Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/?srsltid=AfmBOopvp7HJVfJshZTqRVtKpAbFZCaS9WKD5m5xwqkANSlwmFVyAPou

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a neurological childhood (pediatric) speech sound disorder in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in the absence of neuromuscular deficits (e.g. abnormal reflexes, abnormal tone). […] The core impairment in planning and/or programming spatiotemporal parameters of movement sequences results in errors in speech sound production and prosody. […] The neurological deficits underlying CAS are different from those that underlie dysarthria. […] A number of researchers have investigated possible genetic bases for CAS. Of particular interest are findings from studies of a four-generation London family—the KE family—many of whom have apraxia of speech. Findings suggest that deficits in the FOXP2 gene may negatively affect the development of neural networks involved in the learning and/or planning and execution of speech motor sequences. […] Recent research continues to find a link between the FOXP2 gene and apraxia of speech, although it is likely that more than one gene is responsible.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17911-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a motor speech disorder that makes it difficult for your child to speak. The disorder affects the nerve pathways that send messages from your child’s brain to their mouth. Because of this, your child has trouble carrying out the movements their mouth needs to make to speak clearly and accurately. […] Researchers don’t know the exact cause of childhood apraxia of speech. Children with CAS have interruptions in certain nerve pathways in their brains. These nerve pathways are responsible for planning the movements that are necessary for speech. In children with apraxia of speech, the messages from their brain to the parts of their mouth used for speech aren’t being sent correctly. […] In some cases, CAS is the result of an acquired brain injury, like a stroke, which causes nerve pathway interruptions in a person’s brain. There’s also evidence that genetic factors may contribute to childhood apraxia of speech. Scientists have linked more than 20 different genes to the disorder.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/?srsltid=AfmBOooRlV5XbxrhhQsz8e-rxEHp5KyEiT2MsqsIduW0K6gBIvGi394O&srsltid=AfmBOor-TVBiQG6tCH-KbDVEpzSJMbZK9t769nomXFMABSA-vMWD4ZiV

  In order for speech to occur, messages need to go from your brain to your mouth. These messages tell the muscles how and when to move to make sounds. When a child has apraxia of speech, the messages do not get through correctly. […] The problem is not how the child thinks but how the brain tells the mouth muscles to move. […] Most of the time, the cause of CAS is unknown. In some cases, damage to the brain causes CAS. Damage may be caused by a genetic disorder or syndrome, or by a stroke or traumatic brain injury. […] The goal of treatment is to help your child say sounds, words, and sentences more clearly. Your child will learn how to plan the movements needed to say sounds and make those movements the right way at the right time. […] Doing exercises to make the mouth muscles stronger will not help. Mouth muscles are not weak in children with CAS. Working on how to move those muscles to say sounds will help.

• #1 Developmental verbal dyspraxia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_verbal_dyspraxia

  Developmental verbal dyspraxia (DVD), also known as childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and developmental apraxia of speech (DAS), is a condition in which an individual has problems saying sounds, syllables and words. This is not because of muscle weakness or paralysis. The brain has problems planning to move the body parts (e.g., lips, jaw, tongue) needed for speech. The individual knows what they want to say, but their brain has difficulty coordinating the muscle movements necessary to say those words. […] The exact cause of this disorder is usually unknown. Many observations suggest a genetic cause of DVD, as many with the disorder have a family history of communication disorders. The gene FOXP2 has been implicated in many studies of the condition, and when this is the cause, the condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, however roughly 75% of these cases are de novo.

• #1 Neuroanatomical correlates of childhood apraxia of speech: A connectomic approach

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5114583/

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a paediatric speech sound disorder in which precision and consistency of speech movements are impaired. Most children with idiopathic CAS have normal structural brain MRI. We hypothesize that children with CAS have altered structural connectivity in speech/language networks compared to controls and that these altered connections are related to functional speech/language measures. […] These findings provide evidence of structural connectivity anomalies in children with CAS across specific brain regions involved in speech/language function. We propose altered connectivity as a possible epiphenomenon of complex pathogenic mechanisms in CAS which need further investigation. […] Overall, these findings have been interpreted as the possible result of an immature or altered development of connectivity, where a thicker cortex may reflect the lack of physiological synaptic pruning that normally occurs after the first year of life.

• #1 Neuroanatomical correlates of childhood apraxia of speech: A connectomic approach

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5114583/

  Based on our results and previous neuroanatomical studies, temporal-frontal connectivity disruption might represent a possible candidate network for explaining the functional mismatch between auditory feedback and oromotor control in CAS. […] In summary, as hypothesized, our results have shown distributed altered connectivity in several networks involved in speech/language. They included an extended left Wernicke’s territory, left postcentral gyrus, right supplementary motor area, cerebellum and right superior temporal gyrus. We have also found that a few regions involved in semantic processing showed a less expected alteration of structural connectivity but their role needs further clarification. […] In conclusion, our findings do not intend to suggest new pathophysiological hypotheses on CAS. Reduction of FA reflects altered white matter microstructure, as the consequence of several factors including axon diameter, lower packing density or increased membrane permeability. White matter abnormalities can however be primary, as an altered development of connectivity, or secondary, depending on altered grey matter functioning, thus resulting in either the cause or the consequence of CAS. It is beyond the scope of our current study to speculate on CAS pathogenesis. Instead, we consider our findings as possible biomarkers for CAS, such as an epiphenomenon of complex pathogenic mechanisms that need further investigation.

• #1 Childhood apraxia of speech – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/symptoms-causes/syc-20352045

  However, CAS can be the result of brain conditions or injury. These may include a stroke, infections or traumatic brain injury. […] CAS also may occur as a symptom of a genetic disorder, syndrome or metabolic condition. […] Changes in the FOXP2 gene appear to increase the risk of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and other speech and language disorders. The FOXP2 gene may be involved in how certain nerves and pathways in the brain develop. Researchers continue to study how changes in the FOXP2 gene may affect motor coordination and speech and language processing in the brain. Other genes also may impact motor speech development.

• #1 Developmental verbal dyspraxia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_verbal_dyspraxia

  DVD/CAS is a motor disorder, which means that the problem is located in the brain and its signals, and not in the mouth. In most cases, the cause is unknown. Possible causes include genetic syndromes and disorders. Recent research has focused on the significance of the FOXP2 gene in both species and individual development. Research regarding the KE family, where half the members of the extended family, over three generations, exhibited heritable developmental verbal dyspraxia, were found to have a defective copy of the FOXP2 gene. […] New research suggests a role for the sodium channel SCN3A in the development of the perisylvian areas, which maintain key language circuits- Broca and Wernicke Area. Patients with mutations in SCN3A had oral-motor speech disorders. […] Birth/prenatal injuries, as well as stroke, can also be causes of DVD/CAS. Furthermore, DVD/CAS can occur as a secondary characteristic to a variety of other conditions. These include autism, some forms of epilepsy, fragile X syndrome, galactosemia and chromosome translocations involving duplications or deletions.

• #1 Genetic aetiologies for childhood speech disorder: novel pathways co-expressed during brain development | Molecular Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-022-01764-8

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), the prototypic severe childhood speech disorder, is characterized by motor programming and planning deficits. Genetic factors make substantive contributions to CAS aetiology, with a monogenic pathogenic variant identified in a third of cases, implicating around 20 single genes to date. […] We provide further novel insights into the biology of child speech disorder, highlighting the roles of chromatin organization and gene regulation in CAS, and confirm that genes involved in CAS are co-expressed during brain development. […] Our findings confirm a diagnostic yield comparable to, or even higher, than other neurodevelopmental disorders with substantial de novo variant burden. […] Understanding the aetiological basis of CAS is critical to end the diagnostic odyssey and ensure affected individuals are poised for precision medicine trials.

• #1 Genetic aetiologies for childhood speech disorder: novel pathways co-expressed during brain development | Molecular Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-022-01764-8

  Taken together, the two cohort studies provided novel insights into the neurobiology of childhood speech disorders. First, the discovery of 17 new genes involved in CAS aetiology, with a combined diagnostic yield of 37%, revealing for the first time, that many children do have a single gene diagnosis explaining their speech condition. […] Our work highlights the current bias in the literature to gene discovery cohorts across intellectual disability, autism and epilepsies relative to speech disorder. […] Our data confirm that a substantial proportion of children with CAS or equally marked and persistent speech disorders may have a monogenic condition.

• #1 Apraxia and Related Syndromes: Overview, Types of Apraxia, Apraxialike Syndromes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1136037-overview

  Apraxia has a neurologic cause that localizes fairly well to the left inferior parietal lobule, the frontal lobes (especially the premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, and convexity), or the corpus callosum. Any disease of these areas can cause apraxia, although stroke and dementia are the most common causes. […] Apraxia is a syndrome reflecting motor system dysfunction at the cortical level, exclusive of the primary motor cortex. Normally, in planning movements, previously learned, stored complex representations of skilled movements are used. These 3D, supramodal codes, also called representations or movement formulae, are stored in the inferior parietal lobule of the left hemisphere. Diseases that involve this part of the brain, including strokes, dementias, and tumors, can cause loss of knowledge about how to perform skilled movements.

• #1 Apraxia and Related Syndromes: Overview, Types of Apraxia, Apraxialike Syndromes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1136037-overview

  Apraxia can occur with lesions in other locations as well. Information contained in praxis representations is transcoded into innervatory patterns by the premotor cortices, including the SMA and possibly the convexity of the premotor cortex. The information is then transmitted to the primary motor cortex, and a movement is performed. Lesions of the SMA or other premotor cortices also can cause apraxia; in this case, knowledge about movement is still present, but the ability to perform movement is absent. […] Apraxia also occurs with lesions of the corpus callosum, such as tumors or anterior cerebral artery strokes. Although the corpus callosum is not known to be involved directly in the performance of skilled movements, it contains fibers crossing from the right hemisphere to the premotor cortex. This type of apraxia represents a classic disconnection syndrome; patients with callosal apraxia typically are apractic only with the left hand. […] Patients with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) are at risk for persistent reading and spelling disorder in addition to their spoken communication difficulties.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Model of Assessment and Diagnosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/6/540

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) represents a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge within the field of clinical neuropsychology, characterized by its nuanced presentation and multifactorial nature. […] The neurological basis of CAS is further substantiated by studies that have observed focal degeneration in superior premotor and supplementary motor areas, areas critical to speech production, in individuals with primary progressive apraxia of speech. […] The assertion that CAS is a neurological disorder is bolstered by findings that link it to specific genetic pathways and subtle brain anomalies. […] Current research advocates for a diagnostic process that not only accounts for overt speech impairments but also considers the potential role of genetic factors and neurobiological correlates.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Past, Present, and Future | News | Hofstra University, New York

  https://news.hofstra.edu/2022/05/12/childhood-apraxia-of-speech-past-present-and-future/

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a neurological motor speech disorder that often results in severely impaired speech intelligibility and has historically been resistant to traditional intervention approaches (ASHA, 2007). […] There is agreement that the primary underlying deficit in CAS is related to the planning and programming of speech movements. What this means is that children with CAS will conceptually know what they are attempting to say, yet have a breakdown in the ability to identify and sequence the speech movements to verbally express their message. The deficit lies within the ability to send a precise and efficient neurological signal to move the right speech articulators (e.g., muscles of the lips, jaw, tongue) to the right place, at the right time, and with the right amount of force (Strand, 2020).

