Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Childhood apraxia of speech – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352051

  Two evaluate your child’s condition, a speech-language pathologist reviews your child’s symptoms and medical history. […] Your child’s speech-language pathologist may be able to determine the best treatment approach for your child even if the diagnosis is not certain at first. […] Children don’t outgrow childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), but speech therapy can help them make the most progress. […] Your child’s speech-language pathologist usually provides therapy that focuses on practicing syllables, words and phrases. […] Depending on the extent of the speech problems, your child may need speech therapy 3 to 5 times a week. […] It’s important that children with CAS get a lot of practice saying words and phrases during each speech therapy session. […] Because children with CAS have trouble planning movements for speech, speech therapy often focuses your child’s attention to the sound and feel of speech movements.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/?srsltid=AfmBOoqne8b0RxrwMzXZQoXKgR2nCIiOE0zqzt4HyWkU2f6t–rwv43o

  A child with CAS should work with an SLP. Your child may begin with therapy 3-5 times per week. As speech improves, treatment may be less often. Individual or group therapy may be appropriate at different stages of treatment. […] The goal of treatment is to help your child say sounds, words, and sentences more clearly. Your child will learn how to plan the movements needed to say sounds and make those movements the right way at the right time. […] Doing exercises to make the mouth muscles stronger will not help. Mouth muscles are not weak in children with CAS. Working on how to move those muscles to say sounds will help. […] Your child must practice speaking to get better at it. It helps to use all the senses when learning how to say sounds. Your child may use touch cues, like putting their finger on their lips when saying the p sound as a reminder to close the lips; visual cues, like looking into a mirror when making sounds; or listening cues, like practicing sounds with a recorder and then listening to hear if the sounds were made correctly.

• #1 Frequent & Intensive Speech Therapy – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/frequent-intensive-speech-therapy/

  Children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) are often described as needing frequent and intensive speech therapy services in order to address the speech motor planning and programming issues that are at the heart of their speech difficulty. […] Children with CAS who receive appropriate speech therapy are capable of making meaningful and substantial gains in speech intelligibility and communication. […] Given the need for repetitive planning, programming, and production practice in motor speech disorders, clinical sources stress the need for intensive and individualized treatment of apraxia, especially for children with very little functional communication. […] There is emerging research support for the need to provide three to five individual sessions per week for children with apraxia as compared to the traditional, less intensive, one to two sessions per week.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/?srsltid=AfmBOopvuqhgLUmrdPPeA8eiWTLxHgPTS8fI8YGYeSXic3kFO4agSN-f&srsltid=AfmBOoqLu8b-zIBNx4eXo3YaelyaMmngW9YCAwd8ULJPEhL-I4A8cU8V

  A child with CAS should work with an SLP. Your child may begin with therapy 3-5 times per week. As speech improves, treatment may be less often. Individual or group therapy may be appropriate at different stages of treatment. […] The goal of treatment is to help your child say sounds, words, and sentences more clearly. Your child will learn how to plan the movements needed to say sounds and make those movements the right way at the right time. […] Doing exercises to make the mouth muscles stronger will not help. Mouth muscles are not weak in children with CAS. Working on how to move those muscles to say sounds will help. […] In order to communicate, your child may learn sign language or may learn to use picture boards or computers that talk. This is called augmentative and alternative communication (AAC).

• #1 Treatment for Childhood Apraxia of Speech | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/treatment-childhood-apraxia-speech

