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• #1 Childhood apraxia of speech – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/symptoms-causes/syc-20352045

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) has a number of possible causes. But often a cause can’t be determined. There usually isn’t an observable problem in the brain of a child with CAS. […] However, CAS can be the result of brain conditions or injury. These may include a stroke, infections or traumatic brain injury. […] CAS also may occur as a symptom of a genetic disorder, syndrome or metabolic condition. […] Changes in the FOXP2 gene appear to increase the risk of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and other speech and language disorders. The FOXP2 gene may be involved in how certain nerves and pathways in the brain develop. Researchers continue to study how changes in the FOXP2 gene may affect motor coordination and speech and language processing in the brain. Other genes also may impact motor speech development.

• #1 Frequently Asked Questions About Childhood Apraxia Of Speech | District Speech and Language Therapy | Speech Therapy Clinic in Washington DC

  https://districtspeech.com/frequently-asked-questions-about-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood apraxia of speech, also commonly called CAS, is a neurological motor speech disorder. […] It causes the brain to have difficulty carrying out the precise movements in the muscles needed for speech. […] The issue isn’t that these muscles are weak, but that the brain can’t coordinate them to produce specific words and sounds. […] The main difference between childhood apraxia of speech and acquired apraxia of speech is the cause. […] Acquired apraxia of speech occurs later in life and is related to, or a symptom of, another condition. […] We don’t fully understand what causes childhood apraxia of speech yet. […] However, we do know that many children with the disorder have a family member with another type of speech disorder. […] This suggests a genetic component, but research is ongoing to better understand what causes this condition.

• #1 What Is Apraxia of Speech? | NIDCD

  https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/apraxia-speech

  AOS is a neurological disorder that affects the brain pathways involved in planning the sequence of movements involved in producing speech. […] The causes of childhood AOS are not well understood. […] Imaging and other studies have not been able to find evidence of brain damage or differences in the brain structure of children with AOS. […] This observation and recent research findings suggest that genetic factors may play a role in the disorder.

• #1 What Causes CAS? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/what-causes-cas/

  Idiopathic speech disorder (a disorder of unknown origin). Children with idiopathic CAS do not have observable neurological abnormalities or easily detected genetic conditions. Most children with CAS still fall under this category, which is often challenging for parents because there is no known cause. […] Some speculate that CAS and other childhood conditions may be a result, in part, of environmental conditions (such as nutritional deficits or exposure to toxins). To date, there is no research evidence to support these claims. […] Around one third of children with CAS have a genetic cause for their condition. New genetic technologies now enable rapid and relatively cost-efficient genetic testing. This has led to the discovery of many new genetic conditions associated with CAS. Today we understand that CAS may be related to:

• #1 What Causes CAS? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/what-causes-cas/

  Parents should be reassured that speech difficulties are not caused by common parental worries such as sending them to day-care or alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Children do not have CAS because of a parental separation or because the family moved to a new city. While parents have a strong role in healthy child development, current knowledge shows that CAS is caused by: […] Genetic causes Around a third of children will have a genetic basis for CAS. This includes different complex disorders that can have CAS as a secondary characteristic, but that does not mean that all children with that disorder has CAS. […] Neurological impairment may be caused by infection, illness, seizures or injury, before, during or after birth. This category includes children with positive findings on MRIs (scans) of the brain, including childhood stroke, epilepsy or other forms of brain injury.