• #1 Treatment of Childhood Apraxia of Speech — SpeechieTrish

  https://www.speechietrish.com/blog/treatment-of-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  CAS is a speech disorder that affects a child’s ability to plan and execute the precise movements required for clear speech. It’s like the brain and mouth are not on the same page when it comes to talking. Unlike other speech sound disorders, CAS isn’t caused by muscle weakness or muscle coordination problems but rather by neurological issues that disrupt the planning process. […] The key difference lies in the motor planning aspect. In CAS, the child knows what they want to say, but their brain has trouble coordinating the precise movements necessary for speech. This makes CAS unique and requires a different approach in therapy. […] DTTC is designed for children with more severe CAS and is not intended for long-term use.

• #1 What is Childhood Apraxia of Speech? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/what-is-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Recent research also suggests that, to some degree or another, the sensory feedback loops needed for learning and acquiring accurate speech may not work well in children with apraxia of speech. […] Over the years, since the first accounts of the disorder, there has been disagreement over the underlying nature of the disorder. Some have proposed that CAS is linguistic in nature; others have proposed that it is motoric and some have put forth the tenet that it is BOTH linguistic and motoric in nature. However, currently nearly all sources describe the key presenting impairment involved with CAS as some degree of disrupted speech motor control. The reason for this difficulty is still under investigation by speech scientists. […] Weakness, paresis, or paralysis of the speech musculature does not account for the impaired speech motor skills in CAS. Differences in various theories of speech motor control notwithstanding, it is believed that the level of impairment in the speech processing system occurs somewhere between phonological encoding and the motor execution phase, such as a disruption in motor planning and/or programming.

• #1 What is Childhood Apraxia of Speech? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/what-is-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Some researchers posit that children with CAS additionally have disordered sensory-motor related features such as reduced or aberrant proprioception and thus an inability to realize the relationship and spatial position of the articulatory structures to one another. […] While CAS shares some features with adult acquired Apraxia of Speech, there are also key differences. […] There appears to be some consensus and research evidence that children who display these sorts of speech motor impairments also typically have problems in certain aspects of expressive and/or receptive language, even if subtle. […] Some individuals have described CAS as a disorder that changes and unfolds over time.

• #1 What in the World is Childhood Apraxia of Speech? | SmallTalk

  https://smalltalkspeech.com/speech-therapy/what-in-the-world-is-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech, or CAS for short, is a speech disorder that results in children being unable to form the words they intend to, even though they know what they want to say. […] The cause of CAS is unknown. Rarely are there any observable differences in the brain, though CAS can sometimes occur as a symptom of a syndrome, genetic disorder, or metabolic condition (e.g., galactosemia). […] If the neurological planning of these movements is disrupted, as in the case of CAS, low intelligibility results. Recent research indicates that children with CAS may have difficulties with sensory feedback loops required to learn and judge the accuracy of speech. Sensory feedback is important for the subliminal knowledge of proximity between speech structures (e.g., lips, tongue, teeth, palate) during speech, which plays a role in execution of movement. […] CAS does not involve physical issues with the mouth, such as muscle weakness or muscle coordination difficulties. It also does not involve the brain itself, but rather nerve pathways responsible for planning speech movements.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Model of Assessment and Diagnosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/6/540

  The DIVA/GODIVA neurocomputational framework provides a comprehensive model for understanding the apraxia of speech. […] The Directions into Velocities of Articulators (DIVA) model and the Gradient Order DIVA (GODIVA) model are innovative neurobiologically grounded computational frameworks used to understand speech motor control and sequencing. […] The complexity of CAS diagnosis is further compounded when considering the disorder’s comorbidity with other developmental conditions, such as sensory processing disorder (SPD). […] The multifaceted nature of CAS necessitates a diagnostic and assessment approach that is both comprehensive and nuanced. […] The neurobiological underpinnings of CAS, for instance, have been a focal point of recent research endeavors. […] This burgeoning domain offers a promising avenue for early and accurate diagnosis, as it provides clinicians with objective measures that may differentiate CAS from other speech and language disorders.

• #1 Effective Treatments for Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.betterspeech.com/post/effective-treatments-for-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a complex motor speech disorder where children struggle to make precise movements necessary for speaking. […] Unlike speech disorders caused by muscle weakness, CAS results from a neurological impairment that disrupts the brain’s ability to plan and sequence speech movements. […] This disconnect between brain signals and muscle actions leads to difficulties in producing clear and consistent speech. […] One of the most common impacts of this is inconsistent speech errors; the same word may be pronounced differently each time it is attempted. […] This inconsistency indicates a problem with motor planning and coordination rather than muscle strength. […] Many children with CAS also experience co-occurring issues such as difficulties with fine motor skills and coordination, affecting their ability to perform precise movements required for tasks like writing or using utensils. […] Because of this, early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for improving speech outcomes and overall communication skills.

• #1 Understanding Apraxia and Dysarthria Speech Disorders – Kutest Kids

  https://www.kutestkids.com/blog/apraxia-dysarthria

  Apraxia of speech is a disorder that affects the ability to plan, sequence, and coordinate the muscles involved in speech production. Both acquired and developmental forms of apraxia can manifest with the following symptoms: Inconsistent errors in speech sounds and syllables, Difficulty imitating speech or non-speech movements, Inconsistent speech sound sequencing, Increased errors with longer or more complex words and phrases, Effortful speech, with visible struggle in coordinating speech movements. […] Apraxia of speech is a motor speech disorder characterized by difficulty planning and coordinating the movements necessary for speech production.

• #1 Apraxia of speech | Autism Speaks

  https://www.autismspeaks.org/expert-opinion/apraxia-speech

  Characteristics that speech-language pathologists use to distinguish apraxia from other speech-language disorders include: Inconsistent errors with consonants and vowels when pronouncing syllables and words. […] Difficulty moving from sound to sound and syllable to syllable. […] Unusual emphasis on parts of speech. […] During the evaluation, the speech-language pathologist will also assess a child’s oral motor strength and movements. […] A thorough evaluation also includes assessments of a child’s hearing, verbal and nonverbal communication skills and ability to imitate and respond to instructions. […] Evaluating apraxia in a child with autism can be particularly challenging. […] Once a speech-language pathologist has diagnosed apraxia and developed a personalized treatment plan, a variety of professionals – including speech and occupational therapists – can help with various parts of the intervention program.

• #1 Childhood apraxia of speech – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/symptoms-causes/syc-20352045

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a rare speech disorder. Children with this disorder have trouble controlling their lips, jaws and tongues when speaking. […] In CAS, the brain has trouble planning for speech movement. The brain isn’t able to properly direct the movements needed for speech. The speech muscles aren’t weak, but the muscles don’t form words the right way. […] To speak correctly, the brain has to make plans that tell the speech muscles how to move the lips, jaw and tongue. The movements usually result in accurate sounds and words spoken at the proper speed and rhythm. CAS affects this process. […] Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) has a number of possible causes. But often a cause can’t be determined. There usually isn’t an observable problem in the brain of a child with CAS.

• #1

  https://www.boystownhospital.org/knowledge-center/childhood-apraxia-speech

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a motor speech disorder in which the brain struggles with the planning and coordination of movement for the lips, jaw and tongue when talking. CAS isn’t caused by muscle weakness or paralysis. The child knows what he or she wants to say, but his/her brain has difficulty coordinating the necessary muscle movements. […] At this time, the causes of CAS are unknown. […] Treating CAS requires an approach based on the principles of motor learning. Treatment takes time, patience and commitment. CAS is a dynamic disorder and speech characteristics can change over time with appropriate therapy and neurological maturation. […] There is no cure, so the focus of intervention should be on improving the planning, sequencing and coordination of the muscles in order to communicate clearly.

• #1 Understanding Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.joonapp.io/post/understanding-childhood-apraxia-of-speech-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-options

  About a third of CAS cases have a genetic cause. CAS can be linked to gene variations or alterations in genes. For example, changes in the FOXP2 gene have been linked to CAS and other speech disorders in research. If a child has CAS, it doesn’t mean it was „passed down” directly from another family member. Instead, de novo variations (where a gene variation is seen within the family for the first time) appear to be more common in kids with CAS. […] It’s essential that speech therapists focus not just on motor movements but on connecting specific motor movements to specific sounds. CAS is not caused by muscle weakness and is not treated by strengthening orofacial muscles. […] The prognosis or outcome of treatment for kids with childhood apraxia of speech can vary based on multiple factors. For example, the severity of CAS or co-occurring concerns or disorders that may impact speech therapy outcomes. This is not an extensive list of what could impact CAS outcomes.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech explained – myDr.com.au

  https://mydr.com.au/kids-teens-health/childhood-apraxia-symptoms-treatments-cure/

  One in three children have a genetic cause for neurodevelopmental apraxia. It doesnt mean that the other two-thirds of children dont have a genetic cause, it just means at the moment were only able to pick it up in about one in three children. […] If you havent had had a really great early start with understanding sounds and use of sounds, we know that youre at risk for literacy and reading disorders, Professor Morgan says. So it is important to get that help before school age so that children can be supported in speech therapy or in other ways to learn more about sounds and language so that when they do get to school, even in the presence of apraxia, weve been working on those other skills to make sure they dont fall behind in other areas as well. […] We know that children who have apraxia of speech are at risk for other language and literacy problems, Professor Morgan says.

