Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hidradenitis suppurativa: Pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hidradenitis-suppurativa-pathogenesis-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS; from the Greek hidros = sweat, and aden = glands) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that is also known as acne inversa and, historically, as Verneuil’s disease. Although the name „hidradenitis suppurativa” implies a suppurative disorder that primarily involves sweat glands, increasing knowledge of the pathogenesis of the condition has led to the prevailing theory that HS is a chronic follicular occlusive disease involving the follicular portion of folliculopilosebaceous units (FPSUs). […] The pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of HS will be discussed here.

• #2 Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Causes and Treatment

  https://cheshirecosmeticsurgery.com/blog/causes-and-treatment-for-hidradenitis-suppurativa

  Hidradenitis suppurativa, often abbreviated as HS, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that affects the hair follicles in areas where skin rubs together. […] The exact cause of Hidradenitis Suppurativa isn’t fully understood, but research suggests it results from a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. […] If you have HS, there’s a chance it runs in your family. About one-third of people with HS have a family history of the condition. […] Hormones play a role in Hidradenitis Suppurativa development and flare-ups. […] HS is considered an inflammatory condition, and there’s evidence to suggest that an overactive immune response contributes to its development. […] While not direct causes, certain lifestyle factors can increase your risk of developing Hidradenitis Suppurativa or exacerbate existing symptoms: Smoking: Smokers are at a higher risk of developing HS.

• #3 Hidradenitis Suppurativa (Acne Inversa): Symptoms & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17716-hidradenitis-suppurativa

  Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is an autoinflammatory disease of the hair follicles. This means your body attacks your hair follicles, resulting in abscesses, chronic inflammation and scarring. […] Other risk factors include: Excessive hair growth (hirsutism). Family history of HS. Fluctuating sex hormones (estrogen and androgens), which is common after puberty and before menopause. Smoking. Obesity. […] HS isn’t contagious because it has nothing to do with infection. It’s an autoinflammatory condition that affects your hair follicles. […] No, HS isn’t a consequence of poor hygiene.

• #4 What is Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS)? | No BS About HS

  https://www.nobsabouths.com/what-is-hidradenitis-suppurativa

  Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, systemic (throughout the body) inflammatory condition where an overactive immune system contributes to inflammation below the surface of the skin. […] While the exact cause of HS is unknown, genetic and immune factors are believed to play a role. […] Today, more and more research continues to emerge, with inflammation and the immune system being one of the key factors linked to the disease.

• #5 Hidradenitis Suppurativa – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534867/

  The development of hidradenitis suppurativa appears to have genetic, environmental, and behavioral influences. Approximately 33% to 40% of individuals with hidradenitis suppurativa report an affected first-degree relative, suggesting a hereditary component with an autosomal dominant transmission pattern. Researchers have identified a loss-of-function mutation of the -secretase complex involved in the Notch signaling pathway in a small subset of affected families. Other mutations identified in hidradenitis suppurativa include DCD (encoding dermcidin), PSTPIP1 (found in hidradenitis suppurativa syndromes), SOX9, and KLF5 genes. […] Environmental and behavioral factors are vital in hidradenitis suppurativa’s development. Individuals with this condition often have comorbidities such as obesity, leading to increased skin friction, sweat production and retention, and hormonal changes, particularly androgen excess. Metabolic syndrome, more prevalent in obesity, is also observed in hidradenitis suppurativa cases. Smoking may exacerbate the condition, with nicotine implicated in increasing follicular plugging. As with obesity, disease progression and severity are worse in people who smoke. […] Hormonal influences, signified by a higher female preponderance, menstrual cycle-related symptom fluctuations, exogenous hormone intake, and pubertal and menopausal links, have been observed. Other potential factors include medications, bacteria, and mechanical friction.

• #6 Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) Causes and Inflammation

  https://www.hsdiseasesource.com/hs-causes

  The pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is not well understood and the exact cause is still unknown, but current evidence suggests that genetic mutations, the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, an altered local microbiome, and environmental triggers may all play a role. […] It is hypothesized that occlusion, dilation, and rupture of the hair follicle, along with the resulting inflammation, lead to the symptomatology of HS. […] Early lesions contain normal bacterial flora, suggesting that bacterial infection is a secondary feature of HS and not the cause of inflammation. […] Obesity – although about 50%-75% of patients with HS are obese, obesity does not cause HS. However, greater skin-fold surface area and friction, increased sweat production and retention, and hormonal changes which can lead to androgen excess are characteristics of obesity that are associated with HS. […] Tobacco smoking – also not the cause of HS, but may contribute to disease progression and disease severity.

• #7 Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1073117-overview

  The exact etiology of HS remains obscure. All proposed etiologic factors, such as occlusion and bacterial infection, genetics, host defense defects, hormones, cigarette smoking, and irritants, are likely to be only secondary factors. The primary events in the hair follicles of the affected areas remain unidentified. […] The classic view of hidradenitis suppurativa is that it is an occlusive and pyogenic disease of the apocrine glands, a hypothesis that seemed to be confirmed with its experimental reproduction by Shelley and Cahn in 1955. […] In other studies, hidradenitis suppurativa is identified as a disorder of follicular occlusion rather than apocrine occlusion. […] Therefore, hidradenitis suppurativa is best considered a disorder of the terminal follicular epithelium in the apocrine glandbearing skin.

• #8 Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1073117-overview

  The earliest change is plugging, which occurs in follicular hyperkeratosis with infundibulofolliculitis. This obstructs the apocrine gland ducts and perifolliculitis around the ducts. […] In the later stages of hidradenitis suppurativa, bacterial infection seems to be a risk factor for the destructive scarring and extension of hidradenitis suppurativa lesions, and, once the sinuses have formed, the risk of secondary infection is obvious. […] The earliest inflammatory event in hidradenitis suppurativa is the rupture of the follicular epithelium. […] Regarding the current controversies nonfollicular-based theories on what causes hidradenitis suppurativa, some authors suggest the following: The apocrine glands may play a role in hidradenitis suppurativa since an abnormal secretion (either the excess or absence) could be influencing an effect on the acroinfundibulum, distal from the gland itself.

• #9 Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1073117-overview

  The earliest change is plugging, which occurs in follicular hyperkeratosis with infundibulofolliculitis. This obstructs the apocrine gland ducts and perifolliculitis around the ducts. […] In the later stages of hidradenitis suppurativa, bacterial infection seems to be a risk factor for the destructive scarring and extension of hidradenitis suppurativa lesions, and, once the sinuses have formed, the risk of secondary infection is obvious. […] The earliest inflammatory event in hidradenitis suppurativa is the rupture of the follicular epithelium. […] Regarding the current controversies nonfollicular-based theories on what causes hidradenitis suppurativa, some authors suggest the following: The apocrine glands may play a role in hidradenitis suppurativa since an abnormal secretion (either the excess or absence) could be influencing an effect on the acroinfundibulum, distal from the gland itself.

• #10 Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Infections: Treatment and What to Expect

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hidradenitis-suppurativa/facts-about-infections

  Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by painful bumps in the skin. […] With HS, hair follicles and sweat glands become clogged with keratin, a protein in our skin. Sweat and keratin buildup can enlarge and inflame these follicles and glands. […] As HS progresses, skin lumps can burst and become infected. They can also continue to grow and spread under the skin, creating tunnels. This can be painful and lead to scarring. […] Different treatments are available for HS. Treatment goals are to manage symptoms and reduce the frequency and length of flares. Doing so can also help lower infection risk. […] When you get overheated, you typically sweat more. Extra sweat can lead to more buildup in the follicles and sweat glands. This can worsen HS and trigger a flare for some people, which increases your risk of infection. […] A big part of managing hidradenitis suppurativa involves following your treatment plan and taking steps to care for your skin. This can help you prevent or manage flares and reduce your risk of infection.

• #11 Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/

  The exact cause of hidradenitis suppurativa is unknown, but it occurs near hair follicles where there are sweat glands, usually around the groin, bottom, breasts and armpits. […] The exact cause of hidradenitis suppurativa is unknown, but the lumps develop as a result of blocked hair follicles. […] Smoking and obesity are both strongly associated with hidradenitis suppurativa, and if you’re obese and/or smoke it will make your symptoms worse. […] Hidradenitis suppurativa usually starts around puberty, but it can occur at any age after puberty. This may suggest that sex hormones play a part. Many people with the condition also have acne and excessive hair growth (hirsutism). […] In rare cases, hidradenitis suppurativa may be linked to Crohn’s disease, particularly if it develops around the groin area and the skin near the anus. Crohn’s disease is a long-term condition that causes the lining of the digestive system to become inflamed. […] Hidradenitis suppurativa runs in families in about 1 in 3 cases. It’s not infectious and isn’t linked to poor hygiene.