• #1 What Causes CAS? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/what-causes-cas/

  Single gene variants or alterations in genes, such as FOXP2, GRIN2A, CDK13, EBF3, GNAO1, GNB1, DDX3X, MEIS2, POGZ, UPF2, ZNF142, CHD3, SETD1A, WDR5, KAT6A, SETBP1, ZFHX4, TNRC6B and MKL2. […] Copy number variations (CNVs). CNVs are essentially small or large deletions, duplications or rearrangements of sections of our chromosomes. […] Other genetic syndromes. CAS can sometimes occur as part of a broader genetic (e.g. Fragile X, Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Noonans syndrome), metabolic (e.g. galactosaemia), or mitochondrial disorder. […] Most genetic causes for CAS are associated with other neurodevelopmental conditions such as gross and fine motor impairments, learning difficulties or intellectual disability, global developmental delays, epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

• #1 What Causes Childhood Apraxia Of Speech? | Forte Speech & Language Therapy | LA Speech Therapists

  https://www.fortespeech.com/what-causes-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  In most cases, we dont know what causes childhood apraxia of speech. […] This is whats called an idiopathic speech disorder. […] However, research has discovered a few potential factors that may contribute to the development of childhood apraxia of speech. […] Genetics seems to play a significant role in the development of childhood apraxia of speech. […] They noted that about a third of children with childhood apraxia of speech have a particular genetic variation. […] However, some children with childhood apraxia of speech have whats known as a de novo variation. […] This means theyre the only person in their family with their particular genetic variant. […] Most people have 23 pairs of chromosomes. […] However, children with Down syndrome are born with an extra copy of their 21st chromosome.

• #1 What Causes Childhood Apraxia Of Speech? | Forte Speech & Language Therapy | LA Speech Therapists

  https://www.fortespeech.com/what-causes-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  This extra copy affects both cognitive and physical development. […] This also commonly leads to various speech and language differences. […] For instance, low facial muscle tone is a common trait amongst people with Down syndrome. […] Subsequently, many people with Down syndrome also have motor speech disorders, such as childhood apraxia of speech. […] Fragile X syndrome is genetic condition that may occur alongside childhood apraxia of speech. […] A 1995 study by Spinelli, Rocha, Giacheti, and Richieri-Costa found that kids with Fragile X syndrome are more likely to have childhood apraxia of speech. […] Autism causes differences in brain development. […] Autism exists on a spectrum. […] As such, childhood apraxia of speech is a common diagnosis among autistic kids. […] Both autism and apraxia have related genetic backgrounds.

• #1 Childhood apraxia of speech – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) has a number of possible causes, but in many cases a cause can’t be determined. Doctors often don’t observe a problem in the brain of a child with CAS. […] CAS may be the result of brain (neurological) conditions or injury, such as a stroke, infections or traumatic brain injury. […] CAS may also occur as a symptom of a genetic disorder, syndrome or metabolic condition. For example, CAS occurs more frequently in children with galactosemia. […] CAS is sometimes referred to as developmental apraxia. However, children with CAS don’t necessarily grow out of CAS as they develop. In many children with delayed speech or developmental disorders, children follow usual patterns in development of speech and sounds, but they develop more slowly than usual. […] Children with CAS don’t make typical developmental sound errors. They need speech therapy to make maximum progress.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech – Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.stamurai.com/blog/childhood-apraxia-of-speech-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  Childhood apraxia of speech is present from birth. […] There can be several potential causes of childhood apraxia of speech. […] Brain injury and neurological conditions such as a stroke, traumatic brain injury, and infections may cause CAS. […] A genetic disorder, metabolic or mitochondrial disorder may also be the cause of CAS. […] Children with mutated FOXP2 gene experience a higher risk of developing CAS as compared to others.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Signs & Treatment | NAPA UKAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://napacentre.co.uk/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a neurological childhood speech sound disorder in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in the absence of neuromuscular deficits (e.g. abnormal reflexes, abnormal tone.) The core impairment in planning results in errors in speech sound production and prosody (ASHA, 2007). Children with CAS have difficulties with motor planning as it relates to speech sound production. […] Studies have revealed CAS can be congenital (born with), or it can be acquired during speech development. Both congenital and acquired CAS can occur as an idiopathic neurogenic speech sound disorder (i.e., in children with no observable neurological abnormalities or neurobehavioral disorders or conditions); as primary or secondary signs within complex neurobehavioral disorders (e.g., autism, epilepsy, and syndromes, such as fragile X, Rett syndrome, and Prader–Willi syndrome; or in association with known neurological events (e.g., intrauterine or early childhood stroke, infection, trauma, brain cancer/tumor resection).

