Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Vaginal Candidiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459317/

  Candidal vulvovaginitis is caused by inflammatory changes in the vaginal and vulvar epithelium secondary to infection with Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. […] Therefore, candidal vulvovaginitis requires both the presence of Candida in the vagina and associated symptoms (eg, irritation, itching, dysuria, or inflammation). […] Recognized risk factors for acute candidal vulvovaginitis include estrogen use, elevated endogenous estrogens (eg, pregnancy or obesity), diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression (ie, chemotherapy or antimetabolite medications, HIV infection, or transplant patients), and broad-spectrum antibiotic use. […] Most infections are secondary to Candida albicans; therefore, consistent microscopy findings in the clinical setting of a reproductive-age woman with vulvovaginitis, confirmatory cultures for Candida are unnecessary. […] Because Candida species are part of normal vaginal flora in many women, routine cultures in asymptomatic women are discouraged.

• #2 Preventing Vaginal Yeast Infections With Lifestyle and Diet Changes

  https://intermountainhealthcare.org/blogs/preventing-vaginal-yeast-infections-with-lifestyle-and-diet-changes

  About 75% of women will experience a vaginal yeast infection sometime in their life, and up to 45% of those women will have repeat yeast infections. […] Many things can cause a yeast infection. Some of the common causes of vaginal yeast infections include: Uncontrolled diabetes. High amounts of sugar in your body can feed yeast in your vagina. […] Antibiotics. Because antibiotics kill both good and bad bacteria, you’re more likely to get a yeast infection while taking them. […] Sex. You can pass a yeast infection to your partner during sex, so communicate clearly with your partner before engaging in intercourse. […] Hormones during pregnancy, menopause, or breastfeeding can change the bacterial balance in your vagina. […] Immune system disorders may let yeast grow uncontrolled in your body. […] Products like vaginal sprays or douches can change the balance of bacteria in your vagina.

• #3 Vaginitis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0301/p321.html

  Vaginitis is defined as any condition with symptoms of abnormal vaginal discharge, odor, irritation, itching, or burning. The most common causes of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. Bacterial vaginosis is implicated in 40% to 50% of cases when a cause is identified, with vulvovaginal candidiasis accounting for 20% to 25% and trichomoniasis for 15% to 20% of cases. […] The most common causes of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. Bacterial vaginosis is the cause in 40% to 50% of cases in which a cause is identified, with vulvovaginal candidiasis accounting for 20% to 25% and trichomoniasis for 15% to 20% of cases. Noninfectious causes, including atrophic, irritant, allergic, and inflammatory vaginitis, are less common and account for 5% to 10% of vaginitis cases.

• #4 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics/print

  Weakened immune system – Yeast infections are more common in people who have a weakened immune system due to HIV or use of certain medications (steroids, chemotherapy, post-organ transplant medications). […] Diabetes – Women with diabetes are at higher risk for yeast infections, especially if blood sugar is not well controlled. […] Most vaginal yeast infections are caused by a fungus called Candida albicans. […] Persistent or recurrent infections may be due to infection with one of the less common species of Candida, such as Candida glabrata or Candida krusei.

• #5 What Is a Yeast Infection? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/yeast-infection/guide/

  A vaginal yeast infection is an infection resulting from the overgrowth of yeast a type of fungus of the genus candida. […] Also called candidal vaginitis, vaginal candidiasis, or vulvovaginal candidiasis, yeast infections are most commonly caused by Candida albicans. […] In the United States, around 90 percent of vaginal yeast infections are caused by the species C. albicans. Most other cases are caused by C. glabrata. Less frequently, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei cause vaginal yeast infections. […] Candida yeast cause an infection when something throws off the balance of microorganisms that live in and on your body, such as: Pregnancy, Certain types of medication, including hormonal contraceptives (birth control pills, patches, or vaginal rings), antibiotics, and steroids, Immune-suppressing diseases, including HIV, Diabetes, Stress and lack of sleep, which can weaken the immune system.

• #6 Vaginal Yeast Infection Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/vaginal-yeast-infection

  Vaginal yeast infections (candidiasis) are common. […] A specific kind of yeast called Candida albicans causes most yeast infections. These infections are often easily treatable. […] Several factors can cause a yeast infection, including: antibiotics, which decrease the amount of Lactobacillus in the vagina, pregnancy, uncontrolled diabetes, weak immune system, hormonal imbalance, and stress. […] If you’re having recurring yeast infections or problems getting rid of a yeast infection with conventional treatment, a different version of Candida might be the cause. […] Yeast infections are simple to diagnose. […] Your clinician will first conduct a pelvic exam, noting any visible discharge, redness, and swelling. […] If needed, your clinician might order a vaginal fluid test. […] While it’s possible to develop a yeast infection after sex, a yeast infection itself is not an STI.

• #7 What Is a Yeast Infection? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/yeast-infection/guide/

  A vaginal yeast infection is an infection resulting from the overgrowth of yeast a type of fungus of the genus candida. […] Also called candidal vaginitis, vaginal candidiasis, or vulvovaginal candidiasis, yeast infections are most commonly caused by Candida albicans. […] In the United States, around 90 percent of vaginal yeast infections are caused by the species C. albicans. Most other cases are caused by C. glabrata. Less frequently, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei cause vaginal yeast infections. […] Candida yeast cause an infection when something throws off the balance of microorganisms that live in and on your body, such as: Pregnancy, Certain types of medication, including hormonal contraceptives (birth control pills, patches, or vaginal rings), antibiotics, and steroids, Immune-suppressing diseases, including HIV, Diabetes, Stress and lack of sleep, which can weaken the immune system.

• #8 Yeast Infections: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/yeast-infections-causes-and-risk-factors-1087609

  Vaginal yeast infection is often seen as a side effect of cancer treatment. Your white blood cells, which normally keep the yeast usually found in your vagina and digestive tract from overgrowing, can be reduced by chemotherapy and radiation treatment. […] Yeast infections occur without sexual activity and, therefore, are not considered sexually transmitted infections (STIs). However, yeast can be transferred between sexual partners through vaginal, oral, or anal sex. […] Yeast infections are caused by a fungus called Candida. The type that accounts for the vast majority of yeast infections is Candida albicans (C. albicans). Less common types include C. parapsilosis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris, which are more commonly seen in immunocompromised people with severe systemic infections.

• #9 Vaginal Yeast Infection: Symptoms (w/ Quiz), Causes & Treatment – Tua Saúde

  https://www.tuasaude.com/en/vaginal-yeast-infection/

  Although they are less common, other species of Candida that can also cause a vaginal yeast infection are Candida glabrata or Candida parapsilosis. […] A vaginal yeast infection is not considered to be a sexually transmitted infection (STI), as in most cases it is not related to unprotected sex, but rather, an imbalance in vaginal flora. […] However, a yeast infection can be transmitted through vaginal, oral or anal contact, if the partner is infected with the Candida sp. fungus.

• #10 Vulvovaginal Candidiasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/candidiasis.htm

  VVC usually is caused by Candida albicans but can occasionally be caused by other Candida species or yeasts. […] Vaginal culture or PCR should be obtained from women with complicated VVC to confirm clinical diagnosis and identify nonalbicans Candida. […] The pathogenesis of recurrent VVC is poorly understood, and the majority of women with recurrent VVC have no apparent predisposing or underlying conditions. […] C. albicans azole resistance is becoming more common in vaginal isolates, and nonalbicans Candida is intrinsically resistant to azoles; therefore, culture and susceptibility testing should be considered for patients who remain symptomatic. […] Women with underlying immunodeficiency, those with poorly controlled diabetes or other immunocompromising conditions (e.g., HIV), and those receiving immunosuppression therapy (e.g., corticosteroid treatment) might not respond as well to short-term therapies. […] Vaginal Candida colonization rates among women with HIV infection are higher than among women without HIV with similar demographic and risk behavior characteristics, and the colonization rates correlate with increasing severity of immunosuppression.

• #11 Vaginal yeast infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_yeast_infection

  Vaginal yeast infections are due to excessive growth of Candida. […] The causes of excessive Candida growth are not well understood, but some predisposing factors have been identified. […] Risk factors include taking antibiotics, pregnancy, diabetes, and HIV/AIDS. […] Infection occurs in about 30% of women who are taking a course of antibiotics by mouth. […] In pregnancy, higher levels of estrogen make a woman more likely to develop a yeast infection. […] Those with poorly controlled diabetes have increased rates of infection while those with well controlled diabetes do not. […] A diet high in sugar may increase the risk of vaginal thrush; in some women, reducing sugar intake seems to reduce the risk of reoccurring vaginal thrush. […] While Candida albicans is the most common yeast species associated with vaginal thrush, infection by other types of yeast can produce similar symptoms. […] Non-albicans Candida are often found in complicated cases of vaginal thrush in which the first line of treatment is ineffective.

• #12 Vaginal Yeast Infection: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5019-vaginal-yeast-infection

  An overgrowth of the fungus candida causes a vaginal yeast infection. […] A vaginal yeast infection is a type of fungal infection. Your body contains a kind of yeast called candida, which causes vaginal yeast infections. […] When the bacteria in your vagina is out of balance, it can cause candida to multiply. This can happen for a lot of reasons, including: […] Taking antibiotics: Antibiotics that treat infections in your body kill the good bacteria in your vagina. Good bacteria keep the yeast in check. The balance shifts without good bacteria, leading to a yeast infection. […] Pregnancy and hormones: Anything that disrupts or changes your hormones can disrupt the balance of candida in your vagina. This includes being pregnant, using birth control pills and normal changes during your menstrual cycle. […] Having unmanaged diabetes: High blood sugar impacts the bacteria in your pee. […] Having a weakened immune system: If you have a disease like HIV or AIDS, your medications can suppress your immune system. Chemotherapy and radiation treatment for cancer can also suppress your immune system.