• #12 Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1073117-overview

  The earliest change is plugging, which occurs in follicular hyperkeratosis with infundibulofolliculitis. This obstructs the apocrine gland ducts and perifolliculitis around the ducts. […] In the later stages of hidradenitis suppurativa, bacterial infection seems to be a risk factor for the destructive scarring and extension of hidradenitis suppurativa lesions, and, once the sinuses have formed, the risk of secondary infection is obvious. […] The earliest inflammatory event in hidradenitis suppurativa is the rupture of the follicular epithelium. […] Regarding the current controversies nonfollicular-based theories on what causes hidradenitis suppurativa, some authors suggest the following: The apocrine glands may play a role in hidradenitis suppurativa since an abnormal secretion (either the excess or absence) could be influencing an effect on the acroinfundibulum, distal from the gland itself.

• #13 Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1073117-overview

  The earliest change is plugging, which occurs in follicular hyperkeratosis with infundibulofolliculitis. This obstructs the apocrine gland ducts and perifolliculitis around the ducts. […] In the later stages of hidradenitis suppurativa, bacterial infection seems to be a risk factor for the destructive scarring and extension of hidradenitis suppurativa lesions, and, once the sinuses have formed, the risk of secondary infection is obvious. […] The earliest inflammatory event in hidradenitis suppurativa is the rupture of the follicular epithelium. […] Regarding the current controversies nonfollicular-based theories on what causes hidradenitis suppurativa, some authors suggest the following: The apocrine glands may play a role in hidradenitis suppurativa since an abnormal secretion (either the excess or absence) could be influencing an effect on the acroinfundibulum, distal from the gland itself.

• #14 Hidradenitis Suppurativa – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534867/

  The development of hidradenitis suppurativa appears to have genetic, environmental, and behavioral influences. Approximately 33% to 40% of individuals with hidradenitis suppurativa report an affected first-degree relative, suggesting a hereditary component with an autosomal dominant transmission pattern. Researchers have identified a loss-of-function mutation of the -secretase complex involved in the Notch signaling pathway in a small subset of affected families. Other mutations identified in hidradenitis suppurativa include DCD (encoding dermcidin), PSTPIP1 (found in hidradenitis suppurativa syndromes), SOX9, and KLF5 genes. […] Environmental and behavioral factors are vital in hidradenitis suppurativa’s development. Individuals with this condition often have comorbidities such as obesity, leading to increased skin friction, sweat production and retention, and hormonal changes, particularly androgen excess. Metabolic syndrome, more prevalent in obesity, is also observed in hidradenitis suppurativa cases. Smoking may exacerbate the condition, with nicotine implicated in increasing follicular plugging. As with obesity, disease progression and severity are worse in people who smoke. […] Hormonal influences, signified by a higher female preponderance, menstrual cycle-related symptom fluctuations, exogenous hormone intake, and pubertal and menopausal links, have been observed. Other potential factors include medications, bacteria, and mechanical friction.

• #15 Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) Acne Inversa | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/hidradenitis-suppurativa-hs

  Hidradenitis suppurativa starts in the hair follicle in the skin. In most cases, the cause of the disease is unknown, although a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors likely play a role in its development. […] The cause of the disease is unknown, although a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors likely play a role in its development. […] An estimated one-third of people with HS have a family member with a history of the disease. The disease seems to have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance in some affected families. This means that only one copy of an altered gene in each cell is needed to cause the disorder. A parent who carries the altered gene has a 50 percent chance of having a child with the mutation. Researchers are working to identify which genes are involved.

• #16 Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1073117-overview

  Although the inciting influences for the follicular occlusion and sinus tract formation have not been fully elucidated, genetic factors may play a role. […] Heterozygous mutations were have been reported in the gamma-secretase genes PSENEN, PSEN1, and NCSTN in some patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. […] The pattern of mutations suggests that loss of function of components of the gamma-secretase complex underlies the disease: follicular keratinization, follicular atrophy, the formation of epidermal cysts, absence of sebaceous glands, and epidermal hyperplasia. […] Although these mutations only appear in a minority of cases of hidradenitis suppurativa, their identification delineated the first genetically defined clinical subgroup of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa and primary involvement of the hair follicle instead apocrine gland, suggesting that the primary event is follicular occlusion.

• #17 Hidradenitis suppurativa – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidradenitis_suppurativa

  Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a long-term dermatological condition characterized by the occurrence of inflamed and swollen lumps. […] The exact cause is usually unclear but believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] The condition, however, likely stems from both genetic and environmental causes. […] Specifically, an immune-mediated pathology has been proposed, although environmental factors have not been ruled out. […] The historical understanding of the disease suggests dysfunctional apocrine glands or dysfunctional hair follicles, possibly triggered by a blocked gland, which creates inflammation, pain, and a swollen lesion. […] Some cases have been found to result from mutations in the NCSTN, PSEN1, or PSENEN genes. […] The genes produce proteins that are all components of a complex called gamma- (-) secretase.

• #18 Hidradenitis suppurativa – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidradenitis_suppurativa

  This complex cuts apart (cleaves) many different proteins, which is a crucial step in several chemical signaling pathways. […] One of these pathways, known as notch signaling, is essential for the normal maturation and division of hair follicle cells and other types of skin cells. […] Notch signaling influences normal immune system function. […] Studies suggest mutations in the NCSTN, PSEN1, or PSENEN genes impair notch signaling in hair follicles. […] Although little is known about the mechanism, abnormal notch signaling appears to promote the development of nodules and lead to skin inflammation. […] The composition of the intestinal microflora and as a consequence dietary patterns appear to play a role. […] Although dysbiosis of the cutaneous microbiome apparent in HS is not observed, the concurrent existence of inflammatory gut and skin diseases has led to the hypothesis of a gut-skin axis in which gut microbiota is implicated. […] Indeed, analysis of bacterial taxa in fecal samples from HS patients supports the possibility of a role for intestinal microbial alterations in this chronic inflammatory skin disease.

• #19 Hidradenitis Suppurativa – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534867/

  The development of hidradenitis suppurativa appears to have genetic, environmental, and behavioral influences. Approximately 33% to 40% of individuals with hidradenitis suppurativa report an affected first-degree relative, suggesting a hereditary component with an autosomal dominant transmission pattern. Researchers have identified a loss-of-function mutation of the -secretase complex involved in the Notch signaling pathway in a small subset of affected families. Other mutations identified in hidradenitis suppurativa include DCD (encoding dermcidin), PSTPIP1 (found in hidradenitis suppurativa syndromes), SOX9, and KLF5 genes. […] Environmental and behavioral factors are vital in hidradenitis suppurativa’s development. Individuals with this condition often have comorbidities such as obesity, leading to increased skin friction, sweat production and retention, and hormonal changes, particularly androgen excess. Metabolic syndrome, more prevalent in obesity, is also observed in hidradenitis suppurativa cases. Smoking may exacerbate the condition, with nicotine implicated in increasing follicular plugging. As with obesity, disease progression and severity are worse in people who smoke. […] Hormonal influences, signified by a higher female preponderance, menstrual cycle-related symptom fluctuations, exogenous hormone intake, and pubertal and menopausal links, have been observed. Other potential factors include medications, bacteria, and mechanical friction.

• #20 Causes of the Disease – EHSF e.V.

  https://ehsf.eu/hidradenitis-suppurativa/causes-of-the-disease/

  Substantial advances have been made in our understanding of hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa (HS) in the last 15 years. […] The role of bacterial infections as the primary cause of HS has attracted a lot of controversy evolving knowledge as to the underlying pathogenesis. […] Reports on the coexistence of HS with autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematous, and autoinflammatory conditions, such as SAPHO syndrome, support the role of autoimmunity/autoinflammation in HS pathogenesis. […] Mutations of -secretase complex (GSC) genes PSENEN, PSEN1, and NCSTN were first described in familial HS 10 years ago. […] One large scale study using one Greek cohort and another German cohort identified that carriers of more than six copy numbers of the -defensin gene cluster of chromosome band 8p.23.1 had a 7-fold greater risk for the acquisition of HS.

• #21

  https://www.hs-foundation.org/hs-causes

  HS is caused by the immune system generating too much inflammation. HS isn’t exactly an autoimmune disease, but it is caused by over-activity of the immune system, which causes inflammation. […] Part of what causes HS is our genetics. Our genetics control the way our skin and immune system cells work. […] HS can be influenced by things we are exposed to, like smoking tobacco or friction, but these aren’t the only reasons why HS happens. […] Bacteria are found on the skin of everyone, but for people with HS the skin cells overreact and cause inflammation. […] It is the hair follicle, not the apocrine sweat glands; inflammation in the hair follicle skin cells causes them to block the opening.