  Once a comprehensive medical assessment is completed and apraxia is diagnosed, speech-language therapy is the main treatment. […] There is no single method that treats apraxia, and speech-language pathologists (SLPs) often use a variety of methods. […] Speech therapy is tailored to each child. […] A child will often need to start with regular, one-on-one speech therapy. […] The results of therapy vary for each child. […] Some children make more progress than others. […] Family support is a key part of treatment for a child with apraxia of speech. […] Parents and caregivers can help children to practice their speech. […] Your child’s speech therapist may give you exercises to practice with your child. […] This can help to improve your child’s progress.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Childhood_Apraxia_of_Speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) affects the ability of a child to produce speech. CAS is a speech disorder that can start to show when a child is learning to speak. […] A speech pathologist can diagnose and help treat the condition. Many children’s speech will improve with specific treatment. […] There are several ways to help treat CAS, with specific treatments available from speech pathologists who are experienced in the condition. Therapy is often intensive and involves exercises specially designed for your child. […] As CAS is a motor speech disorder affecting planning and programming of speech movements, it is important that treatment also focuses upon improving motor control and motor patterns. […] A speech pathologist can diagnose and treat CAS. […] Children with CAS won’t simply outgrow the condition, but over time and with regular (and often intensive) speech therapy, their speech is likely to improve. The speech pathologist will approach the treatment to address the specific motor planning difficulties that your child is experiencing. […] There is no difference. Both CAS and developmental verbal dyspraxia (DVD) describe difficulties with motor sequencing for clear speech production.

• #1 Treatment Methods – Child Apraxia Treatment

  https://childapraxiatreatment.org/treatment-methods/

  Treatment Depends on Severity […] Mild CAS Therapy […] Moderate CAS Therapy […] Severe CAS Therapy […] Evidence-Based Treatment for CAS […] Understanding Evidence-Based Treatment […] Treatment Methods […] Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC) […] DTTC has been studied and found to have moderately strong evidence that it successfully treats children with moderate-severe CAS. […] ReST has been studied and found to have very strong evidence for successfully treating mild-moderate CAS and ataxic dysarthria. […] IPA has been studied and found to have moderately strong evidence for successfully treating CAS. […] NDP3 has been studied and found to have very strong evidence for successfully treating CAS. […] PROMPT has not yet been studied for its effectiveness in treating CAS. There is some evidence that PROMPT successfully treats less severe motor planning disorders.

• #1 Childhood apraxia of speech – Care at Mayo Clinic – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/care-at-mayo-clinic/mac-20352055

  Mayo Clinic’s world-renowned medical staff works together with other specialists to deliver the most appropriate treatment for each person. Your child’s treatment team may involve speech-language pathologists, doctors trained in brain and nervous system conditions (neurologists), doctors trained in treating children (pediatricians), doctors in ear, nose, and throat conditions (otorhinolaryngologists), physical and occupational therapists, and other specialists or professionals as needed. […] Specialists at Mayo Clinic developed a treatment program known as Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC) for Speech Motor Skill for childhood apraxia of speech. This treatment is designed to facilitate acquisition of speech motor control in younger children or children with severe apraxia of speech.

• #1 Interventions for childhood apraxia of speech – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29845607/

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) affects a child’s ability to produce sounds and syllables precisely and consistently, and to produce words and sentences with accuracy and correct speech rhythm. […] To assess the efficacy of interventions targeting speech and language in children and adolescents with CAS as delivered by speech and language pathologists/therapists. […] This review includes only one RCT, funded by the Australian Research Council; the University of Sydney International Development Fund; Douglas and Lola Douglas Scholarship on Child and Adolescent Health; Nadia Verrall Memorial Scholarship; and a James Kentley Memorial Fellowship. […] Both the NDP-3 and ReST therapies demonstrated improvement at one month post-treatment. […] There is limited evidence that, when delivered intensively, both the NDP-3 and ReST may effect improvement in word accuracy in 4- to 12-year-old children with CAS, measured by the accuracy of production on treated and non-treated words, speech production consistency and the accuracy of connected speech.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Early Signs & Treatment OptionsAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://napacenter.org/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  At NAPA Center, we often meet families whose children know exactly what they want to say—but struggle to get the words out. This can be heartbreaking to witness and frustrating for the child. In some cases, this may be a sign of a motor planning disorder known as Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS). […] Below, we’ll break down what childhood apraxia of speech is, early signs to look out for, effective treatment approaches, and how parents and caregivers can help their child with speech apraxia. […] Treatment for CAS is rooted in the principles of motor learning. Factors related to motor learning include: Attaining and sustaining motivation, Frequency of practice, Targets must include: highly frequent, relevant, functional, and motivating words, Providing specific feedback (e.g. I heard your popping ‘p’ sound that time!) rather than vague feedback (e.g. Great job!)