• #13 Yeast infection (vaginal) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yeast-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20378999

  A vaginal yeast infection is a fungal infection. […] The fungus Candida albicans causes most vaginal yeast infections. […] Most often, the vagina has a balance of yeast, including candida, and bacteria. Certain bacteria called lactobacillus work to prevent too much yeast. […] But some factors can affect the balance. Too much candida or the fungus growing deeper into vaginal cells causes symptoms of a yeast infection. […] Too much yeast can result from: Antibiotic use. […] Raised estrogen levels. […] Diabetes that isn’t well-managed. […] A weakened immune system. […] Use of birth control pills or hormone therapy that raises levels of the hormone estrogen. […] Candida albicans is the most common type of fungus to cause yeast infections. When other types of candida fungus cause yeast infections, they can be harder to treat.

• #14 Open Search

  https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/health-and-wellness/vaginitis/what-yeast-infection

  Most healthy vaginas have yeast. But sometimes your yeast grows too much and leads to an infection. […] A vaginal yeast infection, which is also sometimes called vulvovaginal candidiasis, happens when the healthy yeast that normally lives in your vagina grows out of control. It often leads to itching and other irritating symptoms. The medical name for a yeast infection is „candidiasis,” because theyre usually caused by a type of yeast called candida. […] If your vaginal chemistry gets thrown off balance, the normal yeast that live in your vagina can grow too much and lead to an infection. Some things that can cause changes in your vaginas environment are: normal changes in hormone levels (like during your menstrual cycle), antibiotics, cortisone, and other drugs, pregnancy, diabetes, a weak immune system, a natural reaction to another person’s genital chemistry.

• #15 Vaginal Yeast Infection Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/yeast-infection

  If you have burning, itching, and an abnormal discharge, you may have a vaginal yeast infection. […] They’re caused by a fungus called candida a yeast normally present in small numbers in the vagina. But when the balance of bacteria and yeast in the vagina is altered, the yeast may overgrow. […] Doctors define a vaginal yeast infection as an infection in the vagina caused by a yeast called candida. […] Normally, candida doesnt cause problems. But when something changes that encourages its growth, candida can multiply and cause an infection. […] In most cases of a vaginal yeast infection, the exact cause isn’t known. But certain conditions can encourage an overgrowth of yeast. […] These include: […] Diabetes Especially with poorly controlled glycemic levels or if taking SGLT2 inhibitors used to treat diabetes.

• #16 Vaginal Yeast Infection: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/women/understanding-vaginal-yeast-infection-basics

  The vagina normally contains a healthy balance of bacteria and yeast. But when something happens to tip that balance, a fungus called candida can grow out of control and cause a yeast infection, also known as vaginal candidiasis. […] Though yeast infections can happen to anyone at any time, certain things make them more likely. […] There are many reasons you could get a yeast infection, including: […] Changes during pregnancy, breastfeeding, or menopause (or if you’re taking birth control pills) can change the balance in your vagina. […] If your diabetes is not well-controlled, the increase in sugar in the mucous membranes of your vagina can create a place for yeast to grow. […] These drugs can kill off many of the good bacteria that live in your vagina. […] The use of these products can change the balance in your vagina.

• #17 Recurrent Vaginal Candidiasis | Dr. Gómez Roig Institute

  https://www.gomezroig.com/en/candidiasis-vaginal-de-repeticion/

  Vaginal candidiasis is a common fungal infection caused by overgrowth of the fungus. Candida albicans in the vagina […] Recurrent vaginal yeast infection can be caused by a combination of factors that predispose a woman to experience recurrent episodes of vaginal yeast infection. Some of the most common causes include: Imbalance in the vaginal flora. Hormonal changes: during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, menopause or the use of birth control pills. Uncontrolled diabetes. Weakened immune system: due to diseases such as HIV/AIDS or treatments such as chemotherapy. Unhealthy lifestyle habits: a diet high in refined sugars, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking and chronic stress. Sexual contact: Although vaginal yeast infection is not considered a sexually transmitted infection (STI), it is possible for male sexual partners to carry the fungus without symptoms and can transmit it to their female partner during sexual intercourse, which can contribute to infection recurrence. […] Vaginal candidiasis is usually an opportunistic infection that occurs due to an imbalance in the body.

• #18 Vaginitis | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/vaginitis

  Yeast infections are caused by a fungus called Candida. It normally is found in small numbers in the vagina. But when the balance of bacteria and yeast in the vagina is altered, the yeast may overgrow and cause symptoms. […] In many cases, the cause of a yeast infection is not known. […] Some types of antibiotics increase the risk of a yeast infection. The antibiotics kill normal vaginal bacteria, which keep yeast in check. The yeast can then overgrow. […] Changes in the body’s hormone levels during pregnancy can increase the risk. […] Having diabetes can also increase your risk of yeast infection. […] Yeast can overgrow if the immune system, which protects the body from disease, is not working well. For example, in people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), yeast infections may be severe. They may not go away, even with treatment, or may recur often.

• #19 Recurrent Yeast Infections | Baylor Medicine

  https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/obstetrics-and-gynecology/ob-gyn-conditions/recurrent-yeast-infections

  Yeast infections are caused when too much of one of the naturally occurring candida fungi grows in the vagina. […] Yeast infections are caused by a fungus known as candida that is normally found in small numbers in the vagina. When the normal balance of bacteria and yeast in the vagina is altered, the yeast may overgrow and cause symptoms. […] In many cases, the exact cause of the yeast infection is not known.

• #20 About Vaginal Yeast Infections

  https://drexelmedicine.org/blog/overview/about-vaginal-yeast-infections/

  Vaginal yeast infections are caused by a fungus, usually Candida albicans, a common organism that may or may not cause discomfort. Approximately 75 percent of all people with vaginas will have a symptomatic yeast infection at some point in their lives. […] Some possible causes include: Taking antibiotics, Increased warmth and moisture in the genital area, Douching and use of menstrual hygiene products, which may make it easier for yeast to cause an infection, Certain sexual practices: possibly oral sex, use of spermicides, or use of oral contraceptives. […] The cause of infection is unknown in at least half of cases. It may be that a genetic susceptibility causes a response to yeast that lays the groundwork for the next infection. This may be the main cause in people with recurrent infections.

• #21 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics

  VAGINAL YEAST INFECTION CAUSE […] The fungus that causes yeast infections (named Candida) lives in the gastrointestinal tract and sometimes the vagina. Normally, Candida causes no symptoms. However, when there are changes in the environment of the gastrointestinal tract and vagina (which can be caused by medicines, injury, or stress to the immune system), Candida can overgrow and cause the symptoms described above. […] […] […] There are several risk factors that may increase the chances of developing an infection, including: […] Antibiotics – Most antibiotics kill a wide variety of bacteria, including those that normally live in the vagina. These bacteria protect the vagina from the overgrowth of yeast. Some women are prone to yeast infections while taking antibiotics. […] Hormonal contraceptives (eg, birth control pills, patch, and vaginal ring) – The risk of yeast infections may be higher in women who use birth control methods that contain the hormone estrogen.

• #22 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics

  Antibiotics – One-quarter to one-third of women are prone to vulvovaginal candidiasis during or after taking broad spectrum antibiotics. These drugs inhibit normal bacterial flora, which favors growth of potential pathogens such as Candida. In women susceptible to symptomatic yeast infections with antibiotic therapy, a dose of oral fluconazole at the start and end of antibiotic therapy may prevent post-antibiotic vulvovaginitis. […] Increased estrogen levels – Vulvovaginal candidiasis appears to occur more often in the setting of increased estrogen levels, such as oral contraceptive use (especially when estrogen dose is high), pregnancy, and estrogen therapy, including topical or intravaginal estrogen therapy by postmenopausal women. […] Immunosuppression – Candidal infections are more common people whose immune system is weaker than normal, such as those who take corticosteroids or have HIV infection.

• #23 Vaginal Yeast Infection Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/yeast-infection

  Hormones Hormonal contraceptives or an imbalance when you’re period is about to begin. […] Medications Antibiotics often kill normal vaginal bacteria that keep yeast in check, enabling yeast to overgrow. […] Pregnancy Pregnancy hormones increase the risk of yeast infections. […] Certain products Douches, feminine washes, spermicides, soaps, powders, and deodorants can all cause irritation. […] Weakened immune system Yeast can overgrow if the immune system isnt working properly. In people with HIV, yeast infections may be severe and recur despite treatment. […] Wearing tight-fitting clothing and synthetic material Trapping heat and moisture in the genital region gives yeast the perfect environment to grow quickly. […] You’re more likely to get a vaginal yeast infection if you: […] Are pregnant.

• #24 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics

  Antibiotics – One-quarter to one-third of women are prone to vulvovaginal candidiasis during or after taking broad spectrum antibiotics. These drugs inhibit normal bacterial flora, which favors growth of potential pathogens such as Candida. In women susceptible to symptomatic yeast infections with antibiotic therapy, a dose of oral fluconazole at the start and end of antibiotic therapy may prevent post-antibiotic vulvovaginitis. […] Increased estrogen levels – Vulvovaginal candidiasis appears to occur more often in the setting of increased estrogen levels, such as oral contraceptive use (especially when estrogen dose is high), pregnancy, and estrogen therapy, including topical or intravaginal estrogen therapy by postmenopausal women. […] Immunosuppression – Candidal infections are more common people whose immune system is weaker than normal, such as those who take corticosteroids or have HIV infection.