• #1 What causes Childhood Apraxia of Speech? – Centre of Research Excellence in Speech and Language

  https://www.geneticsofspeech.org.au/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/causes/

  For over 100 years, we had very poor evidence on the cause of developmental speech and language disorders, including for childhood apraxia of speech. In the last few years, our team have shown that childhood apraxia of speech arises from a genetic cause in 1 in 3 children. We have identified over 30 single genes or monogenic conditions shown to cause CAS (e.g., FOXP2-related speech and language disorder; CDK13-related disorder; SETBP1- haploinsufficiency disorder). […] There are also a number of chromosomal level disruptions that can involve more than one gene which are also associated with CAS (e.g., 16p11.2 deletion; Koolen de Vries syndrome) (Eising et al., 2019; Hildebrand et al., 2020; Kaspi et al., 2022; Morgan et al., 2024). In a small number of cases, CAS is caused by a problem breaking down the simple sugar galactose (this condition is typically detected in the first months of life). In a very small number of cases, CAS is caused by damage to the brain from an injury or stroke, but this form of CAS is usually transient and not long-lasting, unlike idiopathic or genetic forms.

• #1 What Causes Childhood Apraxia Of Speech? | Forte Speech & Language Therapy | LA Speech Therapists

  https://www.fortespeech.com/what-causes-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Cerebral palsy refers to a group of neurological conditions that can significantly impact your movement and posture. […] The oral motor differences common with cerebral palsy may also cause childhood apraxia of speech. […] However, this list is far from complete. […] Childhood apraxia of speech may also develop due to any number of additional factors. […] Various types of broader genetic syndromes are often linked with the development of various speech and language challenges, including but not limited to childhood apraxia of speech. […] Additionally, some children with certain neurological conditions may also experience childhood apraxia of speech.

• #1 What Causes CAS? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/what-causes-cas/

  The primary purpose of genetic testing is to determine whether there is a genetic cause for CAS. […] Some genetic diagnoses are well studied and are known to be associated with other health or neurodevelopmental conditions, or are known to have more or less severe symptom presentations and better or poorer long-term communication outcomes. […] In addition to the idiopathic form of CAS (i.e., CAS occurring without other neurodevelopment involvements), apraxia of speech has been reported symptomatically in disorders such as Fragile X, autism, galactosemia, and some forms of epilepsy. […] This fundamental distinction is important for continuing research on the genetic origins of CAS. It suggests that in addition to searching for single genes underlying CAS, emphasis should also be placed on identifying interactions among groups of genes, each contributing to the form and severity of CAS.

• #1 What in the World is Childhood Apraxia of Speech? | SmallTalk

  https://smalltalkspeech.com/speech-therapy/what-in-the-world-is-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech, or CAS for short, is a speech disorder that results in children being unable to form the words they intend to, even though they know what they want to say. […] CAS is estimated to occur in only 1 or 2 of every 1,000 children in America. […] the cause of CAS is unknown. […] Rarely are there any observable differences in the brain, though CAS can sometimes occur as a symptom of a syndrome, genetic disorder, or metabolic condition (e.g., galactosemia). […] CAS is known to exist at higher rates in children who have other neurodevelopmental conditions such as ADHD, Autism, and epilepsy.

