat factors that make a person more prone to acute hyperglycemia, whether the exacerbation is mild, moderate, or severe. […] If anyone in your family has a history of diabetes, you have a higher probability of developing diabetes, indeed type 2 diabetes. […] These factors alone dont indicate diabetes, still they greatly increase the threat of insulin insufficiency or malfunction which can lead to the development of diabetes and hyperglycemia. […] Unfortunately, these ethnoracial groups have increased prevalence of both diabetes and hyperglycemia. […] Hypertension is a illness that can lead to blood vessel damage due to high pressure of blood pumping through the arteries and veins. […] If youre pregnant, gestational diabetes is a temporary health issue that causes hyperglycemia and inadequate insulin in pregnant women.

• #66 Pre-Diabetes: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/diabetes/pre-diabetes-impaired-glucose-tolerance

  The main complication of NDH is progression to type 2 diabetes. NDH also increases your risk of developing: Heart disease. Peripheral arterial disease. Stroke (cardiovascular diseases). High blood pressure. Raised cholesterol levels. Weight issues. […] The same things that can help in preventing type 2 diabetes can help prevent NDH. These include: Eating a healthy balanced diet. Losing weight if you are overweight. Doing some physical activity regularly.

• #67 Causes & Symptoms of Hyperglycemia in Diabetes

  https://polarbearmeds.com/hyperglycemia-in-diabetes-causes-symptoms/

  Because surgery can increase the probability of varying blood glucose degrees, having an approaching surgery can put you at threat for hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. […] Due to stress being an occasional trigger for both hyperglycemia and bad coping habits, having a constantly stressful day-to- day setting can lead a person to being at additional threat for developing hyperglycemia.

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