Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Vaginal Candidiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459317/

  Candidal vulvovaginitis is a common condition responsible for a third of all cases of vulvovaginitis in reproductive-aged women. Approximately 70% of women report having had candidal vulvovaginitis in their lifetime, and an estimated 8% of women suffer recurrent candidal vulvovaginitis. The most common responsible pathogen is C. albicans, accounting for 90% of cases, with most of the remaining cases caused by Candida glabrata. Because over-the-counter treatments are widely available, candidal vulvovaginitis is under-reported; therefore, detailed epidemiological data for this disease process is unavailable. Furthermore, diagnosis is based on both clinical and ancillary evaluation. As a result, epidemiologic reports based on culture alone, in which 10% of asymptomatic women have positive candidal cultures, overestimate the disease incidence. Furthermore, studies demonstrate that because self-diagnosis is inaccurate, data derived from a patient query is also imprecise.

• #2 Vulvovaginal Candidiasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/candidiasis.htm

  VVC usually is caused by Candida albicans but can occasionally be caused by other Candida species or yeasts. An estimated 75% of women will have at least one episode of VVC, and 40%45% will have two or more episodes. Approximately 10%20% of women will have complicated VVC, requiring special diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Vaginal culture or PCR should be obtained from women with complicated VVC to confirm clinical diagnosis and identify nonalbicans Candida. Recurrent VVC, usually defined as three or more episodes of symptomatic VVC in 1 year, affects 5% of women but carries a substantial economic burden. C. glabrata and other nonalbicans Candida species are observed in 10%20% of women with recurrent VVC. Vaginal Candida colonization rates among women with HIV infection are higher than among women without HIV with similar demographic and risk behavior characteristics, and the colonization rates correlate with increasing severity of immunosuppression. Symptomatic VVC is also more frequent among women with HIV infection and similarly correlates with severity of immunodeficiency.

• #3 Vaginal yeast infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_yeast_infection

  The number of cases of vaginal yeast infection is not entirely clear because it is not a reportable disease and it is commonly diagnosed clinically without laboratory confirmation. […] Candidiasis is one of the three most common vaginal infections along with bacterial vaginosis and trichomonas. About 75% of women have at least one infection in their lifetime, 40%-45% will have two or more episodes, and approximately 20% of women get an infection yearly.

• #4 Vaginal Candidiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459317/

  Candidal vulvovaginitis is a common condition responsible for a third of all cases of vulvovaginitis in reproductive-aged women. Approximately 70% of women report having had candidal vulvovaginitis in their lifetime, and an estimated 8% of women suffer recurrent candidal vulvovaginitis. The most common responsible pathogen is C. albicans, accounting for 90% of cases, with most of the remaining cases caused by Candida glabrata. Because over-the-counter treatments are widely available, candidal vulvovaginitis is under-reported; therefore, detailed epidemiological data for this disease process is unavailable. Furthermore, diagnosis is based on both clinical and ancillary evaluation. As a result, epidemiologic reports based on culture alone, in which 10% of asymptomatic women have positive candidal cultures, overestimate the disease incidence. Furthermore, studies demonstrate that because self-diagnosis is inaccurate, data derived from a patient query is also imprecise.

• #5 Vaginal yeast infection | Content for the lay public | Microbiota institute

  https://www.biocodexmicrobiotainstitute.com/en/vaginal-yeast-infection

  70%-75% of women suffer from a vaginal yeast infection (vaginal candidiasis) at least once in their life. […] After bacterial vaginosis, it is the second most common infectious vaginal disease. […] It is estimated that 10%-30% of women contract yeast infections following antibiotic treatment. […] Other factors that can increase the risk of infection include corticosteroid use, pregnancy, immunosuppressive diseases, poorly controlled diabetes, oral contraception, and IUD. […] The classic treatment for vaginal yeast infections is antifungal medication administered orally or topically. […] Recent work suggests that oral or topical probiotics (capsules or vaginal suppositories) may rebalance the vaginal microbiota and reduce the frequency of relapse.

• #6 Survey of incidence, lifetime prevalence, and treatment of self-reported vulvovaginal candidiasis, United States, 2020

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9092842/

  Estimating the true public health burden of VVC remains challenging given that it is likely underdiagnosed. […] In this study, the annual incidence of self-reported healthcare provider diagnosed VVC (5.2%) and RVVC among those with VVC (4.7%) suggests that ~6.8 million women experience VVC and ~325,000 experience RVVC in the United States each year. […] Our estimate of self-reported healthcare provider diagnosed VVC are remarkably similar to a previous incidence estimate of 5.6% from a telephone survey of U.S. women conducted during 1991-1996. […] Robust population-based studies about the lifetime prevalence of VVC and RVVC are scarce. […] Our results further support known clinical risk factors for VVC, underscoring the continued importance of targeting health messaging to women at higher risk and to healthcare providers regarding VVC prevention, recognition, and treatment.

• #7 Survey of incidence, lifetime prevalence, and treatment of self-reported vulvovaginal candidiasis, United States, 2020

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9092842/

  Estimating the true public health burden of VVC remains challenging given that it is likely underdiagnosed. […] In this study, the annual incidence of self-reported healthcare provider diagnosed VVC (5.2%) and RVVC among those with VVC (4.7%) suggests that ~6.8 million women experience VVC and ~325,000 experience RVVC in the United States each year. […] Our estimate of self-reported healthcare provider diagnosed VVC are remarkably similar to a previous incidence estimate of 5.6% from a telephone survey of U.S. women conducted during 1991-1996. […] Robust population-based studies about the lifetime prevalence of VVC and RVVC are scarce. […] Our results further support known clinical risk factors for VVC, underscoring the continued importance of targeting health messaging to women at higher risk and to healthcare providers regarding VVC prevention, recognition, and treatment.

• #8 Epidemiological Profile of Patients with Vulvovaginal Candidiasis from a Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinic in Southern Spain

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/6/756

  This study has determined the prevalence of women with candidiasis in a specific area of the province of Granada (Spain) and has also identified its epidemiological profile. […] The observed prevalence of candidiasis was between previously documented figures for countries in our environment such as Greece (11–12%) or Italy (18–19%). […] The socio-demographic profile of women diagnosed with VVC was found to correspond to a Spanish woman, who is a student, not in active employment, with a higher education, who is single, and under 30 years of age. […] The highest number of patients with VVC was identified as the age group of women under 30 years of age in their reproductive years, which is considered a risk factor. […] VVC infection is frequent in our context, and its epidemiological profile is contradictory, meaning our results do not suggest a relevant role of sexual risk behaviours in the diagnosis of VVC.

• #9

  https://www.aaaai.org/allergist-resources/ask-the-expert/answers/old-ask-the-experts/candidiasis-normal-immune

  In general, in spite of a few earlier reports, Candida lymphocyte stimulation assays do not show good correlation with susceptibility to mucocutaneous candidiasis. […] The definition of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis is 4 or more symptomatic episodes per year. […] Twenty-30% of women with bacterial vaginosis are coinfected with candida, so failure of treatment for one cause may be due to a second cause. […] One option would be to utilize weekly oral fluconazole 150mg therapy for 6 months. […] If azoles are not an option, additional therapies are of unproven benefit or are poorly tolerated. […] In summary, the most likely effective treatment strategy would be prolonged suppression with an azole if high level of resistance is not an issue. […] The widespread occurrence of mucosal infections caused by Candida, in particular recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis among fertile-age women, together with the paucity of safe candidacidal antimycotics, have prompted a great number of investigations into the immunotherapy of candidal vaginitis. […] Although impairment of the T-cell response is associated with persistent or recurrent candidiasis, data on immunologic responses in patients with RVC are controversial.

