Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563022/

  Salivary gland tumors are a rare group of complex, heterogeneous histologies located in the parotid gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland, and minor salivary glands of the upper aerodigestive tract. […] This diverse group of malignant tumors has a wide range of etiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis. […] The exact etiology of salivary gland cancer is unknown. Still, various mechanisms have been proposed, including radiation, viruses (EBV and HIV), immunosuppression, ultraviolet light exposure, occupational exposures in rubber or nickel industries, prior diagnosis of medulloblastoma, prior diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma, androgen receptor expression, and genetics. […] In studies involving Japanese survivors of the atomic bomb and patients who received radiation treatment during childhood for benign conditions, radiation exposure was identified as a significant risk factor for the development of salivary malignancies.

• #2 Salivary gland tumors: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001040.htm

  Salivary gland tumors are abnormal cells growing in the gland or in the tubes (ducts) that drain the salivary glands. […] Salivary gland tumors are rare. Swelling of the salivary glands is mostly due to: […] The most common type of salivary gland tumor is a slow-growing noncancerous (benign) tumor of the parotid gland. Some of these tumors can be cancerous (malignant).

• #3 Salivary Gland Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17965-salivary-gland-cancer

  Salivary gland tumors may be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Both types may affect any of your salivary glands. […] Studies have shown that some rare types of salivary gland cancer may occur more commonly in people with certain viral infections, like Epstein-Barr virus and human papillomavirus (HPV). Still, these infections dont cause salivary gland cancer. More research is needed to understand the connection. […] The exact cause of most salivary gland cancers is unknown. […] Salivary gland cancer also occurs within the microscopic minor salivary glands. […] Benign salivary gland tumors may become malignant over time.

• #4 Salivary gland tumors | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/salivary-gland-tumours?lang=us

  Salivary gland tumors are variable in location, origin, and malignant potential. […] In general, the ratio of benign to malignant tumors is proportional to the gland size; i.e. the parotid gland tends to have benign neoplasms, the submandibular gland 50:50, and the sublingual glands and accessory glands mostly malignant. […] Overall ~80% of all parotid masses are benign and the majority of these are pleomorphic adenomas.

• #5 Salivary Gland Tumors – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/tumors-of-the-head-and-neck/salivary-gland-tumors

  Most salivary gland tumors are benign and occur in the parotid glands. […] About 85% of salivary gland tumors occur in the parotid glands, followed by the submandibular and minor salivary glands, and about 1% occur in the sublingual glands. […] About 75 to 80% are benign, slow-growing, movable, painless, usually solitary nodules beneath normal skin or mucosa. […] Pleomorphic adenomas (mixed-type tumors) can undergo malignant transformation, but this transformation usually occurs only after the benign tumor has been present for 15 to 20 years. […] Once malignant degeneration of a pleomorphic adenoma occurs, it is known as carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. […] Benign cylindromas (cutaneous adnexal tumors) can slowly undergo malignant transformation into adenoid cystic carcinomas, the most common malignant tumor of minor salivary glands (and of the trachea).

• #6 What Causes Salivary Gland Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/salivary-gland-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Although we know a few things that can raise a persons risk of salivary gland cancer, its not clear exactly what causes most of these cancers. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA mutations (gene changes) that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. This leads to cells growing out of control. Changes in many different genes are usually needed to cause salivary gland cancer. […] Gene changes related to these cancers usually happen during a persons lifetime, rather than being inherited. These acquired mutations often result from exposure to cancer-causing chemicals, like those found in tobacco smoke or chemicals at work, but others might just be random events that happen inside cells, without having an outside cause. Several different gene changes are probably needed for cancer to develop, and not all of these changes are understood at this time.

• #7 Parotid tumors – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parotid-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20578986

  It’s not clear what causes parotid tumors. These tumors start as a growth of cells in the parotid glands. […] Parotid tumors happen when cells in the parotid glands develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to grow and multiply quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] Sometimes the changes in the DNA turn the cells into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it’s called metastatic cancer.

• #8 Genetic causes of tumors in salivary glands | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190130103809.htm

  Acinic cell carcinoma is the third most common malignant form of salivary gland cancer. These tumors are similar to normal salivary gland tissue and occur most frequently in the parotid gland. Until now, the molecular causes for the illness were unknown. […] Using genome sequencing on tumour tissue, the researchers identified a translocation of genetic material between chromosomes 4 and 9, which was present in all acinic cell carcinomas examined. Typically, such translocations in tumours lead to a new combination of genes, which then acquire new oncogenic, i.e. carcinogenic, properties. In the case of acinic cell carcinomas, the translocation which has now been discovered causes regulatory elements of DNA to be transferred from an active chromosome region to a normally inactive oncogene.

• #9 Genetic causes of tumors in salivary glands | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190130103809.htm

  In this unusual form of translocation, the regulatory elements come originally from an area where genes which are responsible for functions in saliva and are highly active in salivary glands are located. When the chromosomes are rearranged, these highly active regulatory elements come into the vicinity of gene NR4A3, which is usually switched off once embryonic development has been completed. The activation signals of the regulatory elements in the acinic cell carcinoma cause the gene to be switched on again. NR4A3 acts as a transcriptional factor to regulate the activity of a number of other genes, which then trigger cell division and growth, leading ultimately to the tumour starting to grow. […] Similar genetic rearrangements of regulatory elements of DNA as a potential cause of malignant tumours have also recently been observed in brain tumours in children, referred to in this context as 'enhancer hijacking’.