• #1 Getting Familiar With Speech Disorders: Childhood Apraxia Of Speech | District Speech and Language Therapy | Speech Therapy Clinic in Washington DC

  https://districtspeech.com/getting-familiar-with-speech-disorders-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  When a child has apraxia of speech, its because the brain has difficulty sending the signals required in order to coordinate muscle movement. […] It should be noted childhood apraxia of speech has nothing to do with muscles being too weak to move the lips and tongue in the ways needed to form speech. […] Its entirely a matter of a poor connection between the brain and the muscles needed to form speech. […] Some potential causes of childhood apraxia of speech can include: A genetic disorder, Metabolic condition or syndrome, Traumatic brain injury, Infection in the brain. […] A stroke can also lead to childhood apraxia of speech. […] Currently, there is no evidence that your childs environment can cause childhood apraxia of speech.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/c/childhood-apraxia-of-speech.html

  Childhood apraxia of speech is a type of speech disorder. It’s present from birth. A child with this condition has problems making sounds correctly and consistently. Apraxia is a problem with the motor coordination of speech. […] With childhood apraxia of speech, something in this process goes wrong. The speech muscles seem to work correctly, and the child knows what they want to say. But the brain has trouble working with the muscles to create the movements needed for clear speech. […] Researchers don’t yet understand what might cause childhood apraxia of speech. Some think that it is related to a child’s overall language development. Others think of it as a problem with the brain’s signals to the muscles needed for speech. […] Childhood apraxia of speech may be a part of a larger disorder a child has, such as: Cerebral palsy, Autism, Epilepsy, Galactosemia, Certain mitochondrial disorders, Neuromuscular disorders, Other intellectual disability.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood apraxia of speech is a problem with the motor coordination of speech. […] With childhood apraxia of speech, something in this process goes wrong. The speech muscles seem to work correctly, and the child knows what they want to say. But the brain has trouble working with the muscles to create the movements needed for clear speech. […] Researchers don’t yet understand what might cause childhood apraxia of speech. Some think that it is related to a child’s overall language development. Others think of it as a problem with the brain’s signals to the muscles needed for speech. […] Childhood apraxia of speech may be a part of a larger disorder a child has, such as: cerebral palsy, autism, epilepsy, galactosemia, certain mitochondrial disorders, neuromuscular disorders, or other intellectual disability.

• #1 What is Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.casrf.org/post/what-is-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood apraxia of speech may be a part of a larger disorder a child has, such as cerebral palsy, autism, epilepsy, galactosemia, certain mitochondrial disorders, neuromuscular disorders, or other intellectual disability. […] CAS is a rare neurological speech disorder that affects the way that the brain communicates and directs mouth movements to produce clear and intelligible speech.

• #1 Worried About Speech Delays? Developmental Apraxia of Speech Explained

  https://www.mywellnesshub.in/blog/developmental-apraxia-of-speech/

  Association of DAS is found with certain syndromes, including Down syndrome and Fragile X syndrome. […] There is no significant and consistent evidence of brain lesions. […] The assessment objectives to assess the presence of Childhood Apraxia of speech or Developmental Apraxia of speech in a child are […] To assess speech production skills and speech intelligibility […] To assess language skills […] To assess other aspects of communication (voice, fluency) […] To describe the nature of a clients speech production problems […] To make a diagnosis of DAS […] To rate or evaluate the severity of DAS […] To identify the childs strengths and limitations […] To assess treatment potential and prognosis […] To identify initial treatment targets. […] SLPs play a crucial role in assessing and treating DAS. They provide intensive speech therapy focused on improving speech motor planning and coordination through various exercises, drills, and strategies tailored to the childs needs.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Early Signs & Treatment OptionsAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://napacenter.org/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a neurological childhood speech sound disorder in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in the absence of neuromuscular deficits (e.g. abnormal reflexes, abnormal tone.) The core impairment in planning results in errors in speech sound production and prosody (ASHA, 2007). Children with CAS have difficulties with motor planning as it relates to speech sound production. […] Disruption to the motor movements can also occur orally. When kids are unable to plan motor movements to talk, this can be referred to as developmental dyspraxia of speech or childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). Each of these terms refer to the same condition and are often interchangeable. […] Studies have revealed CAS can be congenital (born with), or it can be acquired during speech development. Both congenital and acquired CAS can occur as an idiopathic neurogenic speech sound disorder (i.e., in children with no observable neurological abnormalities or neurobehavioral disorders or conditions); as primary or secondary signs within complex neurobehavioral disorders (e.g., autism, epilepsy, and syndromes, such as fragile X, Rett syndrome, and Prader–Willi syndrome; or in association with known neurological events (e.g., intrauterine or early childhood stroke, infection, trauma, brain cancer/tumor resection).

• #1 What is Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.casrf.org/post/what-is-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a neurological childhood (pediatric) speech sound disorder in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in the absence of neuromuscular deficits (e.g. abnormal reflexes, abnormal tone). […] With childhood apraxia of speech, something in this process goes wrong. The speech muscles seem to work properly, and the child knows what he or she wants to say. However, the brain has trouble working with the muscles to create the movements needed for clear speech. […] Researchers don’t yet understand what might cause childhood apraxia of speech. Some think that it is related to a child’s overall language development. Others think of it as a problem with the brain’s signals to the muscles needed for speech. Imaging tests have not found any real differences in brain structure in children with the condition.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://cherylrowan.com/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a neurological childhood speech disorder in which difficulty with timing and coordination of the lips, tongue, and jaw affect the precision and consistency of the movements for speech. […] Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder that is due to weakness, spasticity or inability to control the speech muscles. Making speech sounds is difficult because the speech muscles cant move as far, as quickly or with the same strength as normal. […] Treatment for CAS should implement the principles of motor learning, including many repetitions of speech movements to help the child acquire skills to accurately, consistently, and automatically produce sequences of speech sounds.

• #1

  https://www.bjoremspeech.com/blogs/bjorem-speech-blog/understanding-the-differences-childhood-apraxia-of-speech-cas-vs-dysarthria-in-children?srsltid=AfmBOoop7oEuFem5n7xy8DrdSPN-lF9oYzKz1-s-d_fblpX55S3w85aj

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech is a motor speech disorder where children have difficulty making accurate movements when speaking. In CAS, the brain struggles to coordinate the muscle movements necessary to say sounds, syllables, and words. This disorder is not due to muscle weakness but rather the brain’s difficulty planning and coordinating these movements. […] The primary distinction between CAS and Dysarthria lies in the nature of the problem: CAS is a planning and coordination disorder, whereas Dysarthria is a muscular disorder. This fundamental difference impacts how each condition is diagnosed and treated. […] Cause: CAS is related to the brain’s planning and execution of speech movements, without muscular weakness. Dysarthria is due to actual muscle weakness, paralysis, or incoordination.

• #1 Understanding Apraxia and Dysarthria Speech Disorders – Kutest Kids

  https://www.kutestkids.com/blog/apraxia-dysarthria

  Apraxia of speech, also known as verbal apraxia or childhood apraxia of speech, is a distinct motor speech disorder compared to dysarthria. Unlike dysarthria, individuals with apraxia have normal muscle function. However, they struggle with making voluntary movements, such as speaking, due to difficulty in transmitting messages from the brain to the speech muscles. […] Apraxia of speech is characterized by inconsistent errors in speech production. Individuals with this disorder may experience difficulty planning and coordinating the precise movements required for speech. This can result in inconsistent pronunciation, difficulty with rhythm and timing, and the need for increased effort when speaking. […] It’s important to note that dysarthria and apraxia of speech are different motor speech disorders. Dysarthria is caused by muscle weakness or control issues, affecting speech production. In contrast, apraxia of speech is a motor planning disorder, where the brain struggles to coordinate the necessary speech movements.

• #1 20Q: Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS): Diagnosis and Treatment – Article 19340

  https://www.speechpathology.com/articles/20q-childhood-apraxia-speech-cas-19340

  Childhood apraxia of speech is a neurological childhood (pediatric) speech sound disorder in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in the absence of neuromuscular deficits (e.g., abnormal reflexes, abnormal tone). CAS may occur as a result of known neurological impairment, in association with complex neurobehavioral disorders of known or unknown origin, or as an idiopathic neurogenic speech sound disorder. The core impairment in planning and/or programming spatiotemporal parameters of movement sequences results in errors in speech sound production and prosody. […] The articulation is weak and imprecise in general, but most phonemes are there and in the right order. […] A structural-functional exam can assist the therapist in determining if there is a dysarthric component. All subsystems need to be assessed to make sure there is adequate breath support, phonatory control, and articulatory movement for speech.

• #1 20Q: Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS): Diagnosis and Treatment – Article 19340

  https://www.speechpathology.com/articles/20q-childhood-apraxia-speech-cas-19340

  The following characteristics can be seen in developmental dysarthria: scanning speech (pause between syllables), equal stress, sound distortions, irregular diadochokinetic rate (ataxia), slow rate, reduced range of motion, reduced strength of articulatory contacts, reduced respiratory support or respiratory incoordination, strained or breathy phonatory quality, adventitious movement (involuntary movement). […] The ASHA Technical Report (2007) summarized research that show children with CAS are at risk for deficits in the following areas: rhyming (producing and identifying rhymes), word attack, word identification, and spelling, phonological perception, phonological discrimination, phonological memory. […] The hierarchy is constantly changing as the therapist adds or fades cues, depending on the child’s responses. This can be used in addition to other techniques as well. […] Murray, McCabe, and Ballards (2014) systematic review of treatment outcomes for children with CAS provided support for dynamic tactile temporal cuing (DTTC), rapid syllable transition treatment (ReST), and integration of phonological awareness into speech therapy.

• #1

  https://www.bjoremspeech.com/blogs/bjorem-speech-blog/understanding-the-differences-childhood-apraxia-of-speech-cas-vs-dysarthria-in-children?srsltid=AfmBOoop7oEuFem5n7xy8DrdSPN-lF9oYzKz1-s-d_fblpX55S3w85aj

  Treatment Focus: Therapy for CAS often involves extensive practice with speech movements, improving the brain’s planning and execution of these movements. Dysarthria therapy may include exercises to strengthen muscles, improve breath support for speech, and strategies to compensate for speech difficulties.

• #1 Apraxia vs. Dysarthria | Suffolk Center for Speech

  https://www.lispeech.com/apraxia-vs-dysarthria/

  Childhood apraxia of speech, also commonly seen in literature as CAS, is a motor speech disorder that is characterized by the child demonstrating difficulty of producing sounds, syllables, and words. This is not because of muscle weakness or paralysis but rather the childs brain has problems planning to move the articulators needed for speech, such as lips, the mandible, and tongue. An individual with apraixa is aware or what they want to say but the brain is unable to plan muscle movements necessary to verbally communicate the individuals ideas in a fluid manner. […] The treatment focuses on improving the planning, sequencing, and coordination of muscle movements for speech production (Forrest, 2003).

