Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Salivary Gland Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/adult/salivary-gland-treatment-pdq

  Salivary gland tumors are a morphologically and clinically diverse group of neoplasms, which may present significant diagnostic and management challenges. These tumors are rare, with an overall incidence in the Western world of approximately 2.5 to 3.0 cases per 100,000 people per year. Malignant salivary gland neoplasms account for more than 0.5% of all malignancies and approximately 3% to 5% of all head and neck cancers. Most patients with malignant salivary gland tumors are in their sixth or seventh decade of life. […] Although exposure to ionizing radiation has been implicated as a cause of salivary gland cancer, the etiology of most salivary gland cancers cannot be determined. Occupations associated with an increased risk for salivary gland cancers include rubber products manufacturing, asbestos mining, plumbing, and some types of woodworking.

• #1 Clinico-epidemiological profile of salivary gland tumours: An institutional study – JDPO

  https://www.jdpo.org/html-article/22405

  Salivary gland tumour (SGTs) is the complex group of heterogeneous entities that pose serious challenges to the pathologist, surgeons and oncologist SGTs demonstrate wide geographical variation, constituting 2-6% of all head and neck cancers and 0.5% of total body malignancies. […] Salivary gland tumors (SGT) are rare, constituting 5% of all head and neck cancers and 0.5% of total body malignancies, with an annual incidence of 0.52 patients/100,000 people. […] The majority occur in the parotid gland (70%) and they are less common in minor salivary (20%), submandibular (10%), and sublingual (7%). […] Therefore, the epidemiology of these neoplasms is not well recognized. […] As a relatively large number of neoplasms are benign lesions, epidemiological data are incomplete and can in many cases be underestimated.

• #1 Distribution and Frequency of Salivary Gland Tumours: An International Multicenter Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9729635/

  Salivary gland tumours (SGT) are a relatively rare group of neoplasms with a wide range of histopathological appearance and clinical features. To date, most of the epidemiological studies on salivary gland tumours are limited for a variety of reason including being out of date, extrapolated from either a single centre or country studies, or investigating either major or minor glands only. […] This study aimed to mitigate these shortcomings by analysing epidemiological data including demographic, anatomical location and histological diagnoses of SGT from multiple centres across the world. The analysed data included age, gender, location and histological diagnosis from fifteen centres covering the majority of the world health organisation (WHO) geographical regions between 2006 and 2019. […] A total of 5739 cases were analysed including 65% benign and 35% malignant tumours. A slight female predilection (54%) and peak incidence between the fourth and seventh decade for both benign and malignant tumours was observed. The majority (68%) of the SGT presented in major and 32% in the minor glands. The parotid gland was the most common location (70%) for benign and minor glands (47%) for malignant tumours.

• #1 Distribution and Frequency of Salivary Gland Tumours: An International Multicenter Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9729635/

  To date, numerous studies have reported epidemiological data for SGT. However, they are somewhat out of date or reflect relatively small datasets from a single centre or local population only. […] Therefore, the aim of this multicentre international study was to analyse SGT data from numerous tertiary hospitals across the world with a view to obtaining up to date frequency and distribution of SGT. […] The total number of SGT was 5,739. Of these, 65% were benign tumours (n=3,751), and 35% (n=1,988) were malignant. There was a slight female predilection (54%, n=3,093) compared to 46% male patients (n=2,646). […] Overall, the parotid gland was the most common location for SGTs accounting for (59%) followed by minor (32%) and submandibular (8%) salivary glands similar to older and similarly large SGT demographical studies.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12105-022-01459-0

  Salivary gland tumours (SGT) are a relatively rare group of neoplasms with a wide range of histopathological appearance and clinical features. To date, most of the epidemiological studies on salivary gland tumours are limited for a variety of reason including being out of date, extrapolated from either a single centre or country studies, or investigating either major or minor glands only. […] This study aimed to mitigate these shortcomings by analysing epidemiological data including demographic, anatomical location and histological diagnoses of SGT from multiple centres across the world. […] A total of 5739 cases were analysed including 65% benign and 35% malignant tumours. A slight female predilection (54%) and peak incidence between the fourth and seventh decade for both benign and malignant tumours was observed.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12105-022-01459-0

  The majority (68%) of the SGT presented in major and 32% in the minor glands. […] This multicentre investigation presents the largest cohort study to date analysing salivary gland tumour data from tertiary centres scattered across the globe. […] Salivary gland tumours are rare, but show a gradual increasing incidence over the last decade and a half. […] We report the largest multicentre investigation of SGT to date showing that the majority are benign (65%), with a slight predilection for females (54%). Approximately 69% of SGT occur in patients between the fourth to seventh decade of life with a significant difference between the average age for benign and malignant tumours. […] More extensive studies of SGT need to be conducted to understand and update the epidemiological landscape of these tumours and correlate it with prognosis.

• #1 Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563022/

  Salivary gland malignancies comprise 0.5 to 1.2% of all cancers and 5% of head and neck cancers. They more commonly affect women with a male-to-female ratio of 1 to 1.5. Malignant lesions are found in about 21.7% of all salivary gland neoplasms. Most malignant cases occur in the parotid, followed by the submandibular, sublingual, and minor salivary glands. The probability of malignancy in a parotid mass ranges from 15% to 32%, compared to 41% to 50% in a submandibular mass, 70% to 90% in minor salivary gland masses, and almost 100% in sublingual masses. Salivary gland tumors in children are more likely to be malignant. Malignant tumors in children under 10 years old tend to be of a higher grade with poorer prognosis. Salivary tumors in children older than 10 were benign in 85% of cases, similar to that of the adult population. The most common pediatric malignant salivary gland tumors include MEC, adenocarcinoma, and ACC.