• #10 Genetic causes of tumors in salivary glands – Faculty of Medicine

  https://www.med.fau.eu/2019/01/24/genetic-causes-of-tumours-in-salivary-glands/

  Acinic cell carcinoma is the third most common malignant form of salivary gland cancer. […] Researchers at Universittsklinikum Erlangen, the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) in Heidelberg and the Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) have now been able to shed light on them. […] Using genome sequencing on tumor tissue, the researchers identified a translocation of genetic material between chromosomes 4 and 9, which was present in all acinic cell carcinomas examined. […] Typically, such translocations in tumors lead to a new combination of genes, which then acquire new oncogenic, i.e. carcinogenic, properties. […] In the case of acinic cell carcinomas, the translocation which has now been discovered causes regulatory elements of DNA to be transferred from an active chromosome region to a normally inactive oncogene.

• #11 What Causes Salivary Gland Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/salivary-gland-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Inherited mutations of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes rarely cause these cancers, but some people seem to inherit a poor ability to detoxify (break down) certain types of cancer-causing chemicals. These people are more sensitive to the cancer-causing effects of tobacco smoke, and certain industrial chemicals.

• #12 Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563022/

  Salivary gland tumors are a rare group of complex, heterogeneous histologies located in the parotid gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland, and minor salivary glands of the upper aerodigestive tract. […] This diverse group of malignant tumors has a wide range of etiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis. […] The exact etiology of salivary gland cancer is unknown. Still, various mechanisms have been proposed, including radiation, viruses (EBV and HIV), immunosuppression, ultraviolet light exposure, occupational exposures in rubber or nickel industries, prior diagnosis of medulloblastoma, prior diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma, androgen receptor expression, and genetics. […] In studies involving Japanese survivors of the atomic bomb and patients who received radiation treatment during childhood for benign conditions, radiation exposure was identified as a significant risk factor for the development of salivary malignancies.

• #13 Risks and causes | Salivary gland cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/salivary-gland-cancer/risks-causes

  We dont know what causes salivary gland cancer but several factors can increase your risk. […] You are at higher risk of developing salivary gland cancer if you have been exposed to radiation. […] Your risk of developing salivary gland cancer may be increased if someone else in your family has had it. […] There are often stories about potential causes of cancer in the media. It isnt always clear which ideas are supported by evidence.

• #14 What Are the Risk Factors for Salivary Gland Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/salivary-gland-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A few risk factors are known to make a person more likely to develop salivary gland cancer, but most salivary gland cancers start without any clear cause. […] The risk of salivary gland cancer goes up as people get older. […] Radiation treatment to the head and neck area for other medical reasons increases your risk of salivary gland cancer, especially if your salivary glands were not protected during the radiation. […] Smoking cigarettes has been linked to a higher risk of Warthin tumor, a benign salivary gland tumor, but not other types of salivary gland cancers. […] Some studies have suggested that people who work with certain metals (nickel alloy dust) or minerals (silica dust), and people who work in asbestos mining, plumbing, rubber products manufacturing, and some types of woodworking may be at increased risk for salivary gland cancer, but these links are not certain.

• #15 Salivary Gland Neoplasms: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/194522-overview

  The etiology of salivary gland neoplasms is not fully understood. Two theories predominate: the bicellular stem cell theory and the multicellular theory. […] In the multicellular theory, each tumor type is associated with a specific differentiated cell of origin within the salivary gland unit. […] Recent evidence suggests that the bicellular stem cell theory is the more probable etiology of salivary gland neoplasms. This theory more logically explains neoplasms that contain multiple discrete cell types, such as pleomorphic adenomas and Warthin tumors. […] Radiation therapy in low doses has been associated with the development of parotid neoplasms 15-20 years after treatment. After therapy, the incidence of pleomorphic adenomas, mucoepidermoid carcinomas, and squamous cell carcinomas is increased.

• #16 An overview of the rare parotid gland cancer | Head & Neck Oncology | Full Text

  https://headandneckoncology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1758-3284-3-40

  Partly owning to the rarity of parotid gland cancer, its etiology has not been thoroughly studied and the factors responsible for its carcinogenesis are unclear. […] However, one of the well-established risk factors is exposure to ionizing radiation, as supported by studies on atomic bomb survivors. […] Medical radiation or ultraviolet light therapeutic treatments to the head or neck and exposures to full-mouth dental X-rays have also been linked to an increased risk. […] Additionally, nitroso compounds have induced parotid gland tumors in laboratory mice. The presence of nitroso compounds in rubbers could explain the higher incidence of parotid gland cancer in rubber industrial workers.

• #17 Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563022/

  MEC appears to be the most common salivary gland malignancy associated with radiation exposure. […] Compared to other head and neck cancers, the risk of developing malignant salivary gland tumors from exposure to tobacco and alcohol has been controversial, with several studies noting both positive association and no appreciable association. […] Chronic inflammation of the salivary glands has not been established as a risk factor. However, autoimmune conditions such as Sjogren syndrome may predispose an individual to develop a salivary gland malignancy such as lymphoma. […] The most significant risk factor for primary SCC of the salivary glands appears to be prior gland radiation. […] The development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) of the salivary glands has been associated with a prior diagnosis of the autoimmune disease, Sjogren syndrome (SS). Studies have shown that 4.3% of patients with Sjogren syndrome develop NHL within 5-10 years.