• #25 Yeast Infection Causes: What to Watch Out For | Uqora

  https://uqora.info/blogs/learning-center/yeast-infection-causes

  Antibiotics are a potential cause of yeast infections because they disrupt the microbial balance in the body. Antibiotics kill bacteria of all kinds, including the beneficial bacteria that naturally keep yeast in check. When these bacteria are eliminated, yeast can multiply quickly, leading to an infection.

• #26 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics

  Antibiotics – One-quarter to one-third of women are prone to vulvovaginal candidiasis during or after taking broad spectrum antibiotics. These drugs inhibit normal bacterial flora, which favors growth of potential pathogens such as Candida. In women susceptible to symptomatic yeast infections with antibiotic therapy, a dose of oral fluconazole at the start and end of antibiotic therapy may prevent post-antibiotic vulvovaginitis. […] Increased estrogen levels – Vulvovaginal candidiasis appears to occur more often in the setting of increased estrogen levels, such as oral contraceptive use (especially when estrogen dose is high), pregnancy, and estrogen therapy, including topical or intravaginal estrogen therapy by postmenopausal women. […] Immunosuppression – Candidal infections are more common people whose immune system is weaker than normal, such as those who take corticosteroids or have HIV infection.

• #27 Vaginal Yeast Infection Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/yeast-infection

  Hormones Hormonal contraceptives or an imbalance when you’re period is about to begin. […] Medications Antibiotics often kill normal vaginal bacteria that keep yeast in check, enabling yeast to overgrow. […] Pregnancy Pregnancy hormones increase the risk of yeast infections. […] Certain products Douches, feminine washes, spermicides, soaps, powders, and deodorants can all cause irritation. […] Weakened immune system Yeast can overgrow if the immune system isnt working properly. In people with HIV, yeast infections may be severe and recur despite treatment. […] Wearing tight-fitting clothing and synthetic material Trapping heat and moisture in the genital region gives yeast the perfect environment to grow quickly. […] You’re more likely to get a vaginal yeast infection if you: […] Are pregnant.

• #28 Yeast Infection > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/yeast-infection

  A disrupted balance of good bacteria and yeast around the vagina that causes itching and discomfort. […] For women, a yeast infection occurs when the delicate balance of good bacteria and naturally occurring yeast in and around the vagina is disrupted. The possible causes of infection are numerous. […] Yeast cells can grow quickly in the vagina if the population of healthy bacteria changes. Factors that can lead to an infection include the following: Antibiotics, which decrease the levels of healthy bacteria in the body. […] During pregnancy, the female body undergoes various chemical and hormonal changes, which alter the balance of good bacteria and yeast in the vagina.

• #29 Overview: Vaginal yeast infection (thrush) – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK543220/

  Vaginal yeast infections occur when too much yeast grows in the vagina, leading to an inflammation. Yeast is a type of fungus. Along with bacterial infections (bacterial vaginosis), yeast infections are among the most common causes of inflammation in the vagina and on the outer part of the female genitals. […] Vaginal yeast infections are usually caused by a type of yeast called Candida albicans. It is normal for this yeast to live in the mucous membranes lining the genitals. There are usually only small amounts of it, though, so it doesn’t cause any problems. […] But the healthy balance of microorganisms (germs) living in the membranes is sometimes disrupted for instance, due to pregnancy or medication. […] The level of estrogen in the body is particularly high during pregnancy. That can change the balance and increase the likelihood of developing a vaginal yeast infection. Taking the contraceptive pill (birth control pill) affects a woman’s hormone levels in a similar way to pregnancy. So women who take the pill are also more likely to have thrush.

• #30 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics

  VAGINAL YEAST INFECTION CAUSE […] The fungus that causes yeast infections (named Candida) lives in the gastrointestinal tract and sometimes the vagina. Normally, Candida causes no symptoms. However, when there are changes in the environment of the gastrointestinal tract and vagina (which can be caused by medicines, injury, or stress to the immune system), Candida can overgrow and cause the symptoms described above. […] […] […] There are several risk factors that may increase the chances of developing an infection, including: […] Antibiotics – Most antibiotics kill a wide variety of bacteria, including those that normally live in the vagina. These bacteria protect the vagina from the overgrowth of yeast. Some women are prone to yeast infections while taking antibiotics. […] Hormonal contraceptives (eg, birth control pills, patch, and vaginal ring) – The risk of yeast infections may be higher in women who use birth control methods that contain the hormone estrogen.

• #31 8 Yeast Infection Causes That Should Be on Your Radar | SELF

  https://www.self.com/story/common-yeast-infection-causes

  Yeast infections appear to occur more often in the setting of increased estrogen levels, such as with oral contraceptive use, pregnancy, and estrogen therapy. […] Douching can seriously disrupt the normal pH of the vagina and cause an overgrowth of yeast or harmful bacteria. […] People with diabetes have a higher risk of getting yeast infections, especially if they have trouble managing their blood sugar levels. […] Having sex more frequently than usual or with a new partner can change the vagina’s pH and introduce new bacteria and fungus, altering the Candida levels and causing an infection. […] Some people are sensitive to certain types of lubes. Some, especially glycerin-based, have sugar in them, which can prompt yeast growth.

• #32 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics

  Antibiotics – One-quarter to one-third of women are prone to vulvovaginal candidiasis during or after taking broad spectrum antibiotics. These drugs inhibit normal bacterial flora, which favors growth of potential pathogens such as Candida. In women susceptible to symptomatic yeast infections with antibiotic therapy, a dose of oral fluconazole at the start and end of antibiotic therapy may prevent post-antibiotic vulvovaginitis. […] Increased estrogen levels – Vulvovaginal candidiasis appears to occur more often in the setting of increased estrogen levels, such as oral contraceptive use (especially when estrogen dose is high), pregnancy, and estrogen therapy, including topical or intravaginal estrogen therapy by postmenopausal women. […] Immunosuppression – Candidal infections are more common people whose immune system is weaker than normal, such as those who take corticosteroids or have HIV infection.

• #33 Vaginal Yeast Infections (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/yeast-infection.html

  Yeast infections (also known as candidiasis) are common infections caused by Candida albicans yeast, which is a type of fungus. […] A yeast infection in the vagina is known as vulvovaginal candidiasis (can-dih-DYE-uh-sis). Vaginal yeast infections are common, and many girls will have one at some point. […] Having small amounts of Candida on the skin and inside the mouth, digestive tract, and vagina is normal. A healthy immune system and some „good” bacteria keep the amount in a person’s body under control. […] But yeast in the vagina can sometimes „overgrow” and lead to symptoms of a yeast infection. This can happen if a girl: has a weak immune system from an illness or medicines like chemotherapy; takes antibiotics for a bacterial infection (such as strep throat). The antibiotics can kill off the „good” bacteria that keep the Candida in check; has high blood sugar. Girls whose diabetes isn’t well-controlled are more likely to get yeast infections; wears clothing (especially underwear) that is too tight or made of materials like nylon that trap heat and moisture. […] As girls mature and go through puberty, hormonal changes can make them more likely to get yeast infections. Sometimes, girls get yeast infections right before their menstrual periods. Pregnant women are also more likely to get them.

• #34 Vaginal Yeast Infections (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/yeast-infections.html

  Yeast infections (also known as candidiasis) are common infections caused by Candida albicans yeast, which is a type of fungus. […] A yeast infection in the vagina is known as vulvovaginal candidiasis. […] But yeast in the vagina can sometimes „overgrow” and lead to symptoms of a yeast infection. Stress, pregnancy, and illnesses that affect the immune system may let yeast multiply. So can some medicines, including some birth control pills and steroids. If you’re taking antibiotics, such as for strep throat, the antibiotics can kill the „good” bacteria that normally keep the yeast in check. Yeast also can grow a lot if a girl’s blood sugar is high. […] Many girls find that they tend to show up right before they get their periods because of the hormonal changes that come with the menstrual cycle. […] Using scented sanitary products and douching can upset the healthy balance of bacteria in the vagina and make yeast infections more likely.

• #35 Vaginal Yeast Infection Symptoms, Causes and Treatment – Dr. Axe

  https://draxe.com/health/vaginal-yeast-infection/

  Certain pre-existing medical conditions can increase your susceptibility to vaginal yeast infections because they alter bacterial and chemical balances within your body. […] The female sex hormone progesterone can increase yeast infections in the vaginal area because it increases the production of glycogen, a natural starch thats converted into sugar easily.

• #36 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics

  […] […] Most vaginal yeast infections are caused by a fungus called Candida albicans. Persistent or recurrent infections may be due to infection with one of the less common species of Candida, such as Candida glabrata or Candida krusei. In women with recurrent or persistent symptoms, vaginal cultures should always be obtained to confirm the diagnosis and identify these less common species, if present, since different medications are used to treat these infections. This involves testing a sample of vaginal discharge in a lab. […] […] […] Sporadic attacks of vulvovaginal candidiasis usually occur without an identifiable precipitating factor. Nevertheless, a number of factors predispose to symptomatic infection: […] Diabetes mellitus – Women with diabetes mellitus who have poor glycemic (blood sugar) control are more prone to vulvovaginal candidiasis than women whose blood sugar is normal. Maintaining good glycemic control can help to prevent vaginal infection. Patients who are using SGLT2 inhibitors to treat diabetes also frequently develop vulvovaginal yeast infections, including recurrent infections.

• #37 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics/print

  Weakened immune system – Yeast infections are more common in people who have a weakened immune system due to HIV or use of certain medications (steroids, chemotherapy, post-organ transplant medications). […] Diabetes – Women with diabetes are at higher risk for yeast infections, especially if blood sugar is not well controlled. […] Most vaginal yeast infections are caused by a fungus called Candida albicans. […] Persistent or recurrent infections may be due to infection with one of the less common species of Candida, such as Candida glabrata or Candida krusei.

