Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics/print

  VAGINAL YEAST INFECTION DIAGNOSIS […] To diagnose a yeast infection, your doctor or nurse will examine your vulva and vagina. They will also swab the vagina to get a sample of discharge, which will be examined under a microscope in a lab. Do not begin treatment at home until your doctor or nurse has confirmed that you have a yeast infection. […] Self-diagnosis—Women with vulvar itching or vaginal discharge often assume that their symptoms are caused by a yeast infection and try to treat it themselves using over-the-counter medications. However, in one study, only 11 percent of women accurately diagnosed their infection; women with a previous yeast infection were only slightly more accurate (35 percent correct). […] Diagnosis—As with initial yeast infections, it is important to correctly diagnose recurrent yeast infections. A woman who has frequent signs and symptoms of vulvar or vaginal irritation or itching should be seen by a health care provider to ensure that these symptoms are caused by yeast rather than other common problems (eg, other vaginal infections, allergic reaction or sensitivity, eczema). As with initial infections, self-diagnosis is not accurate enough to recommend treatment.

• #2 Yeast infections: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151172

  When diagnosing a vaginal yeast infection, a doctor will ask about a persons medical history, including a history of any STIs or previous yeast infections. […] They might also perform a pelvic exam to inspect the vulva, vagina, and cervix for signs of infection. They may send a sample of vaginal discharge to a laboratory to confirm the diagnosis. […] The doctor will usually order laboratory tests if an infection does not go away or keeps returning. […] Examining a swab of vaginal discharge under a microscope can reveal if high levels of yeast are present. […] Once it is clear whether the infection is uncomplicated or complicated, treatment can begin.

• #3 Yeast infection (vaginal) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yeast-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20379004

  Boric acid therapy. A capsule that has boric acid is put into your vagina. This medicine may be fatal if taken by mouth. It only treats candida fungus that doesn’t respond to other treatments. It is not recommended for use in pregnancy. […] If you’ve been treated for a yeast infection in the past, your healthcare professional may prescribe a treatment over the phone without seeing you. If not, you likely need to see your primary care professional or gynecologist. […] Your healthcare professional is likely to ask you questions, such as: […] Have you ever been treated for a vaginal infection? […] Have you tried products you can get without a prescription to treat your condition? […] Have you recently taken antibiotics? […] Are you sexually active? […] Are you pregnant? […] Do you use scented soap or bubble bath? […] Do you douche or use feminine hygiene spray?

• #4 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics/print

  VAGINAL YEAST INFECTION DIAGNOSIS […] To diagnose a yeast infection, your doctor or nurse will examine your vulva and vagina. They will also swab the vagina to get a sample of discharge, which will be examined under a microscope in a lab. Do not begin treatment at home until your doctor or nurse has confirmed that you have a yeast infection. […] Self-diagnosis—Women with vulvar itching or vaginal discharge often assume that their symptoms are caused by a yeast infection and try to treat it themselves using over-the-counter medications. However, in one study, only 11 percent of women accurately diagnosed their infection; women with a previous yeast infection were only slightly more accurate (35 percent correct). […] Diagnosis—As with initial yeast infections, it is important to correctly diagnose recurrent yeast infections. A woman who has frequent signs and symptoms of vulvar or vaginal irritation or itching should be seen by a health care provider to ensure that these symptoms are caused by yeast rather than other common problems (eg, other vaginal infections, allergic reaction or sensitivity, eczema). As with initial infections, self-diagnosis is not accurate enough to recommend treatment.

• #5 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics/print

  VAGINAL YEAST INFECTION DIAGNOSIS […] To diagnose a yeast infection, your doctor or nurse will examine your vulva and vagina. They will also swab the vagina to get a sample of discharge, which will be examined under a microscope in a lab. Do not begin treatment at home until your doctor or nurse has confirmed that you have a yeast infection. […] Self-diagnosis—Women with vulvar itching or vaginal discharge often assume that their symptoms are caused by a yeast infection and try to treat it themselves using over-the-counter medications. However, in one study, only 11 percent of women accurately diagnosed their infection; women with a previous yeast infection were only slightly more accurate (35 percent correct). […] Diagnosis—As with initial yeast infections, it is important to correctly diagnose recurrent yeast infections. A woman who has frequent signs and symptoms of vulvar or vaginal irritation or itching should be seen by a health care provider to ensure that these symptoms are caused by yeast rather than other common problems (eg, other vaginal infections, allergic reaction or sensitivity, eczema). As with initial infections, self-diagnosis is not accurate enough to recommend treatment.