• #18 Salivary Gland Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/salivary-gland-treatment-pdq

  Salivary gland cancer is a rare disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the salivary glands. […] Being exposed to certain types of radiation may increase the risk of salivary gland cancer. […] Although the cause of most salivary gland cancers is not known, risk factors include the following: Older age. Treatment with radiation therapy to the head and neck. Being exposed to certain substances at work.

• #19 Salivary gland tumors

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/s/salivary-gland-cancer2/?section=Causes

  Radiation exposure. Radiation treatments for cancer, such as radiation used to treat head and neck cancers, may increase the risk of salivary gland tumors. […] Workplace exposure to certain substances. People who work with certain substances may have an increased risk of salivary gland tumors. Jobs associated with salivary gland tumors include those involved in rubber manufacturing, asbestos mining and plumbing.

• #20 Salivary Gland Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17965-salivary-gland-cancer

  Salivary gland tumors may be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Both types may affect any of your salivary glands. […] Studies have shown that some rare types of salivary gland cancer may occur more commonly in people with certain viral infections, like Epstein-Barr virus and human papillomavirus (HPV). Still, these infections dont cause salivary gland cancer. More research is needed to understand the connection. […] The exact cause of most salivary gland cancers is unknown. […] Salivary gland cancer also occurs within the microscopic minor salivary glands. […] Benign salivary gland tumors may become malignant over time.

• #21 What Are the Risk Factors for Salivary Gland Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/salivary-gland-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Some viral infections might be associated with certain salivary gland tumors. […] Certain high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) has been found in some mucoepidermoid cancers, but more studies are needed to say for sure if there is a link. […] People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are also at risk for salivary gland cancers. […] Lymphoepithelial cancer, a very rare type of salivary gland cancer, is associated with the Epstein-Barr virus. […] Some studies have found that a diet low in vegetables and high in animal fat might increase the risk of salivary gland cancer, but more research is needed to confirm this possible link. […] One study has suggested an increased risk of parotid gland tumors among heavy cell phone users.

• #22 An overview of the rare parotid gland cancer | Head & Neck Oncology | Full Text

  https://headandneckoncology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1758-3284-3-40

  Partly owning to the rarity of parotid gland cancer, its etiology has not been thoroughly studied and the factors responsible for its carcinogenesis are unclear. […] However, one of the well-established risk factors is exposure to ionizing radiation, as supported by studies on atomic bomb survivors. […] Medical radiation or ultraviolet light therapeutic treatments to the head or neck and exposures to full-mouth dental X-rays have also been linked to an increased risk. […] Additionally, nitroso compounds have induced parotid gland tumors in laboratory mice. The presence of nitroso compounds in rubbers could explain the higher incidence of parotid gland cancer in rubber industrial workers.

• #23 What Are the Risk Factors for Salivary Gland Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/salivary-gland-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Some viral infections might be associated with certain salivary gland tumors. […] Certain high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) has been found in some mucoepidermoid cancers, but more studies are needed to say for sure if there is a link. […] People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are also at risk for salivary gland cancers. […] Lymphoepithelial cancer, a very rare type of salivary gland cancer, is associated with the Epstein-Barr virus. […] Some studies have found that a diet low in vegetables and high in animal fat might increase the risk of salivary gland cancer, but more research is needed to confirm this possible link. […] One study has suggested an increased risk of parotid gland tumors among heavy cell phone users.

• #24 Salivary gland cancer: Is it preventable?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-to-prevent-salivary-gland-cancer

  The use of any tobacco products, including chewing tobacco, can increase a persons risk of oral cancer. This is one reason why people believe it may also lead to an increased risk of salivary gland cancer and other types of cancer. […] Several types of viruses have possible links with a higher risk of salivary gland cancer. These include the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and HIV. […] According to a 2011 review, one of these health problems may be a type of salivary gland tumor called lymphoepithelial carcinoma. […] Exposure to certain radioactive substances in the workplace might increase a persons risk of salivary gland cancer. […] People who work with the following chemicals and substances may also be at a higher risk of developing certain cancers, such as salivary gland cancer: nickel alloy dust, silica dust, asbestos mining, rubber product manufacture, sawdust in some types of woodworking, pesticides, chemicals used in leather production, industrial solvents, hair dye or hairspray.

• #25 What Are the Risk Factors for Salivary Gland Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/salivary-gland-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Some viral infections might be associated with certain salivary gland tumors. […] Certain high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) has been found in some mucoepidermoid cancers, but more studies are needed to say for sure if there is a link. […] People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are also at risk for salivary gland cancers. […] Lymphoepithelial cancer, a very rare type of salivary gland cancer, is associated with the Epstein-Barr virus. […] Some studies have found that a diet low in vegetables and high in animal fat might increase the risk of salivary gland cancer, but more research is needed to confirm this possible link. […] One study has suggested an increased risk of parotid gland tumors among heavy cell phone users.

• #26 Salivary gland cancer: Symptoms and treatment | CURAPROX

  https://curaprox.co.uk/blog/post/interesting-facts-about-salivary-gland-cancer?srsltid=AfmBOoq8A0dXlEXqhQxLFMipGUIyeTY5sh-Vs_vdOw4HusWp6xZHEXHo

  Swelling of the face and restricted facial expressions could be indications of salivary gland cancer. […] The cause of salivary gland cancer has not yet been clarified. The disease occurs spontaneously. Doctors believe that the development of a tumour is influenced by a variety of factors. However, it appears evident that salivary gland cancer is not hereditary, as the disease does not usually run in families. […] Certain risk factors can favour the development of salivary gland cancer: Smoking, Regular consumption of alcohol, Virus infections (including HPV, Epstein-Barr, HIV), Previous radiotherapy in the head and neck region, Previous chemotherapy for the treatment of leukaemia.

