Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17911-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a motor speech disorder. Your child knows what they want to say. But a disruption in the nerve pathways between their brain and mouth muscles makes it hard for them to form the words. A speech-language pathologist can help your child improve their communication skills. […] CAS isn’t a cognitive (thinking) disorder your child knows what they want to say. The problem is in how their brain tells their mouth muscles to move. […] Theres no cure for childhood apraxia of speech. But with early diagnosis and a special kind of speech therapy, many children make significant progress and learn to speak clearly. […] Treatment for CAS may require more intense treatment than other speech sound conditions. Some children will visit their speech-language pathologist three to five times per week so they can develop their speaking ability.

• #2 Overcoming Childhood Apraxia of Speech | PX Docs

  https://pxdocs.com/speech-delays/apraxia-of-speech/

  It wasn’t just the motor development struggles and delays causing Enzo’s parents to worry constantly. It was his significant speech delays and challenges communicating that really became front and center. Soon enough, they’d have an answer to why he struggled so much with his speech when Enzo was officially diagnosed with apraxia of speech. […] In fact, they were told by the medical professionals that apraxia of speech was permanent and something he’d always have and that there was no known cause. They were told to continue with Speech Therapy and work to find alternative means of communication. […] Childhood apraxia is a condition in which the child’s brain and nervous system have difficulty processing and planning the sequence of movements involved in producing speech effectively and efficiently. The brain knows what it wants to say, but there is interference in word processing and actual production (expression).

• #3 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/?srsltid=AfmBOopvuqhgLUmrdPPeA8eiWTLxHgPTS8fI8YGYeSXic3kFO4agSN-f&srsltid=AfmBOooq8vB1VxJOU6UcTJa-cz1hablbxNxA77n8GXf73FapRvl9zj3R

  A child with CAS knows what they want to say. The problem is not how the child thinks but how the brain tells the mouth muscles to move. […] A child with CAS should work with an SLP. Your child may begin with therapy 3-5 times per week. As speech improves, treatment may be less often. Individual or group therapy may be appropriate at different stages of treatment. […] The goal of treatment is to help your child say sounds, words, and sentences more clearly. Your child will learn how to plan the movements needed to say sounds and make those movements the right way at the right time. […] Your child must practice speaking to get better at it. It helps to use all the senses when learning how to say sounds. […] CAS treatment takes time, and your child will need your support. Practice what your child learns with the SLP to help them make progress. Take breaks when your child is tired and make practice as much fun as possible. Tell your child’s SLP what happens at home so you can all work together to help your child succeed.

• #4 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://healthinfo.universityhealthsystem.com/Search/160,103

  Childhood apraxia of speech is a type of speech disorder. It’s present from birth. A child with this condition has problems making sounds correctly and consistently. Apraxia is a problem with the motor coordination of speech. […] Speech language therapy is the main treatment for apraxia of speech. SLPs often use a variety of methods to treat it. Your child’s SLP might try methods, such as: […] Family support is a key part of treatment for a child with apraxia of speech. Parents and caregivers can help children practice their speech. Your child’s speech therapist may assign exercises to practice with your child. This can help improve your child’s progress. […] Speech therapy is tailored to a child’s specific needs. The therapy can also address other language problems. Children with apraxia often need frequent, one-on-one speech therapy to start. The results of therapy are different for each child. Some children make more progress than others.

• #4 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://healthinfo.universityhealthsystem.com/Search/160,103

  Some children may also be helped by working with other health professionals. These may include: […] You can also help by: […] You can find resources about apraxia from the nonprofit organization Apraxia Kids. […] Speech therapy is the main treatment for the condition. […] Some children may need to use other methods of communication for a while.

• #5 Childhood apraxia of speech

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/c/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is an uncommon speech disorder in which a child has difficulty making accurate movements when speaking. […] To speak correctly, your child’s brain has to learn how to make plans that tell his or her speech muscles how to move the lips, jaw and tongue in ways that result in accurate sounds and words spoken with normal speed and rhythm. […] CAS is often treated with speech therapy, in which children practice the correct way to say words, syllables and phrases with the help of a speech-language pathologist. […] Many children with CAS have difficulty getting their jaws, lips and tongues to the correct positions to make a sound, and they may have difficulty moving smoothly to the next sound. […] Children with CAS don’t make typical developmental sound errors. They need speech therapy to make maximum progress.