• #22 8 Causes and Risk Factors of Hidradenitis Suppurativa | myHSteam

  https://www.myhsteam.com/resources/what-causes-hidradenitis-suppurativa-hs

  Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic skin disease that causes lesions and painful abscesses in areas like the armpits, groin, and undersides of the breasts. If you were diagnosed with HS, you might wonder how the condition started or why you developed it. […] The cause of hidradenitis suppurativa is poorly understood. Scientists have found evidence that HS is an autoimmune disease in other words, the damage in HS is caused by the body’s immune system attacking its own tissues but they haven’t yet figured out why this process begins. […] According to one theory, HS develops when the immune system overreacts to clogged hair follicles. Hormones also likely play a role in the development of HS. […] While researchers have established that both family history and environmental factors influence a person’s risk for developing HS, no one has identified why some people get HS and some people don’t.

• #23

  https://www.hs-foundation.org/hs-causes

  HS is caused by the immune system generating too much inflammation. HS isn’t exactly an autoimmune disease, but it is caused by over-activity of the immune system, which causes inflammation. […] Part of what causes HS is our genetics. Our genetics control the way our skin and immune system cells work. […] HS can be influenced by things we are exposed to, like smoking tobacco or friction, but these aren’t the only reasons why HS happens. […] Bacteria are found on the skin of everyone, but for people with HS the skin cells overreact and cause inflammation. […] It is the hair follicle, not the apocrine sweat glands; inflammation in the hair follicle skin cells causes them to block the opening.

• #24 Hidradenitis Suppurativa: What is it?

  https://www.clnwash.com/blogs/blog/everything-you-need-to-know-about-hidradenitis-suppurativa-hs

  Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) is a chronic skin condition that affects millions of people worldwide. […] HS has never been identified or classified as an autoimmune illness; meaning, to date, there is no strong evidence of or long-standing robust research supporting HS as an autoimmune illness. The past several years of research suggest HS as a possible autoinflammatory illness with innate immune involvement, however, more research is needed to determine a definitive category. […] It’s still unknown entirely what causes HS. The best way we’ve heard it explained is that in acne the pore explodes and the contaminants come out, with HS they don’t explode and remain internally where your innate immune system starts a small war trying to get rid of the contaminants causing the inflammation, redness and swelling. This does not mean that HS is an infection or that our abscesses are infected. The reason for the follicular occlusion is still unknown.

• #25 What Causes HS? | No BS About HS

  https://www.nobsabouths.com/what-is-hidradenitis-suppurativa/what-causes-hs

  While genetics and environment are among the factors that play a role in the development of HS, the exact cause of the condition is still unknown. […] In fact, its believed to be related to a problem in the immune system. […] For people with HS, the signal to create inflammation is uncontrolled, producing too many cells and proteins throughout the body for too long. […] The consequences of HSs uncontrolled inflammation starts on the insidebefore showing up in the layers of the skin as nodules, abscesses, and tunnels. […] HS is not thought to cause these diseases or vice versa. […] Once you understand the science behind HS, you can easily see how this condition is nobodys faultespecially your own.

• #26 What Causes HS? | No BS About HS

  https://www.nobsabouths.com/what-is-hidradenitis-suppurativa/what-causes-hs

  While genetics and environment are among the factors that play a role in the development of HS, the exact cause of the condition is still unknown. […] In fact, its believed to be related to a problem in the immune system. […] For people with HS, the signal to create inflammation is uncontrolled, producing too many cells and proteins throughout the body for too long. […] The consequences of HSs uncontrolled inflammation starts on the insidebefore showing up in the layers of the skin as nodules, abscesses, and tunnels. […] HS is not thought to cause these diseases or vice versa. […] Once you understand the science behind HS, you can easily see how this condition is nobodys faultespecially your own.

• #27 Hidradenitis suppurativa: Causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/hidradenitis-suppurativa-causes

  The cause of this disease is still a bit of a mystery. Based on what scientists have learned so far, we know that hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) begins in hair follicles. These are tiny structures in our skin from which hair grows. […] While studying HS, researchers have found some evidence that HS might be an autoimmune disease. People with HS develop antibodies. This finding alone doesn’t mean that HS is an autoimmune disease. […] Some people have a greater risk of developing HS. Here’s what researchers have found can increase your risk of developing HS: Blood relative with HS: This disease can run in families. Many people who develop HS have a family member with this disease. […] Exposure to a trigger: To get HS, it seems that something must trigger it. Scientists believe that cigarette smoking is the most common trigger for HS. Researchers have found that between 70% and 90% of people who get HS smoke cigarettes.

• #28 Causes of the Disease – EHSF e.V.

  https://ehsf.eu/hidradenitis-suppurativa/causes-of-the-disease/

  The role of race in HS pathogenesis is still poorly understood. […] Although HS was considered for many years to be purely inflammatory, recent extensive microbiology studies demonstrated the constant presence of commensal opportunistic bacterial flora within lesions. […] Indeed, C1q, C2, and factor B were found to be upregulated and factor H, factor D and C7 downregulated in HS. […] Sexual hormones and particularly androgens seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. […] Obesity is one of the cardinal factors which predispose to HS and there seems to be an endocrine background fueling a latent proinflammatory state. […] There is strong epidemiologic evidence that cardiovascular risk factors appear at a significantly higher rate in HS patients as compared to healthy individuals. […] HS is a tobacco-related skin disease, however, the role and mechanisms of cigarette smoke (CS) in HS remains speculative.

• #29

  https://www.hs-foundation.org/hs-causes

  HS is caused by the immune system generating too much inflammation. HS isn’t exactly an autoimmune disease, but it is caused by over-activity of the immune system, which causes inflammation. […] Part of what causes HS is our genetics. Our genetics control the way our skin and immune system cells work. […] HS can be influenced by things we are exposed to, like smoking tobacco or friction, but these aren’t the only reasons why HS happens. […] Bacteria are found on the skin of everyone, but for people with HS the skin cells overreact and cause inflammation. […] It is the hair follicle, not the apocrine sweat glands; inflammation in the hair follicle skin cells causes them to block the opening.

• #30 Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) Causes and Inflammation

  https://www.hsdiseasesource.com/hs-causes

  The pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is not well understood and the exact cause is still unknown, but current evidence suggests that genetic mutations, the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, an altered local microbiome, and environmental triggers may all play a role. […] It is hypothesized that occlusion, dilation, and rupture of the hair follicle, along with the resulting inflammation, lead to the symptomatology of HS. […] Early lesions contain normal bacterial flora, suggesting that bacterial infection is a secondary feature of HS and not the cause of inflammation. […] Obesity – although about 50%-75% of patients with HS are obese, obesity does not cause HS. However, greater skin-fold surface area and friction, increased sweat production and retention, and hormonal changes which can lead to androgen excess are characteristics of obesity that are associated with HS. […] Tobacco smoking – also not the cause of HS, but may contribute to disease progression and disease severity.

• #31 Hidradenitis suppurativa | Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/hidradenitis-suppurativa

  Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a skin condition caused by blocked hair follicles associated with an abnormal proliferation of commensal bacteria in the dermis (where they are not normally found), leading the host to develop chronic inflammation in an unsuccessful attempt by the body to eliminate the bacteria. […] The exact mechanisms underlying the disease have not yet been fully elucidated. […] It is thought that several factors contribute to its development: Genetics: family predisposition to the condition is observed in at least 30% of cases. […] Hormonal imbalances, especially diabetes […] Deregulation of the immune system, whether congenital (genetic) or acquired (especially following medical treatment that reduces immunity) […] An abnormal proliferation of bacteria in the deep layers of the skin and in certain mucosa (commensal flora) was demonstrated in lesions in a patient by a Pasteur-Necker team for the first time anywhere in the world in 2007 […] The current hypothesis put forward by the Pasteur-Necker team is that HS is a form of immune deficiency localized in the skin, since these patients have no systemic infections. […] The species of commensal bacteria isolated in HS lesions vary depending on the severity of the condition.