• #1 Early Signs of Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Guide for Family’s

  https://allypediatric.com/blog/apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood apraxia of speech is a motor planning or motor speech disorder that affects a persons ability to communicate (speak) what they are thinking. It is a disconnect between the brain and the muscles needed to produce speech sounds. […] In most cases, we do not know the cause of CAS. It can be caused by brain trauma, such as traumatic brain injury or stroke. It can also be caused by a genetic disorder such as a nervous system syndrome though these causes are not as frequent. […] Now that we have more research, we know that CAS can coexist alongside other diagnoses, such as autism or developmental delay. […] Childhood apraxia of speech is often co-occurring or attributed to being a larger part of other conditions such as autism, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and neuromuscular disorders. […] Given that apraxia itself is a neurological motor speech condition that often takes longer to diagnose than some of these conditions, it can be a difficult secondary diagnosis to reach.

• #1 Prognosis for Apraxia: What does the future hold? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/prognosis-for-apraxia-what-does-the-future-hold/

  The presence of other disorders with apraxia (such as hearing loss, dysarthria, etc.) will generally indicate a poorer prognosis than when apraxia presents as the only disorder/delay for a child. A pure apraxia, however, is not the norm. […] The younger the child is when treatment begins, the better his/her long term prognosis. […] Because children with apraxia are different in terms of the etiology of the apraxia, the therapeutic approach utilized in their treatment needs to be tailored to their individual needs. […] A child who has a positive response to working with a therapist on increasing his/her speech intelligibility has a better prognosis than the child who is resistant or ambivalent towards his/her therapy. […] To date, there are no definitive studies of the long-term outcome of children with apraxia.

• #1

  https://www.restorechiro.life/blog/speech-delays-cause-and-healing

  While there are many types of speech disorders, childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a condition in which the childs brain and nervous system have difficulty processing and planning the sequence of movements involved in producing speech effectively. The brain knows what it wants to say, but there is interference in the processing and actual expression of words. […] Birth trauma, such as breech presentation, vacuum extraction, and c-section have the highest correlation of speech disorders and apraxia. Birth trauma commonly interferes with the vagus nerve, which helps control and coordinate speech. […] Subluxation (nerve interference) alters the nervous systems ability to properly perceive and coordinate communication between the brain, nerves, and muscles, which is the central issue with apraxia of speech.

• #1 Aetiology of childhood apraxia of speech: A clinical practice update for paediatricians – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30294994/

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a rare disorder of childhood that can leave a watermark of the impacts throughout the lifetime. Since being first described in the 1950s, aetiological insights have been limited. At a neurobiological level, clinical MRI scans fail to reveal overt neural anomalies in individual cases with CAS, although quantitative MRI methods have revealed subtle brain anomalies at a group level. […] Dramatic insights, however, occurred in the past decade from the discovery of genetic pathways underlying the phenotype. Several single genes and copy number-variant conditions are now associated with CAS either in relative isolation, as in the case of FOXP2 variants, or most typically in association with other neurodevelopmental conditions, such as epilepsy, intellectual disability, motor impairment and autism. CAS requires careful differential diagnosis from other childhood speech disorders, but when a severe and persistent diagnosis is confirmed, a genetic aetiology should increasingly be pursued.

• #1 Prognosis for Apraxia: What does the future hold? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/prognosis-for-apraxia-what-does-the-future-hold/

  The term etiology means underlying cause. Two children with similar presenting symptoms initially, may have different outcomes because one childs etiology may allow for new motor skill development more readily than the other childs etiology. The difficulty for the clinician lies in the fact that only rarely do we know the etiology (cause) of a childs apraxia. […] When other family members have a similar speech history, it is reasonable to consider that the childs long term outcome may be similar to that family members (providing, of course, that their etiologies are truly the same). […] In general, the more severe the childs apraxia, the longer they will need to receive treatment. […] Children who exhibit an oral apraxia as well as apraxia of speech often require treatment longer than those children who exhibit only CAS.

• #2 Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17911-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood apraxia of speech causes […] Researchers dont know the exact cause of childhood apraxia of speech. Children with CAS have interruptions in certain nerve pathways in their brains. These nerve pathways are responsible for planning the movements that are necessary for speech. In children with apraxia of speech, the messages from their brain to the parts of their mouth used for speech arent being sent correctly. […] In some cases, CAS is the result of an acquired brain injury, like a stroke, which causes nerve pathway interruptions in a persons brain. Theres also evidence that genetic factors may contribute to childhood apraxia of speech. Scientists have linked more than 20 different genes to the disorder.

