Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hyperglycemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430900/

  The term „hyperglycemia” is derived from the Greek hyper (high) + glykys (sweet/sugar) + haima (blood). Hyperglycemia is blood glucose greater than 125 mg/dL while fasting and greater than 180 mg/dL 2 hours postprandial. A patient has impaired glucose tolerance, or pre-diabetes, with a fasting plasma glucose of 100 mg/dL to 125 mg/dL. A patient is termed diabetic with a fasting blood glucose of greater than 125 mg/dL. […] When hyperglycemia is left untreated, it can lead to many serious life-threatening complications that include damage to the eye, kidneys, nerves, heart, and peripheral vascular system. Thus, it is vital to manage hyperglycemia effectively and efficiently to prevent complications of the disease and improve patient outcomes. […] To determine if the patient has developed type 2 diabetes the patient needs to have the following outcomes on these tests: A fasting plasma glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher, A 2-hour plasma glucose level of 200 mg/dL or higher during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), Random plasma glucose of 200 mg/dL or higher in the presence of symptoms of hyperglycemia, A hemoglobin A1c level of 6.5% or higher.

• #1 How Hyperglycemia Is Diagnosed

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-hyperglycemia-is-diagnosed-4163423

  Hyperglycemia, otherwise known as high blood sugar, can be diagnosed with a blood test such as a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test, an A1C test, or a fructosamine test. Additionally, hyperglycemia can be identified using a glucose monitor or by drinking a beverage and monitoring the body’s glucose responsea test referred to as an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). […] To confirm a diabetes diagnosis, a healthcare provider should conduct two different tests. Your healthcare provider will explain the results and what they mean. […] If you have diabetes, frequent blood glucose monitoring can help you manage your blood sugars and prevent or detect hyperglycemia. […] Generally speaking, hyperglycemia for most non-pregnant adults with diabetes is defined as: Fasting: Blood glucose reading higher than 130 mg/dL; Two hours after a meal: Higher than 180 mg/dL; Random blood sugar test: Higher than 200 mg/dL.

• #1 Diabetes Tests & Diagnosis – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/tests-diagnosis

  Your doctor can diagnose diabetes, prediabetes, and gestational diabetes using blood tests. The blood tests show if your blood glucose level, also called blood sugar, is higher than the range that is healthy for you. Blood tests can also help identify the type of diabetes you have. […] Blood tests help doctors diagnose diabetes and prediabetes. […] Doctors use a variety of tests to diagnose diabetes and prediabetes. Your doctor may recommend different tests depending on whether you have symptoms or not, or whether you are pregnant. […] Each test to detect diabetes and prediabetes uses a different measurement. Usually, your doctor will use a second test to confirm you have diabetes. […] Even though the tests described above can confirm you have diabetes, they can’t identify what type you have—type 1, type 2, or a rare type of diabetes called monogenic diabetes. Treatment can depend on the type of diabetes you have, so knowing which type you have is important.

• #1 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Workup: Approach Considerations, Glucose Studies, Glycated Hemoglobin Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-workup

  The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, however, recommends that HbA1c be considered an additional optional diagnostic criterion, rather than a primary criterion for diagnosis of diabetes. […] If unequivocal hyperglycemia is absent, then HbA1c, FPG, and OGTT results should be confirmed by repeat testing. The ADA recommends repeating the same test for confirmation, since there will be a greater likelihood of concurrence. However, the diagnosis of diabetes is also confirmed if the results of 2 different tests are above the diagnostic thresholds. […] If a patient has had 2 different tests and the results are discordant, the test that has a result above the diagnostic threshold should be repeated. A second abnormal result on this test will confirm the diagnosis. […] In asymptomatic patients whose random serum glucose level suggests diabetes (140 mg/dL), an FPG or HbA1c level should be measured. An FPG level of 100-125 mg/dL is considered an impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and an FPG level of less than 100 mg/dL is considered a normal fasting glucose. However, an FPG of 91-99 mg/dL is a strong independent predictor of future type 2 diabetes.

• #1 Diabetes Diagnosis: Tests and Guidelines

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/diagnosis-diabetes

  The following tests are used to diagnose diabetes: A fasting plasma glucose test measures your blood glucose after you have gone at least 8 hours without eating. This test is used to detect diabetes or prediabetes. […] An oral glucose tolerance test measures your blood sugar after you have gone at least 8 hours without eating and 2 hours after you drink a glucose-containing beverage. This test can be used to diagnose diabetes or prediabetes. […] In a random plasma glucose test, your doctor checks your blood sugar without regard to when you ate your last meal. This test, along with an assessment of symptoms, is used to diagnose diabetes but not prediabetes. […] A hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test can be done without fasting and can be used to diagnose or confirm either prediabetes or diabetes.

• #1 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Workup: Approach Considerations, Glucose Studies, Glycated Hemoglobin Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-workup

  The American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes (in individuals who are not pregnant) are any of the following: […] An HbA1c level of 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) or higher; the test should be carried out in a laboratory using a method that is certified by the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) and standardized to the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) assay, or […] A fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level of 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) or higher; fasting refers to no caloric intake for 8 hours or more, or […] A 2-hour plasma glucose level of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), or […] A random plasma glucose of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher in a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia (eg, polyuria, polydipsia, unexplained weight loss) or hyperglycemic crisis.