• #32 Hidradenitis suppurativa | Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/hidradenitis-suppurativa

  Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a skin condition caused by blocked hair follicles associated with an abnormal proliferation of commensal bacteria in the dermis (where they are not normally found), leading the host to develop chronic inflammation in an unsuccessful attempt by the body to eliminate the bacteria. […] The exact mechanisms underlying the disease have not yet been fully elucidated. […] It is thought that several factors contribute to its development: Genetics: family predisposition to the condition is observed in at least 30% of cases. […] Hormonal imbalances, especially diabetes […] Deregulation of the immune system, whether congenital (genetic) or acquired (especially following medical treatment that reduces immunity) […] An abnormal proliferation of bacteria in the deep layers of the skin and in certain mucosa (commensal flora) was demonstrated in lesions in a patient by a Pasteur-Necker team for the first time anywhere in the world in 2007 […] The current hypothesis put forward by the Pasteur-Necker team is that HS is a form of immune deficiency localized in the skin, since these patients have no systemic infections. […] The species of commensal bacteria isolated in HS lesions vary depending on the severity of the condition.

• #33 Hidradenitis suppurativa – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidradenitis_suppurativa

  This complex cuts apart (cleaves) many different proteins, which is a crucial step in several chemical signaling pathways. […] One of these pathways, known as notch signaling, is essential for the normal maturation and division of hair follicle cells and other types of skin cells. […] Notch signaling influences normal immune system function. […] Studies suggest mutations in the NCSTN, PSEN1, or PSENEN genes impair notch signaling in hair follicles. […] Although little is known about the mechanism, abnormal notch signaling appears to promote the development of nodules and lead to skin inflammation. […] The composition of the intestinal microflora and as a consequence dietary patterns appear to play a role. […] Although dysbiosis of the cutaneous microbiome apparent in HS is not observed, the concurrent existence of inflammatory gut and skin diseases has led to the hypothesis of a gut-skin axis in which gut microbiota is implicated. […] Indeed, analysis of bacterial taxa in fecal samples from HS patients supports the possibility of a role for intestinal microbial alterations in this chronic inflammatory skin disease.

• #34 What is HS?

  https://www.hs-foundation.org/what-is-hs

  Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) is an immune disease that causes red lumps and boils, primarily in the folds of your skin. […] It is NOT a result of poor hygiene. […] Women are 3x more likely to get HS than men. […] People who are Black or biracial are more likely to have HS than Caucasian people. […] HS can run in families. About 30% of people with HS have a family member who also has the disease. […] HS often starts after puberty – when you’re a teen or in your early 20s – but it can also develop later in life in your 40s or 50s.

• #35 Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) | HS Awareness | HCP

  https://www.hs-awareness.com/about-hs

  Hidradenitis suppurativa, commonly referred to as HS and also known as acne inversa, is a chronic, often progressive, systemic, inflammatory skin condition that commonly manifests as subcutaneous nodules and abscesses in flexural sites, such as the groin or axillae. […] HS is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory condition. HS is a condition that can affect people of all genders, races, and ethnicities who are from all walks of life. […] Knowing some of the common risk factors and comorbidities associated with HS can help identify patients early on. Some risk factors may also be comorbidities. […] Female gender 3x increased risk […] Obesity BMI 30 kg/m2 […] Family history ~40% of patients with HS have a family history of the condition […] African descent ~2.5x more common vs Caucasians […] Active cigarette smoking Up to 9.4x higher risk […] Age Onset typically occurs in people aged 20+ years […] HS flares may be associated with hormonal changes (eg, puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause). It is important to evaluate each patient individually.

• #36 Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/

  The exact cause of hidradenitis suppurativa is unknown, but it occurs near hair follicles where there are sweat glands, usually around the groin, bottom, breasts and armpits. […] The exact cause of hidradenitis suppurativa is unknown, but the lumps develop as a result of blocked hair follicles. […] Smoking and obesity are both strongly associated with hidradenitis suppurativa, and if you’re obese and/or smoke it will make your symptoms worse. […] Hidradenitis suppurativa usually starts around puberty, but it can occur at any age after puberty. This may suggest that sex hormones play a part. Many people with the condition also have acne and excessive hair growth (hirsutism). […] In rare cases, hidradenitis suppurativa may be linked to Crohn’s disease, particularly if it develops around the groin area and the skin near the anus. Crohn’s disease is a long-term condition that causes the lining of the digestive system to become inflamed. […] Hidradenitis suppurativa runs in families in about 1 in 3 cases. It’s not infectious and isn’t linked to poor hygiene.

• #37 Hidradenitis suppurativa: Causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/hidradenitis-suppurativa-causes

  Being overweight also seems to trigger HS. The more overweight you are, the higher your risk of developing HS and of having severe HS. […] Gender: Females get HS more often than males. It’s still not clear why this happens. […] Age: Most people develop HS between puberty and before 40 years of age. It’s very rare for HS to begin before puberty. […] Race: In the United States, African Americans, Hispanics, and people who are biracial develop HS more often than white people. […] Studies find that African Americans tend to have more severe HS. African Americans who have HS also tend to have a greater risk of developing a type of skin cancer called squamous cell carcinoma. This skin cancer can develop where you’ve had HS for many years. […] Psoriasis: If you have psoriasis, a condition that causes scaly patches on the skin, you have a higher risk of developing HS. […] While what causes HS is still a mystery, these findings have given us a better understanding of what causes HS and also led to better ways to treat this condition.

• #38 Hidradenitis Suppurativa – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534867/

  The development of hidradenitis suppurativa appears to have genetic, environmental, and behavioral influences. Approximately 33% to 40% of individuals with hidradenitis suppurativa report an affected first-degree relative, suggesting a hereditary component with an autosomal dominant transmission pattern. Researchers have identified a loss-of-function mutation of the -secretase complex involved in the Notch signaling pathway in a small subset of affected families. Other mutations identified in hidradenitis suppurativa include DCD (encoding dermcidin), PSTPIP1 (found in hidradenitis suppurativa syndromes), SOX9, and KLF5 genes. […] Environmental and behavioral factors are vital in hidradenitis suppurativa’s development. Individuals with this condition often have comorbidities such as obesity, leading to increased skin friction, sweat production and retention, and hormonal changes, particularly androgen excess. Metabolic syndrome, more prevalent in obesity, is also observed in hidradenitis suppurativa cases. Smoking may exacerbate the condition, with nicotine implicated in increasing follicular plugging. As with obesity, disease progression and severity are worse in people who smoke. […] Hormonal influences, signified by a higher female preponderance, menstrual cycle-related symptom fluctuations, exogenous hormone intake, and pubertal and menopausal links, have been observed. Other potential factors include medications, bacteria, and mechanical friction.

• #39 Hidradenitis suppurativa – BAD Patient Hub

  https://www.skinhealthinfo.org.uk/condition/hidradenitis-suppurativa/

  Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic (long-term), recurrent, and painful condition in which there is inflammation (redness, tenderness, swelling and lumps). […] The cause of HS is not well understood. It is thought to start with blockage of the hair follicles. When the fluid within cannot escape, the hair follicles swell up and burst, causing the area to become inflamed or form abscesses. […] A common misconception is that HS is related to hygiene. Poor hygiene does not cause HS. […] Things that can lead to HS include: Hormones may be involved in the control of apocrine sweat glands and might play a part in the condition. HS may be worse before menstrual periods. Some patients may benefit from hormone treatments. […] Bacteria (germs) that normally live on the skin may become trapped in the blocked gland or hair follicle producing inflammation.

• #40 Causes of Hidradenitis Suppurativa | Shine a Light on HS

  https://www.shinealightonhs.com/causes-of-hs

  HS is a systemic, inflammatory skin condition affecting hair follicles and sweat glands. While the exact cause is unknown, it is thought that an overactive immune system produces too much inflammation throughout the body—not just the skin. […] In HS, it is thought that an overactive immune system attacks blocked hair follicles. […] It is also thought that the overactive immune system will attack other blocked hair follicles, starting the cycle all over again. […] HS may run in the family. The condition is mostly seen in women, and disproportionately affects people of color. Other factors thought to contribute to HS include one’s weight and smoking. […] Hormonal changes may also contribute to the development of HS symptoms, and can make symptoms worse. In fact, HS is more common in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, a condition that causes hormonal imbalances. Some women may also experience HS flares around the time of their menstrual period.

• #41 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Hidradenitis-suppurativa-causes.aspx

  The exact cause of hidradenitis suppurativa is not known, although there are a number of theories that attempt to explain the condition. […] The most prominent theory to explain the cause behind hidradenitis suppurativa is a blockage of the hair follicles in the skin, known as follicular occlusion. […] Some medical researchers believe that the sweat glands themselves develop abnormally to cause the condition. […] It has been noted that several members within one family are often affected by hidradenitis suppurativa. […] An abnormality in the PSTPIP1 gene has been noted in several patients. […] The most common age for symptoms of hidradenitis suppurativa to present and the condition to be diagnosed is shortly after puberty at around twenty years old. […] Administration of progesterone as a stand-alone contraceptive has been associated with worsening of hidradenitis suppurativa symptoms, suggesting that the hormone is involved in the pathophysiology of the condition.