• #1 What makes Speech Therapy Different for Children with Apraxia? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/what-makes-speech-therapy-different-for-children-with-apraxia/

  Because the main problem of CAS is speech motor planning and programming, a speech therapy approach needs to focus on the actual movement of speech structures and muscles during speech attempts. The approach used by the therapist should aid the child in producing clearer and more accurate words, phrases, and sentences. […] Speech therapy for children with apraxia will include a high degree of practice and repetition. Research shows that therapy for children with apraxia of speech is more effective when the speech targets (words, phrases) are practiced with a greater degree of frequency and intensity. […] Appropriate therapy for children with apraxia usually includes increased sensory information to help in the control of speech movement sequences. Thus, visual, verbal, tactile or touch cueing are used in appropriate speech therapy for children with CAS.

• #1 Apraxia of speech – symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/apraxia-of-speech

  Apraxia of speech is a rare type of speech condition. […] Treatment involves working with a speech pathologist to learn how to form the right sounds. […] There are different types of treatment programs, depending on your age. The most recent evidence supports the use of the following programs: Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment (ReST) suitable for use with older children or those with milder speech issues. […] Research shows that the best way to do ReST and NDP3 therapy is doing: one hour a day, 4 days a week, for 3 weeks. […] In severe cases, you may need to learn different ways of communicating, such as sign language or using a device. […] Childhood apraxia of speech is a neurological disorder that cannot be prevented.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/c/childhood-apraxia-of-speech.html

  Speech language therapy is the main treatment for apraxia of speech. SLPs often use a variety of methods to treat it. Your child’s SLP might try methods, such as: […] Speech therapy is tailored to a child’s specific needs. The therapy can also address other language problems. Children with apraxia often need frequent, one-on-one speech therapy to start. The results of therapy are different for each child. Some children make more progress than others. […] In severe cases, children may need to use other ways to express themselves for a while. For example, your child might need to use: […] Family support is a key part of treatment for a child with apraxia of speech. Parents and caregivers can help children practice their speech. Your child’s speech therapist may assign exercises to practice with your child. This can help improve your child’s progress. […] Speech therapy is the main treatment for the condition.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17911-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood apraxia of speech treatment includes: […] Enrolling in speech therapy to address syllables, words and phrases at a pace unique to the needs of your child […] Learning alternative means of communication, like sign language or using electronic communication devices […] Practicing repetitive language exercises at home and outside of speech therapy. […] Treatment for CAS may require more intense treatment than other speech sound conditions. Some children will visit their speech-language pathologist three to five times per week so they can develop their speaking ability. […] If your child has severe CAS symptoms, they may need treatment for several years, especially if they miss language development milestones throughout early childhood. […] Your child’s speech therapy treatment will be long-term to help them communicate, and treatment will significantly improve their symptoms.

• #1 Developmental verbal dyspraxia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_verbal_dyspraxia

  Developmental verbal dyspraxia (DVD), also known as childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and developmental apraxia of speech (DAS), is a condition in which an individual has problems saying sounds, syllables and words. This is not because of muscle weakness or paralysis. The brain has problems planning to move the body parts (e.g., lips, jaw, tongue) needed for speech. The individual knows what they want to say, but their brain has difficulty coordinating the muscle movements necessary to say those words. […] There is no cure for DVD, but with appropriate, intensive intervention, people with this motor speech disorder can improve significantly. […] Even though DVD/CAS is a developmental disorder, it will not simply disappear when children grow older. Children with this disorder do not follow typical patterns of language acquisition and will need treatment in order to make progress.