• #10 Vaginal Candidiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459317/

  Recognized risk factors for acute candidal vulvovaginitis include estrogen use, elevated endogenous estrogens (eg, pregnancy or obesity), diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression (ie, chemotherapy or antimetabolite medications, HIV infection, or transplant patients), and broad-spectrum antibiotic use. Although candidal vulvovaginitis is more common in sexually active women, evidence that candidal infection is sexually transmitted is lacking. Patients with recurrent candidal vulvovaginitis, defined as 4 or more episodes of culture-proven candidal vulvovaginitis, have predisposing genetic factors that cause them to be susceptible to recurrent fungal infections. These factors may also cause a predisposition to Candida hypersensitivity reactions.

• #11 Vaginal Candidiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459317/

  Candidal vulvovaginitis is a common condition responsible for a third of all cases of vulvovaginitis in reproductive-aged women. Approximately 70% of women report having had candidal vulvovaginitis in their lifetime, and an estimated 8% of women suffer recurrent candidal vulvovaginitis. The most common responsible pathogen is C. albicans, accounting for 90% of cases, with most of the remaining cases caused by Candida glabrata. Because over-the-counter treatments are widely available, candidal vulvovaginitis is under-reported; therefore, detailed epidemiological data for this disease process is unavailable. Furthermore, diagnosis is based on both clinical and ancillary evaluation. As a result, epidemiologic reports based on culture alone, in which 10% of asymptomatic women have positive candidal cultures, overestimate the disease incidence. Furthermore, studies demonstrate that because self-diagnosis is inaccurate, data derived from a patient query is also imprecise.

• #12 Vaginal and Vulval Candidiasis (Vulvovaginal Candidiasis) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/vaginal-and-vulval-candidiasis

  This is a yeast infection of the lower female reproductive tract. […] How common is vaginal and vulval candidiasis (Epidemiology)? […] Peak incidence age is 20-40 years. […] 70% of women report having had candidal vulvovaginitis at some point in their lifetime. […] 8% have recurrent infection. […] 10% of women have asymptomatic vaginal colonisation with Candida spp. and do not need treatment. […] The incidence rate for acute VVC is almost impossible to estimate, as it is under-reported to clinicians because there are effective over-the-counter treatment options. […] While VVC is not serious, the sheer size of disease burden results in approximately $1.8 billion in medical costs each year and the economic impact due to lost work hours was recently extrapolated to approach an additional $1 billion per annum in the USA alone. […] Recurrent vaginal and vulval candidiasis is defined as four or more episodes in one year with partial or complete resolution of symptoms in between episodes. […] Around 5% of women who develop one episode of vaginal and vulval candidiasis will develop recurrent disease.

• #13 Survey of incidence, lifetime prevalence, and treatment of self-reported vulvovaginal candidiasis, United States, 2020

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9092842/

  Estimating the true public health burden of VVC remains challenging given that it is likely underdiagnosed. […] In this study, the annual incidence of self-reported healthcare provider diagnosed VVC (5.2%) and RVVC among those with VVC (4.7%) suggests that ~6.8 million women experience VVC and ~325,000 experience RVVC in the United States each year. […] Our estimate of self-reported healthcare provider diagnosed VVC are remarkably similar to a previous incidence estimate of 5.6% from a telephone survey of U.S. women conducted during 1991-1996. […] Robust population-based studies about the lifetime prevalence of VVC and RVVC are scarce. […] Our results further support known clinical risk factors for VVC, underscoring the continued importance of targeting health messaging to women at higher risk and to healthcare providers regarding VVC prevention, recognition, and treatment.

• #14 Vulvovaginal Candidosis: Current Concepts, Challenges and Perspectives

  https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/6/4/267

  Vulvovaginal candidosis (VVC) is a frequently occurring infection of the lower female genital tract, mostly affecting immuno-competent women at childbearing age. […] The exact epidemiology of this disease is based on unreliable data, although based on what is currently known, 70–75% of women experience VVC at least once in their lifetime. […] Epidemiological data on the incidence of VVC are relatively vague because studies are often imprecise or conducted in unrepresentative populations; the incidence is estimated to range from 12% to 57% in the overall female population. […] Recent data report a worldwide RVVC prevalence of approximately 138 million women per year and an additional 372 million over a lifetime.

• #15 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/95l53e/study_finds_the_global_burden_of_candidiasis/

  Study finds the global burden of Candidiasis (vaginal fungal infection, thrush) at around 138 million women annually but is estimated to rise to 158 million by 2030.

• #16 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/95l53e/study_finds_the_global_burden_of_candidiasis/

  Study finds the global burden of Candidiasis (vaginal fungal infection, thrush) at around 138 million women annually but is estimated to rise to 158 million by 2030.

• #17 Vaginal and Vulval Candidiasis (Vulvovaginal Candidiasis) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/vaginal-and-vulval-candidiasis

  This is a yeast infection of the lower female reproductive tract. […] How common is vaginal and vulval candidiasis (Epidemiology)? […] Peak incidence age is 20-40 years. […] 70% of women report having had candidal vulvovaginitis at some point in their lifetime. […] 8% have recurrent infection. […] 10% of women have asymptomatic vaginal colonisation with Candida spp. and do not need treatment. […] The incidence rate for acute VVC is almost impossible to estimate, as it is under-reported to clinicians because there are effective over-the-counter treatment options. […] While VVC is not serious, the sheer size of disease burden results in approximately $1.8 billion in medical costs each year and the economic impact due to lost work hours was recently extrapolated to approach an additional $1 billion per annum in the USA alone. […] Recurrent vaginal and vulval candidiasis is defined as four or more episodes in one year with partial or complete resolution of symptoms in between episodes. […] Around 5% of women who develop one episode of vaginal and vulval candidiasis will develop recurrent disease.

• #18 Vaginal Candidiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459317/

  Candidal vulvovaginitis is a common condition responsible for a third of all cases of vulvovaginitis in reproductive-aged women. Approximately 70% of women report having had candidal vulvovaginitis in their lifetime, and an estimated 8% of women suffer recurrent candidal vulvovaginitis. The most common responsible pathogen is C. albicans, accounting for 90% of cases, with most of the remaining cases caused by Candida glabrata. Because over-the-counter treatments are widely available, candidal vulvovaginitis is under-reported; therefore, detailed epidemiological data for this disease process is unavailable. Furthermore, diagnosis is based on both clinical and ancillary evaluation. As a result, epidemiologic reports based on culture alone, in which 10% of asymptomatic women have positive candidal cultures, overestimate the disease incidence. Furthermore, studies demonstrate that because self-diagnosis is inaccurate, data derived from a patient query is also imprecise.

• #19 Chronic Vulvovaginal Candidiasis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0215/p697.html

  Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a common condition. An estimated 75 percent of all women will develop a yeast infection during their lifetime; 90 percent of these infections are caused by Candida albicans. Further estimates indicate that 5 percent of women with vulvovaginal candidiasis may develop RVVC, which is defined as four or more episodes of vulvovaginal candidiasis in the previous year. Species such as Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are responsible for up to 33 percent of recurrent infections. […] In the general population, approximately 15 to 20 percent of women are asymptomatically colonized with yeast. Routine fungal cultures will, therefore, frequently identify women harboring yeast species as part of their flora but who do not require therapy. However, in women with chronic vaginal symptoms, fungal cultures performed on a routine basis are helpful because they corroborate a diagnosis of RVVC, permit identification of the infecting species and increase the 50 percent sensitivity of the 10 percent KOH preparation. In this patient population, successful treatment of a positive fungal culture, corroborated by a negative follow-up culture results in resolution of symptoms approximately 90 percent of the time. […] Using this diagnostic approach, the majority of women with chronic vaginitis can be accurately diagnosed. RVVC remains the most common problem encountered in such centers, although the proportion of women with this condition (28 percent) is smaller than might be expected.

• #20 What Causes Vaginal Yeast Infections?