• #42 Hidradenitis suppurativa: Causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/hidradenitis-suppurativa-causes

  The cause of this disease is still a bit of a mystery. Based on what scientists have learned so far, we know that hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) begins in hair follicles. These are tiny structures in our skin from which hair grows. […] While studying HS, researchers have found some evidence that HS might be an autoimmune disease. People with HS develop antibodies. This finding alone doesn’t mean that HS is an autoimmune disease. […] Some people have a greater risk of developing HS. Here’s what researchers have found can increase your risk of developing HS: Blood relative with HS: This disease can run in families. Many people who develop HS have a family member with this disease. […] Exposure to a trigger: To get HS, it seems that something must trigger it. Scientists believe that cigarette smoking is the most common trigger for HS. Researchers have found that between 70% and 90% of people who get HS smoke cigarettes.

• #43 Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) | HS Awareness | HCP

  https://www.hs-awareness.com/about-hs

  Hidradenitis suppurativa, commonly referred to as HS and also known as acne inversa, is a chronic, often progressive, systemic, inflammatory skin condition that commonly manifests as subcutaneous nodules and abscesses in flexural sites, such as the groin or axillae. […] HS is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory condition. HS is a condition that can affect people of all genders, races, and ethnicities who are from all walks of life. […] Knowing some of the common risk factors and comorbidities associated with HS can help identify patients early on. Some risk factors may also be comorbidities. […] Female gender 3x increased risk […] Obesity BMI 30 kg/m2 […] Family history ~40% of patients with HS have a family history of the condition […] African descent ~2.5x more common vs Caucasians […] Active cigarette smoking Up to 9.4x higher risk […] Age Onset typically occurs in people aged 20+ years […] HS flares may be associated with hormonal changes (eg, puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause). It is important to evaluate each patient individually.

• #44 Hidradenitis Suppurativa – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534867/

  The development of hidradenitis suppurativa appears to have genetic, environmental, and behavioral influences. Approximately 33% to 40% of individuals with hidradenitis suppurativa report an affected first-degree relative, suggesting a hereditary component with an autosomal dominant transmission pattern. Researchers have identified a loss-of-function mutation of the -secretase complex involved in the Notch signaling pathway in a small subset of affected families. Other mutations identified in hidradenitis suppurativa include DCD (encoding dermcidin), PSTPIP1 (found in hidradenitis suppurativa syndromes), SOX9, and KLF5 genes. […] Environmental and behavioral factors are vital in hidradenitis suppurativa’s development. Individuals with this condition often have comorbidities such as obesity, leading to increased skin friction, sweat production and retention, and hormonal changes, particularly androgen excess. Metabolic syndrome, more prevalent in obesity, is also observed in hidradenitis suppurativa cases. Smoking may exacerbate the condition, with nicotine implicated in increasing follicular plugging. As with obesity, disease progression and severity are worse in people who smoke. […] Hormonal influences, signified by a higher female preponderance, menstrual cycle-related symptom fluctuations, exogenous hormone intake, and pubertal and menopausal links, have been observed. Other potential factors include medications, bacteria, and mechanical friction.

• #45 Hidradenitis Suppurativa – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534867/

  The development of hidradenitis suppurativa appears to have genetic, environmental, and behavioral influences. Approximately 33% to 40% of individuals with hidradenitis suppurativa report an affected first-degree relative, suggesting a hereditary component with an autosomal dominant transmission pattern. Researchers have identified a loss-of-function mutation of the -secretase complex involved in the Notch signaling pathway in a small subset of affected families. Other mutations identified in hidradenitis suppurativa include DCD (encoding dermcidin), PSTPIP1 (found in hidradenitis suppurativa syndromes), SOX9, and KLF5 genes. […] Environmental and behavioral factors are vital in hidradenitis suppurativa’s development. Individuals with this condition often have comorbidities such as obesity, leading to increased skin friction, sweat production and retention, and hormonal changes, particularly androgen excess. Metabolic syndrome, more prevalent in obesity, is also observed in hidradenitis suppurativa cases. Smoking may exacerbate the condition, with nicotine implicated in increasing follicular plugging. As with obesity, disease progression and severity are worse in people who smoke. […] Hormonal influences, signified by a higher female preponderance, menstrual cycle-related symptom fluctuations, exogenous hormone intake, and pubertal and menopausal links, have been observed. Other potential factors include medications, bacteria, and mechanical friction.

• #46 Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) Causes and Inflammation

  https://www.hsdiseasesource.com/hs-causes

  The pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is not well understood and the exact cause is still unknown, but current evidence suggests that genetic mutations, the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, an altered local microbiome, and environmental triggers may all play a role. […] It is hypothesized that occlusion, dilation, and rupture of the hair follicle, along with the resulting inflammation, lead to the symptomatology of HS. […] Early lesions contain normal bacterial flora, suggesting that bacterial infection is a secondary feature of HS and not the cause of inflammation. […] Obesity – although about 50%-75% of patients with HS are obese, obesity does not cause HS. However, greater skin-fold surface area and friction, increased sweat production and retention, and hormonal changes which can lead to androgen excess are characteristics of obesity that are associated with HS. […] Tobacco smoking – also not the cause of HS, but may contribute to disease progression and disease severity.

• #47 Causes and Risk Factors of Hidradenitis SuppurativaShare to Facebookprint pageBookmark for latercaret iconFollow us on facebookFollow us on instagramFollow us on facebookFollow us on linkedincaret icon

  https://hsdisease.com/causes

  About 88 percent of people with HS are obese. […] Smoking increases risk of HS and the severity of symptoms. […] People with HS are nearly 4.5 times more likely to have metabolic syndrome than healthy people without HS. […] In a U.S. study of 14 million people, people with HS had higher rates of overproduction and under-production of thyroid hormones than people without HS. […] In one study, about 29 percent of people with HS had pain in muscles and bones. […] People with IBD are 9 times more likely to develop HS than the general population.

• #48 Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) Causes and Inflammation

  https://www.hsdiseasesource.com/hs-causes

  The pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is not well understood and the exact cause is still unknown, but current evidence suggests that genetic mutations, the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, an altered local microbiome, and environmental triggers may all play a role. […] It is hypothesized that occlusion, dilation, and rupture of the hair follicle, along with the resulting inflammation, lead to the symptomatology of HS. […] Early lesions contain normal bacterial flora, suggesting that bacterial infection is a secondary feature of HS and not the cause of inflammation. […] Obesity – although about 50%-75% of patients with HS are obese, obesity does not cause HS. However, greater skin-fold surface area and friction, increased sweat production and retention, and hormonal changes which can lead to androgen excess are characteristics of obesity that are associated with HS. […] Tobacco smoking – also not the cause of HS, but may contribute to disease progression and disease severity.

• #49 Hidradenitis suppurativa – BAD Patient Hub

  https://www.skinhealthinfo.org.uk/condition/hidradenitis-suppurativa/

  An over-active immune system is involved causing inflammation and so treatments that reduce immune system activity may be helpful. […] Smoking is linked with HS (up to 60% of people affected by HS are smokers), but the condition can also affect non-smokers. […] HS can affect people of normal weight but is more common in people who are overweight or obese.

• #50 Hidradenitis Suppurativa – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534867/

  The development of hidradenitis suppurativa appears to have genetic, environmental, and behavioral influences. Approximately 33% to 40% of individuals with hidradenitis suppurativa report an affected first-degree relative, suggesting a hereditary component with an autosomal dominant transmission pattern. Researchers have identified a loss-of-function mutation of the -secretase complex involved in the Notch signaling pathway in a small subset of affected families. Other mutations identified in hidradenitis suppurativa include DCD (encoding dermcidin), PSTPIP1 (found in hidradenitis suppurativa syndromes), SOX9, and KLF5 genes. […] Environmental and behavioral factors are vital in hidradenitis suppurativa’s development. Individuals with this condition often have comorbidities such as obesity, leading to increased skin friction, sweat production and retention, and hormonal changes, particularly androgen excess. Metabolic syndrome, more prevalent in obesity, is also observed in hidradenitis suppurativa cases. Smoking may exacerbate the condition, with nicotine implicated in increasing follicular plugging. As with obesity, disease progression and severity are worse in people who smoke. […] Hormonal influences, signified by a higher female preponderance, menstrual cycle-related symptom fluctuations, exogenous hormone intake, and pubertal and menopausal links, have been observed. Other potential factors include medications, bacteria, and mechanical friction.

