Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17911-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a motor speech disorder that makes it difficult for your child to speak. The disorder affects the nerve pathways that send messages from your child’s brain to their mouth. Because of this, your child has trouble carrying out the movements their mouth needs to make to speak clearly and accurately. […] CAS isn’t a cognitive (thinking) disorder your child knows what they want to say. The problem is in how their brain tells their mouth muscles to move. […] Theres no cure for childhood apraxia of speech. But with early diagnosis and a special kind of speech therapy, many children make significant progress and learn to speak clearly. […] A speech-language pathologist (SLP) diagnoses childhood apraxia of speech. SLPs have extensive training and skills in treating speech disorders.

• #2 Childhood apraxia of speech – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/symptoms-causes/syc-20352045

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a rare speech disorder. […] In CAS, the brain has trouble planning for speech movement. […] CAS is often treated with speech therapy. […] Symptoms at this age may indicate suspected CAS. […] Some symptoms may be unique to children with CAS, which helps to make a diagnosis. […] However, some symptoms of CAS are also symptoms of other types of speech or language disorders. […] Some characteristics, sometimes called markers, help distinguish CAS from other types of speech disorders. […] Diagnosing and treating childhood apraxia of speech at an early stage may reduce the risk of long-term persistence of the problem.

• #3 Childhood apraxia of speech | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a rare, significant, and lifelong speech disorder which is present from birth and does not naturally resolve. […] Speech pathologists assess, diagnose and support people with CAS. […] If you are worried about your child’s speech development, talk to your GP or maternal and child health nurse. They will be able to refer you to a speech pathologist. You can also make an appointment or call a speech pathologist directly without a referral. A speech pathologist can assess whether your child has CAS or whether their speech difficulties are due to another cause. […] Children with a diagnosis of CAS may take time to show improvements in their speech and language. […] Treatment takes many years depending on the functional goals the person and family choose. Treatment works best in numerous, intensive blocks of individual therapy. There is evidence for CAS therapy working in intensive clinic or online sessions 2-5 days a week for periods of at least 12 sessions per block.

• #4 How is CAS diagnosed? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/how-is-cas-diagnosed/

  Because Childhood Apraxia of Speech is a communication disorder, the most qualified professional to provide assessment, evaluation, and diagnosis is a licensed speech-language pathologist (SLP). […] The evaluation most likely will include the following: A complete inventory of the sounds, syllable shapes (consonant and vowel combinations that make up syllables), and words a child can make or attempts to make will be noted, as well as any mistakes the child makes when doing so. […] If the SLP has observed characteristics that do not fit with normal speech/language development, they will try to determine a differential diagnosis. Some children may get a diagnosis of suspected CAS (sCAS). […] When a child is diagnosed with Childhood Apraxia of Speech, the SLP has made a differential diagnosis.

• #5 Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17911-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a motor speech disorder that makes it difficult for your child to speak. The disorder affects the nerve pathways that send messages from your child’s brain to their mouth. Because of this, your child has trouble carrying out the movements their mouth needs to make to speak clearly and accurately. […] CAS isn’t a cognitive (thinking) disorder your child knows what they want to say. The problem is in how their brain tells their mouth muscles to move. […] Theres no cure for childhood apraxia of speech. But with early diagnosis and a special kind of speech therapy, many children make significant progress and learn to speak clearly. […] A speech-language pathologist (SLP) diagnoses childhood apraxia of speech. SLPs have extensive training and skills in treating speech disorders.

• #6 Who diagnoses Childhood Apraxia of Speech? – SLP Mommy of Apraxia

  https://slpmommyofapraxia.com/2019/04/09/who-diagnoses-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Many parents often wonder who diagnoses Childhood Apraxia of Speech? They wonder where to seek help when questioning if their child has Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS). […] Many professionals claim to be able to diagnose, and in fact parents report getting their child a diagnosis from professionals such as neurologists, developmental pediatricians, and psychologists to name a few. This is concerning because CAS is a speech disorder, and only speech/language pathologists are qualified to diagnose. In addition, not just any speech/language pathologist (SLP) is qualified to diagnose either. SLPs need to have advanced knowledge and expertise in motor speech disorders and motor learning principles. […] It is the policy of ASHA that the diagnosis and treatment of CAS are the proper purview of certified speech-language pathologists with specialized knowledge in motor learning theory, skills in differential diagnosis of childhood motor speech disorders, and experience with a variety of intervention techniques that may include augmentative and alternative communication and assistive technology. It is the certified speech-language pathologist who is responsible for making the primary diagnosis of CAS, for designing and implementing the individualized and intensive speech-language treatment programs needed to make optimum improvement, and for closely monitoring progress.