• #6 What Is a Yeast Infection? What to Know About Diagnosis and Treatment – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/02/well/live/yeast-infection-diagnosis-treatment.html

  Women might also notice abnormal discharge, but more often than not that’s an indication of a different issue, Dr. Nyirjesy said. […] Self-diagnosis is tricky with yeast infections. Many of the symptoms “are very nonspecific,” Dr. Sobel said. […] In a 2002 study on which Dr. Sobel was a co-author, women who thought they had a yeast infection and had gone to a drugstore to purchase an over-the-counter treatment were tested to see if they actually had one. Only a third of the 95 participants tested positive for a yeast infection. […] If you think you have an infection, it is worth seeing a doctor, who will perform a pelvic exam and a test — or a couple of tests, the more accurate of which can take up to a week for results — to confirm the presence of yeast and rule out other causes of discomfort, Dr. Nyirjesy said.

• #7 Yeast infection (vaginal) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yeast-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20379004

  To diagnose a yeast infection, your healthcare professional may: […] Ask about your medical history. This might include past vaginal infections or sexually transmitted infections. […] Do a pelvic exam. This involves looking at your outer genitals for signs of infection. Then your healthcare professional puts an instrument called a speculum into your vagina. The speculum holds the vaginal walls open so the vagina and cervix are easy to see. The cervix is the lower, narrower part of the uterus. […] Test vaginal fluids. Lab tests of vaginal fluid can look for yeast or find the type of fungus causing the yeast infection. Knowing the fungus can help your healthcare professional suggest treatment. […] If you have mild to moderate symptoms and don’t get infections often, treatment options include:

• #8 Vaginal Yeast Infection: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5019-vaginal-yeast-infection

  A vaginal yeast infection is a type of fungal infection. Your healthcare provider diagnoses a vaginal yeast infection. You’ll need to go in for an appointment and discuss your symptoms. Your provider may need to take a sample of discharge from your vagina to confirm a yeast infection. The combination of your symptoms and the discharge sample will tell your healthcare provider what type of yeast infection you have and how to treat it. […] Antifungal medications treat most vaginal yeast infections. The specific medication depends on the severity of the infection. Your healthcare provider will prescribe the best treatment based on your symptoms and condition. […] No, a yeast infection can’t go away on its own. Only a medication that destroys fungus (yeast) will treat a vaginal yeast infection.

• #9 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics/print

  Most vaginal yeast infections are caused by a fungus called Candida albicans. Persistent or recurrent infections may be due to infection with one of the less common species of Candida, such as Candida glabrata or Candida krusei. In women with recurrent or persistent symptoms, vaginal cultures should always be obtained to confirm the diagnosis and identify these less common species, if present, since different medications are used to treat these infections. This involves testing a sample of vaginal discharge in a lab. […] To diagnose a vaginal yeast infection, a health care provider will do an examination. Physical examination alone, even when done by a clinician, is not sufficient to reliably diagnose a yeast infection and should be accompanied by a microscopic examination or other laboratory test of the vaginal discharge. It is important to be seen and tested when symptoms are bothersome and before starting any treatment.

• #10 Yeast Infection Test – Testing.com

  https://www.testing.com/tests/yeast-infection-test/

  Yeast infection testing typically begins with a physical exam and a discussion of your symptoms. Vaginal pH testing and a microscopic examination of vaginal discharge are then conducted to determine the cause of vaginitis. […] After a physical exam, measuring the pH of your vaginal discharge is usually the first test performed to diagnose or rule out a yeast infection. […] Several microorganisms that can cause vaginitis may be seen when vaginal discharge is evaluated under a microscope. […] A culture of vaginal discharge may be performed if no yeast or other microorganisms are seen under a microscope that account for your symptoms. […] Vaginal yeast infection testing may be prescribed when you have symptoms of vaginitis. […] Testing for a yeast infection is done in your health care provider’s office or another medical setting.