• #51 What Is Hidradenitis Suppurativa?Share to Facebookprint pageBookmark for latercaret iconFollow us on facebookFollow us on instagramFollow us on facebookFollow us on linkedincaret icon

  https://hsdisease.com/basics

  Hidradenitis suppurativa, or HS, is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with serious effects on quality of life. […] The disease was named officially in 1854 by a French doctor. He thought that inflammation of the sweat glands caused pus and scarring. Doctors now think that HS comes from problems with hair follicles, which are near sweat glands. […] HS begins with blockage of a hair follicle, the tiny canal in the skin where a hair grows. Clogged follicles cause bumps, like pimples. Eventually, the follicles burst and cause odor and discharge. The immune system then triggers an inflammatory response. Bacteria may cause an infection that makes HS worse. […] About 35 to 40 percent of people with HS have a family member who also has it. This suggests that genetics might be a factor. Researchers believe that more than one gene is involved. A mix of factors can contribute to HS, including: Friction from clothes and body folds, Heat and sweat, Hormones, Stress.

• #52 What Is Hidradenitis Suppurativa?Share to Facebookprint pageBookmark for latercaret iconFollow us on facebookFollow us on instagramFollow us on facebookFollow us on linkedincaret icon

  https://hsdisease.com/basics

  Hidradenitis suppurativa, or HS, is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with serious effects on quality of life. […] The disease was named officially in 1854 by a French doctor. He thought that inflammation of the sweat glands caused pus and scarring. Doctors now think that HS comes from problems with hair follicles, which are near sweat glands. […] HS begins with blockage of a hair follicle, the tiny canal in the skin where a hair grows. Clogged follicles cause bumps, like pimples. Eventually, the follicles burst and cause odor and discharge. The immune system then triggers an inflammatory response. Bacteria may cause an infection that makes HS worse. […] About 35 to 40 percent of people with HS have a family member who also has it. This suggests that genetics might be a factor. Researchers believe that more than one gene is involved. A mix of factors can contribute to HS, including: Friction from clothes and body folds, Heat and sweat, Hormones, Stress.

• #53 Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Infections: Treatment and What to Expect

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hidradenitis-suppurativa/facts-about-infections

  Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by painful bumps in the skin. […] With HS, hair follicles and sweat glands become clogged with keratin, a protein in our skin. Sweat and keratin buildup can enlarge and inflame these follicles and glands. […] As HS progresses, skin lumps can burst and become infected. They can also continue to grow and spread under the skin, creating tunnels. This can be painful and lead to scarring. […] Different treatments are available for HS. Treatment goals are to manage symptoms and reduce the frequency and length of flares. Doing so can also help lower infection risk. […] When you get overheated, you typically sweat more. Extra sweat can lead to more buildup in the follicles and sweat glands. This can worsen HS and trigger a flare for some people, which increases your risk of infection. […] A big part of managing hidradenitis suppurativa involves following your treatment plan and taking steps to care for your skin. This can help you prevent or manage flares and reduce your risk of infection.

• #54 8 Causes and Risk Factors of Hidradenitis Suppurativa | myHSteam

  https://www.myhsteam.com/resources/what-causes-hidradenitis-suppurativa-hs

  Researchers have identified several environmental and lifestyle factors that seem to be linked to hidradenitis suppurativa in some people, including smoking. HS is more common among people who smoke. […] Obesity is a risk factor for developing HS and is also believed to worsen HS symptoms. […] HS can be triggered by certain drugs, including TNF-alpha inhibitors. […] While bacteria don’t directly cause HS, they can get stuck in clogged hair follicles to make HS flare-ups worse. […] There are many myths and misunderstandings about what causes hidradenitis suppurativa. Scientific studies have proven that HS is not caused by poor hygiene, contagious disease, or infection. […] Stress is not considered a possible cause of hidradenitis suppurativa. However, it has been proven that stress is a common trigger that makes symptoms worse in those who have HS.

• #55 What Is Hidradenitis Suppurativa?Share to Facebookprint pageBookmark for latercaret iconFollow us on facebookFollow us on instagramFollow us on facebookFollow us on linkedincaret icon

  https://hsdisease.com/basics

  Hidradenitis suppurativa, or HS, is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with serious effects on quality of life. […] The disease was named officially in 1854 by a French doctor. He thought that inflammation of the sweat glands caused pus and scarring. Doctors now think that HS comes from problems with hair follicles, which are near sweat glands. […] HS begins with blockage of a hair follicle, the tiny canal in the skin where a hair grows. Clogged follicles cause bumps, like pimples. Eventually, the follicles burst and cause odor and discharge. The immune system then triggers an inflammatory response. Bacteria may cause an infection that makes HS worse. […] About 35 to 40 percent of people with HS have a family member who also has it. This suggests that genetics might be a factor. Researchers believe that more than one gene is involved. A mix of factors can contribute to HS, including: Friction from clothes and body folds, Heat and sweat, Hormones, Stress.

• #56 Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.apollo247.com/blog/article/hidradenitis-suppurativa-definition-causes-symptoms-treatment-prevention

  Hormonal imbalances, such as elevated androgens or hormonal fluctuations in women, have been found to play a role in the development of HS. […] When these hormone levels become imbalanced, it can trigger the inflammation and obstruction of hair follicles, leading to the formation of painful lesions in individuals predisposed to HS. […] Environmental factors can play a significant role in triggering or worsening symptoms of Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS). […] Smoking can increase the risk of developing HS and make the symptoms worse. The harmful chemicals in cigarettes can lead to inflammation and damage the skin’s ability to heal. […] Excess weight puts additional pressure on the skin, leading to increased friction and sweating. This can aggravate HS symptoms and worsen inflammation. […] Some chemicals found in household products or occupational environments may trigger or exacerbate HS symptoms. These include solvents, heavy metals, and certain industrial chemicals. It is crucial to identify and avoid these triggers to minimise flare-ups.

• #57 Causes and Risk Factors of Hidradenitis SuppurativaShare to Facebookprint pageBookmark for latercaret iconFollow us on facebookFollow us on instagramFollow us on facebookFollow us on linkedincaret icon

  https://hsdisease.com/causes

  About 88 percent of people with HS are obese. […] Smoking increases risk of HS and the severity of symptoms. […] People with HS are nearly 4.5 times more likely to have metabolic syndrome than healthy people without HS. […] In a U.S. study of 14 million people, people with HS had higher rates of overproduction and under-production of thyroid hormones than people without HS. […] In one study, about 29 percent of people with HS had pain in muscles and bones. […] People with IBD are 9 times more likely to develop HS than the general population.

• #58 6 Health Issues to Watch for if You Have Hidradenitis Suppurativa

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/hidradenitis-suppurativa/health-issues-you-could-be-at-risk-for-if-you-have-hidradenitis-suppurativa/

  Hidradenitis suppurativa, or HS, is a skin condition in which people develop painful nodules or abscesses under the skin in specific areas of the body. […] Its unclear what causes HS, but there appear to be risk factors ranging from hormones and family history to environment. […] One thing experts do know is that the condition is linked to other serious health issues. We dont fully understand why, but HS is associated with other conditions, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and Crohns disease, Dr. Fong says. […] HS appears to be linked to a higher risk of metabolic syndrome, a cluster of conditions high blood pressure, excess body fat around the waist, high blood sugar, abnormal cholesterol or triglycerides that often occur together. […] Research has indicated that HS may be more common in those who also experience this condition.

• #59 Causes and Risk Factors of Hidradenitis SuppurativaShare to Facebookprint pageBookmark for latercaret iconFollow us on facebookFollow us on instagramFollow us on facebookFollow us on linkedincaret icon

  https://hsdisease.com/causes

  About 88 percent of people with HS are obese. […] Smoking increases risk of HS and the severity of symptoms. […] People with HS are nearly 4.5 times more likely to have metabolic syndrome than healthy people without HS. […] In a U.S. study of 14 million people, people with HS had higher rates of overproduction and under-production of thyroid hormones than people without HS. […] In one study, about 29 percent of people with HS had pain in muscles and bones. […] People with IBD are 9 times more likely to develop HS than the general population.

• #60 6 Health Issues to Watch for if You Have Hidradenitis Suppurativa

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/hidradenitis-suppurativa/health-issues-you-could-be-at-risk-for-if-you-have-hidradenitis-suppurativa/

  A comprehensive review of large-scale studies found a significant association between HS and the risk of IBD in patients. […] Research has shown that HS is associated with significantly increased risks of adverse cardiovascular-related outcomes, such as stroke, heart attack, and death. […] One research analysis found that depression and anxiety are common in people with HS. […] According to one study, about half of people with HS experience sexual dysfunction.