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/yeast-infection/guide/causes/

  Three out of every four women will have at least one vaginal yeast infection at some point, and up to half of all women will have more than one. (1) […] Vaginal yeast infections are also known as vaginal candidiasis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and candidal vaginitis. (3) […] These five species of yeast cause more than 90 percent of vaginal yeast infections, but most of these infections are due to C. albicans. (5) […] Some studies estimate that about 20 percent of asymptomatic, healthy women have Candida living in their vaginas. (1) […] An overgrowth of C. albicans (or other Candida species) in the vagina causes a yeast infection. […] Many women get their first yeast infection when they are pregnant or are on birth control pills. […] If you have diabetes, you may also find that you experience frequent or chronic yeast infections if your blood sugar is not well controlled. […] Some antibiotics are known to encourage yeast overgrowth by killing off normal genital bacteria, which throws off the balance of the vaginal microbial community and makes it easier for yeast to thrive. […] Most yeast infections subside within a few days after treatment starts. (3)

• #21 Vaginal Candidiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459317/

  Candidal vulvovaginitis is a common condition responsible for a third of all cases of vulvovaginitis in reproductive-aged women. Approximately 70% of women report having had candidal vulvovaginitis in their lifetime, and an estimated 8% of women suffer recurrent candidal vulvovaginitis. The most common responsible pathogen is C. albicans, accounting for 90% of cases, with most of the remaining cases caused by Candida glabrata. Because over-the-counter treatments are widely available, candidal vulvovaginitis is under-reported; therefore, detailed epidemiological data for this disease process is unavailable. Furthermore, diagnosis is based on both clinical and ancillary evaluation. As a result, epidemiologic reports based on culture alone, in which 10% of asymptomatic women have positive candidal cultures, overestimate the disease incidence. Furthermore, studies demonstrate that because self-diagnosis is inaccurate, data derived from a patient query is also imprecise.

• #22 Vaginal Candidiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459317/

  Recognized risk factors for acute candidal vulvovaginitis include estrogen use, elevated endogenous estrogens (eg, pregnancy or obesity), diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression (ie, chemotherapy or antimetabolite medications, HIV infection, or transplant patients), and broad-spectrum antibiotic use. Although candidal vulvovaginitis is more common in sexually active women, evidence that candidal infection is sexually transmitted is lacking. Patients with recurrent candidal vulvovaginitis, defined as 4 or more episodes of culture-proven candidal vulvovaginitis, have predisposing genetic factors that cause them to be susceptible to recurrent fungal infections. These factors may also cause a predisposition to Candida hypersensitivity reactions.

• #23 Vaginal Yeast Infection: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://sesamecare.com/blog/vaginal-yeast-infection-symptoms-causes?srsltid=AfmBOoquOcb1uD_PdogcKpB6WO2u8y-7VJSx2_jd9ONiQtg5tisNcg1C

  Vaginal yeast infections (candidiasis) are common fungal infections. 3 out of every 4 women experience a vaginal yeast infection at some point. […] These infections are most often caused by an overgrowth of a yeast called Candida albicans. […] Risk factors for a vaginal yeast infection include: Antibiotic use: Providers prescribe antibiotics to kill bad bacteria causing an infection. In the process, they can also destroy good bacteria that help maintain the balance of yeast in the vagina. This leads to an overgrowth of Candida. Many women get yeast infections after taking antibiotics for UTIs or BV. […] Hormonal changes: Changes in hormone levels can disrupt the balance of Candida in the vagina. Pregnancy, birth control pill use, and hormone replacement therapy can change hormone levels.

• #24 Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiology, treatment and prevention strategies – IJOGR

  https://www.ijogr.org/html-article/17093

  Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a commonly encountered clinical condition. At least three-fourth women experience one episode of VVC in their lifetime. In India, the prevalence of VVC is 10 to 35%. […] Nearly one-third of all cases of vulvovaginitis are Candidial that affects 70% of women at least once in their lifetime. About 8% of women report recurrent VVC (more than three episodes per year). An international study involving 6000 women from the United States and the United Kingdom reported VVC rates between 29% and 49%, with 9% women having recurrent VVC. The cumulative probability of recurrent VVC was age-dependent and reached 25% by 50 years. From India, studies identified a 10% to 35% prevalence of laboratory-confirmed VVC among adult women in the reproductive age group. The prevalence may vary according to the diagnostic criteria and the presence of risk factors. Women with diabetes have a higher prevalence of VVC. The risk is higher in type 1 diabetes than type 2 diabetes. In pregnancy, there is increased vaginal colonization of Candida from 20% to 30%. […] The emergence of non-albicans species has caused difficulties in the management of VVCs. Thus, all women with vaginal discharge should be correctly diagnosed to tailor the therapy.

• #25 Vaginal Yeast Infection: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://sesamecare.com/blog/vaginal-yeast-infection-symptoms-causes?srsltid=AfmBOoquOcb1uD_PdogcKpB6WO2u8y-7VJSx2_jd9ONiQtg5tisNcg1C

  Menopause: Yeast infections occur more often in menopausal women. Hormonal changes during this time upset the balance of bacteria and fungi in the vagina. This upset may cause overgrowth. […] Compromised immune systems: Weakened immune systems raise the risk of yeast infections. Factors like HIV infections or chemotherapy can compromise your immune system. […] Diabetes: Women with poorly managed diabetes are more likely to get yeast infections due to high blood sugar levels. High levels of blood sugar encourage overgrowth of yeast. […] Douching: Douching and sprays cause many vaginal infections. These products throw off your vaginas natural balance and lead to an overgrowth of bacteria or fungi. […] Clothing: Damp or tight clothing creates a warm, wet environment. It promotes yeast growth. Such clothing includes bathing suits, pantyhose, and tight leggings.

• #26 Vaginal Candidiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459317/

  Recognized risk factors for acute candidal vulvovaginitis include estrogen use, elevated endogenous estrogens (eg, pregnancy or obesity), diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression (ie, chemotherapy or antimetabolite medications, HIV infection, or transplant patients), and broad-spectrum antibiotic use. Although candidal vulvovaginitis is more common in sexually active women, evidence that candidal infection is sexually transmitted is lacking. Patients with recurrent candidal vulvovaginitis, defined as 4 or more episodes of culture-proven candidal vulvovaginitis, have predisposing genetic factors that cause them to be susceptible to recurrent fungal infections. These factors may also cause a predisposition to Candida hypersensitivity reactions.

• #27 Vaginal Yeast Infections – Women’s Health Guide – Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.va.gov/infectiondontpassiton/womens-health-guide/vaginal-yeast-infections.asp

  Three out of four women will get a vaginal yeast infection during their life. Some women will have it more than once. A vaginal yeast infection is NOT a sexually transmitted disease (STD). […] Having many vaginal yeast infections may be a sign of other health problems. […] Vaginal yeast infections can increase with: Pregnancy, Illness such as HIV disease or diabetes, Some medicines such as: Antibiotics, Birth control pills, Cortisone-type drugs, Some chemotherapy drugs, Stress, Lack of sleep, Having your period. […] Pregnancy can increase the risk of vaginal yeast infections.

• #28 Yeast infection (vaginal) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yeast-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20378999

  Vaginal yeast infection affects most people assigned female at birth at some point in life. Many have at least two infections. […] The fungus Candida albicans causes most vaginal yeast infections. […] Factors that raise the risk of getting a yeast infection include: Antibiotic use. Yeast infections are common in people who take antibiotics. […] Yeast infections are more common in people with higher estrogen levels. Pregnancy, birth control pills and hormone therapy can raise estrogen levels. […] People with poorly managed blood sugar are at greater risk of yeast infections than are people with well-managed blood sugar. […] People with lowered immunity are more likely to get yeast infections. Lower immunity might be from corticosteroid therapy or HIV infection or other diseases that suppress the immune system.