• #7 Who diagnoses Childhood Apraxia of Speech? – SLP Mommy of Apraxia

  https://slpmommyofapraxia.com/2019/04/09/who-diagnoses-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  There is sometimes confusion that CAS is a medical diagnosis. It is a label for a speech diagnosis. There may be co-occurring medical issues, but the speech problem does not require diagnosis by a medical SLP or doctor. School SLPs may be discouraged from making a diagnosis of CAS because they are expected to use the federal impairment categories, which include speech-language impairment, but not specifically apraxia. […] However, if CAS is suspected, it would be appropriate for another professional to refer the child to a speech/language pathologist with advanced knowledge in motor speech disorders to provide a differential diagnosis. In addition, the speech/language pathologist will be able to make recommendations for the treatment plan, recommended frequency of therapy visits, and personalized goals that other professionals cannot do.

• #8 Who diagnoses Childhood Apraxia of Speech? – SLP Mommy of Apraxia

  https://slpmommyofapraxia.com/2019/04/09/who-diagnoses-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Many parents often wonder who diagnoses Childhood Apraxia of Speech? They wonder where to seek help when questioning if their child has Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS). […] Many professionals claim to be able to diagnose, and in fact parents report getting their child a diagnosis from professionals such as neurologists, developmental pediatricians, and psychologists to name a few. This is concerning because CAS is a speech disorder, and only speech/language pathologists are qualified to diagnose. In addition, not just any speech/language pathologist (SLP) is qualified to diagnose either. SLPs need to have advanced knowledge and expertise in motor speech disorders and motor learning principles. […] It is the policy of ASHA that the diagnosis and treatment of CAS are the proper purview of certified speech-language pathologists with specialized knowledge in motor learning theory, skills in differential diagnosis of childhood motor speech disorders, and experience with a variety of intervention techniques that may include augmentative and alternative communication and assistive technology. It is the certified speech-language pathologist who is responsible for making the primary diagnosis of CAS, for designing and implementing the individualized and intensive speech-language treatment programs needed to make optimum improvement, and for closely monitoring progress.

• #9 Who diagnoses Childhood Apraxia of Speech? – SLP Mommy of Apraxia

  https://slpmommyofapraxia.com/2019/04/09/who-diagnoses-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Many parents often wonder who diagnoses Childhood Apraxia of Speech? They wonder where to seek help when questioning if their child has Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS). […] Many professionals claim to be able to diagnose, and in fact parents report getting their child a diagnosis from professionals such as neurologists, developmental pediatricians, and psychologists to name a few. This is concerning because CAS is a speech disorder, and only speech/language pathologists are qualified to diagnose. In addition, not just any speech/language pathologist (SLP) is qualified to diagnose either. SLPs need to have advanced knowledge and expertise in motor speech disorders and motor learning principles. […] It is the policy of ASHA that the diagnosis and treatment of CAS are the proper purview of certified speech-language pathologists with specialized knowledge in motor learning theory, skills in differential diagnosis of childhood motor speech disorders, and experience with a variety of intervention techniques that may include augmentative and alternative communication and assistive technology. It is the certified speech-language pathologist who is responsible for making the primary diagnosis of CAS, for designing and implementing the individualized and intensive speech-language treatment programs needed to make optimum improvement, and for closely monitoring progress.