• #61 Causes and Risk Factors of Hidradenitis SuppurativaShare to Facebookprint pageBookmark for latercaret iconFollow us on facebookFollow us on instagramFollow us on facebookFollow us on linkedincaret icon

  https://hsdisease.com/causes

  About 88 percent of people with HS are obese. […] Smoking increases risk of HS and the severity of symptoms. […] People with HS are nearly 4.5 times more likely to have metabolic syndrome than healthy people without HS. […] In a U.S. study of 14 million people, people with HS had higher rates of overproduction and under-production of thyroid hormones than people without HS. […] In one study, about 29 percent of people with HS had pain in muscles and bones. […] People with IBD are 9 times more likely to develop HS than the general population.

• #62 Causes and Risk Factors of Hidradenitis SuppurativaShare to Facebookprint pageBookmark for latercaret iconFollow us on facebookFollow us on instagramFollow us on facebookFollow us on linkedincaret icon

  https://hsdisease.com/causes

  About 88 percent of people with HS are obese. […] Smoking increases risk of HS and the severity of symptoms. […] People with HS are nearly 4.5 times more likely to have metabolic syndrome than healthy people without HS. […] In a U.S. study of 14 million people, people with HS had higher rates of overproduction and under-production of thyroid hormones than people without HS. […] In one study, about 29 percent of people with HS had pain in muscles and bones. […] People with IBD are 9 times more likely to develop HS than the general population.

• #63 Hidradenitis suppurativa: Causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/hidradenitis-suppurativa-causes

  Being overweight also seems to trigger HS. The more overweight you are, the higher your risk of developing HS and of having severe HS. […] Gender: Females get HS more often than males. It’s still not clear why this happens. […] Age: Most people develop HS between puberty and before 40 years of age. It’s very rare for HS to begin before puberty. […] Race: In the United States, African Americans, Hispanics, and people who are biracial develop HS more often than white people. […] Studies find that African Americans tend to have more severe HS. African Americans who have HS also tend to have a greater risk of developing a type of skin cancer called squamous cell carcinoma. This skin cancer can develop where you’ve had HS for many years. […] Psoriasis: If you have psoriasis, a condition that causes scaly patches on the skin, you have a higher risk of developing HS. […] While what causes HS is still a mystery, these findings have given us a better understanding of what causes HS and also led to better ways to treat this condition.

• #64 Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/

  The exact cause of hidradenitis suppurativa is unknown, but it occurs near hair follicles where there are sweat glands, usually around the groin, bottom, breasts and armpits. […] The exact cause of hidradenitis suppurativa is unknown, but the lumps develop as a result of blocked hair follicles. […] Smoking and obesity are both strongly associated with hidradenitis suppurativa, and if you’re obese and/or smoke it will make your symptoms worse. […] Hidradenitis suppurativa usually starts around puberty, but it can occur at any age after puberty. This may suggest that sex hormones play a part. Many people with the condition also have acne and excessive hair growth (hirsutism). […] In rare cases, hidradenitis suppurativa may be linked to Crohn’s disease, particularly if it develops around the groin area and the skin near the anus. Crohn’s disease is a long-term condition that causes the lining of the digestive system to become inflamed. […] Hidradenitis suppurativa runs in families in about 1 in 3 cases. It’s not infectious and isn’t linked to poor hygiene.

• #65 6 Health Issues to Watch for if You Have Hidradenitis Suppurativa

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/hidradenitis-suppurativa/health-issues-you-could-be-at-risk-for-if-you-have-hidradenitis-suppurativa/

  A comprehensive review of large-scale studies found a significant association between HS and the risk of IBD in patients. […] Research has shown that HS is associated with significantly increased risks of adverse cardiovascular-related outcomes, such as stroke, heart attack, and death. […] One research analysis found that depression and anxiety are common in people with HS. […] According to one study, about half of people with HS experience sexual dysfunction.

• #66 6 Health Issues to Watch for if You Have Hidradenitis Suppurativa

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/hidradenitis-suppurativa/health-issues-you-could-be-at-risk-for-if-you-have-hidradenitis-suppurativa/

  A comprehensive review of large-scale studies found a significant association between HS and the risk of IBD in patients. […] Research has shown that HS is associated with significantly increased risks of adverse cardiovascular-related outcomes, such as stroke, heart attack, and death. […] One research analysis found that depression and anxiety are common in people with HS. […] According to one study, about half of people with HS experience sexual dysfunction.

• #67 Hidradenitis Suppurativa (Acne Inversa): A Complete Picture – DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/hidradenitis-suppurativa

  Hidradenitis suppurativa often starts at puberty, is most active between the ages of 20 and 40 years, and in women can resolve at menopause. It is three times more common in females than in males. Associations and risk factors include: […] Although hidradenitis implies an inflammatory disease of the sweat glands, we now know that HS is an autoinflammatory syndrome. The exact pathogenesis is not yet understood. Factors involved in the development of acne inversa include: […] Hidradenitis developing at a young age in childhood or early adolescence may be an indicator of underlying precocious puberty.

• #68 Hidradenitis Suppurativa in Women – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/womens-health/hidradenitis-suppurativa

  Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that commonly affects the body folds and genital area. […] While the exact cause of hidradenitis suppurativa is unknown, several factors may play a role, including genetics, hormones and obesity. […] HS is not caused by poor hygiene, sexually transmitted infection or other infections. (It is not contagious.) […] Common underlying risk factors include: Arthritis, Diabetes, Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Metabolic syndrome, Obesity, Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). […] Its believed that hormones could play some role in hidradenitis suppurativa, considering that: HS affects more women than men. HS is most common in women between puberty and menopause. Many women experience HS flare-ups with hormonal changes, such as during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. In some women, birth control pills (hormone therapy) can help manage HS symptoms. […] However, we do not know the exact mechanism by which hormones play a role in causing hidradenitis suppurativa.

• #69 Hidradenitis Suppurativa (Acne Inversa): A Complete Picture – DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/hidradenitis-suppurativa

  Hidradenitis suppurativa often starts at puberty, is most active between the ages of 20 and 40 years, and in women can resolve at menopause. It is three times more common in females than in males. Associations and risk factors include: […] Although hidradenitis implies an inflammatory disease of the sweat glands, we now know that HS is an autoinflammatory syndrome. The exact pathogenesis is not yet understood. Factors involved in the development of acne inversa include: […] Hidradenitis developing at a young age in childhood or early adolescence may be an indicator of underlying precocious puberty.

• #70 Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) | HS Awareness | HCP

  https://www.hs-awareness.com/about-hs

  Hidradenitis suppurativa, commonly referred to as HS and also known as acne inversa, is a chronic, often progressive, systemic, inflammatory skin condition that commonly manifests as subcutaneous nodules and abscesses in flexural sites, such as the groin or axillae. […] HS is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory condition. HS is a condition that can affect people of all genders, races, and ethnicities who are from all walks of life. […] Knowing some of the common risk factors and comorbidities associated with HS can help identify patients early on. Some risk factors may also be comorbidities. […] Female gender 3x increased risk […] Obesity BMI 30 kg/m2 […] Family history ~40% of patients with HS have a family history of the condition […] African descent ~2.5x more common vs Caucasians […] Active cigarette smoking Up to 9.4x higher risk […] Age Onset typically occurs in people aged 20+ years […] HS flares may be associated with hormonal changes (eg, puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause). It is important to evaluate each patient individually.

• #71 Hidradenitis suppurativa – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/symptoms-causes/syc-20352306

  Hidradenitis suppurativa develops when hair follicles become blocked, but why this blockage occurs isn’t known. Experts think it could be connected to hormones, genetic predisposition, cigarette smoking or excess weight. […] The condition occurs most in Black people, possibly due to genetic factors. […] A tendency to develop hidradenitis suppurativa can be inherited. […] Hidradenitis suppurativa is more common and severe in people who are overweight.

• #72 Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) | HS Awareness | HCP

  https://www.hs-awareness.com/about-hs

  Hidradenitis suppurativa, commonly referred to as HS and also known as acne inversa, is a chronic, often progressive, systemic, inflammatory skin condition that commonly manifests as subcutaneous nodules and abscesses in flexural sites, such as the groin or axillae. […] HS is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory condition. HS is a condition that can affect people of all genders, races, and ethnicities who are from all walks of life. […] Knowing some of the common risk factors and comorbidities associated with HS can help identify patients early on. Some risk factors may also be comorbidities. […] Female gender 3x increased risk […] Obesity BMI 30 kg/m2 […] Family history ~40% of patients with HS have a family history of the condition […] African descent ~2.5x more common vs Caucasians […] Active cigarette smoking Up to 9.4x higher risk […] Age Onset typically occurs in people aged 20+ years […] HS flares may be associated with hormonal changes (eg, puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause). It is important to evaluate each patient individually.