• #29 Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiology, treatment and prevention strategies – IJOGR

  https://www.ijogr.org/html-article/17093

  Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a commonly encountered clinical condition. At least three-fourth women experience one episode of VVC in their lifetime. In India, the prevalence of VVC is 10 to 35%. […] Nearly one-third of all cases of vulvovaginitis are Candidial that affects 70% of women at least once in their lifetime. About 8% of women report recurrent VVC (more than three episodes per year). An international study involving 6000 women from the United States and the United Kingdom reported VVC rates between 29% and 49%, with 9% women having recurrent VVC. The cumulative probability of recurrent VVC was age-dependent and reached 25% by 50 years. From India, studies identified a 10% to 35% prevalence of laboratory-confirmed VVC among adult women in the reproductive age group. The prevalence may vary according to the diagnostic criteria and the presence of risk factors. Women with diabetes have a higher prevalence of VVC. The risk is higher in type 1 diabetes than type 2 diabetes. In pregnancy, there is increased vaginal colonization of Candida from 20% to 30%. […] The emergence of non-albicans species has caused difficulties in the management of VVCs. Thus, all women with vaginal discharge should be correctly diagnosed to tailor the therapy.

• #30 Vaginal candidiasis prevalence, associated factors, and antifungal susceptibility patterns among pregnant women attending antenatal care at bule hora university teaching hospital, Southern Ethiopia | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-024-06844-x

  The present study revealed that the prevalence of vaginal candidiasis infection was about 5 times higher among pregnant mothers who had a history of using contraceptives than non-using contraceptive pregnant mothers. […] The findings of this study revealed that HIV infection was significantly associated with vaginal candidiasis infection, where HIV-infected pregnant mothers were 4 times more likely to be infected by vaginal candidiasis than non-HIV-infected pregnant women. […] The present study revealed that pregnant women who had a history of diabetic mellitus were approximately two times at higher risk compared with those who had no history of diabetes mellitus disease. […] The present study showed that the gestational period pregnant women in the 3rd trimester were 8 times at higher risk when compared with pregnant women in the 1st trimester.

• #31 Vaginal yeast infection | Content for the lay public | Microbiota institute

  https://www.biocodexmicrobiotainstitute.com/en/vaginal-yeast-infection

  70%-75% of women suffer from a vaginal yeast infection (vaginal candidiasis) at least once in their life. […] After bacterial vaginosis, it is the second most common infectious vaginal disease. […] It is estimated that 10%-30% of women contract yeast infections following antibiotic treatment. […] Other factors that can increase the risk of infection include corticosteroid use, pregnancy, immunosuppressive diseases, poorly controlled diabetes, oral contraception, and IUD. […] The classic treatment for vaginal yeast infections is antifungal medication administered orally or topically. […] Recent work suggests that oral or topical probiotics (capsules or vaginal suppositories) may rebalance the vaginal microbiota and reduce the frequency of relapse.

• #32 Yeast infections—vaginal | CATIE – Canada’s source for HIV and hepatitis C information

  https://www.catie.ca/yeast-infections-vaginal

  A vaginal yeast infection is a fungal infection of the vagina or vulva that can cause discomfort, itching and a white discharge. Yeast infections are extremely common: most women will get at least one at some point in their lives. […] Women with HIV especially women with low CD4 counts are particularly prone to getting them. […] As a persons immune system gets weaker and their CD4 count drops below 350 cells/mL, they become more prone to getting a yeast infection and the infection may be more severe. […] If you have HIV, the best way to prevent a yeast infection is to take ART to maintain a strong immune system.

• #33 Vaginal yeast infection | Content for the lay public | Microbiota institute

  https://www.biocodexmicrobiotainstitute.com/en/vaginal-yeast-infection

  70%-75% of women suffer from a vaginal yeast infection (vaginal candidiasis) at least once in their life. […] After bacterial vaginosis, it is the second most common infectious vaginal disease. […] It is estimated that 10%-30% of women contract yeast infections following antibiotic treatment. […] Other factors that can increase the risk of infection include corticosteroid use, pregnancy, immunosuppressive diseases, poorly controlled diabetes, oral contraception, and IUD. […] The classic treatment for vaginal yeast infections is antifungal medication administered orally or topically. […] Recent work suggests that oral or topical probiotics (capsules or vaginal suppositories) may rebalance the vaginal microbiota and reduce the frequency of relapse.

• #34 Vulvovaginal Candidiasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/candidiasis.htm

  VVC usually is caused by Candida albicans but can occasionally be caused by other Candida species or yeasts. An estimated 75% of women will have at least one episode of VVC, and 40%45% will have two or more episodes. Approximately 10%20% of women will have complicated VVC, requiring special diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Vaginal culture or PCR should be obtained from women with complicated VVC to confirm clinical diagnosis and identify nonalbicans Candida. Recurrent VVC, usually defined as three or more episodes of symptomatic VVC in 1 year, affects 5% of women but carries a substantial economic burden. C. glabrata and other nonalbicans Candida species are observed in 10%20% of women with recurrent VVC. Vaginal Candida colonization rates among women with HIV infection are higher than among women without HIV with similar demographic and risk behavior characteristics, and the colonization rates correlate with increasing severity of immunosuppression. Symptomatic VVC is also more frequent among women with HIV infection and similarly correlates with severity of immunodeficiency.

• #35 Yeast infections—vaginal | CATIE – Canada’s source for HIV and hepatitis C information

  https://www.catie.ca/yeast-infections-vaginal

  A vaginal yeast infection is a fungal infection of the vagina or vulva that can cause discomfort, itching and a white discharge. Yeast infections are extremely common: most women will get at least one at some point in their lives. […] Women with HIV especially women with low CD4 counts are particularly prone to getting them. […] As a persons immune system gets weaker and their CD4 count drops below 350 cells/mL, they become more prone to getting a yeast infection and the infection may be more severe. […] If you have HIV, the best way to prevent a yeast infection is to take ART to maintain a strong immune system.

• #36 Yeast infections—vaginal | CATIE – Canada’s source for HIV and hepatitis C information

  https://www.catie.ca/yeast-infections-vaginal

  A vaginal yeast infection is a fungal infection of the vagina or vulva that can cause discomfort, itching and a white discharge. Yeast infections are extremely common: most women will get at least one at some point in their lives. […] Women with HIV especially women with low CD4 counts are particularly prone to getting them. […] As a persons immune system gets weaker and their CD4 count drops below 350 cells/mL, they become more prone to getting a yeast infection and the infection may be more severe. […] If you have HIV, the best way to prevent a yeast infection is to take ART to maintain a strong immune system.

• #37 Vaginal yeast infection | Content for the lay public | Microbiota institute

  https://www.biocodexmicrobiotainstitute.com/en/vaginal-yeast-infection

  70%-75% of women suffer from a vaginal yeast infection (vaginal candidiasis) at least once in their life. […] After bacterial vaginosis, it is the second most common infectious vaginal disease. […] It is estimated that 10%-30% of women contract yeast infections following antibiotic treatment. […] Other factors that can increase the risk of infection include corticosteroid use, pregnancy, immunosuppressive diseases, poorly controlled diabetes, oral contraception, and IUD. […] The classic treatment for vaginal yeast infections is antifungal medication administered orally or topically. […] Recent work suggests that oral or topical probiotics (capsules or vaginal suppositories) may rebalance the vaginal microbiota and reduce the frequency of relapse.

• #38 Vaginal Yeast Infections – Women’s Health Guide – Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.va.gov/infectiondontpassiton/womens-health-guide/vaginal-yeast-infections.asp

  Three out of four women will get a vaginal yeast infection during their life. Some women will have it more than once. A vaginal yeast infection is NOT a sexually transmitted disease (STD). […] Having many vaginal yeast infections may be a sign of other health problems. […] Vaginal yeast infections can increase with: Pregnancy, Illness such as HIV disease or diabetes, Some medicines such as: Antibiotics, Birth control pills, Cortisone-type drugs, Some chemotherapy drugs, Stress, Lack of sleep, Having your period. […] Pregnancy can increase the risk of vaginal yeast infections.