• #1 How Hyperglycemia Is Diagnosed

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-hyperglycemia-is-diagnosed-4163423

  The A1C test (also known as HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C, glycated hemoglobin or glycosylated hemoglobin) indicates a persons average blood glucose level over the past two to three months. It is a good general measure of diabetes care and can help to determine hyperglycemia in people with diabetes. It can also be used to diagnose diabetes. […] For those with diabetes, the ADA recommends an A1C target of less than 7% without significant hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). […] Hyperglycemia is indicated when fructosamine levels are above the following ranges: For people without diabetes: 175 to 280 mmol/L; For people with controlled diabetes: 210 to 421 mmol/L; For people with uncontrolled diabetes: 268 to 870 mmol/L. […] The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), also referred to as the glucose tolerance test, measures the bodys ability to clear glucose out of the bloodstream. The test can be used to diagnose diabetes, gestational diabetes, or prediabetes.

• #1 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Workup: Approach Considerations, Glucose Studies, Glycated Hemoglobin Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-workup

  The noted values for fasting glucose measurements are based on the level of glycemia at which retinopathy, a fairly pathognomonic diabetic complication, appears. (However, evidence suggests that retinopathy may occur even in prediabetes.) Fasting glucose measurements are not as predictive for indicating macrovascular risk as are postglucose load values. However, there are no formal recommendations for using glucose tolerance tests for this purpose. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are an FPG of less than 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L), if measured, and a venous plasma glucose of 140 mg/dL to just below 200 mg/dL (7.8 to 11.1mmol/L) 2 hours after a 75-g glucose load with one intervening plasma glucose value at or above 200 mg/dL. The WHO notes that IGT is not a clinical entity but a risk factor for future diabetes and/or adverse outcomes and that the risk of future diabetes, premature death, and cardiovascular disease begins to increase at 2-hour plasma glucose levels below the IGT range.

• #1 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Workup: Approach Considerations, Glucose Studies, Glycated Hemoglobin Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-workup

  These criteria are a better predictor of increased macrovascular risk than the ADA’s current intermediate category of IFG or prediabetes. Presumably, patients with IFG are at increased risk for development of diabetes mellitus, but their risk for macrovascular disease does not appear to be the same as for patients with IGT (which is about the same as for patients with frank type 2 diabetes mellitus). […] HbA1c measurements are the criterion standard for monitoring long-term glycemic control. In the past, HbA1c measurements were not considered useful for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, because of a lack of international standardization and insensitivity for the detection of milder forms of glucose intolerance. […] In a 2009 report, however, an international expert committee appointed by the ADA, the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, and the International Diabetes Association recommended the HbA1c assay for diagnosing type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The committee noted the improvement in standardization and cited the following advantages of HbA1c testing over glucose measurement:

• #1 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Workup: Approach Considerations, Glucose Studies, Glycated Hemoglobin Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-workup

  Captures long-term glucose exposure […] Has less biologic variability […] Does not require fasting or timed samples […] Is currently used to guide management decisions […] Consequently, since 2010 the ADA has included an HbA1c level of 6.5% or higher as a criterion for diabetes diagnosis, with confirmation from repeat testing (unless clinical symptoms are present and the glucose level is 200 mg/dL). A target HbA1c level of less than 8% is supported for older patients (60 y); levels below 6% are associated with increased mortality. HbA1c testing cannot be used in patients with abnormal red cell turnover (eg, hemolytic or iron-deficiency anemia). […] The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists recommends that HbA1C be considered an additional, optional diagnostic criterion, rather than the primary criterion for diagnosis of diabetes. Using HbA1c alone in initial diabetes screening identifies approximately 20% fewer cases of diabetes than diagnosis based on fasting and 2-hour postload plasma glucose levels.

• #1 Hyperglycemia (High Blood Glucose) | American Diabetes Association

  https://diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-care/hyperglycemia

  Hyperglycemia is the technical term for high blood glucose (blood sugar). High blood glucose happens when the body has too little insulin or when the body can’t use insulin properly. […] Part of managing your diabetes is checking your blood glucose often. Ask your doctor how often you should check and what your glucose sugar levels should be. Checking your blood and then treating high blood glucose early will help you avoid problems associated with hyperglycemia. […] Hyperglycemia can be a serious problem if you don’t treat it, so it’s important to treat as soon as you detect it. If you fail to treat hyperglycemia, a condition called ketoacidosis (diabetic coma) could occur. Ketoacidosis develops when your body doesn’t have enough insulin. Without insulin, your body can’t use glucose for fuel, so your body breaks down fats to use for energy. […] Talk to your doctor about how to handle this condition. […] Your best bet is to practice good diabetes management and learn to detect hyperglycemia so you can treat it early before it gets worse.

• #1 Hyperglycemia in diabetes – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperglycemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373635

  Your health care provider sets your target blood sugar range. For many people who have diabetes, Mayo Clinic generally recommends the following target blood sugar levels before meals: […] For many people who have diabetes, the American Diabetes Association generally recommends the following target blood sugar levels: […] Your target blood sugar range may differ, especially if you’re pregnant or you have other health problems that are caused by diabetes. […] Routine blood sugar monitoring with a blood glucose meter is the best way to be sure that your treatment plan is keeping your blood sugar within your target range. […] If you have any symptoms of severe hyperglycemia even if they seem minor check your blood sugar level right away. […] If your blood sugar level is 240 mg/dL (13.3 mmol/L) or above, use an over-the-counter urine ketones test kit.

• #1 Diabetes Tests & Diagnosis – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/tests-diagnosis

  If you have diabetes, your doctor may look for certain autoantibodies to see if your diabetes is type 1. Autoantibodies are proteins in your immune system that mistakenly attack your healthy tissues and cells. A health care professional will take a sample of your blood for this test. If autoantibodies for diabetes are found in your blood, you may have type 1 diabetes.