• #38 Yeast Infections: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/yeast-infections-causes-and-risk-factors-1087609

  If your immune system is impaired due to corticosteroid medication, cancer treatment, HIV infection, or other causes, you will be at a greater risk of yeast infections. […] You’re especially susceptible to vaginal yeast infections if you have diabetes. Yeast cells that normally live in the vagina are kept in careful check by the minimally available nutrients in the acidic environment of the vagina. […] However, in people who have diabetes, vaginal secretions contain more glucose due to higher amounts of glucose in the blood. Yeast cells are nourished by this excess glucose, causing them to multiply and become a yeast infection. […] High blood sugar also interferes with immune functions that help prevent yeast infections. A yeast infection in people with diabetes can indicate that blood glucose levels are not well-controlled or that an infection is brewing in another part of the body.

• #39 Yeast Infections: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/yeast-infections-causes-and-risk-factors-1087609

  If your immune system is impaired due to corticosteroid medication, cancer treatment, HIV infection, or other causes, you will be at a greater risk of yeast infections. […] You’re especially susceptible to vaginal yeast infections if you have diabetes. Yeast cells that normally live in the vagina are kept in careful check by the minimally available nutrients in the acidic environment of the vagina. […] However, in people who have diabetes, vaginal secretions contain more glucose due to higher amounts of glucose in the blood. Yeast cells are nourished by this excess glucose, causing them to multiply and become a yeast infection. […] High blood sugar also interferes with immune functions that help prevent yeast infections. A yeast infection in people with diabetes can indicate that blood glucose levels are not well-controlled or that an infection is brewing in another part of the body.

• #40 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics

  […] […] Most vaginal yeast infections are caused by a fungus called Candida albicans. Persistent or recurrent infections may be due to infection with one of the less common species of Candida, such as Candida glabrata or Candida krusei. In women with recurrent or persistent symptoms, vaginal cultures should always be obtained to confirm the diagnosis and identify these less common species, if present, since different medications are used to treat these infections. This involves testing a sample of vaginal discharge in a lab. […] […] […] Sporadic attacks of vulvovaginal candidiasis usually occur without an identifiable precipitating factor. Nevertheless, a number of factors predispose to symptomatic infection: […] Diabetes mellitus – Women with diabetes mellitus who have poor glycemic (blood sugar) control are more prone to vulvovaginal candidiasis than women whose blood sugar is normal. Maintaining good glycemic control can help to prevent vaginal infection. Patients who are using SGLT2 inhibitors to treat diabetes also frequently develop vulvovaginal yeast infections, including recurrent infections.

• #41 Vaginal Yeast Infection Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/yeast-infection

  If you have burning, itching, and an abnormal discharge, you may have a vaginal yeast infection. […] They’re caused by a fungus called candida a yeast normally present in small numbers in the vagina. But when the balance of bacteria and yeast in the vagina is altered, the yeast may overgrow. […] Doctors define a vaginal yeast infection as an infection in the vagina caused by a yeast called candida. […] Normally, candida doesnt cause problems. But when something changes that encourages its growth, candida can multiply and cause an infection. […] In most cases of a vaginal yeast infection, the exact cause isn’t known. But certain conditions can encourage an overgrowth of yeast. […] These include: […] Diabetes Especially with poorly controlled glycemic levels or if taking SGLT2 inhibitors used to treat diabetes.

• #42 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics

  Antibiotics – One-quarter to one-third of women are prone to vulvovaginal candidiasis during or after taking broad spectrum antibiotics. These drugs inhibit normal bacterial flora, which favors growth of potential pathogens such as Candida. In women susceptible to symptomatic yeast infections with antibiotic therapy, a dose of oral fluconazole at the start and end of antibiotic therapy may prevent post-antibiotic vulvovaginitis. […] Increased estrogen levels – Vulvovaginal candidiasis appears to occur more often in the setting of increased estrogen levels, such as oral contraceptive use (especially when estrogen dose is high), pregnancy, and estrogen therapy, including topical or intravaginal estrogen therapy by postmenopausal women. […] Immunosuppression – Candidal infections are more common people whose immune system is weaker than normal, such as those who take corticosteroids or have HIV infection.

• #43 Causes and Symptoms of Vaginal Yeast Infections in Women – Uniprix

  https://www.uniprix.com/en/article/yeast-infections-in-women

• #44 Vulvovaginal Candidiasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/candidiasis.htm

  VVC usually is caused by Candida albicans but can occasionally be caused by other Candida species or yeasts. […] Vaginal culture or PCR should be obtained from women with complicated VVC to confirm clinical diagnosis and identify nonalbicans Candida. […] The pathogenesis of recurrent VVC is poorly understood, and the majority of women with recurrent VVC have no apparent predisposing or underlying conditions. […] C. albicans azole resistance is becoming more common in vaginal isolates, and nonalbicans Candida is intrinsically resistant to azoles; therefore, culture and susceptibility testing should be considered for patients who remain symptomatic. […] Women with underlying immunodeficiency, those with poorly controlled diabetes or other immunocompromising conditions (e.g., HIV), and those receiving immunosuppression therapy (e.g., corticosteroid treatment) might not respond as well to short-term therapies. […] Vaginal Candida colonization rates among women with HIV infection are higher than among women without HIV with similar demographic and risk behavior characteristics, and the colonization rates correlate with increasing severity of immunosuppression.

• #45 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics

  Contraceptive devices – Vaginal sponges, diaphragms, and intrauterine devices (IUDs) may increase the risk of yeast infections. Spermicides do not usually cause yeast infections, although they can cause vaginal or vulvar irritation in some women. […] Weakened immune system – Yeast infections are more common in people who have a weakened immune system due to HIV or use of certain medications (steroids, chemotherapy, post-organ transplant medications). […] Pregnancy – Vaginal discharge becomes more noticeable during pregnancy, although yeast infection is not always the cause. […] Diabetes – Women with diabetes are at higher risk for yeast infections, especially if blood sugar is not well controlled. […] Sexual activity – Vaginal yeast infections are not a sexually transmitted infection. They can occur in women who have never been sexually active, but are more common in women who are sexually active.

• #46 Yeast Infections: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/yeast-infections-causes-and-risk-factors-1087609

  Vaginal yeast infection is often seen as a side effect of cancer treatment. Your white blood cells, which normally keep the yeast usually found in your vagina and digestive tract from overgrowing, can be reduced by chemotherapy and radiation treatment. […] Yeast infections occur without sexual activity and, therefore, are not considered sexually transmitted infections (STIs). However, yeast can be transferred between sexual partners through vaginal, oral, or anal sex. […] Yeast infections are caused by a fungus called Candida. The type that accounts for the vast majority of yeast infections is Candida albicans (C. albicans). Less common types include C. parapsilosis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris, which are more commonly seen in immunocompromised people with severe systemic infections.

• #47 Yeast Infections: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/yeast-infections-causes-and-risk-factors-1087609

  Vaginal yeast infection is often seen as a side effect of cancer treatment. Your white blood cells, which normally keep the yeast usually found in your vagina and digestive tract from overgrowing, can be reduced by chemotherapy and radiation treatment. […] Yeast infections occur without sexual activity and, therefore, are not considered sexually transmitted infections (STIs). However, yeast can be transferred between sexual partners through vaginal, oral, or anal sex. […] Yeast infections are caused by a fungus called Candida. The type that accounts for the vast majority of yeast infections is Candida albicans (C. albicans). Less common types include C. parapsilosis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris, which are more commonly seen in immunocompromised people with severe systemic infections.

• #48 Vaginal Yeast Infection: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5019-vaginal-yeast-infection

  An overgrowth of the fungus candida causes a vaginal yeast infection. […] A vaginal yeast infection is a type of fungal infection. Your body contains a kind of yeast called candida, which causes vaginal yeast infections. […] When the bacteria in your vagina is out of balance, it can cause candida to multiply. This can happen for a lot of reasons, including: […] Taking antibiotics: Antibiotics that treat infections in your body kill the good bacteria in your vagina. Good bacteria keep the yeast in check. The balance shifts without good bacteria, leading to a yeast infection. […] Pregnancy and hormones: Anything that disrupts or changes your hormones can disrupt the balance of candida in your vagina. This includes being pregnant, using birth control pills and normal changes during your menstrual cycle. […] Having unmanaged diabetes: High blood sugar impacts the bacteria in your pee. […] Having a weakened immune system: If you have a disease like HIV or AIDS, your medications can suppress your immune system. Chemotherapy and radiation treatment for cancer can also suppress your immune system.

• #49 Vaginal Yeast Infection: Symptoms (w/ Quiz), Causes & Treatment – Tua Saúde

  https://www.tuasaude.com/en/vaginal-yeast-infection/

  Vaginal yeast infections are a very common genital infection in women that are caused by the excessive growth of the Candida albicans fungus. […] The overgrowth of Candida fungi can be related to hormonal changes (from pregnancy, for example), inadequate hygiene, stress, antibiotics, or a compromised immune system. […] A vaginal yeast infection is mainly caused by an imbalance in the vaginal flora, leading to excessive growth of Candida albicans fungus. This fungus is naturally present in the genital tract, but can enter the vaginal mucosa and overgrow, leading to symptoms. […] Some factors that can contribute to an imbalance of vaginal flora and the development of a yeast infection include: Pregnancy, Use of birth control pills containing estrogen, Hormone replacement therapy in menopause, Stress, Obesity, Diabetes mellitus, HIV infection, Chemotherapy, Use of medications such as antibiotics and corticosteroids, Incorrect cleaning of the anus after evacuation, i.e. from back to front, Autoimmune diseases.