• #10 Childhood apraxia of speech – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352051

  To evaluate your child’s condition, a speech-language pathologist reviews your child’s symptoms and medical history. The speech-language pathologist also conducts an exam of the muscles used for speech, and looks at how your child produces speech sounds, words and phrases. […] Diagnosis of CAS isn’t based on a single test or observation. A diagnosis is made based on the pattern of problems that are seen. The specific tests conducted during the evaluation depend on your child’s age, ability to cooperate and the severity of the speech problem. […] Still, it’s important to identify whether your child shows symptoms of CAS because CAS is treated differently from other speech disorders. Your child’s speech-language pathologist may be able to determine the best treatment approach for your child even if the diagnosis is not certain at first.

• #11 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Model of Assessment and Diagnosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11201615/

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) represents a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge within the field of clinical neuropsychology, characterized by its nuanced presentation and multifactorial nature. […] The diagnostic process for CAS is nuanced and multifaceted, often involving the expert judgment of a speech-language pathologist (SLP) alongside various assessment tools. Currently, there are no standardized screening instruments specific to CAS, making the diagnosis sometimes reliant on observations made throughout treatment rather than at an initial screening. […] These studies collectively underscore the urgency of developing robust, validated diagnostic tools and assessment protocols grounded in comprehensive systematic research to enhance accuracy and reliability in diagnosing CAS.

• #12 How is CAS diagnosed? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/how-is-cas-diagnosed/

  Because Childhood Apraxia of Speech is a communication disorder, the most qualified professional to provide assessment, evaluation, and diagnosis is a licensed speech-language pathologist (SLP). […] The evaluation most likely will include the following: A complete inventory of the sounds, syllable shapes (consonant and vowel combinations that make up syllables), and words a child can make or attempts to make will be noted, as well as any mistakes the child makes when doing so. […] If the SLP has observed characteristics that do not fit with normal speech/language development, they will try to determine a differential diagnosis. Some children may get a diagnosis of suspected CAS (sCAS). […] When a child is diagnosed with Childhood Apraxia of Speech, the SLP has made a differential diagnosis.

• #13 Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17911-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  To diagnose CAS, an SLP will learn about your child’s history, including any known medical problems. The SLP may also test your child’s hearing, oral-motor skills, speech melody (pitch) and the way they say sounds. […] Genetic testing can also determine if there’s a genetic variant that’s responsible for causing symptoms of the disorder. A healthcare provider will take a sample of your child’s blood to identify any abnormalities in their genes. […] Treatment for CAS may require more intense treatment than other speech sound conditions. Some children will visit their speech-language pathologist three to five times per week so they can develop their speaking ability. […] If your child has severe CAS symptoms, they may need treatment for several years, especially if they miss language development milestones throughout early childhood.

• #14 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/?srsltid=AfmBOopvuqhgLUmrdPPeA8eiWTLxHgPTS8fI8YGYeSXic3kFO4agSN-f&srsltid=AfmBOorTZ0Vjshimn93Z7PPZWI0jfL2g3OifXnXEW8rnfLK1JXptnRsw

  An SLP can test your child’s speech and language skills. Many children with speech sound disorders also have language disorders. […] To test for CAS, the SLP will look at your child’s oralmotor skills, speech melody (intonation), and how they say different sounds. […] You should also talk to your doctor, who can check for any medical problems. It is important to have your child’s hearing checked by an audiologist. A child with a hearing loss may have more trouble learning to talk. […] A child with CAS should work with an SLP. Your child may begin with therapy 3-5 times per week. As speech improves, treatment may be less often. Individual or group therapy may be appropriate at different stages of treatment. […] The goal of treatment is to help your child say sounds, words, and sentences more clearly. Your child will learn how to plan the movements needed to say sounds and make those movements the right way at the right time.

• #15 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/?srsltid=AfmBOorq_W35SwbO1V9xVGutobEEvkWL4ZzG4dGF-ejLs_ts5ccijLIq

  An SLP can test your child’s speech and language skills. Many children with speech sound disorders also have language disorders. […] To test for CAS, the SLP will look at your child’s oralmotor skills, speech melody (intonation), and how they say different sounds. […] The goal of treatment is to help your child say sounds, words, and sentences more clearly. Your child will learn how to plan the movements needed to say sounds and make those movements the right way at the right time. […] Doing exercises to make the mouth muscles stronger will not help. Mouth muscles are not weak in children with CAS. Working on how to move those muscles to say sounds will help. […] In order to communicate, your child may learn sign language or may learn to use picture boards or computers that talk. This is called augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). […] CAS treatment takes time, and your child will need your support. Practice what your child learns with the SLP to help them make progress.