• #1 Diabetes Diagnosis & Tests | ADA

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/diagnosis

  There are several ways to diagnose diabetes. Each way usually needs to be repeated on a second day to diagnose diabetes. […] If your doctor determines that your blood glucose (blood sugar) level is very high, or if you have classic symptoms of high blood glucose in addition to one positive test, your doctor may not require a second test to diagnose diabetes. […] Diabetes is diagnosed at an A1C of greater than or equal to 6.5%. […] Diabetes is diagnosed at fasting blood glucose of greater than or equal to 126 mg/dl. […] Diabetes is diagnosed at two-hour blood glucose of greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl. […] Diabetes is diagnosed at blood glucose of greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl.

• #1 Hyperglycemia in diabetes – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperglycemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373635

  During an appointment, your health care provider may conduct an A1C test. […] An A1C level of 7% or less means that your treatment plan is working and that your blood sugar was consistently within a healthy range. […] If your A1C level is higher than 7%, your blood sugar, on average, was above a healthy range. […] If you develop hyperglycemia often, your health care provider may adjust the dosage or timing of your medication. […] Changes to your insulin program or a supplement of short-acting insulin can help control hyperglycemia. […] If you have signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, you may be treated in the emergency room or admitted to the hospital. […] Emergency treatment can lower your blood sugar to a normal range. […] Your provider can help you make changes to better manage your diabetes. […] Create a record of metered glucose values. […] Using the record, your health care provider can recognize trends and offer advice on how to prevent hyperglycemia or adjust your medication to treat hyperglycemia. […] For hyperglycemia, questions you may want to ask include:

• #1 Hyperglycemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430900/

  The prognosis of individuals with hyperglycemia depends on how well the levels of blood glucose are controlled. Chronic hyperglycemia can cause severe life- and limb-threatening complications. Changes in lifestyle, regular physical exercise, and changes in diet are the keys to a better prognosis. Individuals who maintain euglycemia have a markedly better prognosis and an improved quality of life compared to individuals who remain hyperglycemic. Once the complications of hyperglycemia have developed, they are basically irreversible. Countless studies have shown that untreated hyperglycemia shortens lifespan and worsens the quality of life. Thus, an aggressive lowering of hyperglycemia must be initiated, and patients must be closely followed. Studies suggest that one should try to achieve an A1C level of less than 7%. However, controlling blood sugars too tightly can result in hypoglycemia which is not well tolerated by elderly individuals who already may have a pre-existing cardiovascular disease.

• #1 Hyperglycemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430900/

  The treatment goals of hyperglycemia involve eliminating the symptoms related to hyperglycemia and reducing long-term complications. Glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes is achieved by a variable insulin regimen along with proper nutrition. Patients with type 2 diabetes are managed with diet and lifestyle changes as well as medications. Type 2 diabetes also may be managed on oral glucose-lowering agents. Patients with hyperglycemia need to be screened for complications including retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular disease. […] Patients who have hyperglycemia and are confirmed to have type 2 diabetes need to be referred to an endocrinologist. Unless there is a contraindication, the drug of choice to lower hyperglycemia is metformin. In addition, some patients may require insulin therapy in combination with other agents.

• #1 Hyperglycemia: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/hyperglycemia-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Uncontrolled hyperglycemia can damage blood vessels leading to reduced cardiac output. […] A lack of knowledge or understanding of an underlying health condition, medication regimen, diet, and more can result in hyperglycemia. […] Hyperglycemia can occur due to unhealthy practices like a diet high in carbohydrates, a sedentary lifestyle, and failure to take insulin medications correctly. […] Consistent elevation of blood glucose levels causes endothelial damage that leads to impaired oxygenation and microvascular and macrovascular changes. […] Patients who experience hyperglycemia are known to be susceptible to variations in serum levels of glucose. If left untreated, this condition could compromise the patients health and result in further complications. […] Blood glucose levels are monitored through laboratory tests like HbA1C and fingerstick glucose tests. Alterations in these laboratory values can indicate an underlying condition like diabetes. Urinalysis can check for high ketone levels which indicates ketoacidosis and requires immediate medical attention. […] Lifestyle modifications including healthy eating habits and exercise can maintain normal glucose levels and prevent hyperglycemia.

• #1 Hyperglycemia in diabetes // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/hyperglycemia-in-diabetes

  If blood sugar rises very high or if high blood sugar levels are not treated, it can lead to two serious conditions: Diabetic ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. […] Your health care provider sets your target blood sugar range. […] Routine blood sugar monitoring with a blood glucose meter is the best way to be sure that your treatment plan is keeping your blood sugar within your target range. […] An A1C level of 7% or less means that your treatment plan is working and that your blood sugar was consistently within a healthy range. If your A1C level is higher than 7%, your blood sugar, on average, was above a healthy range. […] Talk to your health care provider about managing your blood sugar. Understand how different treatments can help keep your glucose levels within your target range.

• #1 Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9815-hyperglycemia-high-blood-sugar

  Hyperglycemia and diabetes are very common about 1 in 10 people in the United States has diabetes. Hyperglycemia episodes are also very common in people with diabetes. […] If hyperglycemia is left untreated, it can develop into diabetes-related ketoacidosis (DKA), in which a lack of insulin and a high amount of ketones cause your blood to become acidic. DKA can also affect people who have undiagnosed Type 1 diabetes. This condition is an emergency situation that can lead to coma or death. […] Hyperglycemia most often results from a lack of insulin. This can happen due to insulin resistance and/or issues with your pancreas the organ that makes insulin. […] Insulin resistance is the main cause of Type 2 diabetes, but anyone can experience it, including people without diabetes and people with other types of diabetes.