• #2 What Causes Apraxia in Infants? | Infant Apraxia Lawsuits | Birth Injury Lawyers Group

  https://birthinjurylawyer.com/infant-apraxia/what-causes-apraxia-in-infants/

  What causes apraxia in infants varies, although it may occur as a result of a preventable birth injury in some cases. […] Some genetic disorders can cause congenital apraxia. […] What causes apraxia in infants is not a problem with weak muscles or muscle control. Instead, it is an issue within the brain. […] The problem lies within the pathways in their brains that signal the complex coordination of movements required to speak. […] The brain cannot properly tell the mouth, lips, tongue, and voice how to work together to pronounce some or all the sounds.

• #2 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/?srsltid=AfmBOoqut6QA7sT5NK-nLQ4dVE3zDaigk4BGRZz_1y_kJ0yPmzxxA_2h

  Most of the time, the cause of CAS is unknown. In some cases, damage to the brain causes CAS. Damage may be caused by a genetic disorder or syndrome, or by a stroke or traumatic brain injury.

• #2 What Causes CAS? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/what-causes-cas/

  Parents should be reassured that speech difficulties are not caused by common parental worries such as sending them to day-care or alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Children do not have CAS because of a parental separation or because the family moved to a new city. While parents have a strong role in healthy child development, current knowledge shows that CAS is caused by: […] Genetic causes Around a third of children will have a genetic basis for CAS. This includes different complex disorders that can have CAS as a secondary characteristic, but that does not mean that all children with that disorder has CAS. […] Neurological impairment may be caused by infection, illness, seizures or injury, before, during or after birth. This category includes children with positive findings on MRIs (scans) of the brain, including childhood stroke, epilepsy or other forms of brain injury.

• #2 What causes Childhood Apraxia of Speech? – Centre of Research Excellence in Speech and Language

  https://www.geneticsofspeech.org.au/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/causes/

  For over 100 years, we had very poor evidence on the cause of developmental speech and language disorders, including for childhood apraxia of speech. In the last few years, our team have shown that childhood apraxia of speech arises from a genetic cause in 1 in 3 children. We have identified over 30 single genes or monogenic conditions shown to cause CAS (e.g., FOXP2-related speech and language disorder; CDK13-related disorder; SETBP1- haploinsufficiency disorder). […] There are also a number of chromosomal level disruptions that can involve more than one gene which are also associated with CAS (e.g., 16p11.2 deletion; Koolen de Vries syndrome) (Eising et al., 2019; Hildebrand et al., 2020; Kaspi et al., 2022; Morgan et al., 2024). In a small number of cases, CAS is caused by a problem breaking down the simple sugar galactose (this condition is typically detected in the first months of life). In a very small number of cases, CAS is caused by damage to the brain from an injury or stroke, but this form of CAS is usually transient and not long-lasting, unlike idiopathic or genetic forms.

• #2 Childhood apraxia of speech – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Abnormalities in the FOXP2 gene appear to increase the risk of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and other speech and language disorders. The FOXP2 gene may be involved in how certain nerves and pathways in the brain develop. Researchers continue to study how abnormalities in the FOXP2 gene may affect motor coordination and speech and language processing in the brain.