• #39 LA County Department of Public Health

  http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/dhsp/YIinfo.htm

  Yeast Infection Overview […] Approximately 75% of all women will experience a yeast infection at least once in their lifetime. […] Prevalence is higher during pregnancy. […] Sexual transmission accounts for only 10-27% of infections. […] Infections occur in only approximately 20% of male partners of women with yeast infections. […] Yeast infections are more common in uncircumcised men. […] Testing Yeast infections can be diagnosed through a wet mount (sample of discharge taken from the vaginal wall), vaginal culture, or a pH test. […] Treatment includes anti-fungal creams, suppositories, and tablets available over the counter. […] Prevention Avoid tight, poorly ventilated clothing and nylon underwear. […] […] Limit or discontinue use of commercial vaginal douches, perfumed or colored toilet paper, and feminine hygiene sprays.

• #40 Vaginal Candidiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459317/

  Recognized risk factors for acute candidal vulvovaginitis include estrogen use, elevated endogenous estrogens (eg, pregnancy or obesity), diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression (ie, chemotherapy or antimetabolite medications, HIV infection, or transplant patients), and broad-spectrum antibiotic use. Although candidal vulvovaginitis is more common in sexually active women, evidence that candidal infection is sexually transmitted is lacking. Patients with recurrent candidal vulvovaginitis, defined as 4 or more episodes of culture-proven candidal vulvovaginitis, have predisposing genetic factors that cause them to be susceptible to recurrent fungal infections. These factors may also cause a predisposition to Candida hypersensitivity reactions.

• #41

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/candidiasis-(yeast-infection)

  Candidiasis is a common fungal infection mostly caused by yeasts of the Candida species. […] Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), or vaginal yeast infection, affects millions of women worldwide. […] Common types of candidiasis include vulvovaginal candidiasis (vaginal yeast infection), which affects the vagina. […] Vaginal yeast infections (vulvovaginal candidiasis) […] Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), commonly known as a vaginal yeast infection, is an infection of the vagina and vulva caused by an overgrowth of Candida yeast. […] While not officially classified as a sexually transmitted infection, sexual activity can contribute to the development of VVC. […] For vulvovaginal candidiasis, wearing cotton underwear and loose clothing, avoiding synthetic fabrics, changing out of sweaty gym wear and swimsuits quickly, and not douching can all help to prevent yeast infections.

• #42 Vaginal Yeast Infection: What Is It?

  https://www.canesten.ca/en/vaginal-yeast-infection/what-is-it

  If you suffer from recurrent VYIs, there are a few changes you can make to improve your lifestyle, which can help prevent it from coming back. […] Remember: A VYI is not a sexually transmitted infection. However, if you are having sex with the same person (male or female), you can pass the yeast infection back and forth. That’s because men as well as women can get infected too. […] Talk to a doctor or pharmacist before selecting an over the counter treatment if you: Have frequent vaginal infections or if your yeast infection returns in less than 2 months. […] If you’re pregnant, it’s completely natural for your hormones to change and affect your body — so your chance of getting a yeast infection does increase.

• #43 Survey of incidence, lifetime prevalence, and treatment of self-reported vulvovaginal candidiasis, United States, 2020

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9092842/

  Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common gynecologic problem in the United States but estimates of its true incidence and prevalence are lacking. […] VVC is frequently self-diagnosed or empirically diagnosed by healthcare providers, and no public health surveillance for these infections exists in the United States, making incidence and prevalence calculations challenging. […] A recent systematic literature review estimated that RVVC affects nearly 6 million women in the United States each year, but more robust primary data are needed to better understand the current burden of these infections and inform prevention strategies. […] Our analysis supports known clinical risk factors for VVC and suggests that antifungal treatment use is high, underscoring the need to ensure appropriate diagnosis and treatment.

• #44 Vaginal yeast infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_yeast_infection

  The number of cases of vaginal yeast infection is not entirely clear because it is not a reportable disease and it is commonly diagnosed clinically without laboratory confirmation. […] Candidiasis is one of the three most common vaginal infections along with bacterial vaginosis and trichomonas. About 75% of women have at least one infection in their lifetime, 40%-45% will have two or more episodes, and approximately 20% of women get an infection yearly.

• #45 Vaginal Candidiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459317/

  Candidal vulvovaginitis is a common condition responsible for a third of all cases of vulvovaginitis in reproductive-aged women. Approximately 70% of women report having had candidal vulvovaginitis in their lifetime, and an estimated 8% of women suffer recurrent candidal vulvovaginitis. The most common responsible pathogen is C. albicans, accounting for 90% of cases, with most of the remaining cases caused by Candida glabrata. Because over-the-counter treatments are widely available, candidal vulvovaginitis is under-reported; therefore, detailed epidemiological data for this disease process is unavailable. Furthermore, diagnosis is based on both clinical and ancillary evaluation. As a result, epidemiologic reports based on culture alone, in which 10% of asymptomatic women have positive candidal cultures, overestimate the disease incidence. Furthermore, studies demonstrate that because self-diagnosis is inaccurate, data derived from a patient query is also imprecise.

• #46 Survey of incidence, lifetime prevalence, and treatment of self-reported vulvovaginal candidiasis, United States, 2020

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9092842/

  Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common gynecologic problem in the United States but estimates of its true incidence and prevalence are lacking. […] VVC is frequently self-diagnosed or empirically diagnosed by healthcare providers, and no public health surveillance for these infections exists in the United States, making incidence and prevalence calculations challenging. […] A recent systematic literature review estimated that RVVC affects nearly 6 million women in the United States each year, but more robust primary data are needed to better understand the current burden of these infections and inform prevention strategies. […] Our analysis supports known clinical risk factors for VVC and suggests that antifungal treatment use is high, underscoring the need to ensure appropriate diagnosis and treatment.

• #47 Vulvovaginal Candidosis: Current Concepts, Challenges and Perspectives

  https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/6/4/267

  Vulvovaginal candidosis (VVC) is a frequently occurring infection of the lower female genital tract, mostly affecting immuno-competent women at childbearing age. […] The exact epidemiology of this disease is based on unreliable data, although based on what is currently known, 70–75% of women experience VVC at least once in their lifetime. […] Epidemiological data on the incidence of VVC are relatively vague because studies are often imprecise or conducted in unrepresentative populations; the incidence is estimated to range from 12% to 57% in the overall female population. […] Recent data report a worldwide RVVC prevalence of approximately 138 million women per year and an additional 372 million over a lifetime.

• #48 Current patient perspectives of vulvovaginal candidiasis: incidence, symptoms, management and post-treatment outcomes | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-019-0748-8

  Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common infection affecting women worldwide. Reports of patterns/risk factors/trends for episodic/recurrent VVC (RVVC) are largely outdated. The majority of the participants (78%) indicated a history of VVC with 34% defined as having RVVC. Among risk factors, antibiotic use ranked highest followed by intercourse, humid weather and use of feminine hygiene products. A high number of respondents noted no known cause (idiopathic episodes) that was surprisingly similar among women with a history of either VVC or RVVC. Despite the high incidence rates worldwide, epidemiological data supporting the current estimates of VVC or RVVC prevalence rates had been limited, largely historical, and often anecdotal. One reports the worldwide prevalence of RVVC at approximately 138 million women annually, and an additional 372 million over one’s lifetime, causing substantial morbidity and economic burden. The objective of this study was to conduct a contemporary survey of women with a history of VVC and RVVC among general populations and those seeking standard or elective care at several university-affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology clinics or referral clinics, to determine current trends including diagnostic/management parameters, ranking of disease symptomatology, and post-treatment outcomes, in addition to prevalence rates. Current patient perspectives closely reflect historically documented estimates of VVC/RVVC prevalence and trends regarding symptomatology, disease management and post-treatment outcomes.