• #16 Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17911-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  To diagnose CAS, an SLP will learn about your child’s history, including any known medical problems. The SLP may also test your child’s hearing, oral-motor skills, speech melody (pitch) and the way they say sounds. […] Genetic testing can also determine if there’s a genetic variant that’s responsible for causing symptoms of the disorder. A healthcare provider will take a sample of your child’s blood to identify any abnormalities in their genes. […] Treatment for CAS may require more intense treatment than other speech sound conditions. Some children will visit their speech-language pathologist three to five times per week so they can develop their speaking ability. […] If your child has severe CAS symptoms, they may need treatment for several years, especially if they miss language development milestones throughout early childhood.

• #17 Childhood Apraxia of Speech | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/childhood-apraxia-speech

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a speech disorder where your child’s mouth cannot make the quick movements needed to speak, even after their brain tells their mouth what to do. […] Here at CHOP, we have a dedicated team of licensed speech-language pathologists (SLP) who can diagnose whether your child has CAS. Your child may be referred to our SLPs for evaluation by their pediatrician, neurologist or developmental pediatrician. Our SLP will first do a speech and language evaluation. […] Our SLP will look for signs of CAS by asking your child to say certain sounds, words and phrases. It is harder to diagnose CAS in very young children and children with limited language skills. Our SLP may not be able to diagnose or rule out CAS on the first visit. […] At CHOP, our goal is to identify and treat CAS so your child can have the best communication outcomes.

• #18 At What Age Can a child be diagnosed with cas? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/at-what-age-can-a-child-be-diagnosed-with-cas/

  It is not often possible for SLPs to provide a differential diagnosis for a child under two years old. That is because most children under age two do not have the ability to understand specific directions for tasks that would be critical to making the diagnosis. Or the child may be unable to cooperate or pay attention to the extent that they would need to do so in order for a differential diagnosis. Children between ages 2 3 may also be difficult to firmly diagnose with CAS. Some can and some cannot. There is no strict age as to when a child can be diagnosed with CAS. The most important thing is that the child is able to fully participate in the tasks required by the SLP who is evaluating them. Equally important is that the SLP understands appropriate diagnosis techniques and the core characteristics that differentiate CAS from other types of speech problems. Regardless, the disorder can be suspected and early help can and should begin. Often, a few months of diagnostic therapy can help to determine if CAS is the main issue that is causing a child to have difficulty speaking.

• #19 At What Age Can a child be diagnosed with cas? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/at-what-age-can-a-child-be-diagnosed-with-cas/

  It is not often possible for SLPs to provide a differential diagnosis for a child under two years old. That is because most children under age two do not have the ability to understand specific directions for tasks that would be critical to making the diagnosis. Or the child may be unable to cooperate or pay attention to the extent that they would need to do so in order for a differential diagnosis. Children between ages 2 3 may also be difficult to firmly diagnose with CAS. Some can and some cannot. There is no strict age as to when a child can be diagnosed with CAS. The most important thing is that the child is able to fully participate in the tasks required by the SLP who is evaluating them. Equally important is that the SLP understands appropriate diagnosis techniques and the core characteristics that differentiate CAS from other types of speech problems. Regardless, the disorder can be suspected and early help can and should begin. Often, a few months of diagnostic therapy can help to determine if CAS is the main issue that is causing a child to have difficulty speaking.

• #20 How is CAS diagnosed? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/how-is-cas-diagnosed/

  Because Childhood Apraxia of Speech is a communication disorder, the most qualified professional to provide assessment, evaluation, and diagnosis is a licensed speech-language pathologist (SLP). […] The evaluation most likely will include the following: A complete inventory of the sounds, syllable shapes (consonant and vowel combinations that make up syllables), and words a child can make or attempts to make will be noted, as well as any mistakes the child makes when doing so. […] If the SLP has observed characteristics that do not fit with normal speech/language development, they will try to determine a differential diagnosis. Some children may get a diagnosis of suspected CAS (sCAS). […] When a child is diagnosed with Childhood Apraxia of Speech, the SLP has made a differential diagnosis.