• #1 Salivary gland tumors: Treatment of locoregional disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/salivary-gland-tumors-treatment-of-locoregional-disease

  Salivary gland tumors: Epidemiology, diagnosis, evaluation, and staging. […] Approximately 85 percent arise in the parotid; the remainder originate in the submandibular, sublingual, and minor salivary glands, which are located throughout the submucosa of the mouth and upper aerodigestive tract. […] Approximately 25 percent of parotid tumors are malignant, compared with 40 to 45 percent of submandibular gland tumors, 70 to 90 percent of sublingual gland tumors, and 50 to 75 percent of minor salivary gland tumors. […] Treatment recommendations are based upon retrospective reviews of clinical experience, and there are almost no data from randomized trials to guide treatment decisions. […] All malignant tumors of the salivary glands should be staged according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) eighth edition cancer staging manual. […] Important changes were made to this edition involving the recognition of extranodal extension (ENE) of tumor in lymph nodes.

• #1 Epidemiological and histopathological patterns of salivary gland tumors in Cameroon

  https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com//content/article/23/66/full

  Epidemiological and histopathological patterns of salivary gland tumors in Cameroon […] Tumors of salivary glands are rare. According to Johns and Goldsmith in 1989, their annual incidence is less than 1/100000 without noteworthy geographical gap. But other authors suggest that their distribution may vary according to the race and geographical location. In Cameroon, existing studies give incomplete data. Hence, we underwent this study in order to draw the general profile of salivary gland tumors in Cameroon. […] We carried out a retrospective, descriptive and multicentric study on the 11-year period spanning from January 2000 to December 2010. The protocole of the study received the approval of the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaound I. It was conducted in nine Pathology services of Yaound, Douala and Bamenda.

• #1 Salivary Gland Tumours: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/salivary-gland-tumours

  The majority of salivary neoplasms are benign (65-70%). Nearly 80% of parotid gland tumours are benign. […] Based on data from Nottingham in the UK, the annual incidence of benign tumours in the UK is between 6.2 and 7.2 per 100 000 people. […] Malignant tumours are rare, with an age standardised incidence ranging between 0.6 and 1.4 per 100,000 people in Europe. […] Malignancy typically presents after age 60, whilst benign lesions usually occur after age 40. […] Only 5% of all salivary gland cancers occur in childhood. […] Certain ethnic groups (eg, Inuit populations) have a higher rate of salivary gland cancers which is maintained even after migration to a low incidence area. The responsible environmental or genetic factors are unknown.

• #1 Salivary gland cancer — epidemiology | Kordzińska-Cisek | Nowotwory. Journal of Oncology

  https://journals.viamedica.pl/nowotwory_journal_of_oncology/article/view/58955

  Salivary gland tumors represent 311% of all head and neck cancers and 0.2% of all neoplasms. Among Poles, malignancies involving the large salivary glands constituted 0.3% of all malignancies in Poland and 9.7% of head and neck neoplasms. In 2014, the morbidity rate was higher among women, but over the past 15 years there has been a slight prevalence among men. As for benign neoplasms in Poland, the most commonly seen are pleomorphic adenoma and Warthins tumor. Cystic glandular cancer, mucoid epidermal carcinoma and adenocarcinoma are among the most frequent malignancies. Less common are lymphoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Salivary gland neoplasms are usually located in the parotid gland, then in the sub-mandibular gland. The best prognosis is for women whose cancers are located in the parotid gland and those with lobular carcinoma. Figures have been on the rise lately, however. Deaths have been on a stable level.

• #1 Epidemiology of Primary Epithelial Salivary Gland Tumors in Southern Poland—A 26-Year, Clinicopathologic, Retrospective Analysis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/8/1663

  Epidemiological studies of epithelial salivary gland neoplasms are difficult to conduct effectively due to tumor rarity, histological heterogeneity, tumor location diversity, and a lack of national registries collecting data. […] This study presents 26 years of epidemiological data from a single institution in southern Poland that estimates incidence rates of primary epithelial salivary gland tumors. […] The estimated crude and European age-standardized incidence rates of all primary epithelial salivary gland tumors were 6.7 and 6.02 per 100,000 population, respectively. […] The incidence rates of salivary gland tumors increased in recent years; however, this is attributed to an increase in benign tumors. […] The incidence of primary epithelial salivary gland tumors in southern Poland has increased over the past 26 years. […] This increase is attributed to a rise in the number of patients with benign tumors, particularly Warthin tumors in elderly patients. […] Moreover, the incidence of malignant salivary gland tumors appears to be higher in pediatric patients.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2012/09000/incidence_trends_of_malignant_parotid_gland_tumors.21.aspx

  Salivary gland tumors are relatively rare, accounting for 25% of all head and neck tumors in various countries, with the most common subtype (75%) being parotid gland tumors. […] Recent studies have reported an increased incidence of malignant parotid gland tumors during the last decades, especially in Israel, but also in England. […] The age-standardized rate of salivary gland tumors in the whole Nordic population during the period 1970-2009 was 1.1/100,000 for men (4440 cases) and 0.9/100,000 for women (4178 cases). No increase in incidence was observed; the annual percent change was 0.1% (95% CI = 0.4 to 0.2) for men and 0.2% (0.5% to 0.1%) for women. […] Previous reports of an increased incidence of parotid gland tumors possibly due to exposure to mobile phone use were not supported by our results.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2012/09000/incidence_trends_of_malignant_parotid_gland_tumors.21.aspx

  If mobile phone use were a noticeable risk factor for parotid gland tumors, some increase would have been seen in the Nordic countries unless the latency period exceeds 15-20 years. Our results suggest other explanations for increases in the registered incidence of parotid gland tumors observed in Israel and United Kingdom.