• #49 Yeast infection 101: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://helloclue.com/articles/cycle-a-z/yeast-infections-101

  Many people may self-diagnose a yeast infection when they are experiencing symptoms. […] The symptoms of a yeast infection can be similar to other common vaginal infections such as bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis, so talking to a healthcare provider is a good idea to make sure the proper treatment is provided. […] To diagnose a yeast infection, a healthcare provider will ask about symptoms and do a pelvic exam. […] They may swab the inside of the vagina and either send it to a lab or look under a microscope to determine if yeast is present. […] Treating a yeast infection is usually simple and straightforward with over-the-counter or prescription antifungal medication. […] If the symptoms dont go away after treatment, it may be a different kind of infection and should be checked by a healthcare provider.

• #50 Chronic Vulvovaginal Candidiasis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0215/p697.html

  Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a common condition. An estimated 75 percent of all women will develop a yeast infection during their lifetime; 90 percent of these infections are caused by Candida albicans. Further estimates indicate that 5 percent of women with vulvovaginal candidiasis may develop RVVC, which is defined as four or more episodes of vulvovaginal candidiasis in the previous year. Species such as Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are responsible for up to 33 percent of recurrent infections. […] In the general population, approximately 15 to 20 percent of women are asymptomatically colonized with yeast. Routine fungal cultures will, therefore, frequently identify women harboring yeast species as part of their flora but who do not require therapy. However, in women with chronic vaginal symptoms, fungal cultures performed on a routine basis are helpful because they corroborate a diagnosis of RVVC, permit identification of the infecting species and increase the 50 percent sensitivity of the 10 percent KOH preparation. In this patient population, successful treatment of a positive fungal culture, corroborated by a negative follow-up culture results in resolution of symptoms approximately 90 percent of the time. […] Using this diagnostic approach, the majority of women with chronic vaginitis can be accurately diagnosed. RVVC remains the most common problem encountered in such centers, although the proportion of women with this condition (28 percent) is smaller than might be expected.

• #51 Chronic Vulvovaginal Candidiasis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0215/p697.html

  Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a common condition. An estimated 75 percent of all women will develop a yeast infection during their lifetime; 90 percent of these infections are caused by Candida albicans. Further estimates indicate that 5 percent of women with vulvovaginal candidiasis may develop RVVC, which is defined as four or more episodes of vulvovaginal candidiasis in the previous year. Species such as Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are responsible for up to 33 percent of recurrent infections. […] In the general population, approximately 15 to 20 percent of women are asymptomatically colonized with yeast. Routine fungal cultures will, therefore, frequently identify women harboring yeast species as part of their flora but who do not require therapy. However, in women with chronic vaginal symptoms, fungal cultures performed on a routine basis are helpful because they corroborate a diagnosis of RVVC, permit identification of the infecting species and increase the 50 percent sensitivity of the 10 percent KOH preparation. In this patient population, successful treatment of a positive fungal culture, corroborated by a negative follow-up culture results in resolution of symptoms approximately 90 percent of the time. […] Using this diagnostic approach, the majority of women with chronic vaginitis can be accurately diagnosed. RVVC remains the most common problem encountered in such centers, although the proportion of women with this condition (28 percent) is smaller than might be expected.

• #52 Vulvovaginal Candidiasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/candidiasis.htm

  VVC usually is caused by Candida albicans but can occasionally be caused by other Candida species or yeasts. An estimated 75% of women will have at least one episode of VVC, and 40%45% will have two or more episodes. Approximately 10%20% of women will have complicated VVC, requiring special diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Vaginal culture or PCR should be obtained from women with complicated VVC to confirm clinical diagnosis and identify nonalbicans Candida. Recurrent VVC, usually defined as three or more episodes of symptomatic VVC in 1 year, affects 5% of women but carries a substantial economic burden. C. glabrata and other nonalbicans Candida species are observed in 10%20% of women with recurrent VVC. Vaginal Candida colonization rates among women with HIV infection are higher than among women without HIV with similar demographic and risk behavior characteristics, and the colonization rates correlate with increasing severity of immunosuppression. Symptomatic VVC is also more frequent among women with HIV infection and similarly correlates with severity of immunodeficiency.

• #53 Vulvovaginal candidiasis (vaginal thrush)

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/vulvovaginal-candidiasis

  Vulvovaginal candidiasis refers to vaginal and vulval symptoms caused by a yeast, most often Candida albicans. It affects 75% of women on at least one occasion over a lifetime. […] Vulvovaginal candidiasis is most commonly observed in women in the reproductive age group. It is quite uncommon in prepubertal and postmenopausal females. […] Nonalbicans candida species, particularly C. glabrata, are observed in 10-20% of women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. […] Researchers debate whether nonalbicans candida species cause disease or not. If nonalbicans candida is detected, the laboratory can perform sensitivity testing using disc diffusion methods to guide treatment. Sensitivity to fluconazole predicts sensitivity to other oral and topical azoles. C. glabrata is often resistant to standard doses of oral and topical azoles.

• #54 Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiology, treatment and prevention strategies – IJOGR

  https://www.ijogr.org/html-article/17093

  Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a commonly encountered clinical condition. At least three-fourth women experience one episode of VVC in their lifetime. In India, the prevalence of VVC is 10 to 35%. […] Nearly one-third of all cases of vulvovaginitis are Candidial that affects 70% of women at least once in their lifetime. About 8% of women report recurrent VVC (more than three episodes per year). An international study involving 6000 women from the United States and the United Kingdom reported VVC rates between 29% and 49%, with 9% women having recurrent VVC. The cumulative probability of recurrent VVC was age-dependent and reached 25% by 50 years. From India, studies identified a 10% to 35% prevalence of laboratory-confirmed VVC among adult women in the reproductive age group. The prevalence may vary according to the diagnostic criteria and the presence of risk factors. Women with diabetes have a higher prevalence of VVC. The risk is higher in type 1 diabetes than type 2 diabetes. In pregnancy, there is increased vaginal colonization of Candida from 20% to 30%. […] The emergence of non-albicans species has caused difficulties in the management of VVCs. Thus, all women with vaginal discharge should be correctly diagnosed to tailor the therapy.

• #55 Vulvovaginal candidiasis (vaginal thrush)

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/vulvovaginal-candidiasis

  Vulvovaginal candidiasis refers to vaginal and vulval symptoms caused by a yeast, most often Candida albicans. It affects 75% of women on at least one occasion over a lifetime. […] Vulvovaginal candidiasis is most commonly observed in women in the reproductive age group. It is quite uncommon in prepubertal and postmenopausal females. […] Nonalbicans candida species, particularly C. glabrata, are observed in 10-20% of women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. […] Researchers debate whether nonalbicans candida species cause disease or not. If nonalbicans candida is detected, the laboratory can perform sensitivity testing using disc diffusion methods to guide treatment. Sensitivity to fluconazole predicts sensitivity to other oral and topical azoles. C. glabrata is often resistant to standard doses of oral and topical azoles.

• #56 Vaginal candidiasis prevalence, associated factors, and antifungal susceptibility patterns among pregnant women attending antenatal care at bule hora university teaching hospital, Southern Ethiopia | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-024-06844-x

  In the present study, a high resistance rate was observed for fluconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, and itraconazole with (30.6%), (20%), (9.4%) and (7.1%) respectively. […] The present study revealed that the species isolates of C. glabrata were 100% sensitive to itraconazole, miconazole, and amphotericin B, whereas; 3(23.1%), 2(18.4%), 1(7.7%) of the isolate were resistance to fluconazole, ketoconazole, and clotrimazole respectively.