• #6 Let’s Talk about Childhood Apraxia of Speech – AmeriDisability

  https://www.ameridisability.com/lets-talk-about-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  As an expert in the field, she found him to be very expressive and communicative, but unable to verbally speak, Christa says. Thus, Colin was diagnosed with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), a speech sound disorder. According to the National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, this neurological condition affects the brain pathways involved in planning the sequence of movements involved in producing speech. The brain knows what it wants to say, but cannot properly plan and sequence the required speech sound movements. CAS is not the same as developmental delays in speech, in which a child follows the typical path of development but more slowly. […] Colin started private speech therapy sessions when he was around two years old; initially via Zoom during the pandemic and, eventually and much more effectively, face-to-face. Then, once he turned three, Christa connected with her local school system to create an Individualized Education Program (IEP), a written document thats collaboratively designed to meet a childs unique special educational needs.

• #7 What Is Apraxia of Speech? | NIDCD

  https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/apraxia-speech

  Apraxia of speech (AOS) also known as acquired apraxia of speech, verbal apraxia, or childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) when diagnosed in children is a speech sound disorder. […] Childhood AOS is present from birth. This condition is also known as developmental apraxia of speech, developmental verbal apraxia, or articulatory apraxia. […] Children with AOS will not outgrow the problem on their own. They also do not acquire the basics of speech just by being around other children, such as in a classroom. Therefore, speech-language therapy is necessary for children with AOS as well as for people with acquired AOS who do not spontaneously recover all of their speech abilities. […] Frequent, intensive, one-on-one speech-language therapy sessions are needed for both children and adults with AOS.

• #7 What Is Apraxia of Speech? | NIDCD

  https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/apraxia-speech

  Children with severe AOS may need intensive speech-language therapy for years, in parallel with normal schooling, to obtain adequate speech abilities. […] Such assistive communication methods can also help children with AOS learn to read and better understand spoken language by stimulating areas of the brain involved in language and literacy.

• #8 Understanding Childhood Apraxia of Speech | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/understanding-childhood-apraxia-speech

  Symptoms may vary with a child’s age. They also may be mild to severe. A child with mild apraxia may only have trouble with a few speech sounds. A child with very severe apraxia may not be able to speak well at all. […] Because of this, a speech-language pathologist (SLP) may need to diagnose the condition. […] The SLP will ask about your child’s health and developmental histories. […] You as a parent and the SLP may need to watch your child’s speech over a long period of time.

• #9 Childhood Apraxia Of Speech | Care Speech Pathology

  https://www.carespeechpathology.com.au/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) affects one to two children in every thousand children in Australia. […] The good news is, Speech Pathologists in Australia are specially trained to improve the speech of children with CAS, by using evidence-based programs and intensive intervention. […] You have probably noticed a range of subtle (and some not-so-subtle) signs if your child has CAS. These might include some or several of the following: Limited babbling or cooing as an infant, Delayed first words, Difficulty imitating speech sounds or repeating words or phrases accurately, Inconsistent speech errors, Difficulty with longer or more complex words or phrases, Difficulty with multi-syllabic words, Slow and effortful speech, with pauses or hesitation between words or syllables, Not able to produce all the consonant and vowel sounds expected for their age, Substitution of similar sounds, Atypical intonation or stress (emphasis) in speech, Difficult to understand, Frustration at not being understood.

• #9 Childhood Apraxia Of Speech | Care Speech Pathology

  https://www.carespeechpathology.com.au/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Sessions might work on making some words and phrases more automatic as well as practicing the use of intonation and stress. […] We will also consider your child’s communication as a whole and if there is anything else we can be doing to support them. […] AAC can also support a child to develop their language and literacy skills while they continue developing their speech.

• #10 Childhood apraxia of speech – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352051

  To evaluate your child’s condition, a speech-language pathologist reviews your child’s symptoms and medical history. […] Your child’s speech-language pathologist may be able to determine the best treatment approach for your child even if the diagnosis is not certain at first. […] Children don’t outgrow childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), but speech therapy can help them make the most progress. […] Your child’s speech-language pathologist usually provides therapy that focuses on practicing syllables, words and phrases. […] It’s important that children with CAS get a lot of practice saying words and phrases during each speech therapy session. […] Because children with CAS have trouble planning movements for speech, speech therapy often focuses your child’s attention to the sound and feel of speech movements.

• #11 Childhood apraxia of speech | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20166452/

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a rare speech disorder. Children with this disorder have trouble controlling their lips, jaws and tongues when speaking. […] CAS is often treated with speech therapy. During speech therapy, a speech-language pathologist teaches the child to practice the correct way to say words, syllables and phrases. […] To evaluate your child’s condition, a speech-language pathologist reviews your child’s symptoms and medical history. The speech-language pathologist also conducts an exam of the muscles used for speech, and looks at how your child produces speech sounds, words and phrases. […] Children don’t outgrow childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), but speech therapy can help them make the most progress. Speech-language pathologists may treat CAS with many therapies.