• #1 Salivary Gland Neoplasia: A Review for the Practicing Pathologist | Modern Pathology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/3880525

  Over the years there has been some progress in clarifying specific causes of salivary gland cancer. The best known risk factor is that of radiation exposure as evident in the increased risk in atomic bomb survivors and in patients receiving therapeutic radiation. An increased occurrence in children with leukemias treated with multiagent chemotherapy and prophylactic cranial irradiation has also been noted. A dose response effect for low dose irradiation has been shown with a mean latency period of tumor development of 11 years for malignant tumors and 21.5 years for benign tumors. However, no increased risk is noted for exposure to UVB radiation. […] Of potential viral etiologies, only EBV infection is implicated in the pathogenesis of salivary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas that are more commonly encountered in Eskimo and Chinese rather than Western populations. However, no increased risk is documented for infections with herpes, papilloma or HIV viruses.

• #1 Risk factors for salivary gland cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/salivary-gland/risks

  Salivary gland cancer can occur at almost any age, but most people who develop salivary gland cancer are older than 50. Slightly more men than women develop this disease. There is a high rate of salivary gland cancer in Canadian Inuit. […] There is convincing evidence that exposure to radiation increases your risk for salivary gland cancer. The risk is related to how much radiation someone is exposed to. […] People who had radiation therapy to the head or neck and atomic bomb survivors have the highest risk. […] People who had many full-mouth dental x-rays also have a high risk for salivary gland cancer. This is especially true for people who had these x-rays before the 1960s when the doses of radiation were much higher.

• #1 Salivary gland tumors – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/salivary-gland-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20354151

  Salivary gland tumors are growths of cells that start in the salivary glands. Salivary gland tumors are rare. […] Most salivary gland tumors occur in the parotid gland. Of these, most aren’t cancer. For every five parotid gland tumors, on average, only one is found to be cancerous. […] The cause of many salivary gland tumors isn’t known. Healthcare professionals have identified some things that raise the risk of salivary gland tumors. These include smoking and radiation therapy for cancer. […] Factors that may increase the risk of salivary gland tumors include older age, radiation exposure, smoking tobacco, viral infections, and workplace exposure to certain substances.

• #1 Salivary Gland Neoplasia: A Review for the Practicing Pathologist | Modern Pathology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/3880525

  However, there is some increased risk for the development of second primary cancers of the oropharynx, thyroid gland and lung, especially for those whose salivary gland cancers were treated with radiotherapy. […] Unlike other head and neck cancers, alcohol and smoking abuse are not associated with increased risk for developing salivary gland neoplasms with the exception of a greatly increased risk and association of smoking with Warthins tumor. […] One interesting finding, unconfirmed by others, is an elevated risk of salivary gland cancer in women employed as hairdressers and those working in beauty salons.

• #1 Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563022/

  The parotid gland harbors 60 to 75% of all salivary gland tumors. The most common malignant tumors are MEC, AdCC, CExPA, adenocarcinoma, and SCC. The submandibular gland harbors 10-15% of all salivary gland tumors with an equal distribution of benign and malignant neoplasms. AdCC is the most common malignant neoplasm in the submandibular gland, followed by MEC and CExPA. Less common tumors include ACC, salivary duct carcinoma, epi-myoepithelial carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, oncocytic carcinoma, and SCC. Malignant submandibular tumors are more common in the 6th decade with a predilection for men. In the minor salivary glands, as many as 50% of tumors are malignant, most often located in the palate. […] Epidemiology of Specific Salivary Gland Malignancies: MEC is the most common salivary gland malignancy in adults and children. About 89% of cases are found in the parotid, followed by 8.4% in the submandibular gland and 0.4% in the sublingual gland. There is an equal distribution between the sexes with a predilection for the 4th to 5th decade. AdCC accounts for about 10% of all salivary gland neoplasms and 30% of all minor salivary gland tumors. It has a predilection for patients in the 5th to 6th decade with no difference in gender, although it tends to be more common in the submandibular gland in women. ACC is located in the parotid gland in more than 80% of all cases, submandibular glands in 4%, and intraoral minor salivary glands in 17%. Bilateral parotid involvement is seen in 3-5% of cases. It has a predilection for women and more commonly occurs in the 5th decade. CExPA accounts for 5% to 15% of all salivary gland malignancies and can arise in up to 25% of untreated pleomorphic adenomas. Malignant transformation is often seen in recurrent pleomorphic adenoma (PA), with the risk of transformation ranging from 5% to 10% for untreated pleomorphic adenomas over 15 years. About 82% of cases occur in the parotid and submandibular glands, followed by 18% in the intraoral minor salivary glands. Polymorphous Low-Grade Adenocarcinoma (PLGA) occurs almost exclusively in the minor salivary glands, with rare reports of it in the major salivary glands. It is the second most common intraoral minor salivary gland malignancy after MEC. Salivary Duct Carcinoma accounts for 7 to 10% of all salivary gland tumors and is often found in the parotid in older men in the 6th to 7th decades. It is a very aggressive malignancy of the salivary glands. SCC has a predilection for men and is usually found in the parotid. They are considered rare due to the infrequent occurrence of squamous metaplasia of ductal epithelium, which is thought to be responsible for the malignant transformation. The specific etiology of the malignant transformation is not known, although there is evidence implicating high-risk HPV viruses. High-grade MEC and extension from an extra-parotid source are often misdiagnosed as primary SCC of the parotid. The true incidence of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the parotid is unknown due to its rarity and its frequency of being a misclassification of metastatic SCC. Evidence from the literature suggests the true incidence may be around 0.75-1%. Although a range of 0.3% to 4.3% has also been cited, these higher frequencies are thought to be due to misrepresentations or misclassification of these tumors. Primary melanoma of the salivary gland is extremely rare and accounts for 0.68% of malignant parotid neoplasms. There is a predilection for males in the 6th to 7th decade. Most melanoma in the parotid is due to cutaneous and mucosal metastasis from the head and neck. NHL of the salivary gland accounts for less than 10% of malignant salivary gland tumors. Although it encompasses less than 5% of all extranodal NHL, it is the most common extranodal lymphoma at the neck, comprising two-thirds of all cases. It preferentially occurs in women and patients over 50 years old. The most common variant of lymphoma associated with Sjogren Syndrome is mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALT), with 48% to 75% of all cases followed by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma. The majority of cases occur in the parotid gland.