• #1 Apraxia: Symptoms, Causes, Tests, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/apraxia-symptoms-causes-tests-treatments

  With apraxia of speech, sometimes called verbal apraxia, it’s hard or impossible to move your mouth and tongue to form words. This happens even though you have the desire to speak and your mouth and tongue muscles are physically able to form words. […] Childhood apraxia of speech. This is a motor speech disorder that you’re born with. It affects a child’s ability to form sounds and words. It isnt a muscle issue; it happens because your childs brain has a hard time planning for and directing the movements of their lips, jaw, and tongue. Children who have it are often far better at understanding speech than at expressing themselves with spoken words. Most children with childhood apraxia of speech can get much better, if not recover completely, with the right treatment. […] But that’s not the case with childhood apraxia of speech, which doesn’t improve without speech-language therapy. Most children with apraxia of speech benefit from seeing a speech-language pathologist three to five times a week. Your child may also work with you to practice the skills they’re developing. For the best results, the treatment should be designed to meet your childs particular needs.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.salusuhealth.com/news/2020/08/childhood-apraxia-of-speech.html

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a motor speech disorder that makes it difficult for children to speak. […] An accurate diagnosis of childhood apraxia of speech requires a comprehensive speech and language evaluation by a speech-language pathologist (SLP). […] A thorough assessment of a child’s abilities is needed so therapy goals can be developed based on his/her individual needs. […] The majority of children with childhood apraxia of speech will experience significant improvement, if not complete recovery, with the correct treatment. […] Most children with apraxia of speech will benefit from meeting one on one with a SLP three to five times a week. […] Therapy for childhood apraxia of speech aims to improve speech coordination. […] A child with CAS will not learn speech sounds in the typical order and will not make progress without treatment. […] The Speech-Language Institute (SLI) offers assessments and individualized treatment plans to help children with their communication.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) – Speech and Language UK: Changing young lives

  https://speechandlanguage.org.uk/help-for-families/resource-library-for-families/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a very rare type of speech sound disorder. A speech and language therapist needs to assess your child to diagnose CAS. It is important to get the right diagnosis as different speech sound disorders need different types of therapy. […] Yes. Therapy for CAS needs to be individual, regular, and over a long period of time. […] The good news is that most children with CAS improve if they have the right speech and language therapy. […] A speech and language therapist is the best person to do therapy for your child’s speech sounds, but there are plenty of other ways to help your child communicate: […] There is no evidence that mouth exercises such as practising blowing or sucking help CAS.

• #1 Childhood apraxia of speech | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a rare, significant, and lifelong speech disorder which is present from birth and does not naturally resolve. […] Speech pathologists assess, diagnose and support people with CAS. […] If your child has been diagnosed with CAS, the speech pathologist will then work with them to improve their speech and their reading, spelling and language abilities (if required). […] Treatment takes many years depending on the functional goals the person and family choose. Treatment works best in numerous, intensive blocks of individual therapy. There is evidence for CAS therapy working in intensive clinic or online sessions 2-5 days a week for periods of at least 12 sessions per block. […] Children with CAS can develop functional communication and clear speech with intensive, longer-term speech pathology treatment.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) – Therapy Center of Buda

  https://www.therapycenterofbuda.com/family-corner-blog/childhood-apraxia-of-speech-cas

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a motor speech disorder. […] Treatment for CAS differs from traditional articulation and phonological treatments. […] When non-CAS treatments are implemented with a child with CAS the results commonly are increased frustration, refusal to talk/engage, and lack of progress in therapy. […] At times, an Augmentative Communication Device (AAC) is utilized in order to assist in communication tasks and to provide stress-free modeling for the child. […] CAS should ONLY be treated by (or under the close advisement of) a licensed Speech-Language Pathologist.

• #1 Ridge Zeller Therapy – Childhood Apraxia, Speech-Language Pathologist, Apraxia of Speech

  https://ridgezellertherapy.com/apraxia-of-speech-cas

  At Ridge Zeller Therapy, we have a team of Speech-Language Pathologists specially trained in the accurate assessment and treatment of Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS), including evidence-based treatments such as Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC) for treatment of moderate to severe CAS. […] Treatment of CAS depends on the severity of the disorder. Unlike traditional speech therapy, the most effective treatments are based on the principles of motor learning. Therefore, scientifically based treatment by a Speech-Language Pathologist specifically trained in the proper assessment and treatment is necessary to treat the underlying motor disorder. Early and accurate intervention is highly important to treatment success. Delayed treatment or not receiving the correct treatment may result in a greater lifelong disability.