• #12 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Model of Assessment and Diagnosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/6/540

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) represents a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge within the field of clinical neuropsychology, characterized by its nuanced presentation and multifactorial nature. […] The aim of this study was to distil and synthesize the broad spectrum of research into a coherent model for the assessment and diagnosis of CAS. […] The diagnostic process for CAS is nuanced and multifaceted, often involving the expert judgment of a speech–language pathologist (SLP) alongside various assessment tools. […] Currently, there are no standardized screening instruments specific to CAS, making the diagnosis sometimes reliant on observations made throughout treatment rather than at an initial screening. […] The presentation of CAS can include difficulties with the motor skills that utilize facial musculature, such as chewing and blowing one’s nose, indicating a broader motor coordination impairment which may require a multidisciplinary approach for assessment and intervention.

• #12 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Model of Assessment and Diagnosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/6/540

  These studies collectively underscore the urgency of developing robust, validated diagnostic tools and assessment protocols grounded in comprehensive systematic research to enhance accuracy and reliability in diagnosing CAS. […] The challenges inherent to CAS diagnosis and treatment are compounded by the disorder’s rarity and the ongoing debate over its underlying causes. […] Intervention studies, such as those examining the Nuffield Dyspraxia Programme-3 and the Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment, offer evidence of the efficacy in improving speech production, yet also highlight the requirement for a multifaceted approach to treatment which addresses the broad scope of impairments associated with CAS. […] Moreover, the empirical evidence underscores the necessity for early intervention strategies, such as the introduction of sign language, which have been shown to facilitate rapid improvement in language development.

• #12 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Model of Assessment and Diagnosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/6/540

  Current research advocates for a diagnostic process that not only accounts for overt speech impairments but also considers the potential role of genetic factors and neurobiological correlates. […] However, the heterogeneity of CAS, as evidenced by its variable impact on speech perception abilities, necessitates diagnostic and treatment approaches that are individualized and responsive to the broad range of speech and language difficulties presented by children with this disorder. […] The assertion that CAS is a neurological disorder is bolstered by findings that link it to specific genetic pathways and subtle brain anomalies. […] The DIVA/GODIVA neurocomputational framework provides a comprehensive model for understanding the apraxia of speech. […] The study concludes with a call for evidence-based personalized treatment plans that account for the diverse neurobiological and cultural backgrounds of children with CAS. […] Its implications for practice include the integration of cutting-edge assessment tools that embrace the heterogeneity of CAS presentations, ensuring that interventions are as unique as the children they aim to support.

• #13 Childhood Apraxia of Speech – Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.stamurai.com/blog/childhood-apraxia-of-speech-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  Childhood apraxia of speech is a motor speech disorder. […] A child who has apraxia of speech experiences disruptions in the relaying of these signals. […] In most cases, children with childhood apraxia of speech can understand language but cannot use it efficiently. […] Therefore, exercises that aim to strengthen muscles of the mouth and jaws are not very effective in treating the signs and symptoms of apraxia of speech in children. […] Starting the correct treatment as early as possible reduces the long-term severity of the disorder. […] Your child’s speech-language pathologist (SLP) may suggest multiple therapies for the treatment for childhood apraxia of speech. […] Children with apraxia of speech benefit from personalized and individual therapy. […] It is not uncommon for the SLP to touch your child’s face to help them make certain shapes with their lips to produce the correct sound.

• #13 Childhood Apraxia of Speech – Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.stamurai.com/blog/childhood-apraxia-of-speech-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  Practice is most important in any speech therapy. […] The SLP may give you words and/or phrases to practice with your child. […] Many children with CAS also experience delays in language development. […] If your child’s CAS is particularly severe, they may require alternative communication methods. […] At-home care, attention, and practice are of paramount importance for treating a child with AOS. […] Parents must remember to be supportive no matter how severe the apraxia. […] It’s up to the parents to foster a supportive environment at home. […] Always pick a particular time to practice and keep it short. […] If your child is old enough to communicate which part they find the most challenging, you can talk to them about it.

• #14 Childhood apraxia of speech

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/c/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Speech-language pathologists may treat childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) with many therapies. […] Your child’s speech-language pathologist will usually provide therapy that focuses on practicing syllables, words and phrases. […] When CAS is relatively severe, your child may need frequent speech therapy, three to five times a week. […] It’s important that children with CAS get a significant amount of practice saying words and phrases during each speech therapy session. […] Because children with CAS have difficulties planning movements for speech, speech therapy often focuses your child’s attention to the sound and feel of speech movements. […] Your child’s speech-language pathologist may encourage you to be involved in your child’s speech practice at home. […] Many children with CAS also have delays in their language development, and they may need therapy to address their language difficulties. […] If a child with CAS has another medical condition, then effective treatment for that condition may be important to improving the child’s speech.