• #1 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Mucoepidermoid_carcinoma_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor among general population. The incidence of mucoepidermoid carcinoma is approximately 2.5 to 3.0 cases per 100,000 individuals a year. The incidence of mucoepidermoid carcinoma increases with age. The median age at diagnosis is between 20 to 50 years. Females are slightly more affected with mucoepidermoid carcinoma than males. There is no racial predilection for mucoepidermoid carcinoma. […] The overall adjusted incidence rate of mucoepidermoid carcinoma is approximately 2.5 to 3.0 cases per 100,000 individuals a year. […] Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor among the general population. […] Mucoepidermoid carcinoma represents less than 5% of malignancies in the head and neck region, among the adult population.

• #1 Childhood Salivary Gland Tumors Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/child/salivary-gland-treatment-pdq

  Salivary gland tumors are rare and account for 0.5% of all malignancies in children and adolescents. After rhabdomyosarcoma, they are the most common tumor in the head and neck. […] The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate for pediatric patients with salivary gland tumors is approximately 95%. A review of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program database identified 284 patients younger than 20 years with tumors of the parotid gland. The OS rate was 96% at 5 years, 95% at 10 years, and 83% at 20 years. Adolescents had higher mortality rates (7.1%) than children younger than 15 years (1.6%; P = .23). […] In an international systematic review of primary pediatric salivary gland tumors, there were 2,215 patients with malignant tumors between the ages of 0.3 and 19 years (mean age, 13.3 years). The 5-year OS rate was 93.1%, and the local recurrence rate was 18.1% in patients with malignant neoplasms. […] The European Cooperative Study Group for Pediatric Rare Tumors within the PARTNER project (Paediatric Rare Tumours Network – European Registry) has published consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of childhood salivary gland tumors.

• #1 Exploring the Epidemiology and Survival Trends in Pediatric Major Salivary Gland Malignancies: Insights from the National Cancer Database

  https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/30/7/456

  Pediatric salivary gland neoplasms are the fourth most common pediatric head and neck tumors after those found in the nasopharynx, skin, and thyroid. They account for 8.1% of all pediatric head and neck tumors and can occur at any age, but their incidence increases with age. The majority of these tumors are found in the parotid gland, followed by the submandibular glands. Minor salivary gland neoplasms are rare in children, with an incidence of only 5%, and are predominantly located at the junction of the hard and soft palate. Most pediatric salivary gland tumors are benign, arising from mesenchymal, epithelial (e.g., pleomorphic adenoma), and neural derivatives. Malignancies, on the other hand, come from epithelial (carcinomas), mesenchymal (sarcomas), and hematolymphoid derivatives. Excluding vascular lesions, pediatric salivary gland neoplasms have a higher malignant rate of 50% compared to 15–25% in adults. Most salivary malignancies (over 80%) occur in the parotid glands. In contrast to adults, children and adolescents with salivary gland malignancies (SGMs) exhibit a narrower histologic spectrum, which is characterized by distinct variations in biological behavior. Epithelial malignancies are more common in children than adults, with mucoepidermoid carcinoma and acinic cell carcinoma as the most common malignant solid tumors in the parotid gland. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma accounts for 33.3% of all salivary malignancies and over 50% of malignant parotid tumors. The diagnosis of SGMs is often delayed for a period of 12 to 24 months due to their characteristic slow growth and lack of symptoms. Although metastases occurring at the time of diagnosis are rare, the lungs are the most commonly affected site when they do occur. Factors such as an age at diagnosis of under 10 years, previous radiation exposure, rapid growth, presence of pain, and facial weakness are associated with poorer prognosis. Despite the identification of potential risk factors, such as a history of radiation exposure, the exact etiology of SGM remains elusive. While instances of familial clustering have been observed, a definitive genetic predisposition for salivary gland tumors has not been identified. It is suggested that the development of SGM may arise from the combined influence of genetic and environmental factors.

• #1 Salivary Gland Neoplasms: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/852373-overview

  Almost half of all submandibular gland neoplasms and most sublingual and minor salivary gland tumors are malignant. […] Salivary gland neoplasms are rare in children. Most tumors (65%) are benign, with hemangiomas being the most common, followed by pleomorphic adenomas. In children, 35% of salivary gland neoplasms are malignant. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common salivary gland malignancy in children. […] Risk factors for salivary gland carcinoma are not well known. However, a national study in Wales found that populations exposed to higher background radon levels were prone to a significantly greater incidence of mucoepidermoid cancer, while those with higher smoking levels experienced a greater incidence of epithelial-myoepithelial cancer, and those with higher obesity levels saw an increased incidence of adenoid cystic cancer.