• #2 What makes Speech Therapy Different for Children with Apraxia? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/what-makes-speech-therapy-different-for-children-with-apraxia/

  Because the main problem of CAS is speech motor planning and programming, a speech therapy approach needs to focus on the actual movement of speech structures and muscles during speech attempts. The approach used by the therapist should aid the child in producing clearer and more accurate words, phrases, and sentences. […] Speech therapy for children with apraxia will include a high degree of practice and repetition. Research shows that therapy for children with apraxia of speech is more effective when the speech targets (words, phrases) are practiced with a greater degree of frequency and intensity. […] Appropriate therapy for children with apraxia usually includes increased sensory information to help in the control of speech movement sequences. Thus, visual, verbal, tactile or touch cueing are used in appropriate speech therapy for children with CAS.

• #2

  https://www.boystownhospital.org/knowledge-center/childhood-apraxia-speech

  Children should receive intensive and frequent intervention, often as much as three to five times per week. It’s critical to practice at home as well. CAS may be called a „developmental” speech disorder, but it is not something a child will grow out of. There is no cure, so the focus of intervention should be on improving the planning, sequencing and coordination of the muscles in order to communicate clearly. […] Multisensory feedback is very helpful, and children in individual sessions tend to do better than those in group settings because of the high number of repetitions that are required for a motor speech approach. […] For some children, alternative communication methods, such as using pictures, iPads, computers, writing, or sign language, may be introduced if the child becomes frustrated. These alternative methods may be phased out as the child progresses through treatment, or they may remain a regular part of the child’s communication approach.

• #2 Frequent & Intensive Speech Therapy – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/frequent-intensive-speech-therapy/

  It is commonly agreed that children with CAS need intensive speech therapy. […] The principle of motor learning that has the greatest evidence supporting its use in children with CAS is that of treatment intensity where a higher number of sessions and practice trials per session results in the greatest gains within one block of treatment. […] Results suggested that higher treatment intensity was favourable than lower treatment intensity of specific treatment technique(s) for treating childhood apraxia of speech and speech sound (phonological) disorders. […] There is evidence that speech therapy provided in frequent sessions multiple times per week can yield superior outcomes over traditional, less frequent service delivery. […] Intensive treatment delivery in impairment-based intervention appears crucial for obtaining positive treatment outcomes.

• #2 Childhood apraxia of speech – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352051

  No single speech therapy approach has been shown to be most effective for treating CAS. […] Speech practice is very important. […] If your child can’t effectively communicate through speech, other communication methods can be helpful. […] Many children with CAS also have delays in their language development. […] Some treatments aren’t helpful in improving the speech of children with CAS.

• #2 Childhood apraxia of speech – Care at Mayo Clinic – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/care-at-mayo-clinic/mac-20352055

  Mayo Clinic specialists have extensive expertise in treating speech disorders. They care for around 300 children for childhood apraxia of speech each year. […] Specialists at Mayo Clinic developed a treatment program, known as Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC) for Speech Motor Skill for childhood apraxia of speech. This treatment is designed to facilitate acquisition of speech motor control in younger children or children with severe apraxia of speech.

• #2 Treatment Methods – Child Apraxia Treatment

  https://childapraxiatreatment.org/treatment-methods/

  The Kaufman approach (K-SLP) has not yet been studied sufficiently to determine if it successfully treats CAS. […] The Speech-EZ program has not yet been studied to determine if it successfully treats CAS. […] A treatment method or therapy approach is the program that the speech-language pathologist (SLP) will use to treat your child. […] Some therapy approaches require formal training and/or certification in order to use the approach. […] Some SLPs may not use a formal method or may use a combination of approaches. […] Ideally, a therapy approach should have research evidence that it is effective. […] Effective approaches typically have the following components: […] Frequent and Intensive Practice […] Focus on Movement (not sounds) […] Multisensory Input