• #11 Diagnosis of Vaginitis

  https://www.southcarolinablues.com/web/public/brands/medicalpolicy/external-policies/diagnosis-of-vaginitis/

  Testing for microorganisms involved in vaginal flora imbalance and/or infertility using molecular-based panel testing is considered NOT MEDICALLY NECESSARY. […] All other tests for vaginitis not addressed above is considered NOT MEDICALLY NECESSARY. […] Laboratory documentation of the etiology of vaginitis is important before initiating therapy, given the nonspecific nature and considerable overlap of the symptoms. Diagnostic testing enables targeted treatment, increases therapeutic compliance, and increases the likelihood of partner notification. […] Measurement of vaginal pH is the primary initial finding that drives the diagnostic. The pH of the normal vaginal secretions in premenopausal women with relatively high estrogen levels is 4.0 to 4.5. The pH of normal vaginal secretions in premenarchal and postmenopausal women in whom estrogen levels are low is 4.7. An elevated pH in a premenopausal woman suggests infections, such as BV (pH4.5) or trichomoniasis (pH 5 to 6) and helps to exclude Candida vulvovaginitis (pH 4 to 4.5).

• #12 Testing and Diagnosis for Candidiasis | Candidiasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/testing/index.html

  Vaginal candidiasis is diagnosed by testing a sample of vaginal discharge. […] Healthcare providers usually diagnose vaginal candidiasis by taking a small sample of vaginal discharge. They examine the sample under a microscope in the medical office or send it to a laboratory for a fungal culture. However, a positive fungal culture does not always mean that Candida is causing symptoms. Some women can have Candida in the vagina without having any symptoms. […] If you have symptoms of candidiasis, talk to your healthcare provider about testing. Symptoms of vaginal candidiasis are similar to other types of vaginal infections so testing helps determine appropriate treatment. […] Invasive candidiasis is diagnosed by laboratory testing of a patient’s blood sample.

• #13 Making the diagnosis: Vaginal infections – Women’s Healthcare

  https://www.npwomenshealthcare.com/making-the-diagnosis-vaginal-infections/

  In-office diagnostic tests include measurement of vaginal pH, wet mount microscopy, and an amine odor test (whiff test). […] The most common in-office tests used to aid in the diagnosis of vaginal infections are a pH test of the vaginal discharge, wet mount microscopic inspection, and a whiff test. […] Amsel criteria for the diagnosis of BV combine findings from vaginal pH, wet mount microscopy, the whiff test, and characteristics of the vaginal discharge seen on speculum exam. […] FDA-approved point-of-care tests offer the convenience of prompt diagnosis of vaginal infections, along with sensitivity superior to and specificity equal to or better than those of wet mount evaluation. […] Laboratory testing technology for both vaginal and cervical infections has shifted from cultures to NAATs that use molecular-based techniques.

• #14 Vaginitis: Laboratory Testing for Diagnosis and Management | Clinical Focus | Quest Diagnostics Vaginitis: Laboratory Testing for Diagnosis and Management Vaginitis: Laboratory Testing for Diagnosis and Management

  https://testdirectory.questdiagnostics.com/test/test-guides/CF_Vaginitis/vaginitis-laboratory-testing-for-diagnosis-and-management

  Guidelines recommend clinical microscopy or yeast culture (reference method) to detect VC. Fungal spores, hyphae, and pseudohyphae can be visualized by microscopy in vaginal specimens. However, microscopy has limited sensitivity for VC compared to culture. Factors that limit the sensitivity of microscopy include treatment with antifungals prior to evaluation and variable appearance of some clinically relevant Candida species. Thus, negative microscopy results do not rule out VC, and follow-up culture is recommended. Additionally, Candida species can be identified by culture, but not by microscopy. […] NAATs can be used as an alternative to detect many species of Candida and are more sensitive for VC than DNA probe testing. In a head-to-head comparison, TMA had considerably higher sensitivity and specificity than either clinical testing or clinician diagnosis for identifying VC.