• #57 Epidemiological Profile of Patients with Vulvovaginal Candidiasis from a Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinic in Southern Spain

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/6/756

  Epidemiological data on women suffering from vulvovaginal candidiasis and its recurrence are outdated and vague. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of women diagnosed with vulvovaginal candidiasis, as well as the epidemiological profile and associated risk factors in the province of Granada (Spain). […] The prevalence of candidiasis was 14.6%. […] The sociodemographic profile corresponded to a woman aged 25.14 ± 4.8 years on average, who is of Spanish nationality (60.9%), a student (55.7%), in non-active employment (59.7%), with a higher education (56.7%), single (93.5%), and under 30 years of age (79.7%). […] In this context, vulvovaginal candidiasis infection is common, and its epidemiological profile is contradictory, so our results do not suggest a relevant role of sexual risk behaviours in the diagnosis.

• #58 Epidemiological Profile of Patients with Vulvovaginal Candidiasis from a Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinic in Southern Spain

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/6/756

  This study has determined the prevalence of women with candidiasis in a specific area of the province of Granada (Spain) and has also identified its epidemiological profile. […] The observed prevalence of candidiasis was between previously documented figures for countries in our environment such as Greece (11–12%) or Italy (18–19%). […] The socio-demographic profile of women diagnosed with VVC was found to correspond to a Spanish woman, who is a student, not in active employment, with a higher education, who is single, and under 30 years of age. […] The highest number of patients with VVC was identified as the age group of women under 30 years of age in their reproductive years, which is considered a risk factor. […] VVC infection is frequent in our context, and its epidemiological profile is contradictory, meaning our results do not suggest a relevant role of sexual risk behaviours in the diagnosis of VVC.

• #59 Epidemiological Profile of Patients with Vulvovaginal Candidiasis from a Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinic in Southern Spain

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/6/756

  Epidemiological data on women suffering from vulvovaginal candidiasis and its recurrence are outdated and vague. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of women diagnosed with vulvovaginal candidiasis, as well as the epidemiological profile and associated risk factors in the province of Granada (Spain). […] The prevalence of candidiasis was 14.6%. […] The sociodemographic profile corresponded to a woman aged 25.14 ± 4.8 years on average, who is of Spanish nationality (60.9%), a student (55.7%), in non-active employment (59.7%), with a higher education (56.7%), single (93.5%), and under 30 years of age (79.7%). […] In this context, vulvovaginal candidiasis infection is common, and its epidemiological profile is contradictory, so our results do not suggest a relevant role of sexual risk behaviours in the diagnosis.

• #60 Vaginitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/257141-overview

  Vaginitis is common in adult women and uncommon in prepubertal girls. Bacterial vaginosis accounts for 40-50% of vaginitis cases; vaginal candidiasis, 20-25%; and trichomoniasis, 15-20%. […] In US women of childbearing age, bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal infection. An estimated 7.4 million new cases of bacterial vaginosis occur each year. National data show that the prevalence is 29%. However, the rate varies in different subpopulations: it is 5-25% in college students and 12-61% in patients with STDs. In the United States, as many as 16% of pregnant women have bacterial vaginosis. A 50-60% prevalence is found in female prison inmates and commercial sex workers. […] An estimated 3 million cases of trichomoniasis occur each year in the United States. The worldwide prevalence of trichomoniasis is 174 million; these cases account for 10-25% of all vaginal infections. […] Vaginitis affects all races. The highest incidence of bacterial vaginosis is in Blacks (23%), and the lowest is in Asians (6%). Prevalence increases with age among non-Hispanic Black women. The incidence is 9% in Whites and 16% in Hispanics.

• #61 Vaginitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/257141-overview

  Vaginitis is common in adult women and uncommon in prepubertal girls. Bacterial vaginosis accounts for 40-50% of vaginitis cases; vaginal candidiasis, 20-25%; and trichomoniasis, 15-20%. […] In US women of childbearing age, bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal infection. An estimated 7.4 million new cases of bacterial vaginosis occur each year. National data show that the prevalence is 29%. However, the rate varies in different subpopulations: it is 5-25% in college students and 12-61% in patients with STDs. In the United States, as many as 16% of pregnant women have bacterial vaginosis. A 50-60% prevalence is found in female prison inmates and commercial sex workers. […] An estimated 3 million cases of trichomoniasis occur each year in the United States. The worldwide prevalence of trichomoniasis is 174 million; these cases account for 10-25% of all vaginal infections. […] Vaginitis affects all races. The highest incidence of bacterial vaginosis is in Blacks (23%), and the lowest is in Asians (6%). Prevalence increases with age among non-Hispanic Black women. The incidence is 9% in Whites and 16% in Hispanics.

• #62 Vaginal and Vulval Candidiasis (Vulvovaginal Candidiasis) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/vaginal-and-vulval-candidiasis

  This is a yeast infection of the lower female reproductive tract. […] How common is vaginal and vulval candidiasis (Epidemiology)? […] Peak incidence age is 20-40 years. […] 70% of women report having had candidal vulvovaginitis at some point in their lifetime. […] 8% have recurrent infection. […] 10% of women have asymptomatic vaginal colonisation with Candida spp. and do not need treatment. […] The incidence rate for acute VVC is almost impossible to estimate, as it is under-reported to clinicians because there are effective over-the-counter treatment options. […] While VVC is not serious, the sheer size of disease burden results in approximately $1.8 billion in medical costs each year and the economic impact due to lost work hours was recently extrapolated to approach an additional $1 billion per annum in the USA alone. […] Recurrent vaginal and vulval candidiasis is defined as four or more episodes in one year with partial or complete resolution of symptoms in between episodes. […] Around 5% of women who develop one episode of vaginal and vulval candidiasis will develop recurrent disease.

• #63 Current patient perspectives of vulvovaginal candidiasis: incidence, symptoms, management and post-treatment outcomes | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-019-0748-8

  Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common infection affecting women worldwide. Reports of patterns/risk factors/trends for episodic/recurrent VVC (RVVC) are largely outdated. The majority of the participants (78%) indicated a history of VVC with 34% defined as having RVVC. Among risk factors, antibiotic use ranked highest followed by intercourse, humid weather and use of feminine hygiene products. A high number of respondents noted no known cause (idiopathic episodes) that was surprisingly similar among women with a history of either VVC or RVVC. Despite the high incidence rates worldwide, epidemiological data supporting the current estimates of VVC or RVVC prevalence rates had been limited, largely historical, and often anecdotal. One reports the worldwide prevalence of RVVC at approximately 138 million women annually, and an additional 372 million over one’s lifetime, causing substantial morbidity and economic burden. The objective of this study was to conduct a contemporary survey of women with a history of VVC and RVVC among general populations and those seeking standard or elective care at several university-affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology clinics or referral clinics, to determine current trends including diagnostic/management parameters, ranking of disease symptomatology, and post-treatment outcomes, in addition to prevalence rates. Current patient perspectives closely reflect historically documented estimates of VVC/RVVC prevalence and trends regarding symptomatology, disease management and post-treatment outcomes.

• #64

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/diseases/vaginitis.html

  Vaginitis is a very common disease affecting millions of women each year. […] Vaginitis affects millions of women and is one of the primary reasons women visit their doctor. […] Yeast – this type of infection is called candidiasis. It is caused by a fungus and is the second most common type of vaginitis. […] In order to minimize the risk of developing vaginitis, here are some general suggestions for good vaginal health: […] Yes it can. Premature delivery and low birth weight of the baby are more common in women with bacterial vaginosis. Early diagnosis and treatment is important. […] Some types of vaginitis can be transmitted from one person to another during sexual intercourse.