• #2 The Astonishing Rarity: Exploring How Rare Apraxia of Speech Is – Kutest Kids

  https://www.kutestkids.com/blog/how-rare-is-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech is considered a rare speech disorder. The exact causes of CAS are still not fully understood. In many cases, the cause is idiopathic, meaning it is unknown. However, CAS can also be associated with other conditions, such as genetic disorders or neurological conditions. Genetic factors may play a role in some cases of CAS, and genetic testing can be important in identifying any underlying genetic conditions that may be associated with CAS. […] While the exact cause of Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is not fully understood, research suggests that genetic factors play a significant role in its development. Approximately one-third of children with CAS have a genetic cause for their condition. […] CAS may be related to single gene variants or alterations in genes such as FOXP2, GRIN2A, CDK13, EBF3, GNAO1, GNB1, DDX3X, MEIS2, POGZ, UPF2, ZNF142, CHD3, SETD1A, WDR5, KAT6A, SETBP1, ZFHX4, TNRC6B, and MKL2. Some gene variants are inherited, while others occur spontaneously (de novo variation) in a child for the first time.

• #2 The Astonishing Rarity: Exploring How Rare Apraxia of Speech Is – Kutest Kids

  https://www.kutestkids.com/blog/how-rare-is-apraxia-of-speech

  In addition to single gene variants, copy number variations (CNVs) can also be associated with CAS. CNVs are small or large deletions, duplications, or rearrangements of sections of chromosomes. […] Genetic testing plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of CAS. It provides valuable information on diagnosis, prognosis, future family planning, guiding interventions, and support. Genetic testing helps determine if there is a genetic cause for CAS, provides insights into the nature of the condition, and offers information on the risk of recurrence. […] The identification of genetic causes can provide a comprehensive understanding of the individual’s condition and inform appropriate interventions and support strategies.

• #2 Understanding Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.joonapp.io/post/understanding-childhood-apraxia-of-speech-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-options

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a motor speech disorder. […] CAS is sometimes also called verbal apraxia, developmental apraxia, developmental apraxia of speech, or developmental verbal dyspraxia. […] Parents are not at fault for CAS and cannot cause it, though genetics and other factors can play a role. […] About a third of CAS cases have a genetic cause. […] CAS can be linked to gene variations or alterations in genes. […] If a child has CAS, it doesn’t mean it was „passed down” directly from another family member. […] Instead, de novo variations (where a gene variation is seen within the family for the first time) appear to be more common in kids with CAS. […] Many parents are concerned that environmental factors may impact the development of CAS. […] At this time, there is no definitive evidence supporting environmental factors as a cause of developmental verbal apraxia.

• #2 What Causes Childhood Apraxia Of Speech? | Forte Speech & Language Therapy | LA Speech Therapists

  https://www.fortespeech.com/what-causes-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  This extra copy affects both cognitive and physical development. […] This also commonly leads to various speech and language differences. […] For instance, low facial muscle tone is a common trait amongst people with Down syndrome. […] Subsequently, many people with Down syndrome also have motor speech disorders, such as childhood apraxia of speech. […] Fragile X syndrome is genetic condition that may occur alongside childhood apraxia of speech. […] A 1995 study by Spinelli, Rocha, Giacheti, and Richieri-Costa found that kids with Fragile X syndrome are more likely to have childhood apraxia of speech. […] Autism causes differences in brain development. […] Autism exists on a spectrum. […] As such, childhood apraxia of speech is a common diagnosis among autistic kids. […] Both autism and apraxia have related genetic backgrounds.

• #2 What Causes CAS? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/what-causes-cas/

  Single gene variants or alterations in genes, such as FOXP2, GRIN2A, CDK13, EBF3, GNAO1, GNB1, DDX3X, MEIS2, POGZ, UPF2, ZNF142, CHD3, SETD1A, WDR5, KAT6A, SETBP1, ZFHX4, TNRC6B and MKL2. […] Copy number variations (CNVs). CNVs are essentially small or large deletions, duplications or rearrangements of sections of our chromosomes. […] Other genetic syndromes. CAS can sometimes occur as part of a broader genetic (e.g. Fragile X, Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Noonans syndrome), metabolic (e.g. galactosaemia), or mitochondrial disorder. […] Most genetic causes for CAS are associated with other neurodevelopmental conditions such as gross and fine motor impairments, learning difficulties or intellectual disability, global developmental delays, epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