• #15 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics/print

  Most vaginal yeast infections are caused by a fungus called Candida albicans. Persistent or recurrent infections may be due to infection with one of the less common species of Candida, such as Candida glabrata or Candida krusei. In women with recurrent or persistent symptoms, vaginal cultures should always be obtained to confirm the diagnosis and identify these less common species, if present, since different medications are used to treat these infections. This involves testing a sample of vaginal discharge in a lab. […] To diagnose a vaginal yeast infection, a health care provider will do an examination. Physical examination alone, even when done by a clinician, is not sufficient to reliably diagnose a yeast infection and should be accompanied by a microscopic examination or other laboratory test of the vaginal discharge. It is important to be seen and tested when symptoms are bothersome and before starting any treatment.

• #16 Vulvovaginal Candidiasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/candidiasis.htm

  Vaginal culture or PCR should be obtained from women with complicated VVC to confirm clinical diagnosis and identify nonalbicans Candida. […] The diagnosis can be made in a woman who has signs and symptoms of vaginitis when either a wet preparation (saline, 10% KOH) of vaginal discharge demonstrates budding yeasts, hyphae, or pseudohyphae, or a culture or other test yields a positive result for a yeast species. […] Yeast culture, which can identify a broad group of pathogenic yeasts, remains the reference standard for diagnosis. […] C. albicans azole resistance is becoming more common in vaginal isolates, and nonalbicans Candida is intrinsically resistant to azoles; therefore, culture and susceptibility testing should be considered for patients who remain symptomatic.

• #17 How Yeast Infections Are Diagnosed

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-yeast-infections-are-diagnosed-4160862

  Diagnosing yeast infections is best done by a healthcare provider. The standard test involves a physical examinationthe condition can cause a clumpy white discharge. However, that discharge alone is not enough to diagnose a vaginal yeast infection. The doctor must also determine whether there is yeast present in the vaginal secretions. […] A vaginal yeast infection (vaginal candidiasis) is diagnosed with a pelvic exam. Your doctors will examine the affected area and take a swab of vaginal discharge to view with a microscope. If the Candida fungus is not readily identified, a sample can be sent to the lab for further evaluation. […] A yeast infection can be definitively diagnosed with a culture test. This is done by introducing cells from a vaginal swab into a sterile medium to see if yeast will grow. Results are usually available within a few days.

• #18 Vulvovaginal Candidiasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/candidiasis.htm

  Vaginal culture or PCR should be obtained from women with complicated VVC to confirm clinical diagnosis and identify nonalbicans Candida. […] The diagnosis can be made in a woman who has signs and symptoms of vaginitis when either a wet preparation (saline, 10% KOH) of vaginal discharge demonstrates budding yeasts, hyphae, or pseudohyphae, or a culture or other test yields a positive result for a yeast species. […] Yeast culture, which can identify a broad group of pathogenic yeasts, remains the reference standard for diagnosis. […] C. albicans azole resistance is becoming more common in vaginal isolates, and nonalbicans Candida is intrinsically resistant to azoles; therefore, culture and susceptibility testing should be considered for patients who remain symptomatic.

• #19 Vaginitis: Laboratory Testing for Diagnosis and Management | Clinical Focus | Quest Diagnostics Vaginitis: Laboratory Testing for Diagnosis and Management Vaginitis: Laboratory Testing for Diagnosis and Management

  https://testdirectory.questdiagnostics.com/test/test-guides/CF_Vaginitis/vaginitis-laboratory-testing-for-diagnosis-and-management

  Clinical testing of vaginal discharge specimens has historically been used to evaluate vaginitis and is still recommended, if available. Clinical testing includes pH measurement, the potassium hydroxide „whiff test,” and microscopy. While these tests can be performed at the point of care, their performance for detecting BV, VC, and TV can be low compared to reference methods and other molecular tests. Clinical testing has particularly low sensitivity for detecting coinfections, which are present in up to 25% of women with vaginitis. […] If microscopy is not available or clinical testing cannot be performed as recommended, guidelines indicate that molecular tests, such as NAATs, can be used instead. Advantages of NAATs for evaluating vaginitis include the ability to test for multiple infections using the same swab, high sensitivity and specificity, and comparable performance on both clinician-collected and self-collected swabs. Additionally, NAATs can better detect coinfections and mixed infections with other STIs.