• #27 What Are the Risk Factors for Salivary Gland Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/salivary-gland-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A few risk factors are known to make a person more likely to develop salivary gland cancer, but most salivary gland cancers start without any clear cause. […] The risk of salivary gland cancer goes up as people get older. […] Radiation treatment to the head and neck area for other medical reasons increases your risk of salivary gland cancer, especially if your salivary glands were not protected during the radiation. […] Smoking cigarettes has been linked to a higher risk of Warthin tumor, a benign salivary gland tumor, but not other types of salivary gland cancers. […] Some studies have suggested that people who work with certain metals (nickel alloy dust) or minerals (silica dust), and people who work in asbestos mining, plumbing, rubber products manufacturing, and some types of woodworking may be at increased risk for salivary gland cancer, but these links are not certain.

• #28 Parotid and Salivary Gland Tumors Causes & Symptoms – ENT in Cayman

  https://www.entincayman.com/ent-treatments/neck-throat-disease/parotid-salivary-gland-tumors-causes-symptoms/

  Salivary gland tumors are rare types of tumors that begin either in the parotid gland, submandibular or sublingual glands. Salivary gland tumors can begin in any of the salivary glands in your mouth, neck or throat. Salivary gland tumors most commonly occur in the parotid gland, accounting nearly 85% of all salivary gland tumors. […] In general, salivary gland tumors are rare, accounting for less than 10 percent of all head and neck tumors. […] Many different types of salivary gland tumors exist and are classified based on the type of cells involved in the tumors. […] Research revealed that malignant forms occur when some cells in a salivary gland develop mutations in their DNA. […] Older age, radiation exposure and workplace exposure to certain substances may increase the risk of developing a salivary gland tumor. Jobs associated with salivary gland tumors include those involved in rubber manufacturing, asbestos mining and plumbing.

• #29 Salivary Gland Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/oral-cancer/salivary-gland-cancer

  Salivary gland cancer occurs when irregular cells form in the tissues of the salivary glands or the ducts connected to the glands. […] Its unclear why salivary gland cancers develop. However, researchers discovered some risk factors that increase a persons risk for developing this rare cancer. […] Older adults are more likely to develop salivary gland cancer. The average age of diagnosis is 64. […] Salivary gland cancers are more common in men. […] If youve received medical radiation treatment to the head or neck, your risk for salivary gland cancer is higher. Likewise, people with workplace exposure to radiation or radioactive substances have a higher risk. […] A 2018 study found that certain occupations were associated with an increased risk for salivary gland cancer. These include: waiters, housecleaners, electrical equipment assemblers, plumbers, welders, sheet-metal workers, building painters, and material handling equipment operators.

• #30 An overview of the rare parotid gland cancer | Head & Neck Oncology | Full Text

  https://headandneckoncology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1758-3284-3-40

  Partly owning to the rarity of parotid gland cancer, its etiology has not been thoroughly studied and the factors responsible for its carcinogenesis are unclear. […] However, one of the well-established risk factors is exposure to ionizing radiation, as supported by studies on atomic bomb survivors. […] Medical radiation or ultraviolet light therapeutic treatments to the head or neck and exposures to full-mouth dental X-rays have also been linked to an increased risk. […] Additionally, nitroso compounds have induced parotid gland tumors in laboratory mice. The presence of nitroso compounds in rubbers could explain the higher incidence of parotid gland cancer in rubber industrial workers.

• #31 Salivary Gland Neoplasms: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/194522-overview

  Tobacco and alcohol, which are highly associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, have not been shown to play a role in the development of malignancies of the salivary glands. However, tobacco smoking has been associated with the development of Warthin tumors (papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum). Although smoking is highly associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, it does not appear to be associated with salivary gland malignancies. However some studies have indicated a relationship between salivary gland malignancies and occupational exposure to silica dust and nitrosamines.

• #32 Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563022/

  MEC appears to be the most common salivary gland malignancy associated with radiation exposure. […] Compared to other head and neck cancers, the risk of developing malignant salivary gland tumors from exposure to tobacco and alcohol has been controversial, with several studies noting both positive association and no appreciable association. […] Chronic inflammation of the salivary glands has not been established as a risk factor. However, autoimmune conditions such as Sjogren syndrome may predispose an individual to develop a salivary gland malignancy such as lymphoma. […] The most significant risk factor for primary SCC of the salivary glands appears to be prior gland radiation. […] The development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) of the salivary glands has been associated with a prior diagnosis of the autoimmune disease, Sjogren syndrome (SS). Studies have shown that 4.3% of patients with Sjogren syndrome develop NHL within 5-10 years.

• #33 What Are the Risk Factors for Salivary Gland Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/salivary-gland-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A few risk factors are known to make a person more likely to develop salivary gland cancer, but most salivary gland cancers start without any clear cause. […] The risk of salivary gland cancer goes up as people get older. […] Radiation treatment to the head and neck area for other medical reasons increases your risk of salivary gland cancer, especially if your salivary glands were not protected during the radiation. […] Smoking cigarettes has been linked to a higher risk of Warthin tumor, a benign salivary gland tumor, but not other types of salivary gland cancers. […] Some studies have suggested that people who work with certain metals (nickel alloy dust) or minerals (silica dust), and people who work in asbestos mining, plumbing, rubber products manufacturing, and some types of woodworking may be at increased risk for salivary gland cancer, but these links are not certain.