• #2 What in the World is Childhood Apraxia of Speech? | SmallTalk

  https://smalltalkspeech.com/speech-therapy/what-in-the-world-is-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech, or CAS for short, is a speech disorder that results in children being unable to form the words they intend to, even though they know what they want to say. […] CAS is estimated to occur in only 1 or 2 of every 1,000 children in America. […] the cause of CAS is unknown. […] Rarely are there any observable differences in the brain, though CAS can sometimes occur as a symptom of a syndrome, genetic disorder, or metabolic condition (e.g., galactosemia). […] CAS is known to exist at higher rates in children who have other neurodevelopmental conditions such as ADHD, Autism, and epilepsy.

• #2 Apraxia of speech – symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/apraxia-of-speech

  Apraxia of speech is a rare type of speech condition. […] Apraxia of speech is a rare type of speech condition. It is caused by problems in the way your brain plans movements for speech. […] Childhood apraxia of speech may occur as an isolated condition. It is sometimes caused by a genetic or chromosome difference. […] Sometimes apraxia can happen after a brain injury in early childhood. This may be caused by a stroke, infection or brain cancer. […] However, often no cause is found. […] Acquired apraxia of speech occurs due to damage that happens to your brain.

• #2 Childhood Apraxia of Speech – Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.stamurai.com/blog/childhood-apraxia-of-speech-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  Childhood apraxia of speech is present from birth. […] There can be several potential causes of childhood apraxia of speech. […] Brain injury and neurological conditions such as a stroke, traumatic brain injury, and infections may cause CAS. […] A genetic disorder, metabolic or mitochondrial disorder may also be the cause of CAS. […] Children with mutated FOXP2 gene experience a higher risk of developing CAS as compared to others.

• #2 Early Signs of Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Guide for Family’s

  https://allypediatric.com/blog/apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood apraxia of speech is a motor planning or motor speech disorder that affects a persons ability to communicate (speak) what they are thinking. It is a disconnect between the brain and the muscles needed to produce speech sounds. […] In most cases, we do not know the cause of CAS. It can be caused by brain trauma, such as traumatic brain injury or stroke. It can also be caused by a genetic disorder such as a nervous system syndrome though these causes are not as frequent. […] Now that we have more research, we know that CAS can coexist alongside other diagnoses, such as autism or developmental delay. […] Childhood apraxia of speech is often co-occurring or attributed to being a larger part of other conditions such as autism, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and neuromuscular disorders. […] Given that apraxia itself is a neurological motor speech condition that often takes longer to diagnose than some of these conditions, it can be a difficult secondary diagnosis to reach.

• #2 What Causes CAS? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/what-causes-cas/

  The primary purpose of genetic testing is to determine whether there is a genetic cause for CAS. […] Some genetic diagnoses are well studied and are known to be associated with other health or neurodevelopmental conditions, or are known to have more or less severe symptom presentations and better or poorer long-term communication outcomes. […] In addition to the idiopathic form of CAS (i.e., CAS occurring without other neurodevelopment involvements), apraxia of speech has been reported symptomatically in disorders such as Fragile X, autism, galactosemia, and some forms of epilepsy. […] This fundamental distinction is important for continuing research on the genetic origins of CAS. It suggests that in addition to searching for single genes underlying CAS, emphasis should also be placed on identifying interactions among groups of genes, each contributing to the form and severity of CAS.

• #2 Prognosis for Apraxia: What does the future hold? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/prognosis-for-apraxia-what-does-the-future-hold/

  Many children with CAS ultimately do achieve normal speech, but some do not. […] The co-occurring symptoms that can affect prognosis most significantly, also in my experience, include language impairment, cognitive impairment, and oral/limb apraxias. […] Overall, it is important to remember that children with CAS can and do make progress in speech intervention. The prognosis for normal speech will depend on a variety of factors; many of these factors are both child-specific and subject to change over time.

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