• #15 Repetitive Practice for Apraxia of Speech | Medbridge

  https://www.medbridge.com/blog/reframing-repetitive-practice-to-address-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Help children with childhood apraxia of speech build communication skills through high-repetition, play-based practice. Discover practical strategies to increase engagement and effectiveness in your therapy sessions. […] One consistent finding is that the amount of practice a child gets is important. […] A high volume of practice is critical to gaining proficiency with speech skills, particularly for children with a motor speech disorder like CAS. Thinking about using repetition for the acquisition of communication skills versus decontextualized drills can enliven your therapy sessions for both clinician and child. […] Ruth Stoeckel, PhD, CCC-SLP, is a speech-language pathologist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, and specializes in the assessment and intervention of children with apraxia of speech.

• #16 Childhood Apraxia of Speech – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=childhood-apraxia-of-speech-160-103

  Childhood apraxia of speech is a type of speech disorder. It’s present from birth. A child with this condition has problems making sounds correctly and consistently. Apraxia is a problem with the motor coordination of speech. […] Speech language therapy is the main treatment for apraxia of speech. SLPs often use a variety of methods to treat it. Your child’s SLP might try methods such as articulation or phonological therapy, adapted cueing technique, orofacial myofunctional therapy, prompts for restructuring oral muscular phonetic targets therapy (PROMPT system), and biofeedback treatments. […] Family support is a key part of treatment for a child with apraxia of speech. Parents and caregivers can help children practice their speech. Your child’s speech therapist may assign exercises to practice with your child. This can help improve your child’s progress.

• #17 How to Write Goals for Childhood Apraxia of Speech as a Speech-Language Pathologist | SLP Now

  https://slpnow.com/blog/how-to-write-goals-for-childhood-apraxia-of-speech-as-a-speech-language-pathologist/

  Below are treatment methods to consider when treating a student with childhood apraxia of speech: […] Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing DTTC (Developed by Edythe Strand) […] ReSt/TEMPO (Developed by Speech Pathology in the Sydney School of Health Sciences at the University of Sydney headed by Professor Tricia McCabe) […] Integrated Phonological Awareness Training (Moriarty & Gillon, 2006) […] The NDP3 program (Williams & Stephens, 2004).

• #17 How to Write Goals for Childhood Apraxia of Speech as a Speech-Language Pathologist | SLP Now

  https://slpnow.com/blog/how-to-write-goals-for-childhood-apraxia-of-speech-as-a-speech-language-pathologist/

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a motor speech disorder that falls under the umbrella of speech sound disorders. […] Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) occurs when motor movement and planning is impaired, which results in errored speech sound production. When a child has apraxia of speech, it impacts the precision and consistency in their speech, and is not due to muscles working incorrectly (ASHA, 2007b). […] There is evidence to support that many children with childhood apraxia of speech will have co-occurring problems. This means a thorough evaluation is necessary for our speech students with CAS or suspected of having CAS (Lewis et al., 2004). […] It is not recommended to target nonspeech exercises, for example, tongue strengthening exercises (McCauley, Strand, Lof, Schooling, & Frymark, 2009). Remember, apraxia is a motor movement-based disorder and is not due to muscle weakness.

• #18 Childhood apraxia of speech | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech?content_id=CON-20166452

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is often treated with speech therapy. […] During speech therapy, a speech-language pathologist teaches the child to practice the correct way to say words, syllables and phrases. […] It’s important that children with CAS get a lot of practice saying words and phrases during each speech therapy session. […] Because children with CAS have trouble planning movements for speech, speech therapy often focuses your child’s attention to the sound and feel of speech movements. […] Speech-language pathologists may use different types of cues in speech therapy. […] Your child’s speech-language pathologist usually provides therapy that focuses on practicing syllables, words and phrases. […] Children with CAS generally benefit from individual therapy. […] A trial of speech therapy to observe how your child responds to CAS treatment can help the speech-language pathologist confirm CAS.

• #18 Childhood apraxia of speech | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech?content_id=CON-20166452

  Many children with CAS also have delays in their language development. […] They may need therapy to address language issues. […] If a child with CAS has another medical condition, treatment for that condition may be important to improving the child’s speech. […] It’s often important to use alternative communication methods early. […] It may help your child become less frustrated when trying to communicate. […] Your child’s speech-language pathologist may encourage you to be involved in your child’s speech practice at home. […] Home practice, in addition to your child’s speech therapy sessions, may help your child’s progress. […] Some treatments aren’t helpful in improving the speech of children with CAS.