• #1 Type 1 Diabetes | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/type-1-diabetes

  The goal of type 1 diabetes treatment is to control glucose levels and prevent your child’s blood sugar from being too high. […] Even with careful management, type 1 diabetes can put your child at risk of some serious complications that require prompt medical attention. These include hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and diabetic ketoacidosis. […] Hyperglycemia, also known as high blood sugar, happens when blood sugar is too high and builds up in the blood stream. It can be caused by not having enough insulin, eating too much food or the wrong kinds of food, getting too little physical activity, or illness. […] Symptoms of hyperglycemia can resemble those of diabetes: excessive urination, bedwetting, weight loss, thirst, yeast infections, nausea, and vomiting. […] If your child has signs or symptoms of hyperglycemia, measure their blood sugar and check their urine or blood for ketones. If ketones are elevated, call your diabetes team for further guidance.

• #1 Diabetes: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7104-diabetes

  Diabetes is a condition that happens when your blood sugar (glucose) is too high. […] If your pancreas isnt making enough insulin or your body isnt using it properly, glucose builds up in your bloodstream, causing high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). […] Acute diabetes complications that can be life-threatening include: […] Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS): This complication mainly affects people with Type 2 diabetes. It happens when your blood sugar levels are very high (over 600 milligrams per deciliter or mg/dL) for a long period, leading to severe dehydration and confusion. It requires immediate medical treatment. […] Diabetes-related ketoacidosis (DKA): This complication mainly affects people with Type 1 diabetes or undiagnosed T1D. […] Random blood glucose test: Random means that you can get this test at any time, regardless of if youve fasted.

• #1 Your Guide to Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/your-guide-to-hyperglycemia-high-blood-sugar-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-options

  Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is another life-threatening complication of diabetes. […] Hyperglycemia is most commonly associated with diabetes. […] Hyperglycemia can occur in people without diabetes. This is called nondiabetic hyperglycemia. […] Several laboratory tests are used to diagnose hyperglycemia: Fasting Blood Glucose, Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). […] Additional tests can be ordered to complement the three above and create a more holistic evaluation of blood sugar control. […] People diagnosed with diabetes may also require medications to bring blood sugar levels down into their goal range. […] Severe hyperglycemia, such as in cases of DKA and HHS, requires immediate and emergency medical care.

• #1 Hyperglycemia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/hyperglycemia-symptoms-causes-treatments

  Hyperglycemia is a condition in which the level of glucose in the blood is higher than normal. […] Hyperglycemia occurs when the level of blood glucose gets too high. […] Hyperglycemia can affect people of any age and can cause a range of symptoms, including excessive thirst, hunger, fatigue, and/or an urge to urinate larger amounts than usual. […] Hyperglycemia most commonly affects people who have diabetes. […] In type 1 diabetes, the body does not make enough insulin. In type 2 diabetes, the body makes an adequate amount of insulin, but the cells do not respond to it properly. […] For people with diabetes, hyperglycemia can be triggered by: Eating too many carbohydrates, Not exercising enough, Not taking enough insulin medication (for type 1 diabetes) or other medications that regulate blood glucose levels.

• #1 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview

  Type 2 diabetes mellitus consists of an array of dysfunctions characterized by hyperglycemia and resulting from the combination of resistance to insulin action, inadequate insulin secretion, and excessive or inappropriate glucagon secretion. […] Hyperglycemia appears to be the determinant of microvascular and metabolic complications. […] The question of when diabetes becomes a cardiovascular risk equivalent has not yet been settled. […] In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a fasting glucose level of more than 100 mg/dL significantly contributes to the risk of cardiovascular disease and death, independent of other known risk factors. […] A study by Wang et al indicated that hyperglycemia, even in the absence of diabetes, is an independent predictor of 28-day mortality in patients with COVID-19. […] The in-hospital mortality rate in persons with a blood glucose level of higher than 180 mg/dL was 41.1%, compared with 15.7% for those with a level below 140 mg/dL.

• #1 Recommendation: Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-for-prediabetes-and-type-2-diabetes

  The USPSTF recommends screening for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in adults aged 35 to 70 years who have overweight or obesity. […] Screening asymptomatic adults for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes may allow earlier detection, diagnosis, and treatment, with the ultimate goal of improving health outcomes. […] Overweight and obesity are the strongest risk factors for developing prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in adults. […] Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes can be detected by measuring fasting plasma glucose or HbA1c level, or with an oral glucose tolerance test. […] A fasting plasma glucose level of 126 mg/dL (6.99 mmol/L) or greater, an HbA1c level of 6.5% or greater, or a 2-hour postload glucose level of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or greater are consistent with the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.

• #2 Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9815-hyperglycemia-high-blood-sugar

  Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) is common in people who have diabetes. If its left untreated, chronic hyperglycemia can lead to diabetes complications, such as nerve damage, eye disease and kidney damage. […] Hyperglycemia usually means you have diabetes, and people with diabetes can experience hyperglycemia episodes frequently. […] Severe hyperglycemia can also lead to an acute (sudden and severe) life-threatening complication called diabetes-related ketoacidosis (DKA), especially in people with diabetes who take insulin or people with undiagnosed Type 1 diabetes. This requires immediate medical treatment. […] A person with a fasting blood glucose greater than 125 mg/dL on more than one occasion usually receives a diabetes diagnosis typically Type 2 diabetes. […] For a person with diabetes, hyperglycemia is usually considered to be a blood glucose level greater than 180 mg/dL one to two hours after eating.