• #50 Vulvovaginal Candidiasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/candidiasis.htm

  VVC usually is caused by Candida albicans but can occasionally be caused by other Candida species or yeasts. […] Vaginal culture or PCR should be obtained from women with complicated VVC to confirm clinical diagnosis and identify nonalbicans Candida. […] The pathogenesis of recurrent VVC is poorly understood, and the majority of women with recurrent VVC have no apparent predisposing or underlying conditions. […] C. albicans azole resistance is becoming more common in vaginal isolates, and nonalbicans Candida is intrinsically resistant to azoles; therefore, culture and susceptibility testing should be considered for patients who remain symptomatic. […] Women with underlying immunodeficiency, those with poorly controlled diabetes or other immunocompromising conditions (e.g., HIV), and those receiving immunosuppression therapy (e.g., corticosteroid treatment) might not respond as well to short-term therapies. […] Vaginal Candida colonization rates among women with HIV infection are higher than among women without HIV with similar demographic and risk behavior characteristics, and the colonization rates correlate with increasing severity of immunosuppression.

• #51 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics

  Contraceptive devices – Vaginal sponges, diaphragms, and intrauterine devices (IUDs) may increase the risk of yeast infections. Spermicides do not usually cause yeast infections, although they can cause vaginal or vulvar irritation in some women. […] Weakened immune system – Yeast infections are more common in people who have a weakened immune system due to HIV or use of certain medications (steroids, chemotherapy, post-organ transplant medications). […] Pregnancy – Vaginal discharge becomes more noticeable during pregnancy, although yeast infection is not always the cause. […] Diabetes – Women with diabetes are at higher risk for yeast infections, especially if blood sugar is not well controlled. […] Sexual activity – Vaginal yeast infections are not a sexually transmitted infection. They can occur in women who have never been sexually active, but are more common in women who are sexually active.

• #52 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics

  Contraceptive devices – Vaginal sponges, diaphragms, and intrauterine devices (IUDs) have been associated with vulvovaginal candidiasis, but not consistently. Spermicides are not associated with Candida infection. […] Probiotics – Probiotics have not been shown to prevent vaginal yeast infections and are not recommended.

• #53 Vaginal Yeast Infection Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/yeast-infection

  If you have burning, itching, and an abnormal discharge, you may have a vaginal yeast infection. […] They’re caused by a fungus called candida a yeast normally present in small numbers in the vagina. But when the balance of bacteria and yeast in the vagina is altered, the yeast may overgrow. […] Doctors define a vaginal yeast infection as an infection in the vagina caused by a yeast called candida. […] Normally, candida doesnt cause problems. But when something changes that encourages its growth, candida can multiply and cause an infection. […] In most cases of a vaginal yeast infection, the exact cause isn’t known. But certain conditions can encourage an overgrowth of yeast. […] These include: […] Diabetes Especially with poorly controlled glycemic levels or if taking SGLT2 inhibitors used to treat diabetes.

• #54 11 Home Remedies for Vaginal Yeast Infection

  https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/yeast-infection-home-remedy

  A vaginal yeast infection (vaginal candidiasis) is a common condition caused by an overgrowth of a fungus that naturally lives in the vagina, called Candida albicans. […] The main cause of a yeast infection is the overgrowth of yeast on an area of the body. […] You could get a yeast infection for any number of reasons, including: […] Changes during pregnancy, nursing, your menstrual cycle, or menopause can change the balance of yeast in your vagina. […] Though vaginosis is not a sexually transmitted infection, yeast can be passed from person to person during physical sexual contact. Plus, sexual intercourse can change the bacterial balance of your vagina. […] An increase in sugar in the mucus membranes of your vagina can create a place for yeast to grow. […] These drugs can kill off many of the good bacteria that live in your vagina. […] These products can change the balance of yeast in your vagina. […] If you are HIV-positive, immunocompromised, or have another autoimmune disorder, you may be more susceptible to vaginal yeast infections.

• #55 Vaginal Yeast Infection Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/yeast-infection

  If you have burning, itching, and an abnormal discharge, you may have a vaginal yeast infection. […] They’re caused by a fungus called candida a yeast normally present in small numbers in the vagina. But when the balance of bacteria and yeast in the vagina is altered, the yeast may overgrow. […] Doctors define a vaginal yeast infection as an infection in the vagina caused by a yeast called candida. […] Normally, candida doesnt cause problems. But when something changes that encourages its growth, candida can multiply and cause an infection. […] In most cases of a vaginal yeast infection, the exact cause isn’t known. But certain conditions can encourage an overgrowth of yeast. […] These include: […] Diabetes Especially with poorly controlled glycemic levels or if taking SGLT2 inhibitors used to treat diabetes.

• #56 Preventing Vaginal Yeast Infections With Lifestyle and Diet Changes

  https://intermountainhealthcare.org/blogs/preventing-vaginal-yeast-infections-with-lifestyle-and-diet-changes

  About 75% of women will experience a vaginal yeast infection sometime in their life, and up to 45% of those women will have repeat yeast infections. […] Many things can cause a yeast infection. Some of the common causes of vaginal yeast infections include: Uncontrolled diabetes. High amounts of sugar in your body can feed yeast in your vagina. […] Antibiotics. Because antibiotics kill both good and bad bacteria, you’re more likely to get a yeast infection while taking them. […] Sex. You can pass a yeast infection to your partner during sex, so communicate clearly with your partner before engaging in intercourse. […] Hormones during pregnancy, menopause, or breastfeeding can change the bacterial balance in your vagina. […] Immune system disorders may let yeast grow uncontrolled in your body. […] Products like vaginal sprays or douches can change the balance of bacteria in your vagina.

• #57 Causes and Risk Factors of Vaginal Yeast Infections | New York

  https://www.mitchellmedicalgroup.com/blog/causes-and-risk-factors-of-vaginal-yeast-infections/

  If youve been suffering from persistent vaginal irritation, pain, or abnormal discharge, you may have a vaginal yeast infection. […] Yeast overgrowth can also cause symptoms like a burning sensation during urination, vulvar swelling, and vaginal rash. […] When too much yeast grows on your skin or in other areas it can cause an infection. This infection or overgrowth of yeast is called candidiasis. […] There are several factors that cause yeast infections including: Anti-biotics (these decrease the number of good bacteria in the vagina), Pregnancy, Uncontrolled diabetes, Weak immune system, Poor eating habits including a lot of sugary foods, Hormonal imbalance near your menstrual cycle, Stress, Lack of sleep, Certain medications such as birth control, Douches and vaginal sprays, Clothing (such as tight clothing which locks in body heat and moisture in the vagina thereby allowing the yeast to grow).

• #58 What causes yeast infection? | SingleCare

  https://www.singlecare.com/blog/yeast-infection-causes/

  Taking oral contraceptives. Some women who take oral contraceptives are more likely to develop yeast infections. The hormones in birth control pills may cause changes in the pH balance of the vagina, making it easier for Candida albicans fungus to grow. […] Weakened immune system. With a weakened immune system, it can be harder for the body to fight off an overgrowth of the Candida albicans fungus. […] Using a douche. Douching can increase the risk of developing a yeast infection by disrupting the natural balance of the vaginal flora. […] Excessive sweating. Excessive sweating around the vagina can create a moist, warm environment for fungus to grow, which in turn may cause a yeast infection to develop. […] Stress. Stress can weaken the functions of the body’s immune system, making you more susceptible to infections like yeast infections.

• #59 Vaginal yeast infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_yeast_infection

  Vaginal yeast infections are due to excessive growth of Candida. […] The causes of excessive Candida growth are not well understood, but some predisposing factors have been identified. […] Risk factors include taking antibiotics, pregnancy, diabetes, and HIV/AIDS. […] Infection occurs in about 30% of women who are taking a course of antibiotics by mouth. […] In pregnancy, higher levels of estrogen make a woman more likely to develop a yeast infection. […] Those with poorly controlled diabetes have increased rates of infection while those with well controlled diabetes do not. […] A diet high in sugar may increase the risk of vaginal thrush; in some women, reducing sugar intake seems to reduce the risk of reoccurring vaginal thrush. […] While Candida albicans is the most common yeast species associated with vaginal thrush, infection by other types of yeast can produce similar symptoms. […] Non-albicans Candida are often found in complicated cases of vaginal thrush in which the first line of treatment is ineffective.

• #60 Recurrent Vaginal Candidiasis | Dr. Gómez Roig Institute

  https://www.gomezroig.com/en/candidiasis-vaginal-de-repeticion/

  Vaginal candidiasis is a common fungal infection caused by overgrowth of the fungus. Candida albicans in the vagina […] Recurrent vaginal yeast infection can be caused by a combination of factors that predispose a woman to experience recurrent episodes of vaginal yeast infection. Some of the most common causes include: Imbalance in the vaginal flora. Hormonal changes: during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, menopause or the use of birth control pills. Uncontrolled diabetes. Weakened immune system: due to diseases such as HIV/AIDS or treatments such as chemotherapy. Unhealthy lifestyle habits: a diet high in refined sugars, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking and chronic stress. Sexual contact: Although vaginal yeast infection is not considered a sexually transmitted infection (STI), it is possible for male sexual partners to carry the fungus without symptoms and can transmit it to their female partner during sexual intercourse, which can contribute to infection recurrence. […] Vaginal candidiasis is usually an opportunistic infection that occurs due to an imbalance in the body.