• #1 Understanding Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.joonapp.io/post/understanding-childhood-apraxia-of-speech-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-options

  The long-term outlook for speech development in children with CAS can vary. Children are at risk of continuing speech sound errors in adolescence and adulthood. However, we do know that early intervention and treatment can be incredibly effective, and some kids do achieve typical speech patterns with treatment. Children should see improvements within about three months of speech therapy. […] Early intervention leads to improved speech outcomes in those with CAS.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Past, Present, and Future | News | Hofstra University, New York

  https://news.hofstra.edu/2022/05/12/childhood-apraxia-of-speech-past-present-and-future/

  Due to these unique speech production deficits, the clinical management of CAS requires a specialized approach that takes into consideration the underlying motor speech deficits when designing assessment tools (Strand, McCauley, Weigand, Stoeckel, & Baas, 2013) and treatment approach (Maas, Gildersleeve-Neumann, Jakielski, & Stoeckel, 2014). […] Progress has been made in the identification of approaches for differential diagnosis of CAS […] and motor-based intervention techniques […] A number of diagnostic tools have emerged to identify key features of CAS and effective diagnostic procedures from toddlers through adolescence […] It has been well established across the research literature that intervention for CAS must include motor-based treatment techniques […] which incorporate principles of motor learning in the design of treatment schedules and practice structure

• #1 Learning About Childhood Apraxia of Speech | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.learning-about-childhood-apraxia-of-speech.abs2505

  A child who has childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) can’t speak well. […] But their brain isn’t able to plan the order and timing needed for the muscles to move together to create speech that others can understand. […] Experts don’t know what causes CAS. […] If your child has CAS, they will need regular speech therapy to learn how to speak more clearly. […] Treatment works best when problems are caught early.

• #2 Child Apraxia Treatment – Providing free resources to both parents and clinicians on evidence-based assessment and treatment of childhood apraxia of speech.

  https://childapraxiatreatment.org/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a rare motor speech disorder. Children with CAS have difficulty planning and programming the necessary movements to produce speech. […] Specific childhood apraxia of speech therapy techniques that improve motor learning are recommended for CAS. […] The SLP (speech-language pathologist) treatment focus and methods will depend on the severity of the CAS. […] Child Apraxia Treatment provides resources to both parents and clinicians on evidence-based assessment and treatment of childhood apraxia of speech, including the Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC) treatment method.

• #2 What is Childhood Apraxia of Speech? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/what-is-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a motor speech disorder that first becomes apparent as a young child is learning speech. For reasons not yet fully understood, children with apraxia of speech have great difficulty planning and producing the precise, highly refined and specific series of movements of the tongue, lips, jaw and palate that are necessary for intelligible speech. […] Apraxia of speech is sometimes called verbal apraxia, developmental apraxia of speech, or verbal dyspraxia. Following the 2007 ASHA Ad Hoc Committees position statement the term childhood apraxia of speech is now most commonly used. The most important concept is the root word praxis. Praxis means planned movement. To some degree or another, a child with the diagnosis of apraxia of speech has difficulty programming and planning speech movements. Apraxia of speech is a specific speech disorder. This difficulty in planning speech movements is the hallmark or signature of childhood apraxia of speech.

• #2 Neuroanatomical correlates of childhood apraxia of speech: A connectomic approach

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5114583/

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a paediatric speech sound disorder in which precision and consistency of speech movements are impaired. Most children with idiopathic CAS have normal structural brain MRI. We hypothesize that children with CAS have altered structural connectivity in speech/language networks compared to controls and that these altered connections are related to functional speech/language measures. […] These findings provide evidence of structural connectivity anomalies in children with CAS across specific brain regions involved in speech/language function. We propose altered connectivity as a possible epiphenomenon of complex pathogenic mechanisms in CAS which need further investigation. […] Overall, these findings have been interpreted as the possible result of an immature or altered development of connectivity, where a thicker cortex may reflect the lack of physiological synaptic pruning that normally occurs after the first year of life.

• #2 Neuroanatomical correlates of childhood apraxia of speech: A connectomic approach

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5114583/

  Based on our results and previous neuroanatomical studies, temporal-frontal connectivity disruption might represent a possible candidate network for explaining the functional mismatch between auditory feedback and oromotor control in CAS. […] In summary, as hypothesized, our results have shown distributed altered connectivity in several networks involved in speech/language. They included an extended left Wernicke’s territory, left postcentral gyrus, right supplementary motor area, cerebellum and right superior temporal gyrus. We have also found that a few regions involved in semantic processing showed a less expected alteration of structural connectivity but their role needs further clarification. […] In conclusion, our findings do not intend to suggest new pathophysiological hypotheses on CAS. Reduction of FA reflects altered white matter microstructure, as the consequence of several factors including axon diameter, lower packing density or increased membrane permeability. White matter abnormalities can however be primary, as an altered development of connectivity, or secondary, depending on altered grey matter functioning, thus resulting in either the cause or the consequence of CAS. It is beyond the scope of our current study to speculate on CAS pathogenesis. Instead, we consider our findings as possible biomarkers for CAS, such as an epiphenomenon of complex pathogenic mechanisms that need further investigation.

• #2 Childhood apraxia of speech – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/symptoms-causes/syc-20352045

  However, CAS can be the result of brain conditions or injury. These may include a stroke, infections or traumatic brain injury. […] CAS also may occur as a symptom of a genetic disorder, syndrome or metabolic condition. […] Changes in the FOXP2 gene appear to increase the risk of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and other speech and language disorders. The FOXP2 gene may be involved in how certain nerves and pathways in the brain develop. Researchers continue to study how changes in the FOXP2 gene may affect motor coordination and speech and language processing in the brain. Other genes also may impact motor speech development.

• #2 Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17911-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a motor speech disorder that makes it difficult for your child to speak. The disorder affects the nerve pathways that send messages from your child’s brain to their mouth. Because of this, your child has trouble carrying out the movements their mouth needs to make to speak clearly and accurately. […] Researchers don’t know the exact cause of childhood apraxia of speech. Children with CAS have interruptions in certain nerve pathways in their brains. These nerve pathways are responsible for planning the movements that are necessary for speech. In children with apraxia of speech, the messages from their brain to the parts of their mouth used for speech aren’t being sent correctly. […] In some cases, CAS is the result of an acquired brain injury, like a stroke, which causes nerve pathway interruptions in a person’s brain. There’s also evidence that genetic factors may contribute to childhood apraxia of speech. Scientists have linked more than 20 different genes to the disorder.

• #2 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Past, Present, and Future | News | Hofstra University, New York

  https://news.hofstra.edu/2022/05/12/childhood-apraxia-of-speech-past-present-and-future/

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a neurological motor speech disorder that often results in severely impaired speech intelligibility and has historically been resistant to traditional intervention approaches (ASHA, 2007). […] There is agreement that the primary underlying deficit in CAS is related to the planning and programming of speech movements. What this means is that children with CAS will conceptually know what they are attempting to say, yet have a breakdown in the ability to identify and sequence the speech movements to verbally express their message. The deficit lies within the ability to send a precise and efficient neurological signal to move the right speech articulators (e.g., muscles of the lips, jaw, tongue) to the right place, at the right time, and with the right amount of force (Strand, 2020).

• #2 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/?srsltid=AfmBOooRlV5XbxrhhQsz8e-rxEHp5KyEiT2MsqsIduW0K6gBIvGi394O&srsltid=AfmBOor-TVBiQG6tCH-KbDVEpzSJMbZK9t769nomXFMABSA-vMWD4ZiV

  In order for speech to occur, messages need to go from your brain to your mouth. These messages tell the muscles how and when to move to make sounds. When a child has apraxia of speech, the messages do not get through correctly. […] The problem is not how the child thinks but how the brain tells the mouth muscles to move. […] Most of the time, the cause of CAS is unknown. In some cases, damage to the brain causes CAS. Damage may be caused by a genetic disorder or syndrome, or by a stroke or traumatic brain injury. […] The goal of treatment is to help your child say sounds, words, and sentences more clearly. Your child will learn how to plan the movements needed to say sounds and make those movements the right way at the right time. […] Doing exercises to make the mouth muscles stronger will not help. Mouth muscles are not weak in children with CAS. Working on how to move those muscles to say sounds will help.

• #2 Treatment of Childhood Apraxia of Speech — SpeechieTrish

  https://www.speechietrish.com/blog/treatment-of-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  CAS is a speech disorder that affects a child’s ability to plan and execute the precise movements required for clear speech. It’s like the brain and mouth are not on the same page when it comes to talking. Unlike other speech sound disorders, CAS isn’t caused by muscle weakness or muscle coordination problems but rather by neurological issues that disrupt the planning process. […] The key difference lies in the motor planning aspect. In CAS, the child knows what they want to say, but their brain has trouble coordinating the precise movements necessary for speech. This makes CAS unique and requires a different approach in therapy. […] DTTC is designed for children with more severe CAS and is not intended for long-term use.

• #2 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Model of Assessment and Diagnosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/6/540

  The DIVA/GODIVA neurocomputational framework provides a comprehensive model for understanding the apraxia of speech. […] The Directions into Velocities of Articulators (DIVA) model and the Gradient Order DIVA (GODIVA) model are innovative neurobiologically grounded computational frameworks used to understand speech motor control and sequencing. […] The complexity of CAS diagnosis is further compounded when considering the disorder’s comorbidity with other developmental conditions, such as sensory processing disorder (SPD). […] The multifaceted nature of CAS necessitates a diagnostic and assessment approach that is both comprehensive and nuanced. […] The neurobiological underpinnings of CAS, for instance, have been a focal point of recent research endeavors. […] This burgeoning domain offers a promising avenue for early and accurate diagnosis, as it provides clinicians with objective measures that may differentiate CAS from other speech and language disorders.

• #2 What is Childhood Apraxia of Speech? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/what-is-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Recent research also suggests that, to some degree or another, the sensory feedback loops needed for learning and acquiring accurate speech may not work well in children with apraxia of speech. […] Over the years, since the first accounts of the disorder, there has been disagreement over the underlying nature of the disorder. Some have proposed that CAS is linguistic in nature; others have proposed that it is motoric and some have put forth the tenet that it is BOTH linguistic and motoric in nature. However, currently nearly all sources describe the key presenting impairment involved with CAS as some degree of disrupted speech motor control. The reason for this difficulty is still under investigation by speech scientists. […] Weakness, paresis, or paralysis of the speech musculature does not account for the impaired speech motor skills in CAS. Differences in various theories of speech motor control notwithstanding, it is believed that the level of impairment in the speech processing system occurs somewhere between phonological encoding and the motor execution phase, such as a disruption in motor planning and/or programming.