• #2 Hyperglycemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperglycemia

  Hyperglycemia or hyperglycaemia is a condition where unusually high amount of glucose is present in blood. It is defined as blood glucose level exceeding 6.9 mmol/L (125 mg/dL) after fasting for 8 hours or 10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL) 2 hours after eating. […] Patients with diabetes are oriented to avoid exceeding the recommended postprandial threshold of 160 mg/dL (8.89 mmol/L) for optimal glycemic control. […] Blood glucose values higher than the cutoff level of 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) are used to diagnose T2DM and strongly associated with metabolic disturbances, although symptoms may not start to become noticeable until even higher values such as 13.9-16.7 mmol/L (~250-300 mg/dL). […] A subject with a consistent fasting blood glucose range between 5.6-7 mmol/L (100-126 mg/dL) is considered slightly hyperglycemic, and above 7 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) is generally held to have diabetes.

• #2 The diagnosis of type 2 diabetes

  https://www.diabinfo.de/en/living-with-diabetes/type-2-diabetes/basic-principles/diagnosis.html

  If there are conflicting results or values indicating an increased risk of diabetes, an additional measurement or a 2-hour blood sugar measurement after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) should be performed. […] The fasting blood sugar level in venous plasma is determined in the morning, following a fasting period of at least 8 hours (maximum 12 hours), through a blood draw. […] Normal fasting blood sugar values are considered to be below 100 mg/dl (5.6 mmol/l). Fasting blood sugar values of 126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l) or higher are in the diabetic range. […] If the measurement falls between 100 mg/dl (5.6 mmol/l) and 125 mg/dl (6.9 mmol/l), there is an increased risk of diabetes: referred to as „impaired or abnormal fasting glucose” or prediabetes. […] A blood sugar value in a non-fasting state of 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) or higher indicates diabetes.

• #2 How Hyperglycemia Is Diagnosed

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-hyperglycemia-is-diagnosed-4163423

  Hyperglycemia, otherwise known as high blood sugar, can be diagnosed with a blood test such as a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test, an A1C test, or a fructosamine test. Additionally, hyperglycemia can be identified using a glucose monitor or by drinking a beverage and monitoring the body’s glucose responsea test referred to as an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). […] To confirm a diabetes diagnosis, a healthcare provider should conduct two different tests. Your healthcare provider will explain the results and what they mean. […] If you have diabetes, frequent blood glucose monitoring can help you manage your blood sugars and prevent or detect hyperglycemia. […] Generally speaking, hyperglycemia for most non-pregnant adults with diabetes is defined as: Fasting: Blood glucose reading higher than 130 mg/dL; Two hours after a meal: Higher than 180 mg/dL; Random blood sugar test: Higher than 200 mg/dL.

• #2 How Hyperglycemia Is Diagnosed

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-hyperglycemia-is-diagnosed-4163423

  If you do not have diabetes but have risk factors such as prediabetes, obesity, or a family history of diabetes, or you are experiencing symptoms including increased thirst, increased hunger, and increased urination, schedule an appointment to get screened so that you can determine whether or not your blood sugar is elevated. […] Your healthcare provider may have you take one or more tests to check for hyperglycemia. This may be done to screen for diabetes or to monitor prediabetes or diabetes. […] The fasting plasma glucose test (FPG), which is also known as the fasting blood glucose test (FBG) or fasting blood sugar test, measures blood sugar levels and is used to diagnose diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. It can also help people with diabetes to detect hyperglycemia. […] For those with diabetes, hyperglycemia is indicated when a reading over 130 mg/dL occurs for a few consecutive days. This can indicate a pattern of high morning blood sugar.

• #2 Diabetes Diagnosis & Tests | ADA

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/diagnosis

  There are several ways to diagnose diabetes. Each way usually needs to be repeated on a second day to diagnose diabetes. […] If your doctor determines that your blood glucose (blood sugar) level is very high, or if you have classic symptoms of high blood glucose in addition to one positive test, your doctor may not require a second test to diagnose diabetes. […] Diabetes is diagnosed at an A1C of greater than or equal to 6.5%. […] Diabetes is diagnosed at fasting blood glucose of greater than or equal to 126 mg/dl. […] Diabetes is diagnosed at two-hour blood glucose of greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl. […] Diabetes is diagnosed at blood glucose of greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl.

• #2 Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis: Tests, Levels, Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/type-2-diabetes/diagnosis

  A1C testing is also used to monitor your blood sugar management after youve been diagnosed with diabetes. If you have diabetes, your A1C levels should be checked at least twice a year. […] The fasting plasma glucose test measures your blood sugar at the time of the test. This is different from the A1C test, which measures blood sugar levels over a longer period of time. […] Random blood sugar testing is usually used for people who have symptoms of diabetes. A random blood sugar test can be done at any time of day. […] The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) measures your blood sugar before and after you drink a sugary liquid thats specially formulated for the test. […] Initially, your test results may vary. For instance, a fasting plasma glucose test may show that you have diabetes but an A1C test may show that you dont. The reverse can also be true. […] If youre diagnosed with diabetes, work with your doctor to start a treatment plan thats right for you.