• #21 Signs, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of Childhood Apraxia of Speech – Speech And Language Kids

  https://www.speechandlanguagekids.com/symptoms-diagnosis-childhood-apraxia-speech/

  Many other disorders can look like CAS. Differential diagnosis involves looking at all of these possibilities to make sure the child doesn’t need a different diagnosis instead. Here are some other disorders that should be ruled out for an appropriate diagnosis of CAS: Dysarthria (trouble with the muscles and structures that produce speech) […] Cognitive Problems. […] It’s important to note that children with CAS could have these things as well, but a purely CAS diagnosis would come without these things. […] Who Can Diagnose Childhood Apraxia of Speech? […] Any speech-language pathologist (SLP) has the basic knowledge and certification to diagnose CAS but based on how tricky the diagnosis can be, it is advised that an SLP have additional training, workshops, and experience with CAS in order to make a confident diagnosis.

• #22 Childhood apraxia of speech – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/symptoms-causes/syc-20352045

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a rare speech disorder. […] In CAS, the brain has trouble planning for speech movement. […] CAS is often treated with speech therapy. […] Symptoms at this age may indicate suspected CAS. […] Some symptoms may be unique to children with CAS, which helps to make a diagnosis. […] However, some symptoms of CAS are also symptoms of other types of speech or language disorders. […] Some characteristics, sometimes called markers, help distinguish CAS from other types of speech disorders. […] Diagnosing and treating childhood apraxia of speech at an early stage may reduce the risk of long-term persistence of the problem.

• #23 How is CAS diagnosed? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/how-is-cas-diagnosed/

  The top three characteristics of Childhood Apraxia of Speech, as reported by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) Technical Report on Childhood Apraxia of Speech, that can help the SLP make a differential diagnosis are: Inconsistent errors with consonants and vowels on repeated productions of syllables and words. […] CAS is considered to be a low prevalence speech disorder in children. […] Unfortunately, research has determined that childhood apraxia of speech can be over diagnosed. […] Some research also indicates that the apraxia of speech diagnosis is often missed in children who really do have it! […] The speech therapy treatment for childhood apraxia of speech is different than it is for most other speech disorders or speech delay. […] Without proper diagnosis, children are at risk of not receiving adequate and appropriate help.

• #24 Apraxia vs Speech Sound Disorders

  https://www.betterspeech.com/post/apraxia-of-speech-vs-speech-sound-disorders-accurate-diagnosis-is-key

  The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) has defined the top three characteristics of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) in order to help speech therapists make an accurate diagnosis and distinguish it from other speech sound disorders. […] The 3 criteria that identify apraxia of speech are: Inconsistent errors on consonants and vowels in repeated productions of syllables or words (meaning that if the child says the same word many times, it may sound differently each time) […] Lengthened and disrupted co-articulatory transitions between sounds and syllables (meaning that the child’s speech sounds choppy or disconnected due to trouble transitioning between sounds, or between words in older children) […] Inappropriate prosody, especially in the realization of lexical or phrasal stress (meaning that the rhythm, intonation, and stress of speech may sound off, the child may sound robotic, have incorrect phrasing, or stress the wrong words or syllables).

• #25 Apraxia vs Speech Sound Disorders

  https://www.betterspeech.com/post/apraxia-of-speech-vs-speech-sound-disorders-accurate-diagnosis-is-key

  The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) has defined the top three characteristics of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) in order to help speech therapists make an accurate diagnosis and distinguish it from other speech sound disorders. […] The 3 criteria that identify apraxia of speech are: Inconsistent errors on consonants and vowels in repeated productions of syllables or words (meaning that if the child says the same word many times, it may sound differently each time) […] Lengthened and disrupted co-articulatory transitions between sounds and syllables (meaning that the child’s speech sounds choppy or disconnected due to trouble transitioning between sounds, or between words in older children) […] Inappropriate prosody, especially in the realization of lexical or phrasal stress (meaning that the rhythm, intonation, and stress of speech may sound off, the child may sound robotic, have incorrect phrasing, or stress the wrong words or syllables).