• #2 Understanding Apraxia and Dysarthria Speech Disorders – Kutest Kids

  https://www.kutestkids.com/blog/apraxia-dysarthria

  Apraxia of speech is a disorder that affects the ability to plan, sequence, and coordinate the muscles involved in speech production. Both acquired and developmental forms of apraxia can manifest with the following symptoms: Inconsistent errors in speech sounds and syllables, Difficulty imitating speech or non-speech movements, Inconsistent speech sound sequencing, Increased errors with longer or more complex words and phrases, Effortful speech, with visible struggle in coordinating speech movements. […] Apraxia of speech is a motor speech disorder characterized by difficulty planning and coordinating the movements necessary for speech production.

• #2 Apraxia of speech | Autism Speaks

  https://www.autismspeaks.org/expert-opinion/apraxia-speech

  Characteristics that speech-language pathologists use to distinguish apraxia from other speech-language disorders include: Inconsistent errors with consonants and vowels when pronouncing syllables and words. […] Difficulty moving from sound to sound and syllable to syllable. […] Unusual emphasis on parts of speech. […] During the evaluation, the speech-language pathologist will also assess a child’s oral motor strength and movements. […] A thorough evaluation also includes assessments of a child’s hearing, verbal and nonverbal communication skills and ability to imitate and respond to instructions. […] Evaluating apraxia in a child with autism can be particularly challenging. […] Once a speech-language pathologist has diagnosed apraxia and developed a personalized treatment plan, a variety of professionals – including speech and occupational therapists – can help with various parts of the intervention program.

• #2 Understanding Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.joonapp.io/post/understanding-childhood-apraxia-of-speech-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-options

  About a third of CAS cases have a genetic cause. CAS can be linked to gene variations or alterations in genes. For example, changes in the FOXP2 gene have been linked to CAS and other speech disorders in research. If a child has CAS, it doesn’t mean it was „passed down” directly from another family member. Instead, de novo variations (where a gene variation is seen within the family for the first time) appear to be more common in kids with CAS. […] It’s essential that speech therapists focus not just on motor movements but on connecting specific motor movements to specific sounds. CAS is not caused by muscle weakness and is not treated by strengthening orofacial muscles. […] The prognosis or outcome of treatment for kids with childhood apraxia of speech can vary based on multiple factors. For example, the severity of CAS or co-occurring concerns or disorders that may impact speech therapy outcomes. This is not an extensive list of what could impact CAS outcomes.

• #2 Developmental verbal dyspraxia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_verbal_dyspraxia

  Developmental verbal dyspraxia (DVD), also known as childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and developmental apraxia of speech (DAS), is a condition in which an individual has problems saying sounds, syllables and words. This is not because of muscle weakness or paralysis. The brain has problems planning to move the body parts (e.g., lips, jaw, tongue) needed for speech. The individual knows what they want to say, but their brain has difficulty coordinating the muscle movements necessary to say those words. […] The exact cause of this disorder is usually unknown. Many observations suggest a genetic cause of DVD, as many with the disorder have a family history of communication disorders. The gene FOXP2 has been implicated in many studies of the condition, and when this is the cause, the condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, however roughly 75% of these cases are de novo.

• #2 Getting Familiar With Speech Disorders: Childhood Apraxia Of Speech | District Speech and Language Therapy | Speech Therapy Clinic in Washington DC

  https://districtspeech.com/getting-familiar-with-speech-disorders-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  When a child has apraxia of speech, its because the brain has difficulty sending the signals required in order to coordinate muscle movement. […] It should be noted childhood apraxia of speech has nothing to do with muscles being too weak to move the lips and tongue in the ways needed to form speech. […] Its entirely a matter of a poor connection between the brain and the muscles needed to form speech. […] Some potential causes of childhood apraxia of speech can include: A genetic disorder, Metabolic condition or syndrome, Traumatic brain injury, Infection in the brain. […] A stroke can also lead to childhood apraxia of speech. […] Currently, there is no evidence that your childs environment can cause childhood apraxia of speech.

• #2 Developmental verbal dyspraxia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_verbal_dyspraxia

  DVD/CAS is a motor disorder, which means that the problem is located in the brain and its signals, and not in the mouth. In most cases, the cause is unknown. Possible causes include genetic syndromes and disorders. Recent research has focused on the significance of the FOXP2 gene in both species and individual development. Research regarding the KE family, where half the members of the extended family, over three generations, exhibited heritable developmental verbal dyspraxia, were found to have a defective copy of the FOXP2 gene. […] New research suggests a role for the sodium channel SCN3A in the development of the perisylvian areas, which maintain key language circuits- Broca and Wernicke Area. Patients with mutations in SCN3A had oral-motor speech disorders. […] Birth/prenatal injuries, as well as stroke, can also be causes of DVD/CAS. Furthermore, DVD/CAS can occur as a secondary characteristic to a variety of other conditions. These include autism, some forms of epilepsy, fragile X syndrome, galactosemia and chromosome translocations involving duplications or deletions.

• #2 Childhood Apraxia of Speech | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/c/childhood-apraxia-of-speech.html

  Childhood apraxia of speech is a type of speech disorder. It’s present from birth. A child with this condition has problems making sounds correctly and consistently. Apraxia is a problem with the motor coordination of speech. […] With childhood apraxia of speech, something in this process goes wrong. The speech muscles seem to work correctly, and the child knows what they want to say. But the brain has trouble working with the muscles to create the movements needed for clear speech. […] Researchers don’t yet understand what might cause childhood apraxia of speech. Some think that it is related to a child’s overall language development. Others think of it as a problem with the brain’s signals to the muscles needed for speech. […] Childhood apraxia of speech may be a part of a larger disorder a child has, such as: Cerebral palsy, Autism, Epilepsy, Galactosemia, Certain mitochondrial disorders, Neuromuscular disorders, Other intellectual disability.

• #2 What is Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.casrf.org/post/what-is-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood apraxia of speech may be a part of a larger disorder a child has, such as cerebral palsy, autism, epilepsy, galactosemia, certain mitochondrial disorders, neuromuscular disorders, or other intellectual disability. […] CAS is a rare neurological speech disorder that affects the way that the brain communicates and directs mouth movements to produce clear and intelligible speech.

• #2 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Early Signs & Treatment OptionsAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://napacenter.org/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a neurological childhood speech sound disorder in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in the absence of neuromuscular deficits (e.g. abnormal reflexes, abnormal tone.) The core impairment in planning results in errors in speech sound production and prosody (ASHA, 2007). Children with CAS have difficulties with motor planning as it relates to speech sound production. […] Disruption to the motor movements can also occur orally. When kids are unable to plan motor movements to talk, this can be referred to as developmental dyspraxia of speech or childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). Each of these terms refer to the same condition and are often interchangeable. […] Studies have revealed CAS can be congenital (born with), or it can be acquired during speech development. Both congenital and acquired CAS can occur as an idiopathic neurogenic speech sound disorder (i.e., in children with no observable neurological abnormalities or neurobehavioral disorders or conditions); as primary or secondary signs within complex neurobehavioral disorders (e.g., autism, epilepsy, and syndromes, such as fragile X, Rett syndrome, and Prader–Willi syndrome; or in association with known neurological events (e.g., intrauterine or early childhood stroke, infection, trauma, brain cancer/tumor resection).

• #2

  https://www.boystownhospital.org/knowledge-center/childhood-apraxia-speech

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a motor speech disorder in which the brain struggles with the planning and coordination of movement for the lips, jaw and tongue when talking. CAS isn’t caused by muscle weakness or paralysis. The child knows what he or she wants to say, but his/her brain has difficulty coordinating the necessary muscle movements. […] At this time, the causes of CAS are unknown. […] Treating CAS requires an approach based on the principles of motor learning. Treatment takes time, patience and commitment. CAS is a dynamic disorder and speech characteristics can change over time with appropriate therapy and neurological maturation. […] There is no cure, so the focus of intervention should be on improving the planning, sequencing and coordination of the muscles in order to communicate clearly.

• #2 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://cherylrowan.com/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a neurological childhood speech disorder in which difficulty with timing and coordination of the lips, tongue, and jaw affect the precision and consistency of the movements for speech. […] Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder that is due to weakness, spasticity or inability to control the speech muscles. Making speech sounds is difficult because the speech muscles cant move as far, as quickly or with the same strength as normal. […] Treatment for CAS should implement the principles of motor learning, including many repetitions of speech movements to help the child acquire skills to accurately, consistently, and automatically produce sequences of speech sounds.

• #2

  https://www.bjoremspeech.com/blogs/bjorem-speech-blog/understanding-the-differences-childhood-apraxia-of-speech-cas-vs-dysarthria-in-children?srsltid=AfmBOoop7oEuFem5n7xy8DrdSPN-lF9oYzKz1-s-d_fblpX55S3w85aj

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech is a motor speech disorder where children have difficulty making accurate movements when speaking. In CAS, the brain struggles to coordinate the muscle movements necessary to say sounds, syllables, and words. This disorder is not due to muscle weakness but rather the brain’s difficulty planning and coordinating these movements. […] The primary distinction between CAS and Dysarthria lies in the nature of the problem: CAS is a planning and coordination disorder, whereas Dysarthria is a muscular disorder. This fundamental difference impacts how each condition is diagnosed and treated. […] Cause: CAS is related to the brain’s planning and execution of speech movements, without muscular weakness. Dysarthria is due to actual muscle weakness, paralysis, or incoordination.

• #2 Understanding Apraxia and Dysarthria Speech Disorders – Kutest Kids

  https://www.kutestkids.com/blog/apraxia-dysarthria

  Apraxia of speech, also known as verbal apraxia or childhood apraxia of speech, is a distinct motor speech disorder compared to dysarthria. Unlike dysarthria, individuals with apraxia have normal muscle function. However, they struggle with making voluntary movements, such as speaking, due to difficulty in transmitting messages from the brain to the speech muscles. […] Apraxia of speech is characterized by inconsistent errors in speech production. Individuals with this disorder may experience difficulty planning and coordinating the precise movements required for speech. This can result in inconsistent pronunciation, difficulty with rhythm and timing, and the need for increased effort when speaking. […] It’s important to note that dysarthria and apraxia of speech are different motor speech disorders. Dysarthria is caused by muscle weakness or control issues, affecting speech production. In contrast, apraxia of speech is a motor planning disorder, where the brain struggles to coordinate the necessary speech movements.

• #2

  https://www.bjoremspeech.com/blogs/bjorem-speech-blog/understanding-the-differences-childhood-apraxia-of-speech-cas-vs-dysarthria-in-children?srsltid=AfmBOoop7oEuFem5n7xy8DrdSPN-lF9oYzKz1-s-d_fblpX55S3w85aj

  Treatment Focus: Therapy for CAS often involves extensive practice with speech movements, improving the brain’s planning and execution of these movements. Dysarthria therapy may include exercises to strengthen muscles, improve breath support for speech, and strategies to compensate for speech difficulties.