• #2 Diabetes Diagnosis: Tests and Guidelines

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/diagnosis-diabetes

  If your fasting glucose level is 100 to 125 mg/dL, you have a form of prediabetes called impaired fasting glucose (IFG), meaning that you’re more likely to develop type 2 diabetes but don’t have it yet. A level of 126 mg/dL or above, confirmed by repeating the test on another day, means you have diabetes. […] If your blood sugar level is between 140 and 199 mg/dL 2 hours after drinking the liquid, you have a form of prediabetes called impaired glucose tolerance or IGT, meaning that you’re more likely to develop type 2 diabetes but don’t have it yet. A 2-hour glucose level of 200 mg/dL or above, confirmed by repeating the test on another day, means that you have diabetes. […] A random blood glucose level of 200 mg/dL or more, plus presence of the following symptoms, can mean that you have diabetes: Increased urination, Increased thirst, Unexplained weight loss.

• #2 Diagnosis – Diabetes Victoriaphone-solidsearchShapephone-solidsearchShapedropdownsearchChevronChevronChevronChevronChevronIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontResetSitemapHelpFeedback

  https://www.diabetesvic.org.au/about-diabetes/diagnosis/

  Some people will have a fasting blood level that is above the normal range, but not high enough to be diabetes. For example, a fasting blood glucose level that is between 5.5mmol/L and 6.9mmol/L is above the normal range but does not confirm or rule out diabetes or pre-diabetes. In this situation your doctor should order an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). […] An OGTT involves a blood test taken from a vein, usually the arm, at a pathology lab.

• #2 Diagnosis and monitoring of chronic hyperglycemia | Sebia | en-US

  https://www.sebia.com/en-us/pathologies/diabetes-diagnosis-en-us/

  Chronic Hyperglycemia Diagnosis. […] Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized and identified by the presence of hyperglycemia. […] Diabetes is identified by testing the blood sugar. This is achieved by measuring the concentration of the glucose by different analytical tests: mainly FPG (Fasting Plasma Glucose) and OGTT (Oral Glucose Tolerance test) or by measuring a specific fraction of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) from patient whole blood sampling. […] Hb A1c, is defined as the hemoglobin A which is irreversibly glycated at one or both N-terminal valines of the beta chain. It is a widely used biomarker in diabetes management, has a greater pre-analytical stability compared to glucose and does not require the patient to fast prior to testing. […] HbA1c is routinely used in the clinical laboratory to diagnose and monitor diabetes mellitus.

• #2 Symptoms, Diagnosis and Monitoring of Diabetes | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/diabetes/symptoms-diagnosis–monitoring-of-diabetes

  Overall, 29.3 million adults in the United States have been diagnosed Type 2 diabetes — and more than 9 million more don’t know they have it. […] If you have any of these symptoms, see a health care professional right away for a checkup and proper diagnosis. […] Three tests can help health care professionals diagnose prediabetes and diabetes: […] The A1C test can diagnose prediabetes and diabetes. It measures your average blood glucose control for the past two to three months. […] An A1C of 5.7% to 6.4% means that you have prediabetes, and you’re at high risk for developing diabetes. Diabetes is diagnosed when the A1C is 6.5% or higher. […] A blood glucose test measures the amount of glucose (sugar) in your blood. […] Diabetes develops when your body doesn’t make enough insulin or develops “insulin resistance” and can’t efficiently use the insulin it makes. It greatly increases your risk of heart disease and stroke. […] Type 2 diabetes develops when your body doesn’t make enough insulin or develops “insulin resistance” and can’t efficiently use the insulin it makes. It greatly increases your risk of heart disease and stroke.

• #2 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Workup: Approach Considerations, Glucose Studies, Glycated Hemoglobin Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-workup

  Captures long-term glucose exposure […] Has less biologic variability […] Does not require fasting or timed samples […] Is currently used to guide management decisions […] Consequently, since 2010 the ADA has included an HbA1c level of 6.5% or higher as a criterion for diabetes diagnosis, with confirmation from repeat testing (unless clinical symptoms are present and the glucose level is 200 mg/dL). A target HbA1c level of less than 8% is supported for older patients (60 y); levels below 6% are associated with increased mortality. HbA1c testing cannot be used in patients with abnormal red cell turnover (eg, hemolytic or iron-deficiency anemia). […] The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists recommends that HbA1C be considered an additional, optional diagnostic criterion, rather than the primary criterion for diagnosis of diabetes. Using HbA1c alone in initial diabetes screening identifies approximately 20% fewer cases of diabetes than diagnosis based on fasting and 2-hour postload plasma glucose levels.

• #2 High blood sugar (hyperglycaemia)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/high-blood-sugar-hyperglycaemia/

  But high blood sugar can cause serious problems if it stays high for a long time or gets to a very high level. […] If you have high blood sugar, your doctor or care team may ask you to test your blood or pee to check for ketones. A high level of ketones is a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis. […] You think you have high blood sugar and: you’re feeling sick, being sick or have stomach pain, you’re breathing more quickly than usual or your heart is beating faster than usual, you feel drowsy or are struggling to stay awake, your breath has a fruity smell (like pear drop sweets), you feel confused or have difficulty concentrating, you have a high level of ketones in your blood or pee.