• #65 Vaginal microbiota evaluation and prevalence of key pathogens in ecuadorian women: an epidemiologic analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-74655-z

  Vaginal infection is a gynecological problem in women of reproductive age with multiple health outcomes. The most common forms of infection include bacterial vaginosis (BV), vulvovaginal candidiasis (VC), and aerobic vaginitis (AV). […] Vaginal infection is considered the most prevalent gynecological problem of women of reproductive age, affecting millions every year, and the most common cause of gynecological medical care. […] Previous studies reported BV as the leading cause of vaginal infection in symptomatic women (2250%), followed by VC (1719%) and finally AV (approximately 11%). […] However, in Ecuador, little is known about the prevalence of BV and other vaginal infections among women. […] In our study population, vaginal infection was diagnosed in 95 women (22.9%) at a similar rate to the prevalence reported in the USA (28%) but lower than the prevalence detected in Syria (51%).

• #66 Vaginal yeast infection | Content for the lay public | Microbiota institute

  https://www.biocodexmicrobiotainstitute.com/en/vaginal-yeast-infection

  70%-75% of women suffer from a vaginal yeast infection (vaginal candidiasis) at least once in their life. […] After bacterial vaginosis, it is the second most common infectious vaginal disease. […] It is estimated that 10%-30% of women contract yeast infections following antibiotic treatment. […] Other factors that can increase the risk of infection include corticosteroid use, pregnancy, immunosuppressive diseases, poorly controlled diabetes, oral contraception, and IUD. […] The classic treatment for vaginal yeast infections is antifungal medication administered orally or topically. […] Recent work suggests that oral or topical probiotics (capsules or vaginal suppositories) may rebalance the vaginal microbiota and reduce the frequency of relapse.

• #67 Survey of incidence, lifetime prevalence, and treatment of self-reported vulvovaginal candidiasis, United States, 2020

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9092842/

  Estimating the true public health burden of VVC remains challenging given that it is likely underdiagnosed. […] In this study, the annual incidence of self-reported healthcare provider diagnosed VVC (5.2%) and RVVC among those with VVC (4.7%) suggests that ~6.8 million women experience VVC and ~325,000 experience RVVC in the United States each year. […] Our estimate of self-reported healthcare provider diagnosed VVC are remarkably similar to a previous incidence estimate of 5.6% from a telephone survey of U.S. women conducted during 1991-1996. […] Robust population-based studies about the lifetime prevalence of VVC and RVVC are scarce. […] Our results further support known clinical risk factors for VVC, underscoring the continued importance of targeting health messaging to women at higher risk and to healthcare providers regarding VVC prevention, recognition, and treatment.

• #68 Survey of incidence, lifetime prevalence, and treatment of self-reported vulvovaginal candidiasis, United States, 2020

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9092842/

  Estimating the true public health burden of VVC remains challenging given that it is likely underdiagnosed. […] In this study, the annual incidence of self-reported healthcare provider diagnosed VVC (5.2%) and RVVC among those with VVC (4.7%) suggests that ~6.8 million women experience VVC and ~325,000 experience RVVC in the United States each year. […] Our estimate of self-reported healthcare provider diagnosed VVC are remarkably similar to a previous incidence estimate of 5.6% from a telephone survey of U.S. women conducted during 1991-1996. […] Robust population-based studies about the lifetime prevalence of VVC and RVVC are scarce. […] Our results further support known clinical risk factors for VVC, underscoring the continued importance of targeting health messaging to women at higher risk and to healthcare providers regarding VVC prevention, recognition, and treatment.

• #69 Survey of incidence, lifetime prevalence, and treatment of self-reported vulvovaginal candidiasis, United States, 2020

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9092842/

  Estimating the true public health burden of VVC remains challenging given that it is likely underdiagnosed. […] In this study, the annual incidence of self-reported healthcare provider diagnosed VVC (5.2%) and RVVC among those with VVC (4.7%) suggests that ~6.8 million women experience VVC and ~325,000 experience RVVC in the United States each year. […] Our estimate of self-reported healthcare provider diagnosed VVC are remarkably similar to a previous incidence estimate of 5.6% from a telephone survey of U.S. women conducted during 1991-1996. […] Robust population-based studies about the lifetime prevalence of VVC and RVVC are scarce. […] Our results further support known clinical risk factors for VVC, underscoring the continued importance of targeting health messaging to women at higher risk and to healthcare providers regarding VVC prevention, recognition, and treatment.

• #70 Current patient perspectives of vulvovaginal candidiasis: incidence, symptoms, management and post-treatment outcomes | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-019-0748-8

  Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common infection affecting women worldwide. Reports of patterns/risk factors/trends for episodic/recurrent VVC (RVVC) are largely outdated. The majority of the participants (78%) indicated a history of VVC with 34% defined as having RVVC. Among risk factors, antibiotic use ranked highest followed by intercourse, humid weather and use of feminine hygiene products. A high number of respondents noted no known cause (idiopathic episodes) that was surprisingly similar among women with a history of either VVC or RVVC. Despite the high incidence rates worldwide, epidemiological data supporting the current estimates of VVC or RVVC prevalence rates had been limited, largely historical, and often anecdotal. One reports the worldwide prevalence of RVVC at approximately 138 million women annually, and an additional 372 million over one’s lifetime, causing substantial morbidity and economic burden. The objective of this study was to conduct a contemporary survey of women with a history of VVC and RVVC among general populations and those seeking standard or elective care at several university-affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology clinics or referral clinics, to determine current trends including diagnostic/management parameters, ranking of disease symptomatology, and post-treatment outcomes, in addition to prevalence rates. Current patient perspectives closely reflect historically documented estimates of VVC/RVVC prevalence and trends regarding symptomatology, disease management and post-treatment outcomes.

• #71 Survey of incidence, lifetime prevalence, and treatment of self-reported vulvovaginal candidiasis, United States, 2020

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9092842/

  Estimating the true public health burden of VVC remains challenging given that it is likely underdiagnosed. […] In this study, the annual incidence of self-reported healthcare provider diagnosed VVC (5.2%) and RVVC among those with VVC (4.7%) suggests that ~6.8 million women experience VVC and ~325,000 experience RVVC in the United States each year. […] Our estimate of self-reported healthcare provider diagnosed VVC are remarkably similar to a previous incidence estimate of 5.6% from a telephone survey of U.S. women conducted during 1991-1996. […] Robust population-based studies about the lifetime prevalence of VVC and RVVC are scarce. […] Our results further support known clinical risk factors for VVC, underscoring the continued importance of targeting health messaging to women at higher risk and to healthcare providers regarding VVC prevention, recognition, and treatment.

• #72 Current patient perspectives of vulvovaginal candidiasis: incidence, symptoms, management and post-treatment outcomes | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-019-0748-8

  Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common infection affecting women worldwide. Reports of patterns/risk factors/trends for episodic/recurrent VVC (RVVC) are largely outdated. The majority of the participants (78%) indicated a history of VVC with 34% defined as having RVVC. Among risk factors, antibiotic use ranked highest followed by intercourse, humid weather and use of feminine hygiene products. A high number of respondents noted no known cause (idiopathic episodes) that was surprisingly similar among women with a history of either VVC or RVVC. Despite the high incidence rates worldwide, epidemiological data supporting the current estimates of VVC or RVVC prevalence rates had been limited, largely historical, and often anecdotal. One reports the worldwide prevalence of RVVC at approximately 138 million women annually, and an additional 372 million over one’s lifetime, causing substantial morbidity and economic burden. The objective of this study was to conduct a contemporary survey of women with a history of VVC and RVVC among general populations and those seeking standard or elective care at several university-affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology clinics or referral clinics, to determine current trends including diagnostic/management parameters, ranking of disease symptomatology, and post-treatment outcomes, in addition to prevalence rates. Current patient perspectives closely reflect historically documented estimates of VVC/RVVC prevalence and trends regarding symptomatology, disease management and post-treatment outcomes.

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