• #34 Salivary Gland Tumours: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/salivary-gland-tumours

  The majority of salivary neoplasms are benign (65-70%). Nearly 80% of parotid gland tumours are benign. […] Malignant tumours are rare, with an age standardised incidence ranging between 0.6 and 1.4 per 100,000 people in Europe. […] Certain ethnic groups (eg, Inuit populations) have a higher rate of salivary gland cancers which is maintained even after migration to a low incidence area. The responsible environmental or genetic factors are unknown. […] Radiation to the neck increases the risk of malignancy of salivary glands with a 15- to 20-year latency. […] Smoking is an important risk factor for the development of Warthin’s tumours but its relationship to malignant parotid tumours is less clear. Warthin’s tumours are eight times more common in smokers compared with non-smokers. […] Some studies have suggested an association between high use of mobile phones and an increased risk of benign and malignant parotid tumours. However, others have found no evidence of such a relationship.

• #35 Salivary Gland Tumours: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/salivary-gland-tumours

  The majority of salivary neoplasms are benign (65-70%). Nearly 80% of parotid gland tumours are benign. […] Malignant tumours are rare, with an age standardised incidence ranging between 0.6 and 1.4 per 100,000 people in Europe. […] Certain ethnic groups (eg, Inuit populations) have a higher rate of salivary gland cancers which is maintained even after migration to a low incidence area. The responsible environmental or genetic factors are unknown. […] Radiation to the neck increases the risk of malignancy of salivary glands with a 15- to 20-year latency. […] Smoking is an important risk factor for the development of Warthin’s tumours but its relationship to malignant parotid tumours is less clear. Warthin’s tumours are eight times more common in smokers compared with non-smokers. […] Some studies have suggested an association between high use of mobile phones and an increased risk of benign and malignant parotid tumours. However, others have found no evidence of such a relationship.

• #36 Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563022/

  MEC appears to be the most common salivary gland malignancy associated with radiation exposure. […] Compared to other head and neck cancers, the risk of developing malignant salivary gland tumors from exposure to tobacco and alcohol has been controversial, with several studies noting both positive association and no appreciable association. […] Chronic inflammation of the salivary glands has not been established as a risk factor. However, autoimmune conditions such as Sjogren syndrome may predispose an individual to develop a salivary gland malignancy such as lymphoma. […] The most significant risk factor for primary SCC of the salivary glands appears to be prior gland radiation. […] The development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) of the salivary glands has been associated with a prior diagnosis of the autoimmune disease, Sjogren syndrome (SS). Studies have shown that 4.3% of patients with Sjogren syndrome develop NHL within 5-10 years.

• #37 What Are the Risk Factors for Salivary Gland Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/salivary-gland-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A few risk factors are known to make a person more likely to develop salivary gland cancer, but most salivary gland cancers start without any clear cause. […] The risk of salivary gland cancer goes up as people get older. […] Radiation treatment to the head and neck area for other medical reasons increases your risk of salivary gland cancer, especially if your salivary glands were not protected during the radiation. […] Smoking cigarettes has been linked to a higher risk of Warthin tumor, a benign salivary gland tumor, but not other types of salivary gland cancers. […] Some studies have suggested that people who work with certain metals (nickel alloy dust) or minerals (silica dust), and people who work in asbestos mining, plumbing, rubber products manufacturing, and some types of woodworking may be at increased risk for salivary gland cancer, but these links are not certain.

• #38 Salivary Gland Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/oral-cancer/salivary-gland-cancer

  Salivary gland cancer occurs when irregular cells form in the tissues of the salivary glands or the ducts connected to the glands. […] Its unclear why salivary gland cancers develop. However, researchers discovered some risk factors that increase a persons risk for developing this rare cancer. […] Older adults are more likely to develop salivary gland cancer. The average age of diagnosis is 64. […] Salivary gland cancers are more common in men. […] If youve received medical radiation treatment to the head or neck, your risk for salivary gland cancer is higher. Likewise, people with workplace exposure to radiation or radioactive substances have a higher risk. […] A 2018 study found that certain occupations were associated with an increased risk for salivary gland cancer. These include: waiters, housecleaners, electrical equipment assemblers, plumbers, welders, sheet-metal workers, building painters, and material handling equipment operators.

• #39 What is salivary gland cancer | Salivary gland cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/salivary-gland-cancer/about

  We dont know what causes salivary gland cancer but several factors can increase your risk. […] Your risk of salivary gland cancer increases with age. Radiation treatment to the head and neck area can also increase your risk.

• #40 Salivary gland cancer: Symptoms, pictures, outlook, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/216164

  Scientists do not know the exact cause of salivary gland cancer. They think it results from changes in a persons DNA, and researchers are yet to identify its causes. […] However, several factors can increase the risk of developing salivary gland cancer. […] People who have undergone radiation therapy for previous head and neck cancers may have a higher chance of developing salivary gland cancer later in life. […] As people age, their risk of developing salivary cancers increases. […] Males are more likely to develop salivary cancers than females. […] Workplace exposure to substances such as nickel alloy dust and silica dust may also be a factor. […] Genetic factors can also increase the risk. However, confirmed instances of this are rare. […] Researchers have not identified the exact cause of salivary gland cancer, but exposure to radiation and a persons age and gender can increase their risk of developing it.