• #1 Clinico-epidemiological profile of salivary gland tumours: An institutional study – JDPO

  https://www.jdpo.org/html-article/22405

  With regards to malignant SGTs, the smaller the salivary gland the higher the risk of malignancy, with nearly 100% of sublingual and 60% of minor salivary gland tumours diagnosed as malignant. […] To date, most of the epidemiological studies on SGTs are limited for a variety of reason including being out of date, extrapolated from either a single centre or country studies, or investigating either major or minor glands only. […] Epidemiological studies of epithelial SGT are difficult to conduct effectively due to tumor rarity, histological heterogeneity, tumor location diversity and a lack of national registries collecting data, especially for benign tumors. […] Tumours involving minor glands have worse prognosis, higher recurrence rate and poor outcomes compared to major gland tumours. […] The data demonstrated that epidemiology profile of the studied neoplasms corroborated most of the studied literature.

• #1 Clinicopathologic Features and Survival Trends for Acinic Cell Carcinoma of the Major Salivary Glands: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Population Analysis | Kaya | World Journal of Oncology

  https://wjon.org/index.php/wjon/article/view/1312

  We analyzed a population-based national registry to identify the most influential patient pretreatment and treatment factors affecting overall survival (OS) and cause-specific survival (CSS) in patients diagnosed with acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) of the major salivary glands. […] Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database of the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) related to survival, a total of 1,254 patients with diagnosed ACC of the major salivary glands from 1975 to 2016 met inclusion criteria. […] To our knowledge, this is the largest population-based study of OS and CSS of major salivary gland ACC. We found that the patient pretreatment and treatment factors including younger age at diagnosis, female sex, early stage, lower grade, surgical excision, and recent year of diagnosis are associated with improved survival in patients diagnosed with ACC of the major salivary glands.

• #1 A population-based analysis of adenosquamous carcinoma of the salivary gland – Han – Gland Surgery

  https://gs.amegroups.org/article/view/62476/html

  Adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) of the salivary gland is a rare malignancy, and the characteristics and prognosis of this disease remain unclear. This study aimed to assess the clinicopathological characteristics of this rare disease and further determine the potential prognostic factors that affect its outcome. […] Data of patients with ASC of the salivary gland were extracted retrospectively from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 1973 and 2016. […] A total of 106 patients with ASC of the salivary gland were identified. […] The OS and DSS shortened with increasing tumor stage, regardless of the American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor-node-metastasis stage or SEER historic stage. […] A multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that distant metastases and the use of surgery or radiation were independent prognostic factors for a favorable OS among patients with ASC of the salivary gland, and early stage (T1/T2) and the use of surgery were independent prognostic factors for favorable DSS among the patients with ASC of the salivary gland.

• #1 Epidemiology of Benign Salivary Gland Neoplasms | Pocket Dentistry

  https://pocketdentistry.com/epidemiology-of-benign-salivary-gland-neoplasms/

  Benign tumors of the salivary glands represent the majority of salivary gland diseases. […] Determining the true incidence of benign salivary gland tumors in populations is made difficult by the fact that there is no indication for establishing registries such as those available for malignant disease. […] The true incidence of benign tumors of the salivary glands will most likely continue to elude us. […] The true incidence of benign salivary gland tumors is unknown, as no epidemiological registries for this tumor entity have been established anywhere in the world. […] The annual incidence of all salivary gland neoplasms is reported to be in the range of 0.4-13.5 cases per 100,000 population throughout the world, and it has been reported that 21.0%-36.8% of these are diagnosed as malignant. […] The authors concluded that the true incidence rates may be underestimated, particularly those for benign tumors.

• #1 Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 407 sa…

  https://otolaryngologypl.com/seo/article/01.3001.0015.9816/en?language=en

  It should be mentioned that no detailed information on the overall epidemiology of salivary gland tumors is available in Poland. […] According to these data, there were 3490 cases of salivary gland malignancies (C07 and C08) in years 2010–2018 with 1608 (46.1%) and 1882 (53.9%) cases occurring in female and male patients, respectively. […] The aim of the study consisted in an epidemiological analysis of patients with salivary gland neoplasms as well as distributional and histopathological characteristics of individual neoplasms treated at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Medical University of Warsaw in years 2010–2020. […] A total of 407 salivary gland tumors were reported on in the 11-year study period, with 71 malignant neoplasms accounting for 17.4% of the total number, and 336 benign tumors accounting for the remaining 82.6%.

• #1 Salivary Gland Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/adult/salivary-gland-treatment-pdq

  Overall, clinical stage, particularly tumor size, may be the crucial factor that determines the outcome of salivary gland cancer and may be more important than histological grade. […] Clinical stage, particularly tumor size, may be the critical factor in determining the outcome of salivary gland cancer and may be more important than histological grade. […] Fast neutron-beam radiation therapy or accelerated hyperfractionated photon-beam schedules have been effective in the treatment of inoperable, unresectable, and recurrent tumors. […] The prognosis for any patient with progressing or relapsing salivary gland cancer is poor, regardless of cell type or stage. Selecting further treatment depends on many factors, including the specific cancer, prior treatment, site of recurrence, and individual patient considerations. Fast neutron-beam radiation therapy is superior to conventional radiation therapy using x-rays and may be curative in selected patients with recurrent disease. […] Patients with inoperable, unresectable, or recurrent malignant salivary gland tumors treated with fast neutron-beam radiation therapy have better disease-free survival and overall survival than patients treated with conventional x-ray radiation therapy.