• #61 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics

  Contraceptive devices – Vaginal sponges, diaphragms, and intrauterine devices (IUDs) may increase the risk of yeast infections. Spermicides do not usually cause yeast infections, although they can cause vaginal or vulvar irritation in some women. […] Weakened immune system – Yeast infections are more common in people who have a weakened immune system due to HIV or use of certain medications (steroids, chemotherapy, post-organ transplant medications). […] Pregnancy – Vaginal discharge becomes more noticeable during pregnancy, although yeast infection is not always the cause. […] Diabetes – Women with diabetes are at higher risk for yeast infections, especially if blood sugar is not well controlled. […] Sexual activity – Vaginal yeast infections are not a sexually transmitted infection. They can occur in women who have never been sexually active, but are more common in women who are sexually active.

• #62 Vaginal Yeast Infection: Symptoms (w/ Quiz), Causes & Treatment – Tua Saúde

  https://www.tuasaude.com/en/vaginal-yeast-infection/

  Although they are less common, other species of Candida that can also cause a vaginal yeast infection are Candida glabrata or Candida parapsilosis. […] A vaginal yeast infection is not considered to be a sexually transmitted infection (STI), as in most cases it is not related to unprotected sex, but rather, an imbalance in vaginal flora. […] However, a yeast infection can be transmitted through vaginal, oral or anal contact, if the partner is infected with the Candida sp. fungus.

• #63 Vaginal Yeast Infection: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/women/understanding-vaginal-yeast-infection-basics

  If you are HIV-positive or have another immune system disorder, the yeast may also grow uncontrolled. […] Though a yeast infection is not considered a sexually transmitted infection, it can be passed from person to person through sexual contact. […] Research shows that the candida fungus, like other organisms, responds to stress.

• #64 Overview: Vaginal yeast infection (thrush) – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK543220/

  Some illnesses increase the risk of vaginal yeast infections. These include diabetes and other diseases that weaken the immune system. Various medications can increase the risk too, such as antibiotics, steroids, hormone therapy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Other factors that increase the risk of vaginal yeast infections include stress, washing your genitals with soap, wearing synthetic and tight clothes, sweating and using non-breathable panty liners or sanitary pads. These things allow the yeast to thrive, leading to an inflammation. […] Sometimes women catch the infection from someone else, if a lot of the yeast get into the vagina from the outside for instance, through sex with a man who has a yeast infection on the head of his penis.

• #65 8 Yeast Infection Causes That Should Be on Your Radar | SELF

  https://www.self.com/story/common-yeast-infection-causes

  Yeast infections appear to occur more often in the setting of increased estrogen levels, such as with oral contraceptive use, pregnancy, and estrogen therapy. […] Douching can seriously disrupt the normal pH of the vagina and cause an overgrowth of yeast or harmful bacteria. […] People with diabetes have a higher risk of getting yeast infections, especially if they have trouble managing their blood sugar levels. […] Having sex more frequently than usual or with a new partner can change the vagina’s pH and introduce new bacteria and fungus, altering the Candida levels and causing an infection. […] Some people are sensitive to certain types of lubes. Some, especially glycerin-based, have sugar in them, which can prompt yeast growth.

• #66 Vaginal Yeast – Fungal Infection – Dr. Anki Reddy’s

  https://www.drankireddy.com/ask-a-doctor/vaginal-yeast-fungal-infection/

  Vaginal yeast infection isn’t considered a sexually transmitted infection. But, there’s an increased risk of vaginal yeast infection at the time of first regular sexual activity. Overgrowth of yeast can result from: Antibiotic use, which causes an imbalance in natural vaginal flora. […] If left untreated, vaginal candidiasis will most likely get worse, causing itching, redness, and inflammation in the area surrounding your vagina. This may lead to a skin infection if the inflamed area becomes cracked, or if continual scratching creates open or raw areas. Vaginal Candidiasis can be very well controlled with Homeopathy remedies. The recurrence of Vaginal Candidiasis can also be prevented with suitable remedies. Homeopathy medicines, which are made from natural substances, help to extract the disease from its root by raising the body’s immunity. As the fungus growth gradually declines, the symptoms also disappear along with it.

• #67 Vaginitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/257141-overview

  Approximately 90% of all cases of vaginitis are thought to be attributable to 3 causes: bacterial vaginosis, vaginal candidiasis (or vulvovaginal candidiasis [VVC]), and Trichomonas vaginalis infection (trichomoniasis). […] Bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause of vaginitis, accounting for 50% of cases. As previously mentioned, bacterial vaginosis is caused by an overgrowth of organisms such as Gardnerella vaginalis (a gram-variable coccobacillus), Mobiluncus species, Mycoplasma hominis, and Peptostreptococcus species. Risk factors include pregnancy, intrauterine device (IUD) use, and frequent douching. […] Candida species (including C albicans, C tropicalis, and C glabrata) are airborne fungi that are natural inhabitants of the vagina in as many as 50% of women. Vaginal candidiasis is the second most common cause of vaginitis. In 85-90% of cases, it is caused by C albicans, and in 5-10%, it is caused by C glabrata or C parapsilosis. Risk factors include oral contraceptive use, IUD use, young age at first intercourse, increased frequency of intercourse, receptive cunnilingus, diabetes, HIV or other immunocompromised states, long-term antibiotic use, and pregnancy.

• #68 Recurrent Vaginal Candidiasis | Dr. Gómez Roig Institute

  https://www.gomezroig.com/en/candidiasis-vaginal-de-repeticion/

  Vaginal candidiasis is a common fungal infection caused by overgrowth of the fungus. Candida albicans in the vagina […] Recurrent vaginal yeast infection can be caused by a combination of factors that predispose a woman to experience recurrent episodes of vaginal yeast infection. Some of the most common causes include: Imbalance in the vaginal flora. Hormonal changes: during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, menopause or the use of birth control pills. Uncontrolled diabetes. Weakened immune system: due to diseases such as HIV/AIDS or treatments such as chemotherapy. Unhealthy lifestyle habits: a diet high in refined sugars, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking and chronic stress. Sexual contact: Although vaginal yeast infection is not considered a sexually transmitted infection (STI), it is possible for male sexual partners to carry the fungus without symptoms and can transmit it to their female partner during sexual intercourse, which can contribute to infection recurrence. […] Vaginal candidiasis is usually an opportunistic infection that occurs due to an imbalance in the body.

• #69 Vaginal Candidiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459317/

  Candidal vulvovaginitis is caused by inflammatory changes in the vaginal and vulvar epithelium secondary to infection with Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. […] Therefore, candidal vulvovaginitis requires both the presence of Candida in the vagina and associated symptoms (eg, irritation, itching, dysuria, or inflammation). […] Recognized risk factors for acute candidal vulvovaginitis include estrogen use, elevated endogenous estrogens (eg, pregnancy or obesity), diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression (ie, chemotherapy or antimetabolite medications, HIV infection, or transplant patients), and broad-spectrum antibiotic use. […] Most infections are secondary to Candida albicans; therefore, consistent microscopy findings in the clinical setting of a reproductive-age woman with vulvovaginitis, confirmatory cultures for Candida are unnecessary. […] Because Candida species are part of normal vaginal flora in many women, routine cultures in asymptomatic women are discouraged.

• #70 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics/print

  Vaginal yeast infections (also called yeast vaginitis or vaginal candidiasis) are a common problem in women. […] Yeast infections occur mainly in women who are menstruating (having monthly periods). […] The fungus that causes yeast infections (named Candida) lives in the gastrointestinal tract and sometimes the vagina. […] However, when there are changes in the environment of the gastrointestinal tract and vagina (which can be caused by medicines, injury, or stress to the immune system), Candida can overgrow and cause the symptoms described above. […] There are several risk factors that may increase the chances of developing an infection, including: Antibiotics – Most antibiotics kill a wide variety of bacteria, including those that normally live in the vagina. […] Hormonal contraceptives (eg, birth control pills, patch, and vaginal ring) – The risk of yeast infections may be higher in women who use birth control methods that contain the hormone estrogen.

• #71 Vaginal Candidiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459317/

  Candidal vulvovaginitis is caused by inflammatory changes in the vaginal and vulvar epithelium secondary to infection with Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. […] Therefore, candidal vulvovaginitis requires both the presence of Candida in the vagina and associated symptoms (eg, irritation, itching, dysuria, or inflammation). […] Recognized risk factors for acute candidal vulvovaginitis include estrogen use, elevated endogenous estrogens (eg, pregnancy or obesity), diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression (ie, chemotherapy or antimetabolite medications, HIV infection, or transplant patients), and broad-spectrum antibiotic use. […] Most infections are secondary to Candida albicans; therefore, consistent microscopy findings in the clinical setting of a reproductive-age woman with vulvovaginitis, confirmatory cultures for Candida are unnecessary. […] Because Candida species are part of normal vaginal flora in many women, routine cultures in asymptomatic women are discouraged.

• #72 Yeast infection (vaginal) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yeast-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20378999

  A vaginal yeast infection is a fungal infection. […] The fungus Candida albicans causes most vaginal yeast infections. […] Most often, the vagina has a balance of yeast, including candida, and bacteria. Certain bacteria called lactobacillus work to prevent too much yeast. […] But some factors can affect the balance. Too much candida or the fungus growing deeper into vaginal cells causes symptoms of a yeast infection. […] Too much yeast can result from: Antibiotic use. […] Raised estrogen levels. […] Diabetes that isn’t well-managed. […] A weakened immune system. […] Use of birth control pills or hormone therapy that raises levels of the hormone estrogen. […] Candida albicans is the most common type of fungus to cause yeast infections. When other types of candida fungus cause yeast infections, they can be harder to treat.