• #41 Salivary Gland Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/oral-cancer/salivary-gland-cancer

  Salivary gland cancer occurs when irregular cells form in the tissues of the salivary glands or the ducts connected to the glands. […] Its unclear why salivary gland cancers develop. However, researchers discovered some risk factors that increase a persons risk for developing this rare cancer. […] Older adults are more likely to develop salivary gland cancer. The average age of diagnosis is 64. […] Salivary gland cancers are more common in men. […] If youve received medical radiation treatment to the head or neck, your risk for salivary gland cancer is higher. Likewise, people with workplace exposure to radiation or radioactive substances have a higher risk. […] A 2018 study found that certain occupations were associated with an increased risk for salivary gland cancer. These include: waiters, housecleaners, electrical equipment assemblers, plumbers, welders, sheet-metal workers, building painters, and material handling equipment operators.

• #42 Risks and causes | Salivary gland cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/salivary-gland-cancer/risks-causes

  We dont know what causes salivary gland cancer but several factors can increase your risk. […] You are at higher risk of developing salivary gland cancer if you have been exposed to radiation. […] Your risk of developing salivary gland cancer may be increased if someone else in your family has had it. […] There are often stories about potential causes of cancer in the media. It isnt always clear which ideas are supported by evidence.

• #43 Salivary gland cancer: Symptoms, pictures, outlook, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/216164

  Scientists do not know the exact cause of salivary gland cancer. They think it results from changes in a persons DNA, and researchers are yet to identify its causes. […] However, several factors can increase the risk of developing salivary gland cancer. […] People who have undergone radiation therapy for previous head and neck cancers may have a higher chance of developing salivary gland cancer later in life. […] As people age, their risk of developing salivary cancers increases. […] Males are more likely to develop salivary cancers than females. […] Workplace exposure to substances such as nickel alloy dust and silica dust may also be a factor. […] Genetic factors can also increase the risk. However, confirmed instances of this are rare. […] Researchers have not identified the exact cause of salivary gland cancer, but exposure to radiation and a persons age and gender can increase their risk of developing it.

• #44 What Are the Risk Factors for Salivary Gland Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/salivary-gland-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Some viral infections might be associated with certain salivary gland tumors. […] Certain high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) has been found in some mucoepidermoid cancers, but more studies are needed to say for sure if there is a link. […] People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are also at risk for salivary gland cancers. […] Lymphoepithelial cancer, a very rare type of salivary gland cancer, is associated with the Epstein-Barr virus. […] Some studies have found that a diet low in vegetables and high in animal fat might increase the risk of salivary gland cancer, but more research is needed to confirm this possible link. […] One study has suggested an increased risk of parotid gland tumors among heavy cell phone users.

• #45 Salivary Gland Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/oral-cancer/salivary-gland-cancer

  A 2009 study found that poor nutrition may also be a risk factor for malignant salivary gland tumors. […] If you have a family history of salivary gland cancer, your risk for it may be higher. However, most people who develop salivary gland cancer dont have a family history of this cancer. […] Its worth noting that some benign salivary gland tumors may become malignant over time. While the risk is low, its important to be aware of.

• #46 What Are the Risk Factors for Salivary Gland Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/salivary-gland-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Some viral infections might be associated with certain salivary gland tumors. […] Certain high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) has been found in some mucoepidermoid cancers, but more studies are needed to say for sure if there is a link. […] People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are also at risk for salivary gland cancers. […] Lymphoepithelial cancer, a very rare type of salivary gland cancer, is associated with the Epstein-Barr virus. […] Some studies have found that a diet low in vegetables and high in animal fat might increase the risk of salivary gland cancer, but more research is needed to confirm this possible link. […] One study has suggested an increased risk of parotid gland tumors among heavy cell phone users.

• #47 Salivary Gland Tumours: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/salivary-gland-tumours

  The majority of salivary neoplasms are benign (65-70%). Nearly 80% of parotid gland tumours are benign. […] Malignant tumours are rare, with an age standardised incidence ranging between 0.6 and 1.4 per 100,000 people in Europe. […] Certain ethnic groups (eg, Inuit populations) have a higher rate of salivary gland cancers which is maintained even after migration to a low incidence area. The responsible environmental or genetic factors are unknown. […] Radiation to the neck increases the risk of malignancy of salivary glands with a 15- to 20-year latency. […] Smoking is an important risk factor for the development of Warthin’s tumours but its relationship to malignant parotid tumours is less clear. Warthin’s tumours are eight times more common in smokers compared with non-smokers. […] Some studies have suggested an association between high use of mobile phones and an increased risk of benign and malignant parotid tumours. However, others have found no evidence of such a relationship.

• #48 Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563022/

  MEC appears to be the most common salivary gland malignancy associated with radiation exposure. […] Compared to other head and neck cancers, the risk of developing malignant salivary gland tumors from exposure to tobacco and alcohol has been controversial, with several studies noting both positive association and no appreciable association. […] Chronic inflammation of the salivary glands has not been established as a risk factor. However, autoimmune conditions such as Sjogren syndrome may predispose an individual to develop a salivary gland malignancy such as lymphoma. […] The most significant risk factor for primary SCC of the salivary glands appears to be prior gland radiation. […] The development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) of the salivary glands has been associated with a prior diagnosis of the autoimmune disease, Sjogren syndrome (SS). Studies have shown that 4.3% of patients with Sjogren syndrome develop NHL within 5-10 years.