• #2 Effective Treatments for Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.betterspeech.com/post/effective-treatments-for-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a complex motor speech disorder where children struggle to make precise movements necessary for speaking. […] Unlike speech disorders caused by muscle weakness, CAS results from a neurological impairment that disrupts the brain’s ability to plan and sequence speech movements. […] This disconnect between brain signals and muscle actions leads to difficulties in producing clear and consistent speech. […] One of the most common impacts of this is inconsistent speech errors; the same word may be pronounced differently each time it is attempted. […] This inconsistency indicates a problem with motor planning and coordination rather than muscle strength. […] Many children with CAS also experience co-occurring issues such as difficulties with fine motor skills and coordination, affecting their ability to perform precise movements required for tasks like writing or using utensils. […] Because of this, early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for improving speech outcomes and overall communication skills.

• #2 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Model of Assessment and Diagnosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/6/540

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) represents a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge within the field of clinical neuropsychology, characterized by its nuanced presentation and multifactorial nature. […] The neurological basis of CAS is further substantiated by studies that have observed focal degeneration in superior premotor and supplementary motor areas, areas critical to speech production, in individuals with primary progressive apraxia of speech. […] The assertion that CAS is a neurological disorder is bolstered by findings that link it to specific genetic pathways and subtle brain anomalies. […] Current research advocates for a diagnostic process that not only accounts for overt speech impairments but also considers the potential role of genetic factors and neurobiological correlates.

• #2 20Q: Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS): Diagnosis and Treatment – Article 19340

  https://www.speechpathology.com/articles/20q-childhood-apraxia-speech-cas-19340

  The following characteristics can be seen in developmental dysarthria: scanning speech (pause between syllables), equal stress, sound distortions, irregular diadochokinetic rate (ataxia), slow rate, reduced range of motion, reduced strength of articulatory contacts, reduced respiratory support or respiratory incoordination, strained or breathy phonatory quality, adventitious movement (involuntary movement). […] The ASHA Technical Report (2007) summarized research that show children with CAS are at risk for deficits in the following areas: rhyming (producing and identifying rhymes), word attack, word identification, and spelling, phonological perception, phonological discrimination, phonological memory. […] The hierarchy is constantly changing as the therapist adds or fades cues, depending on the child’s responses. This can be used in addition to other techniques as well. […] Murray, McCabe, and Ballards (2014) systematic review of treatment outcomes for children with CAS provided support for dynamic tactile temporal cuing (DTTC), rapid syllable transition treatment (ReST), and integration of phonological awareness into speech therapy.

• #3 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/?srsltid=AfmBOopvp7HJVfJshZTqRVtKpAbFZCaS9WKD5m5xwqkANSlwmFVyAPou

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a neurological childhood (pediatric) speech sound disorder in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in the absence of neuromuscular deficits (e.g. abnormal reflexes, abnormal tone). […] The core impairment in planning and/or programming spatiotemporal parameters of movement sequences results in errors in speech sound production and prosody. […] The neurological deficits underlying CAS are different from those that underlie dysarthria. […] A number of researchers have investigated possible genetic bases for CAS. Of particular interest are findings from studies of a four-generation London family—the KE family—many of whom have apraxia of speech. Findings suggest that deficits in the FOXP2 gene may negatively affect the development of neural networks involved in the learning and/or planning and execution of speech motor sequences. […] Recent research continues to find a link between the FOXP2 gene and apraxia of speech, although it is likely that more than one gene is responsible.

• #3 Neuroanatomical correlates of childhood apraxia of speech: A connectomic approach

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5114583/

  Based on our results and previous neuroanatomical studies, temporal-frontal connectivity disruption might represent a possible candidate network for explaining the functional mismatch between auditory feedback and oromotor control in CAS. […] In summary, as hypothesized, our results have shown distributed altered connectivity in several networks involved in speech/language. They included an extended left Wernicke’s territory, left postcentral gyrus, right supplementary motor area, cerebellum and right superior temporal gyrus. We have also found that a few regions involved in semantic processing showed a less expected alteration of structural connectivity but their role needs further clarification. […] In conclusion, our findings do not intend to suggest new pathophysiological hypotheses on CAS. Reduction of FA reflects altered white matter microstructure, as the consequence of several factors including axon diameter, lower packing density or increased membrane permeability. White matter abnormalities can however be primary, as an altered development of connectivity, or secondary, depending on altered grey matter functioning, thus resulting in either the cause or the consequence of CAS. It is beyond the scope of our current study to speculate on CAS pathogenesis. Instead, we consider our findings as possible biomarkers for CAS, such as an epiphenomenon of complex pathogenic mechanisms that need further investigation.

• #3 What is Childhood Apraxia of Speech? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/what-is-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a motor speech disorder that first becomes apparent as a young child is learning speech. For reasons not yet fully understood, children with apraxia of speech have great difficulty planning and producing the precise, highly refined and specific series of movements of the tongue, lips, jaw and palate that are necessary for intelligible speech. […] Apraxia of speech is sometimes called verbal apraxia, developmental apraxia of speech, or verbal dyspraxia. Following the 2007 ASHA Ad Hoc Committees position statement the term childhood apraxia of speech is now most commonly used. The most important concept is the root word praxis. Praxis means planned movement. To some degree or another, a child with the diagnosis of apraxia of speech has difficulty programming and planning speech movements. Apraxia of speech is a specific speech disorder. This difficulty in planning speech movements is the hallmark or signature of childhood apraxia of speech.

• #3 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Past, Present, and Future | News | Hofstra University, New York

  https://news.hofstra.edu/2022/05/12/childhood-apraxia-of-speech-past-present-and-future/

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a neurological motor speech disorder that often results in severely impaired speech intelligibility and has historically been resistant to traditional intervention approaches (ASHA, 2007). […] There is agreement that the primary underlying deficit in CAS is related to the planning and programming of speech movements. What this means is that children with CAS will conceptually know what they are attempting to say, yet have a breakdown in the ability to identify and sequence the speech movements to verbally express their message. The deficit lies within the ability to send a precise and efficient neurological signal to move the right speech articulators (e.g., muscles of the lips, jaw, tongue) to the right place, at the right time, and with the right amount of force (Strand, 2020).

• #3 Understanding Apraxia and Dysarthria Speech Disorders – Kutest Kids

  https://www.kutestkids.com/blog/apraxia-dysarthria

  Apraxia of speech is a disorder that affects the ability to plan, sequence, and coordinate the muscles involved in speech production. Both acquired and developmental forms of apraxia can manifest with the following symptoms: Inconsistent errors in speech sounds and syllables, Difficulty imitating speech or non-speech movements, Inconsistent speech sound sequencing, Increased errors with longer or more complex words and phrases, Effortful speech, with visible struggle in coordinating speech movements. […] Apraxia of speech is a motor speech disorder characterized by difficulty planning and coordinating the movements necessary for speech production.

• #3 Understanding Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.joonapp.io/post/understanding-childhood-apraxia-of-speech-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-options

  About a third of CAS cases have a genetic cause. CAS can be linked to gene variations or alterations in genes. For example, changes in the FOXP2 gene have been linked to CAS and other speech disorders in research. If a child has CAS, it doesn’t mean it was „passed down” directly from another family member. Instead, de novo variations (where a gene variation is seen within the family for the first time) appear to be more common in kids with CAS. […] It’s essential that speech therapists focus not just on motor movements but on connecting specific motor movements to specific sounds. CAS is not caused by muscle weakness and is not treated by strengthening orofacial muscles. […] The prognosis or outcome of treatment for kids with childhood apraxia of speech can vary based on multiple factors. For example, the severity of CAS or co-occurring concerns or disorders that may impact speech therapy outcomes. This is not an extensive list of what could impact CAS outcomes.

• #3 Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17911-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a motor speech disorder that makes it difficult for your child to speak. The disorder affects the nerve pathways that send messages from your child’s brain to their mouth. Because of this, your child has trouble carrying out the movements their mouth needs to make to speak clearly and accurately. […] Researchers don’t know the exact cause of childhood apraxia of speech. Children with CAS have interruptions in certain nerve pathways in their brains. These nerve pathways are responsible for planning the movements that are necessary for speech. In children with apraxia of speech, the messages from their brain to the parts of their mouth used for speech aren’t being sent correctly. […] In some cases, CAS is the result of an acquired brain injury, like a stroke, which causes nerve pathway interruptions in a person’s brain. There’s also evidence that genetic factors may contribute to childhood apraxia of speech. Scientists have linked more than 20 different genes to the disorder.

• #3 Childhood apraxia of speech – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/symptoms-causes/syc-20352045

  However, CAS can be the result of brain conditions or injury. These may include a stroke, infections or traumatic brain injury. […] CAS also may occur as a symptom of a genetic disorder, syndrome or metabolic condition. […] Changes in the FOXP2 gene appear to increase the risk of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and other speech and language disorders. The FOXP2 gene may be involved in how certain nerves and pathways in the brain develop. Researchers continue to study how changes in the FOXP2 gene may affect motor coordination and speech and language processing in the brain. Other genes also may impact motor speech development.

• #3 Getting Familiar With Speech Disorders: Childhood Apraxia Of Speech | District Speech and Language Therapy | Speech Therapy Clinic in Washington DC

  https://districtspeech.com/getting-familiar-with-speech-disorders-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  When a child has apraxia of speech, its because the brain has difficulty sending the signals required in order to coordinate muscle movement. […] It should be noted childhood apraxia of speech has nothing to do with muscles being too weak to move the lips and tongue in the ways needed to form speech. […] Its entirely a matter of a poor connection between the brain and the muscles needed to form speech. […] Some potential causes of childhood apraxia of speech can include: A genetic disorder, Metabolic condition or syndrome, Traumatic brain injury, Infection in the brain. […] A stroke can also lead to childhood apraxia of speech. […] Currently, there is no evidence that your childs environment can cause childhood apraxia of speech.

• #3 Childhood Apraxia of Speech | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/c/childhood-apraxia-of-speech.html

  Childhood apraxia of speech is a type of speech disorder. It’s present from birth. A child with this condition has problems making sounds correctly and consistently. Apraxia is a problem with the motor coordination of speech. […] With childhood apraxia of speech, something in this process goes wrong. The speech muscles seem to work correctly, and the child knows what they want to say. But the brain has trouble working with the muscles to create the movements needed for clear speech. […] Researchers don’t yet understand what might cause childhood apraxia of speech. Some think that it is related to a child’s overall language development. Others think of it as a problem with the brain’s signals to the muscles needed for speech. […] Childhood apraxia of speech may be a part of a larger disorder a child has, such as: Cerebral palsy, Autism, Epilepsy, Galactosemia, Certain mitochondrial disorders, Neuromuscular disorders, Other intellectual disability.