• #19 Childhood Apraxia of Speech Goals | CAS Speech Therapy

  https://www.speechandlanguagekids.com/4-components-speech-therapy-children-childhood-apraxia-speech/

  CAS is a rare, neurologically-based speech disorder where the child knows what he wants to say but the message gets mixed up in the motor planning and execution phase so the sounds come out all wrong. […] That’s exactly how speech feels for children with CAS. They know what they want to say and they tell their mouth to say it but it just comes out all wrong. […] Although therapy for each child will be individual to that child’s particular needs, we must consider and include these 4 components in their treatment (along with any other problems the child may be having): Speech Sound Production, Language Development, Augmentative-Alternative Communication (AAC) – if necessary, Prosody. […] For this skill area, you will work on improving the child’s ability to speak speech sounds clearly and in increasingly long utterances. Childhood apraxia of speech is different than other speech sound disorders in that the problem lies in the motor planning of the speech sounds.

• #20 Childhood Apraxia of Speech Goals | CAS Speech Therapy

  https://www.speechandlanguagekids.com/4-components-speech-therapy-children-childhood-apraxia-speech/

  The goal of this skill set is to improve a child’s willingness and ability to use speech functionally in the natural environment. Speech sound accuracy is not the primary goal for this hierarchy (though it is encouraged), so close approximations of words are accepted and encouraged. […] The goal of this skill set is to improve prosody skills in children with CAS, including rate, pitch, and volume. These skills are often impaired in children with childhood apraxia of speech but they won’t look the same in every child. […] The goal of this skill set is to provide a child an alternative means of communicating to relieve frustration and communicative pressure if speech is not adequate to do this.

• #21 Childhood apraxia of speech | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a rare, significant, and lifelong speech disorder which is present from birth and does not naturally resolve. […] CAS is a movement-based speech disorder that involves difficulty with planning the movements of the jaw, lips, tongue, voice and back of the roof of their mouth at the right time for speech. […] Speech pathologists assess, diagnose and support people with CAS. […] If your child has been diagnosed with CAS, the speech pathologist will then work with them to improve their speech and their reading, spelling and language abilities (if required). […] Children with a diagnosis of CAS may take time to show improvements in their speech and language. […] Treatment takes many years depending on the functional goals the person and family choose.

• #21 Childhood apraxia of speech | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  There are specialised, research-based assessment and treatment options available to help people with CAS communicate. […] Numerous people may make up the team of professionals who support a person with CAS. Speech pathologists are key members of this team. […] Children with CAS can develop functional communication and clear speech with intensive, longer-term speech pathology treatment. […] The child with CAS will need to work through an intensive evidence-based therapy program with a speech pathologist for an extended period of time. […] A child with CAS may be frustrated or withdraw from communication and social situations because they cannot express themselves clearly despite trying really hard to speak.

• #22 Apraxia of Speech – Speech Therapy in Irvine, CA

  https://tumblendots.com/resources/apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a neurological disorder that affects a childs ability to speak. Children with CAS have difficulty coordinating the complex movements of their lips, tongue, and jaw, which makes it difficult for them to produce clear and understandable speech. […] With early intervention, children with CAS can learn to improve their speech and communication skills. […] If you suspect that your child may have apraxia of speech, seek an evaluation from a speech-language pathologist (SLP). Early diagnosis and intervention can greatly improve outcomes. […] Working with an experienced SLP is crucial. The SLP will design a customized therapy plan to help your child improve their speech production skills and overall communication abilities. […] Your childs SLP will likely provide you with exercises and strategies to practice at home. Regular practice in a supportive environment can reinforce the progress made during therapy sessions.

• #22 Apraxia of Speech – Speech Therapy in Irvine, CA

  https://tumblendots.com/resources/apraxia-of-speech/

  Speech therapy for Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) focuses on fostering engaging and effective communication skills. […] Overall, speech therapy for CAS is a multifaceted approach that leverages a combination of playful interaction and structured exercises. By incorporating various activities tailored to the childs needs, therapy sessions become a dynamic platform for enhancing communication skills. […] Your child benefits from an integrated care team dedicated to holistic treatment. By bringing together specialists from various fields, all work collaboratively to support your childs unique needs. The goal is to ensure continuous progress by addressing communication challenges both medically and therapeutically.

• #23

  https://www.noblesspeechtherapy.com/childhood-apraxia

  Experts agree that speech therapy can be beneficial for children with apraxia regardless of the outcome. […] Children with apraxia do benefit from treatment and learning ways to communicate. Some children eventually learn to speak normally or near normally, but this is not a guarantee. […] We work with your child to teach them how to plan the movements needed to make sounds, words, and sentences. […] Practice and repetition are essential when treating apraxia. […] Treatment can be slow, so you should not expect to see quick progress. […] However, know that children do benefit from treatment, and over time, improvements are made. […] Speech therapy can help children with apraxia to learn to communicate more clearly. […] Progress is possible with apraxia, but it can be slow; lots of practice and repetition are required.

• #24 Childhood apraxia of speech – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352051

  Speech practice is very important. Your child’s speech-language pathologist may encourage you to be involved in your child’s speech practice at home. […] If your child can’t effectively communicate through speech, other communication methods can be helpful. […] Many children with CAS also have delays in their language development. They may need therapy to address language issues. […] Some treatments aren’t helpful in improving the speech of children with CAS.