• #20 Vaginitis: Laboratory Testing for Diagnosis and Management | Clinical Focus | Quest Diagnostics Vaginitis: Laboratory Testing for Diagnosis and Management Vaginitis: Laboratory Testing for Diagnosis and Management

  https://testdirectory.questdiagnostics.com/test/test-guides/CF_Vaginitis/vaginitis-laboratory-testing-for-diagnosis-and-management

  Guidelines recommend clinical microscopy or yeast culture (reference method) to detect VC. Fungal spores, hyphae, and pseudohyphae can be visualized by microscopy in vaginal specimens. However, microscopy has limited sensitivity for VC compared to culture. Factors that limit the sensitivity of microscopy include treatment with antifungals prior to evaluation and variable appearance of some clinically relevant Candida species. Thus, negative microscopy results do not rule out VC, and follow-up culture is recommended. Additionally, Candida species can be identified by culture, but not by microscopy. […] NAATs can be used as an alternative to detect many species of Candida and are more sensitive for VC than DNA probe testing. In a head-to-head comparison, TMA had considerably higher sensitivity and specificity than either clinical testing or clinician diagnosis for identifying VC.

• #21 Vaginitis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0301/p321.html

  Office-based tests include microscopy, measurement of vaginal pH, and whiff test. […] Although Gram stain is considered the diagnostic standard, bacterial vaginosis is traditionally diagnosed using the Amsel criteria. […] Vaginal culture and Papanicolaou (Pap) testing are not useful for diagnosing bacterial vaginosis because it is a polymicrobial infection. […] Vulvovaginal candidiasis can be diagnosed by visualization of yeast hyphae on potassium hydroxide preparation in a woman with typical symptoms. […] It can also be diagnosed using antigen or DNA probe testing, with sensitivities of 77% to 97% and specificities of 77% to 99%, compared with culture as the diagnostic standard. […] Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection that should be considered in women at risk who present with vaginitis symptoms. […] It can be diagnosed when motile, flagellated protozoa are observed on saline microscopy. […] However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends nucleic acid amplification testing for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis in symptomatic or high-risk women.

• #22 Vaginitis: Laboratory Testing for Diagnosis and Management | Clinical Focus | Quest Diagnostics Vaginitis: Laboratory Testing for Diagnosis and Management Vaginitis: Laboratory Testing for Diagnosis and Management

  https://testdirectory.questdiagnostics.com/test/test-guides/CF_Vaginitis/vaginitis-laboratory-testing-for-diagnosis-and-management

  Clinical testing of vaginal discharge specimens has historically been used to evaluate vaginitis and is still recommended, if available. Clinical testing includes pH measurement, the potassium hydroxide „whiff test,” and microscopy. While these tests can be performed at the point of care, their performance for detecting BV, VC, and TV can be low compared to reference methods and other molecular tests. Clinical testing has particularly low sensitivity for detecting coinfections, which are present in up to 25% of women with vaginitis. […] If microscopy is not available or clinical testing cannot be performed as recommended, guidelines indicate that molecular tests, such as NAATs, can be used instead. Advantages of NAATs for evaluating vaginitis include the ability to test for multiple infections using the same swab, high sensitivity and specificity, and comparable performance on both clinician-collected and self-collected swabs. Additionally, NAATs can better detect coinfections and mixed infections with other STIs.

• #23 Vaginitis: Laboratory Testing for Diagnosis and Management | Clinical Focus | Quest Diagnostics Vaginitis: Laboratory Testing for Diagnosis and Management Vaginitis: Laboratory Testing for Diagnosis and Management

  https://testdirectory.questdiagnostics.com/test/test-guides/CF_Vaginitis/vaginitis-laboratory-testing-for-diagnosis-and-management

  Vaginitis (vaginal inflammation) presents with a broad range of symptoms, including abnormal vaginal discharge, pain, and irritation (Table 1). The most common causes of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis (BV), vulvovaginal candidiasis (VC), and trichomoniasis (Table 1). Identifying these vaginal infections is important for selecting treatment which is specific to the causative organism(s). However, the symptoms of vaginitis are nonspecific and overlapping, and many women with vaginitis have coinfections. Thus, clinical and laboratory testing is needed to identify infectious causes of vaginitis. […] Guidelines from both the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend testing women with vaginitis symptoms for BV, VC, and TV. To help prevent inappropriate treatment, clinical examination and pathogen identification are recommended before starting treatment. Although these infections may also be asymptomatic, testing for BV and VC in the absence of symptoms is not indicated. Screening for TV is recommended for women with HIV, and it can be considered for women at high risk for infection or in high-prevalence settings.