• #3 Developmental verbal dyspraxia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_verbal_dyspraxia

  DVD/CAS is a motor disorder, which means that the problem is located in the brain and its signals, and not in the mouth. In most cases, the cause is unknown. Possible causes include genetic syndromes and disorders. Recent research has focused on the significance of the FOXP2 gene in both species and individual development. Research regarding the KE family, where half the members of the extended family, over three generations, exhibited heritable developmental verbal dyspraxia, were found to have a defective copy of the FOXP2 gene. […] New research suggests a role for the sodium channel SCN3A in the development of the perisylvian areas, which maintain key language circuits- Broca and Wernicke Area. Patients with mutations in SCN3A had oral-motor speech disorders. […] Birth/prenatal injuries, as well as stroke, can also be causes of DVD/CAS. Furthermore, DVD/CAS can occur as a secondary characteristic to a variety of other conditions. These include autism, some forms of epilepsy, fragile X syndrome, galactosemia and chromosome translocations involving duplications or deletions.

• #3 What is Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.casrf.org/post/what-is-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood apraxia of speech may be a part of a larger disorder a child has, such as cerebral palsy, autism, epilepsy, galactosemia, certain mitochondrial disorders, neuromuscular disorders, or other intellectual disability. […] CAS is a rare neurological speech disorder that affects the way that the brain communicates and directs mouth movements to produce clear and intelligible speech.

• #3 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/?srsltid=AfmBOooRlV5XbxrhhQsz8e-rxEHp5KyEiT2MsqsIduW0K6gBIvGi394O&srsltid=AfmBOor-TVBiQG6tCH-KbDVEpzSJMbZK9t769nomXFMABSA-vMWD4ZiV

  In order for speech to occur, messages need to go from your brain to your mouth. These messages tell the muscles how and when to move to make sounds. When a child has apraxia of speech, the messages do not get through correctly. […] The problem is not how the child thinks but how the brain tells the mouth muscles to move. […] Most of the time, the cause of CAS is unknown. In some cases, damage to the brain causes CAS. Damage may be caused by a genetic disorder or syndrome, or by a stroke or traumatic brain injury. […] The goal of treatment is to help your child say sounds, words, and sentences more clearly. Your child will learn how to plan the movements needed to say sounds and make those movements the right way at the right time. […] Doing exercises to make the mouth muscles stronger will not help. Mouth muscles are not weak in children with CAS. Working on how to move those muscles to say sounds will help.

• #3 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Early Signs & Treatment OptionsAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://napacenter.org/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a neurological childhood speech sound disorder in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in the absence of neuromuscular deficits (e.g. abnormal reflexes, abnormal tone.) The core impairment in planning results in errors in speech sound production and prosody (ASHA, 2007). Children with CAS have difficulties with motor planning as it relates to speech sound production. […] Disruption to the motor movements can also occur orally. When kids are unable to plan motor movements to talk, this can be referred to as developmental dyspraxia of speech or childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). Each of these terms refer to the same condition and are often interchangeable. […] Studies have revealed CAS can be congenital (born with), or it can be acquired during speech development. Both congenital and acquired CAS can occur as an idiopathic neurogenic speech sound disorder (i.e., in children with no observable neurological abnormalities or neurobehavioral disorders or conditions); as primary or secondary signs within complex neurobehavioral disorders (e.g., autism, epilepsy, and syndromes, such as fragile X, Rett syndrome, and Prader–Willi syndrome; or in association with known neurological events (e.g., intrauterine or early childhood stroke, infection, trauma, brain cancer/tumor resection).

• #3 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://cherylrowan.com/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a neurological childhood speech disorder in which difficulty with timing and coordination of the lips, tongue, and jaw affect the precision and consistency of the movements for speech. […] Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder that is due to weakness, spasticity or inability to control the speech muscles. Making speech sounds is difficult because the speech muscles cant move as far, as quickly or with the same strength as normal. […] Treatment for CAS should implement the principles of motor learning, including many repetitions of speech movements to help the child acquire skills to accurately, consistently, and automatically produce sequences of speech sounds.

• #3

  https://www.bjoremspeech.com/blogs/bjorem-speech-blog/understanding-the-differences-childhood-apraxia-of-speech-cas-vs-dysarthria-in-children?srsltid=AfmBOoop7oEuFem5n7xy8DrdSPN-lF9oYzKz1-s-d_fblpX55S3w85aj

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech is a motor speech disorder where children have difficulty making accurate movements when speaking. In CAS, the brain struggles to coordinate the muscle movements necessary to say sounds, syllables, and words. This disorder is not due to muscle weakness but rather the brain’s difficulty planning and coordinating these movements. […] The primary distinction between CAS and Dysarthria lies in the nature of the problem: CAS is a planning and coordination disorder, whereas Dysarthria is a muscular disorder. This fundamental difference impacts how each condition is diagnosed and treated. […] Cause: CAS is related to the brain’s planning and execution of speech movements, without muscular weakness. Dysarthria is due to actual muscle weakness, paralysis, or incoordination.

• #3 Understanding Apraxia and Dysarthria Speech Disorders – Kutest Kids

  https://www.kutestkids.com/blog/apraxia-dysarthria

  Apraxia of speech, also known as verbal apraxia or childhood apraxia of speech, is a distinct motor speech disorder compared to dysarthria. Unlike dysarthria, individuals with apraxia have normal muscle function. However, they struggle with making voluntary movements, such as speaking, due to difficulty in transmitting messages from the brain to the speech muscles. […] Apraxia of speech is characterized by inconsistent errors in speech production. Individuals with this disorder may experience difficulty planning and coordinating the precise movements required for speech. This can result in inconsistent pronunciation, difficulty with rhythm and timing, and the need for increased effort when speaking. […] It’s important to note that dysarthria and apraxia of speech are different motor speech disorders. Dysarthria is caused by muscle weakness or control issues, affecting speech production. In contrast, apraxia of speech is a motor planning disorder, where the brain struggles to coordinate the necessary speech movements.

• #4 Dysarthria vs. Apraxia: Key Differences Explained

  https://connectedspeechpathology.com/blog/dysarthria-vs-apraxia-key-differences-explained

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a motor speech disorder where the brain struggles to direct or coordinate the movements necessary for speech. It isn’t a muscle issue; it happens because your child’s brain has difficulty planning for and overseeing the movements of their lips, jaw, and tongue. […] The cause of childhood apraxia of speech is largely unknown. While research is ongoing, no single definitive cause has been identified for all cases.

• #4 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/?srsltid=AfmBOopvp7HJVfJshZTqRVtKpAbFZCaS9WKD5m5xwqkANSlwmFVyAPou

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a neurological childhood (pediatric) speech sound disorder in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in the absence of neuromuscular deficits (e.g. abnormal reflexes, abnormal tone). […] The core impairment in planning and/or programming spatiotemporal parameters of movement sequences results in errors in speech sound production and prosody. […] The neurological deficits underlying CAS are different from those that underlie dysarthria. […] A number of researchers have investigated possible genetic bases for CAS. Of particular interest are findings from studies of a four-generation London family—the KE family—many of whom have apraxia of speech. Findings suggest that deficits in the FOXP2 gene may negatively affect the development of neural networks involved in the learning and/or planning and execution of speech motor sequences. […] Recent research continues to find a link between the FOXP2 gene and apraxia of speech, although it is likely that more than one gene is responsible.

• #4 Understanding Apraxia and Dysarthria Speech Disorders – Kutest Kids

  https://www.kutestkids.com/blog/apraxia-dysarthria

  Apraxia of speech is a disorder that affects the ability to plan, sequence, and coordinate the muscles involved in speech production. Both acquired and developmental forms of apraxia can manifest with the following symptoms: Inconsistent errors in speech sounds and syllables, Difficulty imitating speech or non-speech movements, Inconsistent speech sound sequencing, Increased errors with longer or more complex words and phrases, Effortful speech, with visible struggle in coordinating speech movements. […] Apraxia of speech is a motor speech disorder characterized by difficulty planning and coordinating the movements necessary for speech production.

• #4 Childhood apraxia of speech – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/symptoms-causes/syc-20352045

  However, CAS can be the result of brain conditions or injury. These may include a stroke, infections or traumatic brain injury. […] CAS also may occur as a symptom of a genetic disorder, syndrome or metabolic condition. […] Changes in the FOXP2 gene appear to increase the risk of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and other speech and language disorders. The FOXP2 gene may be involved in how certain nerves and pathways in the brain develop. Researchers continue to study how changes in the FOXP2 gene may affect motor coordination and speech and language processing in the brain. Other genes also may impact motor speech development.

• #4 Childhood Apraxia of Speech | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/c/childhood-apraxia-of-speech.html

  Childhood apraxia of speech is a type of speech disorder. It’s present from birth. A child with this condition has problems making sounds correctly and consistently. Apraxia is a problem with the motor coordination of speech. […] With childhood apraxia of speech, something in this process goes wrong. The speech muscles seem to work correctly, and the child knows what they want to say. But the brain has trouble working with the muscles to create the movements needed for clear speech. […] Researchers don’t yet understand what might cause childhood apraxia of speech. Some think that it is related to a child’s overall language development. Others think of it as a problem with the brain’s signals to the muscles needed for speech. […] Childhood apraxia of speech may be a part of a larger disorder a child has, such as: Cerebral palsy, Autism, Epilepsy, Galactosemia, Certain mitochondrial disorders, Neuromuscular disorders, Other intellectual disability.

• #4 What is Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.casrf.org/post/what-is-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood apraxia of speech may be a part of a larger disorder a child has, such as cerebral palsy, autism, epilepsy, galactosemia, certain mitochondrial disorders, neuromuscular disorders, or other intellectual disability. […] CAS is a rare neurological speech disorder that affects the way that the brain communicates and directs mouth movements to produce clear and intelligible speech.

• #4 Developmental verbal dyspraxia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_verbal_dyspraxia

  DVD/CAS is a motor disorder, which means that the problem is located in the brain and its signals, and not in the mouth. In most cases, the cause is unknown. Possible causes include genetic syndromes and disorders. Recent research has focused on the significance of the FOXP2 gene in both species and individual development. Research regarding the KE family, where half the members of the extended family, over three generations, exhibited heritable developmental verbal dyspraxia, were found to have a defective copy of the FOXP2 gene. […] New research suggests a role for the sodium channel SCN3A in the development of the perisylvian areas, which maintain key language circuits- Broca and Wernicke Area. Patients with mutations in SCN3A had oral-motor speech disorders. […] Birth/prenatal injuries, as well as stroke, can also be causes of DVD/CAS. Furthermore, DVD/CAS can occur as a secondary characteristic to a variety of other conditions. These include autism, some forms of epilepsy, fragile X syndrome, galactosemia and chromosome translocations involving duplications or deletions.