• #2 The SLP’s Guide to Treating Childhood Apraxia of Speech | SLP Now

  https://slpnow.com/blog/the-slps-guide-to-treating-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Here are a few examples: […] Don’t segment sounds as you say them (e.g., break up bat into /b/ /at/). This will disrupt the motor plan. You want the student to learn to make a continuous motor movement. […] Use your clinical skills to choose your first set. […] In the beginning, you’ll use very specific feedback about how to make the movements (knowledge of performance), and feedback will be very frequent. […] Figure out what type of method you’re going to use with your students. […] I love using DTTC and have had a lot of great success with it over the years. It utilizes principles of motor learning that I honestly use with all of my speech sound disorder students. […] The best way to summarize it is that they are principles that, when followed, improve a student’s motor plan in efficiency and flexibility. Some of the significant points are: 1. Practice as much as you can. 2. Build a relationship with the student. 3. The student should have clear instructions and know what to expect. 4. Vary distribution of practice with the child’s progress and severity. 5. Work on prosody. 6. Use a slow rate to help with motor planning. 7. Vary feedback based on the student’s performance. […] Dr. Strand also notes that pictures and cards should not be used when you are first starting treatment because you want the emphasis to be on your face so that the student can get that input for their motor planning. […] As long as you can get a lot of trials, anything can work!

• #2 What makes Speech Therapy Different for Children with Apraxia? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/what-makes-speech-therapy-different-for-children-with-apraxia/

  Your child’s SLP will place thought and emphasis on how to alert or tell your child whether their speech attempts have been correct or not correct. […] Use of rhythm may help pace speech and help with naturalness of intonation, syllable and word stress patterns a particular problem for children with apraxia of speech. […] While some children with apraxia of speech may need help to expand the number of individual sounds they are capable of saying, the main work and practice the children need is in moving from sound to sound, syllable to syllable, and/or word to word. […] Many children with apraxia of speech have felt defeated by the difficulty they experience at trying to talk. […] It is important that SLPs who are working with your child have an immediate focus on how they can help your child experience quick success in therapy. […] Equally, it is important for your child to also experience success with speech attempts at home.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40474-014-0016-4

  With respect to CAS specifically, only three published studies have directly examined conditions of practice and feedback. […] Thus, findings were once again mixed, indicating that more research is needed to specifically investigate these factors with populations of interest (e.g., various types of speech disorders) to understand when and for whom certain practice conditions are beneficial. […] While DTTC is hierarchical in that supports are reduced as the child’s independent speech movements increase in accuracy, successful application of DTTC requires a rapid and fluid increase and decrease of supports based on each individual’s needs. […] The effectiveness of DTTC for CAS has been demonstrated in multiple single-case experimental design studies. […] While continued studies are needed to best understand efficient and effective ways to treat CAS, the variety of research studies conducted by different researchers with children of different ages, disorder profiles, and levels of severity suggest the effectiveness of DTTC in addressing motor planning difficulties in the treatment of CAS.

• #2 What is Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)? -FacebookAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://crossroadsspeechtherapy.com/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  CAS and suspected CAS (SCAS) is not a problem that children outgrow. A child with a developmental speech disorder learns sounds in a typical order, just at a slower pace. If your child has CAS, they will not follow typical patterns and will not make progress without treatment. It will take a lot of work, but your child’s speech can improve with the proper treatment approach. […] Frequent and intense speech therapy sessions by an experienced SLP is recommended for the best outcome. With appropriate dosage (at least three to four times per week), children will progress to the point where the methods used in DTTC are not needed (often less than a year), and the clinician will move to other methods for treating severe speech sound disorders (SSD) including more linguistically based treatment.

• #2 Childhood Apraxia of Speech | Talkshop Speech Pathology

  https://www.talkshop.com.au/how-we-help/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Nuffield: works to build accurate speech from single speech sounds (phonemes) and simple syllables. New motor programs are established using cues and feedback and through frequent practice and repetitive sequencing exercises. […] ReST: The ReST treatment uses nonsense words (words that sound and read like real words, but do not have any meaning). This allows children to concentrate on their movements, lessens the need for working on old words which already have errors and allows clinicians to make words specifically for each child’s needs.