• #24 Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics/print

  Most vaginal yeast infections are caused by a fungus called Candida albicans. Persistent or recurrent infections may be due to infection with one of the less common species of Candida, such as Candida glabrata or Candida krusei. In women with recurrent or persistent symptoms, vaginal cultures should always be obtained to confirm the diagnosis and identify these less common species, if present, since different medications are used to treat these infections. This involves testing a sample of vaginal discharge in a lab. […] To diagnose a vaginal yeast infection, a health care provider will do an examination. Physical examination alone, even when done by a clinician, is not sufficient to reliably diagnose a yeast infection and should be accompanied by a microscopic examination or other laboratory test of the vaginal discharge. It is important to be seen and tested when symptoms are bothersome and before starting any treatment.

• #25 Do I Have a Yeast Infection or Something Else?

  https://www.webmd.com/women/do-i-have-a-yeast-infection

  Yeast infections can be uncomfortable, but theyre usually not serious. […] If youre not sure whether you have a yeast infection or something else, its important to see a doctor for the right diagnosis and treatment. […] Many other conditions that affect the vagina and vulva cause symptoms like these. Thats why its important to see your doctor for a diagnosis, especially if youve never had a yeast infection before. […] Because the symptoms of so many other conditions resemble a yeast infection, its better to see an OB/GYN or other doctor for a diagnosis and treatment, especially if youve never had one of these infections before. Your doctor can do tests to confirm which condition you have. Then if you do have a yeast infection, they can prescribe an antifungal medication thats stronger than ones you can buy over the counter. […] The only way to know for sure that you have a yeast infection is to get a diagnosis from your doctor. The doctor will do a pelvic exam and test fluid from your vagina to make the diagnosis.

• #26 Vaginal yeast infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_yeast_infection

  Vaginal yeast infections are due to excessive growth of Candida. […] Diagnosis is by testing a sample of vaginal discharge. […] The presence of yeast alone is not sufficient, as it could be colonization (biology), part of the microbial consortium normally present in the vagina, its microbiome; the presence of yeast is typically diagnosed in one of three ways: vaginal wet mount microscopy, microbial culture, and antigen tests. […] Uncomplicated thrush is when there are less than four episodes in a year, the symptoms are mild or moderate, it is likely caused by Candida albicans, and there are no significant host factors such as poor immune function. […] Complicated thrush is four or more episodes of thrush in a year or when severe symptoms of vulvovaginal inflammation are experienced. […] About 5-8% of the reproductive age female population will have four or more episodes of symptomatic Candida infection per year; this condition is called recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC).

• #27 Vulvovaginal Candidiasis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/candidiasis.htm

  Vaginal culture or PCR should be obtained from women with complicated VVC to confirm clinical diagnosis and identify nonalbicans Candida. […] The diagnosis can be made in a woman who has signs and symptoms of vaginitis when either a wet preparation (saline, 10% KOH) of vaginal discharge demonstrates budding yeasts, hyphae, or pseudohyphae, or a culture or other test yields a positive result for a yeast species. […] Yeast culture, which can identify a broad group of pathogenic yeasts, remains the reference standard for diagnosis. […] C. albicans azole resistance is becoming more common in vaginal isolates, and nonalbicans Candida is intrinsically resistant to azoles; therefore, culture and susceptibility testing should be considered for patients who remain symptomatic.

• #28 Overview: Vaginal yeast infection (thrush) – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK543220/

  Vaginal yeast infections can usually be diagnosed based on a description of the symptoms and by looking at the lining of the vagina. If the doctor isn’t sure, they may take a sample of vaginal discharge fluid and examine it to look for yeast. […] Women who keep getting yeast infections or have severe symptoms may need to have further tests in order to find out whether they have certain risk factors such as a weakened immune system. If you have recurrent yeast infections it may be a good idea for your partner to go to the doctor and be checked too.