• #25 Apraxia of Speech Factsheet (for Schools) (for Parents) – Barbara Bush Children’s Hospital

  https://kidshealth.org/BarbaraBushChildrens/en/parents/apraxia-factsheet.html

  Kids with apraxia of speech have trouble getting their tongue, lips, and jaw to move correctly for talking. They know what they want to say but can’t say the sounds, syllables, and words. […] By understanding their challenges and supporting their needs, educators can help students with apraxia of speech do their best in school. […] Work with your students family to understand their needs and what will help them most: […] If available, have your student work with a speech and language therapist at school and a tutor familiar with apraxia of speech. […] If available at school and needed by your student, help them work with a physical therapist and/or an occupational therapist. […] Let your student communicate in ways they feel most comfortable. For example, they might: Use gestures, drawings, or photographs.

• #26 Apraxia of Speech Factsheet (for Schools) (for Parents) – Barbara Bush Children’s Hospital

  https://kidshealth.org/BarbaraBushChildrens/en/parents/apraxia-factsheet.html

  Write or type what they want to say. […] Use assistive devices, such as a text-to-speech device or a computer tablet with a speech app. […] Help build your students confidence by recognizing and appreciating their strengths in math, sports, drama, art, or whatever else they enjoy. […] Provide support. If you think your student is feeling very anxious or down, talk to them and their family about counseling options in school or in the community.

• #27 Imagine Being a Parent of a Child with Apraxia of Speech (CAS) – North Shore Pediatric Therapy

  https://www.nspt4kids.com/therapy/imagine-being-a-parent-of-a-child-with-apraxia-of-speech-cas

  Talk to your child. Speak with her as though you expect an answer. Just because she cant speak back in a way you understand, she understands you. Make your communication with her matter. […] Provide opportunities for your child to absorb speech and language. Read to him, study the illustrations; illuminate the details. Point out everything you can about the environment. […] Be patient with your child. Having a child with CAS takes time to remediate. Its not over in a matter of a couple of speech therapy sessions. It can take years to get your child speaking at developmentally-appropriate levels. Talk with your SLP about ways to monitor progress. Its all about baby steps. […] Bite your tongue or educate-diplomatically, of course. When someone asks you about why your child isnt talking like every other child, you can grin and bear it, or you can simply tell them, Brooke has Childhood Apraxia of Speech. She sees an SLP each week. Were working on it. Most folks dont need or want more details than that.

• #27 Imagine Being a Parent of a Child with Apraxia of Speech (CAS) – North Shore Pediatric Therapy

  https://www.nspt4kids.com/therapy/imagine-being-a-parent-of-a-child-with-apraxia-of-speech-cas

  Fast-forward a year or so. We learn Kate has Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS). Characterized by a childs inability to express themselves verbally, CAS is a complex neurologically-based motor speech disorder. It is serious and requires intense and frequent speech therapy by a licensed speech-language pathologist (SLP). […] I started gathering any and all information I could on the subject of CAS. I joined listservs and read old text books on the subject. I picked my SLPs brain. I worked with my daughter at home, in the car, and everywhere in between. I enrolled her in the special education preschool. And she improved. […] Love and accept your child for who he is. Of course you didnt ask for your child to have CAS. Neither did your child. Focus on finding the resources your child needs the most-a qualified SLP.

• #28 What is Childhood Apraxia Of Speech?

  https://undivided.io/resources/childhood-apraxia-of-speech-cas-101-2759

  When it comes to your child’s progress in a school setting, IEPs will provide guidance and support to help your child and their teachers navigate their schooling. […] Children with CAS can be included in general education with the right services and supports in place to make the placement successful. […] Research and literature about CAS stresses the importance of providing your child with support and encouragement and consistently practicing with them at home. […] CAS can be a challenging and frustrating diagnosis for the child and for those who love them and want to help them be understood. But with appropriate therapy and communication supports, kids with CAS can make themselves understood.

• #28 What is Childhood Apraxia Of Speech?

  https://undivided.io/resources/childhood-apraxia-of-speech-cas-101-2759

  Moorer explains how CAS can make it difficult for children to express themselves. […] Signs of Childhood Apraxia of Speech include vowel distortions, consonant distortions, lengthened and disrupted coarticulatory transitions between sounds and syllables, prosodic deficits, challenges in motor programming, inconsistent speech errors, and groping movements. […] You might be reading this as a parent of a child already diagnosed with CAS. However, if your child has not been diagnosed and is showing these signs and symptoms, its best to contact your healthcare provider, who can refer you to a speech-language pathologist. […] SLPs play a key role in both the diagnosis and the treatment of CAS. […] Note that getting a diagnosis for CAS can be tricky because it requires a specific type of therapy done multiple times a week not just the typical once-a-week session.