• #2 High Blood Sugar (Hyperglycemia) – Breakthrough T1D

  https://www.breakthrought1d.org/t1d-basics/symptoms/high-blood-sugar/

  Having too much sugar in your blood is called high blood sugar, or hyperglycemia. […] The target blood sugar range for most people living with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is 70 to 180 mg/dL. Blood sugar is sometimes above this target range during the two hours following meals. […] Hyperglycemia that occurs when there is not enough insulin in the body can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis, or DKA. […] Persistent hyperglycemia can also contribute to long-term complications that affect the eyes, heart, kidney, and nerves. […] High blood sugar is treated with insulin. Every person with T1D has a personalized insulin plan developed in partnership with their diabetes care team. […] The risk for ketones and DKA is higher during illness and when insulin doses are missed, or infusion sites are occluded. Insulin is essential to help the body clear ketones. […] Diabetic ketoacidosis, or DKA, is a medical emergency and must be treated immediately.

• #2 Diabetes Testing | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/diabetes-testing/index.html

  You’ll need a blood sugar test to find out if you have prediabetes or diabetes. […] Testing is simple, and results are usually available quickly. […] Catching prediabetes early can help people prevent or delay type 2 diabetes. Finding out they have type 2 diabetes and taking action can help people prevent or delay serious health complications. […] Getting tested is simple and quick. Your blood will be drawn at your doctor’s office or at a clinic so your blood sugar can be tested. Results are usually available quickly. […] Ask your doctor about getting tested for prediabetes or type 2 diabetes if you have any of the risk factors. […] If your doctor thinks you have type 1 diabetes, your blood may also be tested for autoantibodies. […] You may have your urine tested for ketones. Ketones are produced when your body burns fat for energy. Having ketones in your urine indicates you have type 1 diabetes instead of type 2.

• #2 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Workup: Approach Considerations, Glucose Studies, Glycated Hemoglobin Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-workup

  The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, however, recommends that HbA1c be considered an additional optional diagnostic criterion, rather than a primary criterion for diagnosis of diabetes. […] If unequivocal hyperglycemia is absent, then HbA1c, FPG, and OGTT results should be confirmed by repeat testing. The ADA recommends repeating the same test for confirmation, since there will be a greater likelihood of concurrence. However, the diagnosis of diabetes is also confirmed if the results of 2 different tests are above the diagnostic thresholds. […] If a patient has had 2 different tests and the results are discordant, the test that has a result above the diagnostic threshold should be repeated. A second abnormal result on this test will confirm the diagnosis. […] In asymptomatic patients whose random serum glucose level suggests diabetes (140 mg/dL), an FPG or HbA1c level should be measured. An FPG level of 100-125 mg/dL is considered an impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and an FPG level of less than 100 mg/dL is considered a normal fasting glucose. However, an FPG of 91-99 mg/dL is a strong independent predictor of future type 2 diabetes.

• #2 Hyperglycemia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/hyperglycemia-symptoms-causes-treatments

  A diagnosis of hyperglycemia usually involves a review of your medical history, a physical exam, and blood tests. […] Ultimately, though, blood tests that measure blood glucose levels are necessary to definitively diagnose hyperglycemia. […] The treatment depends on the cause of hyperglycemia, and may include the following: Insulin, Glucose-lowering medications, Glucose monitoring, Lifestyle changes. […] In general, hyperglycemia that is transient does not cause long-term problems. But if hyperglycemia persists, it can lead to serious complications, including eye problems, kidney damage, nerve damage, and cardiovascular disease. […] With appropriate treatment and regular monitoring of blood glucose levels, people can reduce the risk of hyperglycemia, lower their chances of having serious complications, and live healthy lives.

• #2 Blood Sugar Level Chart: What’s Normal, Low, and High?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/normal_blood_sugar_levels_in_adults_with_diabetes/article.htm

  Diabetes is defined as a disease in which the body has an impaired ability to either produce or respond to the hormone insulin. […] Both types of diabetes can result in abnormal glucose levels. […] Normal blood levels may range slightly depending on what blood tests are used, but the variances are small. […] It is generally accepted that target blood sugar measurements for people with diabetes will be slightly higher than for those without diabetes. […] People with diabetes who have well-controlled glucose levels with medications have a different target glucose range. […] If a person’s diabetes is not well controlled, the person may have much higher glucose ranges (for example, 200-400 mg/dL; however, some people with diabetes have blood sugar levels that are much higher). […] According to the American Diabetes Association, people with diabetes should have blood sugar levels of 80-130 mg/dL before eating a meal (fasting), and less than 180 mg/dL about 1-2 hours after eating a meal.

• #2 Diabetes: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7104-diabetes

  Diabetes can lead to acute (sudden and severe) and long-term complications mainly due to extreme or prolonged high blood sugar levels. […] Chronic high blood sugar can cause severe complications, which are usually irreversible. […] Studies show that people with diabetes may be able to reduce their risk of complications by consistently keeping their A1c levels below 7%.

• #2 Hyperglycemia: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/hyperglycemia-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Hyperglycemia, a condition that is often associated with diabetes, means high blood glucose. This condition occurs when the body is not able to use insulin properly. […] A blood glucose level over 125 mg/dL may be considered hyperglycemic while fasting, and over 180 mg/dL after eating. […] Hyperglycemia is found through blood and urine tests. […] Uncontrolled hyperglycemia damages nerves and blood vessels and can cause complications such as cardiovascular disease, peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy, as well as an increase in infections and decreased ability to heal. […] The primary goal for the management of hyperglycemia is to lower the blood glucose to the acceptable range and to promote patient education in the prevention of complications. […] Once the nurse identifies nursing diagnoses for hyperglycemia, nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care.