• #73 Vaginal Yeast – Fungal Infection – Dr. Anki Reddy’s

  https://www.drankireddy.com/ask-a-doctor/vaginal-yeast-fungal-infection/

  Vaginal yeast infection isn’t considered a sexually transmitted infection. But, there’s an increased risk of vaginal yeast infection at the time of first regular sexual activity. Overgrowth of yeast can result from: Antibiotic use, which causes an imbalance in natural vaginal flora. […] If left untreated, vaginal candidiasis will most likely get worse, causing itching, redness, and inflammation in the area surrounding your vagina. This may lead to a skin infection if the inflamed area becomes cracked, or if continual scratching creates open or raw areas. Vaginal Candidiasis can be very well controlled with Homeopathy remedies. The recurrence of Vaginal Candidiasis can also be prevented with suitable remedies. Homeopathy medicines, which are made from natural substances, help to extract the disease from its root by raising the body’s immunity. As the fungus growth gradually declines, the symptoms also disappear along with it.

• #74 Yeast Infection vs. Bacterial Vaginosis: Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/yeast_infection_and_bacterial_vaginosis_symptoms/article_em.htm

  Up to 75% of women will experience an inflammatory condition of the vagina at some point in their lives. Medically known as vaginitis, inflammation in the vaginal area is a common condition resulting from multiple causes. Two of the most common causes of vaginitis are yeast infection and bacterial vaginosis. […] A common type of vaginitis results from vaginal yeast infections. Candida albicans is the type of fungus most commonly responsible for vaginitis. Yeast is believed to be present in the vagina of 20%-50% of healthy women. Vaginal yeast infections occur when new yeast is introduced into the vaginal area or when there is an overgrowth of the yeast already present in the vagina, for example, when the normal protective bacteria are destroyed by antibiotics taken to treat another infection. Yeast can also overgrow and cause infections in women with suppressed immune function.

• #75 Vaginal yeast infection: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001511.htm

  Vaginal yeast infection is an infection of the vagina. It is most often due to the fungus Candida albicans. […] Most women have a vaginal yeast infection at some time. Candida albicans is a common type of fungus. It is often found in small amounts in the vagina, mouth, digestive tract, and on the skin. Most

• #76 Vaginal Candidiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459317/

  Candidal vulvovaginitis is caused by inflammatory changes in the vaginal and vulvar epithelium secondary to infection with Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. […] Therefore, candidal vulvovaginitis requires both the presence of Candida in the vagina and associated symptoms (eg, irritation, itching, dysuria, or inflammation). […] Recognized risk factors for acute candidal vulvovaginitis include estrogen use, elevated endogenous estrogens (eg, pregnancy or obesity), diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression (ie, chemotherapy or antimetabolite medications, HIV infection, or transplant patients), and broad-spectrum antibiotic use. […] Most infections are secondary to Candida albicans; therefore, consistent microscopy findings in the clinical setting of a reproductive-age woman with vulvovaginitis, confirmatory cultures for Candida are unnecessary. […] Because Candida species are part of normal vaginal flora in many women, routine cultures in asymptomatic women are discouraged.

• #77 Vulvovaginal Candidiasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/candidiasis.htm

  VVC usually is caused by Candida albicans but can occasionally be caused by other Candida species or yeasts. […] Vaginal culture or PCR should be obtained from women with complicated VVC to confirm clinical diagnosis and identify nonalbicans Candida. […] The pathogenesis of recurrent VVC is poorly understood, and the majority of women with recurrent VVC have no apparent predisposing or underlying conditions. […] C. albicans azole resistance is becoming more common in vaginal isolates, and nonalbicans Candida is intrinsically resistant to azoles; therefore, culture and susceptibility testing should be considered for patients who remain symptomatic. […] Women with underlying immunodeficiency, those with poorly controlled diabetes or other immunocompromising conditions (e.g., HIV), and those receiving immunosuppression therapy (e.g., corticosteroid treatment) might not respond as well to short-term therapies. […] Vaginal Candida colonization rates among women with HIV infection are higher than among women without HIV with similar demographic and risk behavior characteristics, and the colonization rates correlate with increasing severity of immunosuppression.

• #78 Vaginitis | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/vaginitis

  Yeast infections are caused by a fungus called Candida. It normally is found in small numbers in the vagina. But when the balance of bacteria and yeast in the vagina is altered, the yeast may overgrow and cause symptoms. […] In many cases, the cause of a yeast infection is not known. […] Some types of antibiotics increase the risk of a yeast infection. The antibiotics kill normal vaginal bacteria, which keep yeast in check. The yeast can then overgrow. […] Changes in the body’s hormone levels during pregnancy can increase the risk. […] Having diabetes can also increase your risk of yeast infection. […] Yeast can overgrow if the immune system, which protects the body from disease, is not working well. For example, in people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), yeast infections may be severe. They may not go away, even with treatment, or may recur often.

• #79 Vaginal Yeast Infection – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/vaginal-yeast-infection-a-to-z

  Vaginal yeast infections, also called „Candida vaginal infections,” typically are caused by the Candida albicans fungus. […] Women tend to be more likely to get vaginal yeast infections if their bodies are under stress from poor diet, lack of sleep, illness, or when they are pregnant or taking antibiotics. […] Women with diabetes or immune-suppressing diseases such as HIV infection also are at increased risk. […] About 5% of women with vaginal yeast infections develop recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC), which is defined as 4 or more vaginal yeast infections in a 1-year period. […] Although RVVC is more common in women who have diabetes or weakened immune systems, most women with RVVC have no underlying medical illness that would predispose them to recurrent Candida infections.

• #80 Causes and Symptoms of Vaginal Yeast Infections in Women – Uniprix

  https://www.uniprix.com/en/article/yeast-infections-in-women

  Vaginal yeast infections are caused by a single-celled microscopic fungus (a yeast called Candida albicans) found on the skin and mucous membranes. […] Many situations can encourage the growth of yeast, for example: hormonal changes, such as pregnancy or perimenopause; estrogen therapy (for contraception or menopause); antibiotic therapy; high blood sugar in diabetics; a weakened immune system. […] No, vaginal yeast infections are not sexually transmitted. However, sexual activity can increase the risk of yeast infections because sexual intercourse can disrupt the vaginal flora. […] Antibiotics are ineffective in the treatment of yeast infections because they only kill bacteria. In fact, they may increase the risk of a yeast infection by killing bacteria that help maintain the balance of the vaginal flora. […] Nearly 50% of women will have at least 2 vaginal yeast infections in their lifetime. A small proportion of these women (about 5%) may have very frequent episodes. When there are more than 4 episodes in a 12-month period, yeast infections are considered recurrent.

• #81 Vulvovaginal Candidiasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/candidiasis.htm

  VVC usually is caused by Candida albicans but can occasionally be caused by other Candida species or yeasts. […] Vaginal culture or PCR should be obtained from women with complicated VVC to confirm clinical diagnosis and identify nonalbicans Candida. […] The pathogenesis of recurrent VVC is poorly understood, and the majority of women with recurrent VVC have no apparent predisposing or underlying conditions. […] C. albicans azole resistance is becoming more common in vaginal isolates, and nonalbicans Candida is intrinsically resistant to azoles; therefore, culture and susceptibility testing should be considered for patients who remain symptomatic. […] Women with underlying immunodeficiency, those with poorly controlled diabetes or other immunocompromising conditions (e.g., HIV), and those receiving immunosuppression therapy (e.g., corticosteroid treatment) might not respond as well to short-term therapies. […] Vaginal Candida colonization rates among women with HIV infection are higher than among women without HIV with similar demographic and risk behavior characteristics, and the colonization rates correlate with increasing severity of immunosuppression.

• #82 Vaginal Yeast Infection – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/vaginal-yeast-infection-a-to-z

  Vaginal yeast infections, also called „Candida vaginal infections,” typically are caused by the Candida albicans fungus. […] Women tend to be more likely to get vaginal yeast infections if their bodies are under stress from poor diet, lack of sleep, illness, or when they are pregnant or taking antibiotics. […] Women with diabetes or immune-suppressing diseases such as HIV infection also are at increased risk. […] About 5% of women with vaginal yeast infections develop recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC), which is defined as 4 or more vaginal yeast infections in a 1-year period. […] Although RVVC is more common in women who have diabetes or weakened immune systems, most women with RVVC have no underlying medical illness that would predispose them to recurrent Candida infections.

• #83 About Vaginal Yeast Infections

  https://drexelmedicine.org/blog/overview/about-vaginal-yeast-infections/

  Vaginal yeast infections are caused by a fungus, usually Candida albicans, a common organism that may or may not cause discomfort. Approximately 75 percent of all people with vaginas will have a symptomatic yeast infection at some point in their lives. […] Some possible causes include: Taking antibiotics, Increased warmth and moisture in the genital area, Douching and use of menstrual hygiene products, which may make it easier for yeast to cause an infection, Certain sexual practices: possibly oral sex, use of spermicides, or use of oral contraceptives. […] The cause of infection is unknown in at least half of cases. It may be that a genetic susceptibility causes a response to yeast that lays the groundwork for the next infection. This may be the main cause in people with recurrent infections.

• #84 Yeast Infections: Causes, Treatments And Prevention | Franciscan Health

  https://www.franciscanhealth.org/community/blog/yeast-infections

  Yeast infection or vulvovaginal candidiasis is caused by an overgrowth of the fungal organism Candida. […] While up to 20% of women can have Candida species existing as part of the normal vaginal flora, a yeast infection is an overgrowth of these organisms, said Dr. Lynch. […] The Office of Women’s Health notes that several factors can also increase your risk of developing a vaginal yeast infection, including: Douching, Pregnancy, Diabetes with uncontrolled blood sugar, Sexual intercourse with a partner who has a yeast infection, Tampons, pads and panty liners left unchanged too long, Birth control pills with higher levels of estrogen, Taking antibiotics or steroids, Using scented hygiene products, Immersion in very hot water, such as hot tubs and bathtubs, Weakened immune system. […] Some causes of recurrent yeast infections can include: Atypical yeast infection, Changes in the healthy vaginal composition, Genetic differences, Incomplete treatment of a prior yeast infection (such as not taking the full dosage of medication), Suppressed immune response, especially with uncontrolled glucose levels from diabetes or high sugar diet.