• #28 What is Childhood Apraxia Of Speech?

  https://undivided.io/resources/childhood-apraxia-of-speech-cas-101-2759

  Speech therapy can be clinic- and school-based. At school, speech therapy falls under related services in the IEP services and specialized supports that a child needs to meet their educational goals. […] Every child is different, so treatment for CAS will look different for each child. […] The majority of interventions will address movements needed to produce words and help improve overall communication. […] According to the NIH, Frequent, intensive, one-on-one speech-language therapy sessions are needed for both children and adults with AOS. […] While there are several ways to approach treating CAS, there are a few therapy treatments specifically designed to address CAS. […] As soon as you notice that the child’s not able to get their communicative needs across, so they’re having difficulty and they’re having frustration around that, you want to try to give them an alternate way to communicate.

• #29 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Seth’s Story | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/stories/childhood-apraxia-speech-seths-story

  His parents worked closely with speech-language pathologist Marianne DeCicco, MS, CCC/SLP, to engage Seth in daily practice producing and combining speech sounds to form words and eventually sentences. […] As Marianne and Seth were working on certain sounds, she would send home flash cards of words we could go over on a daily basis. […] He is in a typical kindergarten classroom and also goes to a speech-language enrichment class, which offers many opportunities for him to continue to improve his speech sound production so it’s easier for everyone to understand all the great stories he has to tell about sports, video games and rollercoasters. […] When he couldn’t talk or communicate, he was very shy. But now that he can communicate better, he’s right in there singing and communicating like everyone else, so it’s really helped his self confidence.

• #30 Apraxia of speech – symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/apraxia-of-speech

  Apraxia of speech is a rare type of speech condition. […] Treatment involves working with a speech pathologist to learn how to form the right sounds. […] If you are concerned about your child’s speech, see a maternal and child health nurse or a doctor. They may refer you to a speech pathologist. […] Your speech pathologist will get your child to do a number of talking tests. The specific tests and treatments will depend on your child’s age, symptoms and other conditions. […] Treatment involves working with a speech pathologist to learn how to form the right sounds. […] In severe cases, you may need to learn different ways of communicating, such as sign language or using a device. […] Childhood apraxia of speech is a neurological disorder that cannot be prevented. […] Children with apraxia of speech are more likely to have trouble learning to read and spell.

• #30 Apraxia of speech – symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/apraxia-of-speech

  It can be very tiring and frustrating for a child living with apraxia. Seeing a counsellor or psychologist might help. […] Speech Pathology Australia has produced a Communication Milestones Kit. The kit aims to help parents and carers who are concerned about their child’s speech, language and communication. You can also call them on 1300 368 835.

• #31 New to Apraxia – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/new-to-apraxia/

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a neurological motor speech disorder that makes it hard for children to speak. […] There is no cure, but with intensive and appropriate speech therapy, most children learn to produce intelligible speech and can overcome many of their challenges. […] Because the main problem of CAS is speech motor planning and programming, a speech therapy approach needs to focus on the actual sequenced movements of speech structures and muscles during speech attempts. […] Professional articles and experienced SLPs report that most children with CAS, with appropriate help, eventually achieve optimal verbal communication to some degree. […] Apraxia Kids provides support to families and speech therapists alike. They are a great community where parents can get support from other parents who understand what they are going through.

• #31 New to Apraxia – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/new-to-apraxia/

  Finding and receiving services and support for apraxia has been a long and tiresome journey. The Apraxia Kids website brought me my first hope in learning to treat apraxia and find support. […] Every dollar raised helps support children with apraxia of speech. I believe in the work Apraxia Kids does to strengthen the support systems in the lives of children with apraxia so that each child is afforded their best opportunity to develop to their full potential.

• #32 Childhood apraxia of speech – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/symptoms-causes/syc-20352045

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is often treated with speech therapy. During speech therapy, a speech-language pathologist teaches the child to practice the correct way to say words, syllables and phrases. […] Diagnosing and treating childhood apraxia of speech at an early stage may reduce the risk of long-term persistence of the problem. If your child experiences speech problems, have a speech-language pathologist evaluate your child as soon as you notice any speech problems. […] Childhood apraxia of speech care at Mayo Clinic.