• #49 Salivary Gland Cancer – Head and Neck Cancer Australia

  https://www.headandneckcancer.org.au/types-of-head-neck-cancer/salivary-gland-cancer/

  Most Salivary Gland Cancers occur in people aged over 50 years. […] Factors that may increase the risk of Salivary Gland Cancer include exposure of the head and neck to radiation therapy. […] Autoimmune diseases can lead to a type of cancer in the salivary glands called lymphoma. […] Skin Cancers can spread to lymph nodes in the salivary glands. […] Other factors, such as using mobile phones and exposure to industrial chemicals, have not been proven to increase the risk of Salivary Gland Cancer.

• #50 Salivary Gland Neoplasms: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/194522-overview

  The etiology of salivary gland neoplasms is not fully understood. Two theories predominate: the bicellular stem cell theory and the multicellular theory. […] In the multicellular theory, each tumor type is associated with a specific differentiated cell of origin within the salivary gland unit. […] Recent evidence suggests that the bicellular stem cell theory is the more probable etiology of salivary gland neoplasms. This theory more logically explains neoplasms that contain multiple discrete cell types, such as pleomorphic adenomas and Warthin tumors. […] Radiation therapy in low doses has been associated with the development of parotid neoplasms 15-20 years after treatment. After therapy, the incidence of pleomorphic adenomas, mucoepidermoid carcinomas, and squamous cell carcinomas is increased.

• #51 Parotid Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538340/

  Salivary gland tumors are characterized by diverse histological appearances and variable biological behavior. […] There are two main theories of how salivary gland tumors arise, but the consensus is with the multicellular theory, that each tumor type forms from a specific differentiated cell of origin within the salivary gland unit. Excretory stem cells give rise to mucoepidermoid and squamous cell carcinomas, while intercalated stem cells can lead to pleomorphic adenomas, adenoid cystic carcinomas, oncocytomas, adenocarcinomas, and acinic cell carcinomas. […] Radiation exposure has been linked to parotid gland carcinomas 15 years after the event. Cigarette smoking and alcohol is associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, skin malignancies in the head and neck have been known to metastases to the parotid glands. Some cases of a link between occupational exposure to silica dust and nitrosamines have been reported. […] It is important to note that both alcohol and smoking are not linked to salivary gland tumors, except for Warthin tumors.

• #52 Salivary Gland Neoplasms: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/194522-overview

  The etiology of salivary gland neoplasms is not fully understood. Two theories predominate: the bicellular stem cell theory and the multicellular theory. […] In the multicellular theory, each tumor type is associated with a specific differentiated cell of origin within the salivary gland unit. […] Recent evidence suggests that the bicellular stem cell theory is the more probable etiology of salivary gland neoplasms. This theory more logically explains neoplasms that contain multiple discrete cell types, such as pleomorphic adenomas and Warthin tumors. […] Radiation therapy in low doses has been associated with the development of parotid neoplasms 15-20 years after treatment. After therapy, the incidence of pleomorphic adenomas, mucoepidermoid carcinomas, and squamous cell carcinomas is increased.

• #53 Salivary Gland Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17965-salivary-gland-cancer

  Salivary gland tumors may be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Both types may affect any of your salivary glands. […] Studies have shown that some rare types of salivary gland cancer may occur more commonly in people with certain viral infections, like Epstein-Barr virus and human papillomavirus (HPV). Still, these infections dont cause salivary gland cancer. More research is needed to understand the connection. […] The exact cause of most salivary gland cancers is unknown. […] Salivary gland cancer also occurs within the microscopic minor salivary glands. […] Benign salivary gland tumors may become malignant over time.

• #54 Salivary Gland Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/oral-cancer/salivary-gland-cancer

  A 2009 study found that poor nutrition may also be a risk factor for malignant salivary gland tumors. […] If you have a family history of salivary gland cancer, your risk for it may be higher. However, most people who develop salivary gland cancer dont have a family history of this cancer. […] Its worth noting that some benign salivary gland tumors may become malignant over time. While the risk is low, its important to be aware of.

• #55 Salivary Gland Tumors – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/tumors-of-the-head-and-neck/salivary-gland-tumors

  Most salivary gland tumors are benign and occur in the parotid glands. […] About 85% of salivary gland tumors occur in the parotid glands, followed by the submandibular and minor salivary glands, and about 1% occur in the sublingual glands. […] About 75 to 80% are benign, slow-growing, movable, painless, usually solitary nodules beneath normal skin or mucosa. […] Pleomorphic adenomas (mixed-type tumors) can undergo malignant transformation, but this transformation usually occurs only after the benign tumor has been present for 15 to 20 years. […] Once malignant degeneration of a pleomorphic adenoma occurs, it is known as carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. […] Benign cylindromas (cutaneous adnexal tumors) can slowly undergo malignant transformation into adenoid cystic carcinomas, the most common malignant tumor of minor salivary glands (and of the trachea).

• #56 Salivary Gland Tumors – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/tumors-of-the-head-and-neck/salivary-gland-tumors

  Most salivary gland tumors are benign and occur in the parotid glands. […] About 85% of salivary gland tumors occur in the parotid glands, followed by the submandibular and minor salivary glands, and about 1% occur in the sublingual glands. […] About 75 to 80% are benign, slow-growing, movable, painless, usually solitary nodules beneath normal skin or mucosa. […] Pleomorphic adenomas (mixed-type tumors) can undergo malignant transformation, but this transformation usually occurs only after the benign tumor has been present for 15 to 20 years. […] Once malignant degeneration of a pleomorphic adenoma occurs, it is known as carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. […] Benign cylindromas (cutaneous adnexal tumors) can slowly undergo malignant transformation into adenoid cystic carcinomas, the most common malignant tumor of minor salivary glands (and of the trachea).