• #2 Top Resources and References for Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.annadeeslp.com/post/top-resources-and-references-for-apraxia-of-speech

  The Nuffield Dyspraxia Programme (NDP3 Complete): is a flexible, comprehensive assessment and therapy resource for the management of severe speech disorders. […] Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC): DTTC is a treatment method designed specifically for children with severe CAS. Includes examples of treatment and free workshops for using DTTC with your students with Apraxia of Speech. […] Integrated Phonological Awareness (IPA): IPA was not specifically designed for children with CAS, research has demonstrated that children age 4-7 with CAS demonstrated improvements in speech production. […] It can be tricky to find resources for CAS. It’s important to remember to customize your therapy to your child – be wary of „one size fits all therapy programs”. We know that each child is an individual! These are some of my favorite therapy resources for my students with CAS.

• #2 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/?srsltid=AfmBOoqne8b0RxrwMzXZQoXKgR2nCIiOE0zqzt4HyWkU2f6t–rwv43o

  In order to communicate, your child may learn sign language or may learn to use picture boards or computers that talk. This is called augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). […] CAS treatment takes time, and your child will need your support. Practice what your child learns with the SLP to help them make progress. Take breaks when your child is tired and make practice as much fun as possible. Tell your child’s SLP what happens at home so you can all work together to help your child succeed.

• #2 Apraxia of speech | Autism Speaks

  https://www.autismspeaks.org/expert-opinion/apraxia-speech

  The speech-language pathologist may suggest using augmentative communication such as visual supports or voice-generating computer tablet. […] We know from experience that this approach seems counter-intuitive to many parents. Some worry that such supports and devices will become a substitute or barrier to speech. The good news is that studies have shown just the opposite. […] Another approach involves visual gesture cueing. […] With this and related approaches, it’s important to start with a core vocabulary. […] Typically, speech therapy for apraxia will include a combination of all these approaches. […] If your child is diagnosed with apraxia, there are many strategies for you to use at home: […] For older children, use your phone or electronic tablet to record words that are part of the core vocabulary.

• #2 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/?srsltid=AfmBOopvuqhgLUmrdPPeA8eiWTLxHgPTS8fI8YGYeSXic3kFO4agSN-f&srsltid=AfmBOoqLu8b-zIBNx4eXo3YaelyaMmngW9YCAwd8ULJPEhL-I4A8cU8V

  CAS treatment takes time, and your child will need your support. Practice what your child learns with the SLP to help them make progress. Take breaks when your child is tired and make practice as much fun as possible. Tell your child’s SLP what happens at home so you can all work together to help your child succeed.

• #2 Apraxia of Speech Therapy in Sacramento & Roseville, CA

  https://brightstarttherapies.com/apraxia-of-speech/

  Children with CAS receive frequent and intensive one-on-one therapy, tailored to their specific speech and language needs. Treatment focuses on improving speech imitation skills, speech-based motor sequences, length and complexity of producible syllable patterns, teaching rules of speech sound patterns, and, in some cases, using augmentative communication systems (e.g., picture exchange communication system). […] Childhood Apraxia of Speech Does Get Better! Its important to remember that no two kids are alike and neither will be their journey in gaining speech, but they will all make progress. […] Factors that may affect the amount of therapy needed include: determination/motivation, overall intelligence, therapy time, home practice, and co-occurring disorders like AD/HD, Autism, and Down syndrome.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40474-014-0016-4

  Overall, the available evidence suggests that children with CAS can improve their speech motor skills with a variety of motor-based intervention protocols. […] The evidence base varies for specific treatment approaches. […] The trend for increasingly rigorous experimental designs is encouraging, and includes well-controlled single-case experimental designs as well a recent RCT, the first in this area. […] Ultimately, we need to understand the inter-individual variability in response to treatment so that clinicians can devise the most appropriate intervention for their individual clients. […] To date, the findings indicate that motor-based interventions can produce gains in speech production abilities in children with CAS.

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