• #2 Hyperglycemia – Diagnosis : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/hyperglycemia-diagnosis/

  Hyperglycemia – Diagnosis […] Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) are the main hyperglycemic emergencies that should be considered for any patient with significant hyperglycemia. […] Not all patients with hyperglycemia have a history of diabetes or are subsequently diagnosed with diabetes. Stress-induced hyperglycemia can occur in acutely ill patients (e.g., sepsis, trauma, burns) and has increased morbidity and mortality. […] Diagnosis of Diabetes: Diabetes Canada: an adult with symptomatic hyperglycemia can be diagnosed with diabetes if they have 1 of the following: Fasting BG ≥ 7.0mmol/L. HgB A1C ≥ 6.5%. 2h BG in a 75g OGTT ≥ 11.1mmol/L. Random BG ≥ 11.1mmol/L. […] HbA1c can help distinguish stress-induced hyperglycemia from newly diagnosed diabetes. Patients with known diabetes can experience stress-related hyperglycemia.

• #2 Your Guide to Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/your-guide-to-hyperglycemia-high-blood-sugar-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-options

  Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is another life-threatening complication of diabetes. […] Hyperglycemia is most commonly associated with diabetes. […] Hyperglycemia can occur in people without diabetes. This is called nondiabetic hyperglycemia. […] Several laboratory tests are used to diagnose hyperglycemia: Fasting Blood Glucose, Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). […] Additional tests can be ordered to complement the three above and create a more holistic evaluation of blood sugar control. […] People diagnosed with diabetes may also require medications to bring blood sugar levels down into their goal range. […] Severe hyperglycemia, such as in cases of DKA and HHS, requires immediate and emergency medical care.

• #2 Hyperglycemia and diabetes: Connection, symptoms, treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/311204

  Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) is the main sign of diabetes. […] Doctors tend to diagnose prediabetes at a fasting glucose level of 100 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) and diabetes at 126 mg/dL. […] Diabetes causes high blood sugar levels through two possible mechanisms: insufficient insulin production in the pancreas and resistance to the action of insulin elsewhere in the body. […] All people with diabetes, regardless of type, should monitor their blood sugar levels to make sure they stay within a safe range. […] A person can monitor their blood sugar at home with the help of a fingerstick or a continuous glucose monitoring system. […] The A1C test measures the percentage of glucose in the bloodstream that is bound to hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. A score higher than 6.5 suggests that a person has diabetes.

• #2 Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar): Symptoms, treatments, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323699

  There are two types of diabetes: type I diabetes occurs when the body does not produce insulin, and type 2 diabetes occurs when the body does not use insulin effectively. […] The complications of diabetes are often the effects of prolonged hyperglycemia. When blood sugar levels are consistently high because of diabetes, a range of health problems might develop, including skin complications, nerve damage, eye complications, and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). […] DKA is a life-threatening condition that occurs if a person does not treat severe hyperglycemia. It is most common in people with type 1 diabetes. […] Hyperglycemia is high blood glucose that can occur in people with diabetes due to several conditions, including insufficient or ineffective insulin, diabetes medications, or diet and lifestyle changes.

• #2 Diabetes Diagnosis: Tests and Guidelines

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/diagnosis-diabetes

  An HbA1c of 5.7% to 6.4% points to prediabetes and marks a time when it can be reversed by lifestyle changes. An HbA1c of 6.5% or higher is considered diabetes. […] HbA1c tests don’t diagnose type 1 or gestational diabetes, only type 2 diabetes. […] If your doctor confirms a diabetes diagnosis, they may want to do further tests to decide if you have type 1 diabetes. […] After a diabetes diagnosis, there are further tests your doctor can use to see if you have type 1 diabetes. These include tests on your blood to look for autoantibodies, tests to see how much insulin your pancreas is making, or urine tests that look for ketones.

• #2 Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 and Type 2) Causes, Risk Factors, Symptoms

  https://www.medicinenet.com/diabetes_mellitus/article.htm

  Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels that result from defects in insulin secretion, its action, or both. […] In patients with diabetes, the absence of insufficient production of or lack of response to insulin causes hyperglycemia. […] Insufficient production of insulin (either absolutely or relative to the body’s needs), production of defective insulin (uncommon), or the inability of cells to use insulin properly and efficiently leads to high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) and diabetes. […] In type 2 diabetes, there also is a steady decline of beta cells that adds to the process of elevated blood sugars. Essentially, if someone is resistant to insulin, the body can, to some degree, increase the production of insulin and overcome the level of resistance. After a time, if production decreases and insulin cannot be released as vigorously, hyperglycemia develops.

• #2 Hyperglycemia (High Blood Glucose) | American Diabetes Association

  https://diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-care/hyperglycemia

  Hyperglycemia is the technical term for high blood glucose (blood sugar). High blood glucose happens when the body has too little insulin or when the body can’t use insulin properly. […] Part of managing your diabetes is checking your blood glucose often. Ask your doctor how often you should check and what your glucose sugar levels should be. Checking your blood and then treating high blood glucose early will help you avoid problems associated with hyperglycemia. […] Hyperglycemia can be a serious problem if you don’t treat it, so it’s important to treat as soon as you detect it. If you fail to treat hyperglycemia, a condition called ketoacidosis (diabetic coma) could occur. Ketoacidosis develops when your body doesn’t have enough insulin. Without insulin, your body can’t use glucose for fuel, so your body breaks down fats to use for energy. […] Talk to your doctor about how to handle this condition. […] Your best bet is to practice good diabetes management and learn to detect hyperglycemia so you can treat it early before it gets worse.

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