• #33 Importance of copy number variants in childhood apraxia of speech and other speech sound disorders | Communications Biology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-06968-y

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a severe and rare form of speech sound disorder (SSD). CAS is typically sporadic, but may segregate in families with broader speech and language deficits. The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) defined CAS as a speech disorder in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in the absence of neuromuscular deficits (e.g., abnormal reflexes, abnormal tone). CAS shows a range of severity and is rare, with a prevalence of 1 to 2 per 1000. Recent literature has demonstrated the wide variability of CAS in terms of severity, persistence, and presence of neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Along with the observation that CAS is often comorbid with language impairment, CAS in isolation is uncommon. […] CAS typically presents in a single child in a family or in families with less severely affected siblings with SSD; large cohorts of this diagnostic entity are not available for genetic analysis. Despite attempts to identify sib pairs and families with CAS, very few such families have been reported to be able to perform heritability calculations, as this method requires that multiple family members be affected (or a quantitative trait be available).

• #33 Importance of copy number variants in childhood apraxia of speech and other speech sound disorders | Communications Biology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-06968-y

  A number of recent studies of CAS performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) or whole exome sequencing (WES) to identify associated structural, copy number, and rare coding variants. Many of these reports illustrate varying severity and variability in clinical manifestations in children with CAS that carry these copy number variants. Given the considerable phenotypic variability associated with copy number variants like 16p11.2, additional clinical characterization of these variants is important for clinical care. […] We performed WGS in 27 families containing a child with CAS. Discovery of CNVs was performed using WGS, followed by validation using B-allele frequencies (BAF), and Log R Ratio (LRR) from high dimensional microarray data. We focused on families where multiple children were affected with SSD (but not necessarily CAS), to increase the likelihood of finding CNVs that segregated with these traits. We discovered 19 large copy number variants across ~50% of the CAS probands, most of which were not previously reported. These discoveries could give us greater insight into the mechanisms of this rare disorder and SSD in general.

• #34 Interventions for childhood apraxia of speech

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6494637/

  Both the NDP3 and ReST therapies demonstrated improvement at one month posttreatment. […] We judged all core outcome domains to be low risk of bias. […] There is limited evidence that, when delivered intensively, both NDP3 and ReST may effect improvement in word accuracy in 4 to 12-year-old children with CAS, measured by the accuracy of production on treated and nontreated words, speech production consistency and the accuracy of connected speech. […] No evidence currently exists to support the effectiveness of other treatments for children aged 4 to 12 years with idiopathic CAS without other comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders. […] Further RCTs replicating this study would strengthen the evidence base.

• #35 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Past, Present, and Future | News | Hofstra University, New York

  https://news.hofstra.edu/2022/05/12/childhood-apraxia-of-speech-past-present-and-future/

  A number of diagnostic tools have emerged to identify key features of CAS and effective diagnostic procedures from toddlers through adolescence (Benway & Preston, 2020; Iuzzini-Seigel & Murray, 2017; Murray, McCabe, Heard, et al., 2015; Overby, Caspari, & Schreiber, 2019; Strand & McCauley, 2018). […] It has been well established across the research literature that intervention for CAS must include motor-based treatment techniques (Maas et al., 2014), which incorporate principles of motor learning in the design of treatment schedules and practice structure (Maas et al., 2008). […] Despite these gains, additional work is needed to demonstrate treatment efficacy in larger groups of children, to understand factors that make intervention more/less effective for children with CAS, and to improve overall access to treatment.

• #35 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Past, Present, and Future | News | Hofstra University, New York

  https://news.hofstra.edu/2022/05/12/childhood-apraxia-of-speech-past-present-and-future/

  Our hope is that we may discover an additional source of support for both children and their families as they work to become functional communicators. […] A key focus of future work must be placed on addressing the needs of the whole child, including speech production deficits, co-occurring impairments across language and motor skills, and supporting the child’s day-to-day ability to successfully communicate and participate in social and academic environments.

• #36 Apraxia of Speech Resources | Florida Department of Health

  https://www.floridahealth.gov/programs-and-services/people-with-disabilities/bright-expectations/conditions/apraxia-of-speech.html

  Apraxia Kids is an initiative of The Childhood Apraxia of Speech Association of North America (CASANA). The mission of Apraxia Kids is to strengthen the support systems in the lives of children with apraxia of speech by educating professionals and families; facilitating community engagement and outreach; and investing in the future through advocacy and research. […] In addition to providing information specific to childhood apraxia of speech, the vision of ASHA is to make effective communication, a human right, accessible and achievable for all.

• #37 Child Apraxia Treatment – Providing free resources to both parents and clinicians on evidence-based assessment and treatment of childhood apraxia of speech.

  https://childapraxiatreatment.org/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a rare motor speech disorder. Children with CAS have difficulty planning and programming the necessary movements to produce speech. Accurate diagnosis of apraxia and specialized treatment are essential. […] Specific childhood apraxia of speech therapy techniques that improve motor learning are recommended for CAS. […] The SLP (speech-language pathologist) treatment focus and methods will depend on the severity of the CAS. […] Child Apraxia Treatment provides resources to both parents and clinicians on evidence-based assessment and treatment of childhood apraxia of speech, including the Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC) treatment method.

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