• #85 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics

  […] […] Most vaginal yeast infections are caused by a fungus called Candida albicans. Persistent or recurrent infections may be due to infection with one of the less common species of Candida, such as Candida glabrata or Candida krusei. In women with recurrent or persistent symptoms, vaginal cultures should always be obtained to confirm the diagnosis and identify these less common species, if present, since different medications are used to treat these infections. This involves testing a sample of vaginal discharge in a lab. […] […] […] Sporadic attacks of vulvovaginal candidiasis usually occur without an identifiable precipitating factor. Nevertheless, a number of factors predispose to symptomatic infection: […] Diabetes mellitus – Women with diabetes mellitus who have poor glycemic (blood sugar) control are more prone to vulvovaginal candidiasis than women whose blood sugar is normal. Maintaining good glycemic control can help to prevent vaginal infection. Patients who are using SGLT2 inhibitors to treat diabetes also frequently develop vulvovaginal yeast infections, including recurrent infections.

• #86 Vaginal Yeast Infection Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/vaginal-yeast-infection

  Vaginal yeast infections (candidiasis) are common. […] A specific kind of yeast called Candida albicans causes most yeast infections. These infections are often easily treatable. […] Several factors can cause a yeast infection, including: antibiotics, which decrease the amount of Lactobacillus in the vagina, pregnancy, uncontrolled diabetes, weak immune system, hormonal imbalance, and stress. […] If you’re having recurring yeast infections or problems getting rid of a yeast infection with conventional treatment, a different version of Candida might be the cause. […] Yeast infections are simple to diagnose. […] Your clinician will first conduct a pelvic exam, noting any visible discharge, redness, and swelling. […] If needed, your clinician might order a vaginal fluid test. […] While it’s possible to develop a yeast infection after sex, a yeast infection itself is not an STI.

• #87 Vaginal Candidiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459317/

  Candidal vulvovaginitis is caused by inflammatory changes in the vaginal and vulvar epithelium secondary to infection with Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. […] Therefore, candidal vulvovaginitis requires both the presence of Candida in the vagina and associated symptoms (eg, irritation, itching, dysuria, or inflammation). […] Recognized risk factors for acute candidal vulvovaginitis include estrogen use, elevated endogenous estrogens (eg, pregnancy or obesity), diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression (ie, chemotherapy or antimetabolite medications, HIV infection, or transplant patients), and broad-spectrum antibiotic use. […] Most infections are secondary to Candida albicans; therefore, consistent microscopy findings in the clinical setting of a reproductive-age woman with vulvovaginitis, confirmatory cultures for Candida are unnecessary. […] Because Candida species are part of normal vaginal flora in many women, routine cultures in asymptomatic women are discouraged.

• #88 Vaginal Candidiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459317/

  Candidal vulvovaginitis is caused by inflammatory changes in the vaginal and vulvar epithelium secondary to infection with Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. […] Therefore, candidal vulvovaginitis requires both the presence of Candida in the vagina and associated symptoms (eg, irritation, itching, dysuria, or inflammation). […] Recognized risk factors for acute candidal vulvovaginitis include estrogen use, elevated endogenous estrogens (eg, pregnancy or obesity), diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression (ie, chemotherapy or antimetabolite medications, HIV infection, or transplant patients), and broad-spectrum antibiotic use. […] Most infections are secondary to Candida albicans; therefore, consistent microscopy findings in the clinical setting of a reproductive-age woman with vulvovaginitis, confirmatory cultures for Candida are unnecessary. […] Because Candida species are part of normal vaginal flora in many women, routine cultures in asymptomatic women are discouraged.

• #89 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics

  […] […] Most vaginal yeast infections are caused by a fungus called Candida albicans. Persistent or recurrent infections may be due to infection with one of the less common species of Candida, such as Candida glabrata or Candida krusei. In women with recurrent or persistent symptoms, vaginal cultures should always be obtained to confirm the diagnosis and identify these less common species, if present, since different medications are used to treat these infections. This involves testing a sample of vaginal discharge in a lab. […] […] […] Sporadic attacks of vulvovaginal candidiasis usually occur without an identifiable precipitating factor. Nevertheless, a number of factors predispose to symptomatic infection: […] Diabetes mellitus – Women with diabetes mellitus who have poor glycemic (blood sugar) control are more prone to vulvovaginal candidiasis than women whose blood sugar is normal. Maintaining good glycemic control can help to prevent vaginal infection. Patients who are using SGLT2 inhibitors to treat diabetes also frequently develop vulvovaginal yeast infections, including recurrent infections.

• #90 Vulvovaginal Candidiasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/candidiasis.htm

  VVC usually is caused by Candida albicans but can occasionally be caused by other Candida species or yeasts. […] Vaginal culture or PCR should be obtained from women with complicated VVC to confirm clinical diagnosis and identify nonalbicans Candida. […] The pathogenesis of recurrent VVC is poorly understood, and the majority of women with recurrent VVC have no apparent predisposing or underlying conditions. […] C. albicans azole resistance is becoming more common in vaginal isolates, and nonalbicans Candida is intrinsically resistant to azoles; therefore, culture and susceptibility testing should be considered for patients who remain symptomatic. […] Women with underlying immunodeficiency, those with poorly controlled diabetes or other immunocompromising conditions (e.g., HIV), and those receiving immunosuppression therapy (e.g., corticosteroid treatment) might not respond as well to short-term therapies. […] Vaginal Candida colonization rates among women with HIV infection are higher than among women without HIV with similar demographic and risk behavior characteristics, and the colonization rates correlate with increasing severity of immunosuppression.

• #91 Vulvovaginal Candidiasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/candidiasis.htm

  VVC usually is caused by Candida albicans but can occasionally be caused by other Candida species or yeasts. […] Vaginal culture or PCR should be obtained from women with complicated VVC to confirm clinical diagnosis and identify nonalbicans Candida. […] The pathogenesis of recurrent VVC is poorly understood, and the majority of women with recurrent VVC have no apparent predisposing or underlying conditions. […] C. albicans azole resistance is becoming more common in vaginal isolates, and nonalbicans Candida is intrinsically resistant to azoles; therefore, culture and susceptibility testing should be considered for patients who remain symptomatic. […] Women with underlying immunodeficiency, those with poorly controlled diabetes or other immunocompromising conditions (e.g., HIV), and those receiving immunosuppression therapy (e.g., corticosteroid treatment) might not respond as well to short-term therapies. […] Vaginal Candida colonization rates among women with HIV infection are higher than among women without HIV with similar demographic and risk behavior characteristics, and the colonization rates correlate with increasing severity of immunosuppression.

• #92 Vulvovaginal Candidiasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/candidiasis.htm

  VVC usually is caused by Candida albicans but can occasionally be caused by other Candida species or yeasts. […] Vaginal culture or PCR should be obtained from women with complicated VVC to confirm clinical diagnosis and identify nonalbicans Candida. […] The pathogenesis of recurrent VVC is poorly understood, and the majority of women with recurrent VVC have no apparent predisposing or underlying conditions. […] C. albicans azole resistance is becoming more common in vaginal isolates, and nonalbicans Candida is intrinsically resistant to azoles; therefore, culture and susceptibility testing should be considered for patients who remain symptomatic. […] Women with underlying immunodeficiency, those with poorly controlled diabetes or other immunocompromising conditions (e.g., HIV), and those receiving immunosuppression therapy (e.g., corticosteroid treatment) might not respond as well to short-term therapies. […] Vaginal Candida colonization rates among women with HIV infection are higher than among women without HIV with similar demographic and risk behavior characteristics, and the colonization rates correlate with increasing severity of immunosuppression.

• #93 Vaginal Yeast Infection Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/yeast-infection

  Are taking or have recently taken an antibiotic. […] Have a weakened immune system. […] Have diabetes. […] Take certain medicines, such as steroids or chemotherapy. […] Take the birth control pill or other hormonal contraceptives. […] If left untreated, candidiasis can cause complications, including: […] Infertility. […] Painful sores. […] Skin infections, such as cracks or open sores. […] Premature birth or miscarriage in pregnant women. […] Transmission of the yeast infection to a baby during childbirth. […] Sepsis, a systemic infection that involves other organs and can be deadly. […] Most yeast infections happen on their own, not due to hygiene or other personal habits. […] Some people tend to get yeast infections every time they take an antibiotic for other types of infections.

• #94 Yeast Infections: Causes, Treatments And Prevention | Franciscan Health

  https://www.franciscanhealth.org/community/blog/yeast-infections

  Yeast infection or vulvovaginal candidiasis is caused by an overgrowth of the fungal organism Candida. […] While up to 20% of women can have Candida species existing as part of the normal vaginal flora, a yeast infection is an overgrowth of these organisms, said Dr. Lynch. […] The Office of Women’s Health notes that several factors can also increase your risk of developing a vaginal yeast infection, including: Douching, Pregnancy, Diabetes with uncontrolled blood sugar, Sexual intercourse with a partner who has a yeast infection, Tampons, pads and panty liners left unchanged too long, Birth control pills with higher levels of estrogen, Taking antibiotics or steroids, Using scented hygiene products, Immersion in very hot water, such as hot tubs and bathtubs, Weakened immune system. […] Some causes of recurrent yeast infections can include: Atypical yeast infection, Changes in the healthy vaginal composition, Genetic differences, Incomplete treatment of a prior yeast infection (such as not taking the full dosage of medication), Suppressed immune response, especially with uncontrolled glucose levels from diabetes or high sugar diet.

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