• #4 Understanding Apraxia and Dysarthria Speech Disorders – Kutest Kids

  https://www.kutestkids.com/blog/apraxia-dysarthria

  Apraxia of speech, also known as verbal apraxia or childhood apraxia of speech, is a distinct motor speech disorder compared to dysarthria. Unlike dysarthria, individuals with apraxia have normal muscle function. However, they struggle with making voluntary movements, such as speaking, due to difficulty in transmitting messages from the brain to the speech muscles. […] Apraxia of speech is characterized by inconsistent errors in speech production. Individuals with this disorder may experience difficulty planning and coordinating the precise movements required for speech. This can result in inconsistent pronunciation, difficulty with rhythm and timing, and the need for increased effort when speaking. […] It’s important to note that dysarthria and apraxia of speech are different motor speech disorders. Dysarthria is caused by muscle weakness or control issues, affecting speech production. In contrast, apraxia of speech is a motor planning disorder, where the brain struggles to coordinate the necessary speech movements.

• #4 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://cherylrowan.com/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a neurological childhood speech disorder in which difficulty with timing and coordination of the lips, tongue, and jaw affect the precision and consistency of the movements for speech. […] Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder that is due to weakness, spasticity or inability to control the speech muscles. Making speech sounds is difficult because the speech muscles cant move as far, as quickly or with the same strength as normal. […] Treatment for CAS should implement the principles of motor learning, including many repetitions of speech movements to help the child acquire skills to accurately, consistently, and automatically produce sequences of speech sounds.

• #5 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/?srsltid=AfmBOopvp7HJVfJshZTqRVtKpAbFZCaS9WKD5m5xwqkANSlwmFVyAPou

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a neurological childhood (pediatric) speech sound disorder in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in the absence of neuromuscular deficits (e.g. abnormal reflexes, abnormal tone). […] The core impairment in planning and/or programming spatiotemporal parameters of movement sequences results in errors in speech sound production and prosody. […] The neurological deficits underlying CAS are different from those that underlie dysarthria. […] A number of researchers have investigated possible genetic bases for CAS. Of particular interest are findings from studies of a four-generation London family—the KE family—many of whom have apraxia of speech. Findings suggest that deficits in the FOXP2 gene may negatively affect the development of neural networks involved in the learning and/or planning and execution of speech motor sequences. […] Recent research continues to find a link between the FOXP2 gene and apraxia of speech, although it is likely that more than one gene is responsible.

• #5 Understanding Apraxia and Dysarthria Speech Disorders – Kutest Kids

  https://www.kutestkids.com/blog/apraxia-dysarthria

  Apraxia of speech is a disorder that affects the ability to plan, sequence, and coordinate the muscles involved in speech production. Both acquired and developmental forms of apraxia can manifest with the following symptoms: Inconsistent errors in speech sounds and syllables, Difficulty imitating speech or non-speech movements, Inconsistent speech sound sequencing, Increased errors with longer or more complex words and phrases, Effortful speech, with visible struggle in coordinating speech movements. […] Apraxia of speech is a motor speech disorder characterized by difficulty planning and coordinating the movements necessary for speech production.

• #5 Childhood apraxia of speech – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/symptoms-causes/syc-20352045

  However, CAS can be the result of brain conditions or injury. These may include a stroke, infections or traumatic brain injury. […] CAS also may occur as a symptom of a genetic disorder, syndrome or metabolic condition. […] Changes in the FOXP2 gene appear to increase the risk of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and other speech and language disorders. The FOXP2 gene may be involved in how certain nerves and pathways in the brain develop. Researchers continue to study how changes in the FOXP2 gene may affect motor coordination and speech and language processing in the brain. Other genes also may impact motor speech development.

• #5 Childhood Apraxia of Speech | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/c/childhood-apraxia-of-speech.html

  Childhood apraxia of speech is a type of speech disorder. It’s present from birth. A child with this condition has problems making sounds correctly and consistently. Apraxia is a problem with the motor coordination of speech. […] With childhood apraxia of speech, something in this process goes wrong. The speech muscles seem to work correctly, and the child knows what they want to say. But the brain has trouble working with the muscles to create the movements needed for clear speech. […] Researchers don’t yet understand what might cause childhood apraxia of speech. Some think that it is related to a child’s overall language development. Others think of it as a problem with the brain’s signals to the muscles needed for speech. […] Childhood apraxia of speech may be a part of a larger disorder a child has, such as: Cerebral palsy, Autism, Epilepsy, Galactosemia, Certain mitochondrial disorders, Neuromuscular disorders, Other intellectual disability.

• #5 What is Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.casrf.org/post/what-is-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood apraxia of speech may be a part of a larger disorder a child has, such as cerebral palsy, autism, epilepsy, galactosemia, certain mitochondrial disorders, neuromuscular disorders, or other intellectual disability. […] CAS is a rare neurological speech disorder that affects the way that the brain communicates and directs mouth movements to produce clear and intelligible speech.

• #6 Childhood apraxia of speech – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/symptoms-causes/syc-20352045

  However, CAS can be the result of brain conditions or injury. These may include a stroke, infections or traumatic brain injury. […] CAS also may occur as a symptom of a genetic disorder, syndrome or metabolic condition. […] Changes in the FOXP2 gene appear to increase the risk of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and other speech and language disorders. The FOXP2 gene may be involved in how certain nerves and pathways in the brain develop. Researchers continue to study how changes in the FOXP2 gene may affect motor coordination and speech and language processing in the brain. Other genes also may impact motor speech development.

• #6 Childhood Apraxia of Speech | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/c/childhood-apraxia-of-speech.html

  Childhood apraxia of speech is a type of speech disorder. It’s present from birth. A child with this condition has problems making sounds correctly and consistently. Apraxia is a problem with the motor coordination of speech. […] With childhood apraxia of speech, something in this process goes wrong. The speech muscles seem to work correctly, and the child knows what they want to say. But the brain has trouble working with the muscles to create the movements needed for clear speech. […] Researchers don’t yet understand what might cause childhood apraxia of speech. Some think that it is related to a child’s overall language development. Others think of it as a problem with the brain’s signals to the muscles needed for speech. […] Childhood apraxia of speech may be a part of a larger disorder a child has, such as: Cerebral palsy, Autism, Epilepsy, Galactosemia, Certain mitochondrial disorders, Neuromuscular disorders, Other intellectual disability.

• #6 What is Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.casrf.org/post/what-is-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood apraxia of speech may be a part of a larger disorder a child has, such as cerebral palsy, autism, epilepsy, galactosemia, certain mitochondrial disorders, neuromuscular disorders, or other intellectual disability. […] CAS is a rare neurological speech disorder that affects the way that the brain communicates and directs mouth movements to produce clear and intelligible speech.

• #6 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/?srsltid=AfmBOopvp7HJVfJshZTqRVtKpAbFZCaS9WKD5m5xwqkANSlwmFVyAPou

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a neurological childhood (pediatric) speech sound disorder in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in the absence of neuromuscular deficits (e.g. abnormal reflexes, abnormal tone). […] The core impairment in planning and/or programming spatiotemporal parameters of movement sequences results in errors in speech sound production and prosody. […] The neurological deficits underlying CAS are different from those that underlie dysarthria. […] A number of researchers have investigated possible genetic bases for CAS. Of particular interest are findings from studies of a four-generation London family—the KE family—many of whom have apraxia of speech. Findings suggest that deficits in the FOXP2 gene may negatively affect the development of neural networks involved in the learning and/or planning and execution of speech motor sequences. […] Recent research continues to find a link between the FOXP2 gene and apraxia of speech, although it is likely that more than one gene is responsible.

• #7 Childhood Apraxia of Speech | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/c/childhood-apraxia-of-speech.html

  Childhood apraxia of speech is a type of speech disorder. It’s present from birth. A child with this condition has problems making sounds correctly and consistently. Apraxia is a problem with the motor coordination of speech. […] With childhood apraxia of speech, something in this process goes wrong. The speech muscles seem to work correctly, and the child knows what they want to say. But the brain has trouble working with the muscles to create the movements needed for clear speech. […] Researchers don’t yet understand what might cause childhood apraxia of speech. Some think that it is related to a child’s overall language development. Others think of it as a problem with the brain’s signals to the muscles needed for speech. […] Childhood apraxia of speech may be a part of a larger disorder a child has, such as: Cerebral palsy, Autism, Epilepsy, Galactosemia, Certain mitochondrial disorders, Neuromuscular disorders, Other intellectual disability.

• #7 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/?srsltid=AfmBOopvp7HJVfJshZTqRVtKpAbFZCaS9WKD5m5xwqkANSlwmFVyAPou

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a neurological childhood (pediatric) speech sound disorder in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in the absence of neuromuscular deficits (e.g. abnormal reflexes, abnormal tone). […] The core impairment in planning and/or programming spatiotemporal parameters of movement sequences results in errors in speech sound production and prosody. […] The neurological deficits underlying CAS are different from those that underlie dysarthria. […] A number of researchers have investigated possible genetic bases for CAS. Of particular interest are findings from studies of a four-generation London family—the KE family—many of whom have apraxia of speech. Findings suggest that deficits in the FOXP2 gene may negatively affect the development of neural networks involved in the learning and/or planning and execution of speech motor sequences. […] Recent research continues to find a link between the FOXP2 gene and apraxia of speech, although it is likely that more than one gene is responsible.

• #8 Childhood Apraxia of Speech | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/c/childhood-apraxia-of-speech.html

  Childhood apraxia of speech is a type of speech disorder. It’s present from birth. A child with this condition has problems making sounds correctly and consistently. Apraxia is a problem with the motor coordination of speech. […] With childhood apraxia of speech, something in this process goes wrong. The speech muscles seem to work correctly, and the child knows what they want to say. But the brain has trouble working with the muscles to create the movements needed for clear speech. […] Researchers don’t yet understand what might cause childhood apraxia of speech. Some think that it is related to a child’s overall language development. Others think of it as a problem with the brain’s signals to the muscles needed for speech. […] Childhood apraxia of speech may be a part of a larger disorder a child has, such as: Cerebral palsy, Autism, Epilepsy, Galactosemia, Certain mitochondrial disorders, Neuromuscular disorders, Other intellectual disability.

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