• #29 Where and How to Test for a Yeast Infection | Evvy

  https://www.evvy.com/blog/yeast-infection-test-how-to

  If you have recurrent yeast infections, ask your doctor for a test that checks for multiple species of Candida, such as C. glabrata, which is responsible for around 5% of cases, plus C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei. […] After checking for physical symptoms (like unusual vaginal discharge, redness, or irritation), your healthcare provider will collect a sample of vaginal fluid with a swab. That sample will be sent to a lab for microscopic examination to check if there’s yeast present. […] Yes, a doctor can usually tell if you have a yeast infection by doing a pelvic exam and looking at your symptoms. During the exam, theyll check for any redness, swelling, or vaginal discharge that might indicate a yeast infection. […] Testing is especially important because the specific strain of Candida fungus responsible for a yeast infection matters. Some Candida species (like C. glabrata) are more stubborn than others and often resist traditional antifungal treatment. Testing ensures your doctor can get the right diagnosis and the best treatment plan for you.

• #30 4 Best At-Home Yeast Infection Tests

  https://www.healthline.com/health/best-yeast-infection-test

  The most accurate way to determine whether you have a yeast infection is by receiving a vaginitis test from a doctor. […] If you take an at-home pH test, youll take one of the included pH strips and hold it against your vaginal wall for a few seconds. […] This will tell you whether your pH level is off, though it wont be able to confirm for sure whether you have a yeast infection. […] No. At-home pH tests cannot check for yeast infections. They can only tell you whether your vaginal pH is normal. […] The most accurate way to know whether you have a yeast infection is to get checked by a doctor. […] Doctors typically conduct a vaginitis test when testing for an infection. Theyll use a swab to take a sample of your vaginal discharge, which is then examined under a microscope. […] Its safe to self-treat a yeast infection if youve had a yeast infection in the past and have similar symptoms.

• #31 Yeast Infection Tests: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/yeast-infection-tests/

  If your results show that you have a yeast infection, your provider may recommend a prescription or over-the-counter antifungal medicine. […] At-home tests for vaginal yeast infections can tell you if your symptoms are likely to be from a yeast infection. But they may not be able to confirm the diagnosis. It’s best to talk with your provider about your symptoms and which test is best for you.

• #32 Where and How to Test for a Yeast Infection | Evvy

  https://www.evvy.com/blog/yeast-infection-test-how-to

  If youve landed here, its likely because you think you have a vaginal yeast infection. Good news: youve come to the right place. […] Many other infections share similar symptoms and 69% of people who self-diagnose themselves with a vaginal yeast infection dont have one, so its better not to jump to conclusions. Getting tested for (and confirming) the presence of yeast will make treatment easier and help you avoid wasting money on unnecessary over-the-counter treatments, which can sometimes worsen symptoms. […] To diagnose yeast infections, doctors will do a physical examination first. Yeast infections often cause redness and irritation in and around your vagina, which your doctor will be able to see during a pelvic exam. […] Most doctors will also carry PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests that check for the presence of the Candida fungus specifically Candida albicans, the culprit behind up to 90% of vaginal yeast infections.

• #33 What Is a Yeast Infection? What to Know About Diagnosis and Treatment – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/02/well/live/yeast-infection-diagnosis-treatment.html

  Women might also notice abnormal discharge, but more often than not that’s an indication of a different issue, Dr. Nyirjesy said. […] Self-diagnosis is tricky with yeast infections. Many of the symptoms “are very nonspecific,” Dr. Sobel said. […] In a 2002 study on which Dr. Sobel was a co-author, women who thought they had a yeast infection and had gone to a drugstore to purchase an over-the-counter treatment were tested to see if they actually had one. Only a third of the 95 participants tested positive for a yeast infection. […] If you think you have an infection, it is worth seeing a doctor, who will perform a pelvic exam and a test — or a couple of tests, the more accurate of which can take up to a week for results — to confirm the presence of yeast and rule out other causes of discomfort, Dr. Nyirjesy said.

• #34 Yeast infection (vaginal) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yeast-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20378999

  A vaginal yeast infection is a fungal infection. […] Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if: […] You’re not sure whether you have a yeast infection. […] Your symptoms don’t go away after you treat them with antifungal vaginal creams or suppositories that you can get without a prescription. […] The fungus Candida albicans causes most vaginal yeast infections. […] Candida albicans is the most common type of fungus to cause yeast infections. When other types of candida fungus cause yeast infections, they can be harder to treat. […] Yeast infections are common in people who take antibiotics. […] Yeast infections are more common in people with higher estrogen levels. […] People with poorly managed blood sugar are at greater risk of yeast infections than are people with well-managed blood sugar. […] People with lowered immunity are more likely to get yeast infections.