• #57 Salivary Gland Tumours: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/salivary-gland-tumours

  The majority of salivary neoplasms are benign (65-70%). Nearly 80% of parotid gland tumours are benign. […] Malignant tumours are rare, with an age standardised incidence ranging between 0.6 and 1.4 per 100,000 people in Europe. […] Certain ethnic groups (eg, Inuit populations) have a higher rate of salivary gland cancers which is maintained even after migration to a low incidence area. The responsible environmental or genetic factors are unknown. […] Radiation to the neck increases the risk of malignancy of salivary glands with a 15- to 20-year latency. […] Smoking is an important risk factor for the development of Warthin’s tumours but its relationship to malignant parotid tumours is less clear. Warthin’s tumours are eight times more common in smokers compared with non-smokers. […] Some studies have suggested an association between high use of mobile phones and an increased risk of benign and malignant parotid tumours. However, others have found no evidence of such a relationship.

• #58 Salivary Gland Neoplasia: A Review for the Practicing Pathologist | Modern Pathology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/3880525

  Over the years there has been some progress in clarifying specific causes of salivary gland cancer. The best known risk factor is that of radiation exposure as evident in the increased risk in atomic bomb survivors and in patients receiving therapeutic radiation. […] An increased occurrence in children with leukemias treated with multiagent chemotherapy and prophylactic cranial irradiation has also been noted. […] A dose response effect for low dose irradiation has been shown with a mean latency period of tumor development of 11 years for malignant tumors and 21.5 years for benign tumors. […] Of potential viral etiologies, only EBV infection is implicated in the pathogenesis of salivary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas that are more commonly encountered in Eskimo and Chinese rather than Western populations.

• #59 Risks and causes | Salivary gland cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/salivary-gland-cancer/risks-causes

  We dont know what causes salivary gland cancer but several factors can increase your risk. […] You are at higher risk of developing salivary gland cancer if you have been exposed to radiation. […] Your risk of developing salivary gland cancer may be increased if someone else in your family has had it. […] There are often stories about potential causes of cancer in the media. It isnt always clear which ideas are supported by evidence.

• #60 Salivary gland cancer: Is it preventable?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-to-prevent-salivary-gland-cancer

  Experts do not know the exact cause of salivary gland cancer. However, certain factors may increase an individuals risk of developing it. These risk factors include older age, exposure to radiation, smoking, certain viral infections, such as HPV, EBV, and HIV. […] However, avoiding tobacco use and exposure to radiation and workplace substances, such as asbestos, may reduce a persons risk of developing this type of cancer.

• #61 Genetic causes of tumors in salivary glands – Faculty of Medicine

  https://www.med.fau.eu/2019/01/24/genetic-causes-of-tumours-in-salivary-glands/

  Our research means that we can now diagnose acinic cell carcinomas in the salivary glands more easily and understand the fundamental biological processes behind tumor growth. […] Similar genetic rearrangements of regulatory elements of DNA as a potential cause of malignant tumors have also recently been observed in brain tumors in children, referred to in this context as enhancer hijacking. […] Our interdisciplinary collaboration revealed that the shifting of epigenetic control elements can have a considerable impact on the development of tumors.

• #62 Parotid Tumor Cause, Parotid Tumor Genetic, Salivary Tumor Cause

  https://parotidpatientproject.org/parotid-education/causes-of-parotid-tumors.html

  The causes of parotid tumors are generally unknown at this time. […] While tobacco smoking has the highest association with parotid tumors, that association is only with certain parotid tumors, such as a Warthin tumor. […] Other factors that have been associated with causing malignant parotid tumors are ionizing radiation and suppression of the immune system. […] There has been some indication that people who have received radiation near the head and neck area during treatment of other conditions could potentially be at risk of developing a parotid tumor. […] Additional research is needed to help identify risk factors and to determine definitive causes of parotid tumors. […] A core part of the Parotid Patient Projects mission is to generate funds for research to identify the causes of parotid tumors and to advance the diagnosis, management, and outcomes for parotid gland diseases.

• #63 Salivary Gland Cancer – Brigham and Women’s Faulkner Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomensfaulkner.org/programs-and-services/otolaryngology/head-and-neck-cancers/salivary-gland-cancer

  The cause of most salivary gland cancers is not known. […] Although these factors can increase a person’s risk, they do not necessarily cause the disease. Some people with one or more risk factors never develop the disease, while others develop disease and have no known risk factors.

• #64 Childhood Salivary Gland Tumors – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/child/salivary-gland-treatment-pdq

  Salivary gland tumors in children are caused by certain changes to the way salivary gland cells function, especially how they grow and divide into new cells. Often, the exact cause of these cell changes is unknown. […] A risk factor is anything that increases the chance of getting a disease. Past treatment for cancer with chemotherapy or radiation therapy is a risk factor for childhood salivary gland tumors. Not every child with this risk factor will develop a salivary gland tumor. And it will develop in some children who don’t have a known risk factor. Talk with your child’s doctor if you think your child may be at risk.

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