• #73 Hidradenitis Suppurativa Causes & Risk Factors | SELF

  https://www.self.com/story/hidradenitis-suppurativa-causes

  There are certain chronic conditions that are more likely to occur in people with hidradenitis suppurativa and vice versa. […] Newer research suggests Black and Hispanic people are disproportionately affected by hidradenitis suppurativa. […] Unfortunately, since the exact hidradenitis suppurativa causes are unknown, there is no way of preventing the condition.

• #74 Hidradenitis suppurativa: Overview

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/hidradenitis-suppurativa-overview

  Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a skin condition that causes painful lumps deep in your skin. These lumps usually develop on parts of the body where skin touches skin like the armpits, inner thighs, and groin area. […] Research shows Black people develop this disease more often than people of other races. In a 2017 study, researchers found that for every 100,000 African Americans, 296 had HS. […] HS cannot be cured, but treatment can control the disease. Treatment can prevent new HS and treat existing HS. This means that HS does not have to stop you from living the life you want to live. […] People with HS have a higher risk for developing some health conditions, including arthritis, diabetes, and heart disease.

• #75 Hidradenitis suppurativa: Overview

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/hidradenitis-suppurativa-overview

  Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a skin condition that causes painful lumps deep in your skin. These lumps usually develop on parts of the body where skin touches skin like the armpits, inner thighs, and groin area. […] Research shows Black people develop this disease more often than people of other races. In a 2017 study, researchers found that for every 100,000 African Americans, 296 had HS. […] HS cannot be cured, but treatment can control the disease. Treatment can prevent new HS and treat existing HS. This means that HS does not have to stop you from living the life you want to live. […] People with HS have a higher risk for developing some health conditions, including arthritis, diabetes, and heart disease.

• #76 Hidradenitis suppurativa: Causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/hidradenitis-suppurativa-causes

  Being overweight also seems to trigger HS. The more overweight you are, the higher your risk of developing HS and of having severe HS. […] Gender: Females get HS more often than males. It’s still not clear why this happens. […] Age: Most people develop HS between puberty and before 40 years of age. It’s very rare for HS to begin before puberty. […] Race: In the United States, African Americans, Hispanics, and people who are biracial develop HS more often than white people. […] Studies find that African Americans tend to have more severe HS. African Americans who have HS also tend to have a greater risk of developing a type of skin cancer called squamous cell carcinoma. This skin cancer can develop where you’ve had HS for many years. […] Psoriasis: If you have psoriasis, a condition that causes scaly patches on the skin, you have a higher risk of developing HS. […] While what causes HS is still a mystery, these findings have given us a better understanding of what causes HS and also led to better ways to treat this condition.

• #77 Causes of the Disease – EHSF e.V.

  https://ehsf.eu/hidradenitis-suppurativa/causes-of-the-disease/

  Substantial advances have been made in our understanding of hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa (HS) in the last 15 years. […] The role of bacterial infections as the primary cause of HS has attracted a lot of controversy evolving knowledge as to the underlying pathogenesis. […] Reports on the coexistence of HS with autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematous, and autoinflammatory conditions, such as SAPHO syndrome, support the role of autoimmunity/autoinflammation in HS pathogenesis. […] Mutations of -secretase complex (GSC) genes PSENEN, PSEN1, and NCSTN were first described in familial HS 10 years ago. […] One large scale study using one Greek cohort and another German cohort identified that carriers of more than six copy numbers of the -defensin gene cluster of chromosome band 8p.23.1 had a 7-fold greater risk for the acquisition of HS.

• #78 Experts provide background and treatment for hidradenitis suppurativa: a chronic skin condition – UAB News

  https://www.uab.edu/news/news-you-can-use/experts-provide-background-and-treatment-for-hidradenitis-suppurativa-a-chronic-skin-condition

  About 1 percent to 2 percent of people in the United States have hidradenitis suppurativa, and it most commonly affects women who are African American or biracial. […] While experts are still not completely sure what causes HS, it typically starts around puberty, suggesting that hormones may play a role. Experts believe genetics likely play a role in HS, because it can be seen in family members of those affected. Research also suggests that HS is caused by an over-active immune response. […] There is evidence that suggests HS is a complex inflammatory skin disease involving the interplay of epithelial-immune crosstalk. […] HS initiation and progression are likely caused by a dysregulated immune response, altered keratinocyte function and changes in the microbiome of the skin. […] The research team outlined the reprogrammed transcriptional profiles in HS basal stem/progenitor cells and identified two keratinocyte populations that amplify immune responses in people with HS. These populations are marked by genes, S100A7/8/9 and KRT6 triggering IL1 and IL10 and drive the immune and inflammatory responses to an infection. […] This study allowed researchers to identify a pattern for the targeted intervention in HS by combining biological therapies with novel pharmacological agents to block the chromatin landscape of genes that lead to inflammation in individuals with HS.

• #79 Experts provide background and treatment for hidradenitis suppurativa: a chronic skin condition – UAB News

  https://www.uab.edu/news/news-you-can-use/experts-provide-background-and-treatment-for-hidradenitis-suppurativa-a-chronic-skin-condition

  About 1 percent to 2 percent of people in the United States have hidradenitis suppurativa, and it most commonly affects women who are African American or biracial. […] While experts are still not completely sure what causes HS, it typically starts around puberty, suggesting that hormones may play a role. Experts believe genetics likely play a role in HS, because it can be seen in family members of those affected. Research also suggests that HS is caused by an over-active immune response. […] There is evidence that suggests HS is a complex inflammatory skin disease involving the interplay of epithelial-immune crosstalk. […] HS initiation and progression are likely caused by a dysregulated immune response, altered keratinocyte function and changes in the microbiome of the skin. […] The research team outlined the reprogrammed transcriptional profiles in HS basal stem/progenitor cells and identified two keratinocyte populations that amplify immune responses in people with HS. These populations are marked by genes, S100A7/8/9 and KRT6 triggering IL1 and IL10 and drive the immune and inflammatory responses to an infection. […] This study allowed researchers to identify a pattern for the targeted intervention in HS by combining biological therapies with novel pharmacological agents to block the chromatin landscape of genes that lead to inflammation in individuals with HS.

• #80 Deciphering the causes of Hidradenitis Suppurativa | ANR

  https://anr.fr/Project-ANR-21-CE15-0004

  We also identified a systemic tryptophan depletion in HS patients, likely accounting for the perturbed metabolism of this essential amino acid in HS skin lesions. […] Together, these inter-related mouse studies will test the new concept that dysregulation of the tryptophan metabolism/AHR signalling axis contributes to HS pathogenesis.

• #81 Hidradenitis Suppurativa (Acne Inversa): Symptoms & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17716-hidradenitis-suppurativa

  Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is an autoinflammatory disease of the hair follicles. This means your body attacks your hair follicles, resulting in abscesses, chronic inflammation and scarring. […] Other risk factors include: Excessive hair growth (hirsutism). Family history of HS. Fluctuating sex hormones (estrogen and androgens), which is common after puberty and before menopause. Smoking. Obesity. […] HS isn’t contagious because it has nothing to do with infection. It’s an autoinflammatory condition that affects your hair follicles. […] No, HS isn’t a consequence of poor hygiene.

• #82 Hidradenitis Suppurativa | Acne Inversa | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/hidradenitissuppurativa.html

  Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic skin disease. […] The lumps in HS form because of blockages of the hair follicles. The blocked hair follicles trap bacteria, which leads to inflammation and rupture. In most cases, the cause of the blockages is unknown. Genetics, environment, and hormonal factors may play a role. Some cases of HS are caused by changes in certain genes. […] HS is not caused by bad hygiene, and it cannot be spread to others.

• #83 What Causes HS? | No BS About HS

  https://www.nobsabouths.com/what-is-hidradenitis-suppurativa/what-causes-hs

  While genetics and environment are among the factors that play a role in the development of HS, the exact cause of the condition is still unknown. […] In fact, its believed to be related to a problem in the immune system. […] For people with HS, the signal to create inflammation is uncontrolled, producing too many cells and proteins throughout the body for too long. […] The consequences of HSs uncontrolled inflammation starts on the insidebefore showing up in the layers of the skin as nodules, abscesses, and tunnels. […] HS is not thought to cause these diseases or vice versa. […] Once you understand the science behind HS, you can easily see how this condition is nobodys faultespecially your own.

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