• #35 Vaginitis | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/vaginitis

  Should I use an over-the-counter medication to treat a yeast infection? Over-the-counter treatments are safe and often effective. But you may think you have a yeast infection when you actually have another problem. In this case, a medication for a yeast infection will not work. It may also cause a delay in proper diagnosis and treatment of the actual problem. Even if you have had a yeast infection before, it may be a good idea to call your ob-gyn before using an over-the-counter medication to treat your symptoms. If this is the first time you have had vaginal symptoms, you should see your ob-gyn. If you have used an over-the-counter medication and your symptoms do not go away, see your ob-gyn.

• #36

• #37 Diagnosis of Vaginitis

  https://www.southcarolinablues.com/web/public/brands/medicalpolicy/external-policies/diagnosis-of-vaginitis/

  The CDC notes that in the clinicians office, the cause of vaginal symptoms can often be determined by pH, a potassium hydroxide (KOH) test, and microscopic examination of a wet mount of fresh samples of vaginal discharge. […] For the evaluation of BV, the CDC recommends that BV can be diagnosed by the use of clinical criteria (i.e., Amsels Diagnostic Criteria) or by determining the Nugent score from a vaginal Gram stain. […] The CDC provides information on multiple BV NAATs that are available and notes that these tests are based on detection of specific bacterial nucleic acids and have high sensitivity and specificity for BV. […] For the evaluation of vulvovaginal candidiasis, the CDC recommends: Examination of a wet mount with KOH preparation should be performed for all women with symptoms or signs of VVC, and women with a positive result should be treated.

• #38 Diagnosis of Vaginitis

  https://www.southcarolinablues.com/web/public/brands/medicalpolicy/external-policies/diagnosis-of-vaginitis/

  For the evaluation of trichomoniasis, the CDC recommends: Diagnostic testing for T. vaginalis should be performed for women seeking care for vaginal discharge. […] The ACOG published in 2020 Practice Bulletin Number 215 on vaginitis in nonpregnant patients. These guidelines were reaffirmed in 2022. In these guidelines, the ACOG made these recommendations for diagnostic testing based on good and consistent scientific evidence (Level A): […] The use of Amsel clinical criteria or Gram stain with Nugent scoring is recommended for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. […] Nucleic acid amplification testing is recommended for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis. […] In a symptomatic patient, diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidiasis requires one of the following two findings: 1) visualization of spores, pseudohyphae, or hyphae on wet-mount microscopy or 2) vaginal fungal culture or commercial diagnostic test results positive for Candida species.

• #39 Vaginal Yeast Infection: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/women/understanding-vaginal-yeast-infection-basics

  How Is a Yeast Infection Diagnosed? Diagnosing a yeast infection involves your doctor or nurse examining your vulva and vagina. They’ll also get a sample of discharge by swabbing your vagina, then send the sample to a lab to be examined. […] If you think you have a yeast infection, see your doctor before treating yourself. The symptoms of yeast infections are similar to other, more serious conditions, including sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis (bacterial overgrowth in the vagina). An accurate diagnosis is important so you can get the best treatment.

• #40 What Is a Yeast Infection? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/yeast-infection/guide/

  A vaginal yeast infection can cause any of these symptoms in the vagina and vulva. […] Though it may be tempting to self-diagnose a vaginal yeast infection, since effective over-the-counter (OTC) treatments exist, experts recommend you see a doctor. […] To diagnose a yeast infection, your doctor will ask you about your symptoms and medical history, perform a pelvic exam, and take a sample of vaginal discharge. A lab technician will examine the discharge to determine if there is an overgrowth of candida. […] Your doctor will make a diagnosis based on all the findings a positive fungal culture alone does not mean you have a yeast infection because women can have candida in their vagina without showing symptoms. […] Several drugs can be used to treat vaginal yeast infections, available either over the counter or by prescription. Medications include antifungal creams, ointments, suppositories, medicated tampons, or oral tablets. […] Seeking consultation with a doctor is essential, as yeast infection symptoms may resemble other health problems like trichomoniasis, complicating diagnosis.

Zobacz więcej