• #1 Salivary Gland Neoplasms: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/852373-overview

  Salivary gland neoplasms make up 6% of all head and neck tumors. The incidence of salivary gland neoplasms as a whole is approximately 5.5 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States, with malignant neoplasms accounting for 0.9 cases per 100,000. Mortality from malignant salivary gland neoplasms varies by stage and pathology, but the overall 5-year survival rate is 72%. […] Salivary gland neoplasms most commonly appear in the sixth decade of life. Patients with malignant lesions typically present after age 60 years, whereas those with benign lesions usually present when older than 40 years. […] In children and adolescents, salivary gland tumors make up 0.5% of all malignancies. […] A study from the Netherlands, by Valstar et al, found an overall 20-year recurrence rate for salivary gland pleomorphic adenomas of 6.7%, with the first recurrence arising at a median of 7 years.

• #1 An overview of the rare parotid gland cancer | Head & Neck Oncology | Full Text

  https://headandneckoncology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1758-3284-3-40

  Most salivary gland tumors are benign. […] Salivary gland tumors account for about 5% of all neoplasms of the head and neck. Most (75%) occur in the parotid glands, which are the largest among the three sets of major salivary glands, 10% arise in the submandibular glands, and 15% are located in minor salivary glands of the upper digestive tract, less than 1% present in the sublingual glands. […] Only about 20% of parotid gland tumors are malignant. […] The five-year relative survival rate for salivary gland cancer depends on the stage the cancer. From Stage I to IV, the rates are 96%, 77%, 73%, and 37%, respectively.

• #1 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/mucoepidermoid-carcinoma-of-salivary-glands?lang=us

  Mucoepidermoid carcinomas are seen throughout all adult age groups but are most common in middle age (35-65 years of age). However, it is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor of childhood. Overall, mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for 2.8-15.5% of all salivary gland tumors: 1-10% of all major salivary gland tumors, 6.5-41% of minor salivary gland tumors. […] They are the most common malignant primary parotid gland tumor. A slight female predilection has been described, and radiation has been implicated as a risk factor. […] Prognosis is also very dependent on grade, with low-grade tumors having a 90-98% survival and a low local recurrence rate, compared to a 30-54% survival and a very high local recurrence rate for high-grade tumors. Additionally, this tumor has a predilection for perineural spread, and careful and long-term follow-up is therefore required.

• #1 Clinicopathological features and outcomes of major salivary gland mucoepidermoid carcinoma: do they vary in different age groups – Li – Translational Cancer Research

  https://tcr.amegroups.org/article/view/46138/html

  Younger patients tended to be female and present with low grade disease and less-advanced N classification. The risk of death became higher with increasing age. However, when considering patients affected by more aggressive disease, age was not significantly associated with higher risk of dying from MSG-MEC. In high-risk patients, tumor characteristics rather than age should be considered when making treatment decisions. […] Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that variables, including gender, age, race, grade, N classification, surgery therapies and distant metastases were all independent prognostic factors of OS and CSS. To rule out the effects of these variables and further validate the effect of age on OS and CSS, we conducted the subgroup analysis based on these variables. Remarkably, subgroups analysis shows that the effect of advancing age was significantly associated with a higher risk of poor survival in Caucasian who harbored N0 classification, non-metastatic disease or received surgery.

• #1 Salivary gland cancer: Symptoms, pictures, outlook, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/216164

  Salivary gland cancer is responsible for less than 1% of all cancers In the United States, affecting 1 in every 100,000 people. […] The ACS uses a 5-year survival rate as a guide for a persons outlook after a cancer diagnosis. This compares the likelihood that a person with cancer will live for 5 years after diagnosis with that of a person who does not have cancer. […] Early diagnosis and treatment are the best ways to improve a persons outlook for salivary gland cancer. […] Researchers have not identified the exact cause of salivary gland cancer, but exposure to radiation and a persons age and gender can increase their risk of developing it. […] Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Typically, the earlier a doctor diagnoses salivary gland cancer, the better a persons outlook is.

• #1 Salivary Gland Cancer Survivor | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/salivary-gland-cancer/after-treatment/follow-up.html

  For some people with salivary gland cancer, treatment will remove or destroy the cancer. […] People with cancer of the salivary gland are at risk of the cancer coming back and are at risk for developing new cancers in the head and neck area, so they must be watched closely after treatment. […] If you have (or have had) salivary gland cancer, you probably want to know if there are things you can do that might lower your risk of the cancer growing or coming back, such as exercising, eating a certain type of diet, or taking nutritional supplements. […] Survivors of salivary gland cancer who continue to smoke are also more likely to die from their cancer. […] People who have had salivary gland cancer can still get the same types of cancers that other people get. […] Survivors of salivary gland cancers should follow the American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer and stay away from tobacco products.

• #1 The role of immune surveillance in malignant transformation of benign salivary gland tumors | Oncotarget

  https://www.oncotarget.com/article/27900/text/

  Pleomorphic adenoma (PA), the most common salivary gland tumor, is a benign tumor that carries a risk of malignant transformation to various histologies of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CA exPA). […] We found that increasing levels of immune infiltration and activation were associated with a generally lower probability of cancer developing ex-PA, suggesting that immune surveillance may constrain the malignant transformation of benign salivary tumors. […] Taken together, these data suggest a role for tumor escape from immune surveillance in the development of CA exPA. […] In conclusion, adaptive immune surveillance may constrain the evolution of pleomorphic adenomas to malignancy. CA ex PA tumors have immunologically cold microenvironments compared with their de novo counterparts which may, in part, explain their more aggressive clinical behavior.

• #1 Distribution and Frequency of Salivary Gland Tumours: An International Multicenter Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9729635/

  Understanding the epidemiological landscape and distribution of histological subtypes of salivary gland tumours is crucial for a better diagnosis of this diverse and complex group of tumours. It would be useful for future studies to include more geographical locations as well as other HN and ENT centres. […] Salivary gland tumours are rare, but show a gradual increasing incidence over the last decade and a half. We report the largest multicentre investigation of SGT to date showing that the majority are benign (65%), with a slight predilection for females (54%). Approximately 69% of SGT occur in patients between the fourth to seventh decade of life with a significant difference between the average age for benign and malignant tumours.

• #1 Diagnosis, Epidemiology and Treatment of Salivary Gland Carcinomas | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/44256/diagnosis-epidemiology-and-treatment-of-salivary-gland-carcinomas/magazine

  The evidence suitable for publication may be obtained through purely preclinical, translational, clinical, bioinformatic or epidemiological studies. […] Independently of the type of articles and of the methodology, the overarching aim of this Research Topic on SCGs is to provide new knowledge on this often neglected field of head and neck oncology.

• #1 Diagnosis, Epidemiology and Treatment of Salivary Gland Carcinomas | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/44256/diagnosis-epidemiology-and-treatment-of-salivary-gland-carcinomas/magazine

  Salivary gland carcinomas (SGCs) are a heterogeneous group of rare head and neck cancers made of more than 20 pathologic types. […] Although the treatments of the early or loco-regionally advanced disease are similar across the different entities, these malignancies have variable biological characteristics and clinical behaviors. […] These specificities, especially the pathologic type and, when available, the molecular profile, are taken into account while choosing the treatment for the recurrent/metastatic phase. […] In this context, only few druggable molecular targets have been tested so far and not all are available in clinical practice. […] However, due to the rarity of SGCs, clinical trials are challenging to conduct, and most of the available evidence comes from retrospective studies.

• #1 Diagnosis, Epidemiology and Treatment of Salivary Gland Carcinomas | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/44256/diagnosis-epidemiology-and-treatment-of-salivary-gland-carcinomas/magazine

  As with all head and neck cancers, the clinical management of SGC patients needs to be defined at a multidisciplinary level due to the complexity of the disease and the heterogeneity of the available treatments. […] Therefore, also the clinical and translational research on SGC cannot disregard a multidisciplinary approach. […] The goal of this Research Topic is to collect high-quality evidence produced by any of the actors playing a role in the specialistic management of SGC patients. […] This Research Topic will consider for publication scientific articles reporting the results of research studies conducted in the context of diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, or follow-up of SGC patients. […] It will accept prospective trials and retrospective case series, interventional and observational studies.

• #2 Distribution and Frequency of Salivary Gland Tumours: An International Multicenter Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9729635/

  This multicentre investigation presents the largest cohort study to date analysing salivary gland tumour data from tertiary centres scattered across the globe. These findings should serve as a baseline for future studies evaluating the epidemiological landscape of these tumours. […] Salivary gland tumours (SGT) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with a wide range of histological subtypes making diagnosis challenging for pathologists. Fortunately, they are rare, with an annual estimated incidence of approximately 2.5-3.0 per 100,000 people in the Western world. […] Most SGT are benign with ~70% arising in major glands and ~25% are from the minor glands. Malignant SGT comprise approximately 26% of all head and neck cancers with 15-35% of parotid gland, 41-45% of submandibular and 70-90% of sublingual glands tumour being malignant.

• #2 Salivary gland cancer — epidemiology | Kordzińska-Cisek | Nowotwory. Journal of Oncology

  https://journals.viamedica.pl/nowotwory_journal_of_oncology/article/view/58955

  Salivary gland tumors represent 311% of all head and neck cancers and 0.2% of all neoplasms. Among Poles, malignancies involving the large salivary glands constituted 0.3% of all malignancies in Poland and 9.7% of head and neck neoplasms. In 2014, the morbidity rate was higher among women, but over the past 15 years there has been a slight prevalence among men. As for benign neoplasms in Poland, the most commonly seen are pleomorphic adenoma and Warthins tumor. Cystic glandular cancer, mucoid epidermal carcinoma and adenocarcinoma are among the most frequent malignancies. Less common are lymphoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Salivary gland neoplasms are usually located in the parotid gland, then in the sub-mandibular gland. The best prognosis is for women whose cancers are located in the parotid gland and those with lobular carcinoma. Figures have been on the rise lately, however. Deaths have been on a stable level.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12105-022-01459-0

  Salivary gland tumours (SGT) are a relatively rare group of neoplasms with a wide range of histopathological appearance and clinical features. To date, most of the epidemiological studies on salivary gland tumours are limited for a variety of reason including being out of date, extrapolated from either a single centre or country studies, or investigating either major or minor glands only. […] This study aimed to mitigate these shortcomings by analysing epidemiological data including demographic, anatomical location and histological diagnoses of SGT from multiple centres across the world. […] A total of 5739 cases were analysed including 65% benign and 35% malignant tumours. A slight female predilection (54%) and peak incidence between the fourth and seventh decade for both benign and malignant tumours was observed.

• #2 How Common Is Salivary Gland Cancer? | Salivary Gland Statistics | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/salivary-gland-cancer/about/what-is-key-statistics.html

  Salivary gland cancers are not very common, making up 6% to 8% of all head and neck cancers in the United States. There are about 2,000 to 2,500 cases in the US each year. They occur at a rate of about 3 cases per 100,000 people per year in the Western world. […] These cancers can occur in people of almost any age, but they become more common as people get older. The average age of people when they are diagnosed is 55. […] Most salivary gland cancers are found in the parotid glands, followed by the submandibular, sublingual, and minor salivary glands.

• #2 An overview of the rare parotid gland cancer | Head & Neck Oncology | Full Text

  https://headandneckoncology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1758-3284-3-40

  Most salivary gland tumors are benign. […] Salivary gland tumors account for about 5% of all neoplasms of the head and neck. Most (75%) occur in the parotid glands, which are the largest among the three sets of major salivary glands, 10% arise in the submandibular glands, and 15% are located in minor salivary glands of the upper digestive tract, less than 1% present in the sublingual glands. […] Only about 20% of parotid gland tumors are malignant. […] The five-year relative survival rate for salivary gland cancer depends on the stage the cancer. From Stage I to IV, the rates are 96%, 77%, 73%, and 37%, respectively.

• #2 Salivary gland tumors: Treatment of locoregional disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/salivary-gland-tumors-treatment-of-locoregional-disease

  Salivary gland tumors: Epidemiology, diagnosis, evaluation, and staging. […] Approximately 85 percent arise in the parotid; the remainder originate in the submandibular, sublingual, and minor salivary glands, which are located throughout the submucosa of the mouth and upper aerodigestive tract. […] Approximately 25 percent of parotid tumors are malignant, compared with 40 to 45 percent of submandibular gland tumors, 70 to 90 percent of sublingual gland tumors, and 50 to 75 percent of minor salivary gland tumors. […] Treatment recommendations are based upon retrospective reviews of clinical experience, and there are almost no data from randomized trials to guide treatment decisions. […] All malignant tumors of the salivary glands should be staged according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) eighth edition cancer staging manual. […] Important changes were made to this edition involving the recognition of extranodal extension (ENE) of tumor in lymph nodes.

• #2 Risk factors for salivary gland cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/salivary-gland/risks

  Salivary gland cancer can occur at almost any age, but most people who develop salivary gland cancer are older than 50. Slightly more men than women develop this disease. There is a high rate of salivary gland cancer in Canadian Inuit. […] There is convincing evidence that exposure to radiation increases your risk for salivary gland cancer. The risk is related to how much radiation someone is exposed to. […] People who had radiation therapy to the head or neck and atomic bomb survivors have the highest risk. […] People who had many full-mouth dental x-rays also have a high risk for salivary gland cancer. This is especially true for people who had these x-rays before the 1960s when the doses of radiation were much higher.

• #2 Salivary Gland Neoplasms: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/852373-overview

  Almost half of all submandibular gland neoplasms and most sublingual and minor salivary gland tumors are malignant. […] Salivary gland neoplasms are rare in children. Most tumors (65%) are benign, with hemangiomas being the most common, followed by pleomorphic adenomas. In children, 35% of salivary gland neoplasms are malignant. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common salivary gland malignancy in children. […] Risk factors for salivary gland carcinoma are not well known. However, a national study in Wales found that populations exposed to higher background radon levels were prone to a significantly greater incidence of mucoepidermoid cancer, while those with higher smoking levels experienced a greater incidence of epithelial-myoepithelial cancer, and those with higher obesity levels saw an increased incidence of adenoid cystic cancer.

• #2 Benign Tumors of Major Salivary Glands: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/194357-overview

  Salivary gland tumors (SGTs) are uncommon and represent 2-3% of head and neck neoplasms. […] SGTs represent 2-3% of head and neck neoplasms and are more common in women than in men. The peak incidence is in the third and fourth decades of life. Pleomorphic adenomas are the most common benign SGTs, followed by Warthin tumors (papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum; see the image below). […] In addition to these two most common entities, the updated 2022 classification by the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized 13 additional types of benign epithelial tumors of the salivary glands, with the addition of the following: Sclerosing polycystic adenoma, Keratocystoma, Intercalated duct adenoma, Striated duct adenoma.

• #2 Epidemiology of Benign Salivary Gland Neoplasms | Pocket Dentistry

  https://pocketdentistry.com/epidemiology-of-benign-salivary-gland-neoplasms/

  Benign tumors of the salivary glands represent the majority of salivary gland diseases. […] Determining the true incidence of benign salivary gland tumors in populations is made difficult by the fact that there is no indication for establishing registries such as those available for malignant disease. […] The true incidence of benign tumors of the salivary glands will most likely continue to elude us. […] The true incidence of benign salivary gland tumors is unknown, as no epidemiological registries for this tumor entity have been established anywhere in the world. […] The annual incidence of all salivary gland neoplasms is reported to be in the range of 0.4-13.5 cases per 100,000 population throughout the world, and it has been reported that 21.0%-36.8% of these are diagnosed as malignant. […] The authors concluded that the true incidence rates may be underestimated, particularly those for benign tumors.

• #2 The role of immune surveillance in malignant transformation of benign salivary gland tumors | Oncotarget

  https://www.oncotarget.com/article/27900/

  Pleomorphic adenoma (PA), the most common salivary gland tumor, is a benign tumor that carries a risk of malignant transformation to various histologies of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CA exPA). […] We found that increasing levels of immune infiltration and activation were associated with a generally lower probability of cancer developing ex-PA, suggesting that immune surveillance may constrain the malignant transformation of benign salivary tumors. […] Taken together, these data suggest a role for tumor escape from immune surveillance in the development of CA exPA. The immune-cold microenvironments of CA ex PA tumors may in part explain their more aggressive clinical behavior.

• #2 Diagnosis, Epidemiology and Treatment of Salivary Gland Carcinomas | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/44256/diagnosis-epidemiology-and-treatment-of-salivary-gland-carcinomas/magazine

  The evidence suitable for publication may be obtained through purely preclinical, translational, clinical, bioinformatic or epidemiological studies. […] Independently of the type of articles and of the methodology, the overarching aim of this Research Topic on SCGs is to provide new knowledge on this often neglected field of head and neck oncology.

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