• #26 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Model of Assessment and Diagnosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11201615/

  CAS is commonly diagnosed based on core features: inconsistent error production on consonants and vowels, disrupted coarticulatory transitions, and inappropriate prosody. […] Current research advocates for a diagnostic process that not only accounts for overt speech impairments but also considers the potential role of genetic factors and neurobiological correlates. […] The assertion that CAS is a neurological disorder is bolstered by findings that link it to specific genetic pathways and subtle brain anomalies. […] CAS is diagnosed through a combination of expert judgment of perceptual features and objective measures. Diagnostic criteria, as outlined by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, include inconsistent error production on consonants and vowels, lengthened coarticulatory transitions between sounds, and inappropriate prosody.

• #27 The SLP’s Guide to Treating Childhood Apraxia of Speech | SLP Now

  https://slpnow.com/blog/the-slps-guide-to-treating-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Dynamic assessment is a crucial first step to treatment because you’ll figure out what stimulus set to start with, as well as what type of cueing and feedback work for your student. […] During the assessment, you’ll also be looking out for ten different characteristics of CAS. Strand and McCauley (2018) state that having four characteristics over three assessment tasks indicates CAS. […] We’ve included a page for differential diagnosis with other speech sound disorders, a research summary with all of the important terms, and apraxia “do’s and don’ts.” […] It’s also crucial to choose words that are important to your student and their family to get early success and buy-in. […] Figure out what type of method you’re going to use with your students. […] The NDP3 program (Williams & Stephens, 2004) is also evidence-backed but not free. Students must have attention skills, the ability to imitate (look at the clinician’s face), and knowledge of cues before they can begin CAS treatment. […] Dr. Strand also notes that pictures and cards should not be used when you are first starting treatment because you want the emphasis to be on your face so that the student can get that input for their motor planning.

• #28 Is It CAS? Differential Diagnosis For Childhood Apraxia Of Speech Differential Diagnosis

  https://speechsprouts.com/is-it-cas-navigating-differential-diagnosis/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech or CAS can be a particularly tricky speech disorder to diagnose. […] Difficulty planning muscle movements of the articulators for speech is termed childhood apraxia of speech or CAS. […] A deficit in praxis is at the core of CAS. […] In a nutshell, we need to determine whether difficulty with articulation may be due to problems with: Phonological/ linguistic skills, Praxis, Dysarthria/Weakness. […] Children change. Characteristics of a disorder look different with time and therapy. Labels should change with them. […] If the labels can change, how do they help? Labels help us guide our current treatment approach. […] While researchers have identified many characteristics seen in CAS, there is not a validated list of features that differentiates CAS from other speech sound disorders. […] These characteristics are more likely to be seen in children with CAS, and less likely to be seen in children with other speech sound disorders (SSDs).

• #29 Differential Diagnosis of CAS – Child Apraxia Treatment

  https://childapraxiatreatment.org/differential-diagnosis-of-cas/

  There are several tests used to diagnose CAS, but not all have evidence of both validity and reliability which are important considerations for evidence-based practice. […] Diagnosis of CAS can be challenging. Children with CAS often have concommitant language and phonologic disorders, and young children may have difficulty participating in evaluation procedures. All of these factors can make it difficult to confidently diagnose CAS.

• #30 Developing a test battery for diagnosis of childhood apraxia of speech in Arabic speakers | The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology | Full Text

  https://ejo.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43163-020-00021-5

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a speech sound disorder in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in absence of neuromuscular deficits. […] The objective of this study was to develop a test battery for CAS in order to identify its possible presence in Arabic-speaking children, thus allowing the planning of appropriate therapy programs. […] The constructed test battery for diagnosis of CAS is a reliable, valid, and sensitive tool that can be used to detect the presence of CAS in Arabic-speaking children and differentiate between it and phonological disorders. […] The diagnostic criteria used to identify CAS have been at the center of controversy for decades. […] It is important to differentiate between language disorders and CAS to avoid misdiagnosis.

• #31 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Model of Assessment and Diagnosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11201615/

  In the search for more refined diagnostic tools, computational neural modeling has been utilized to hypothesize about underlying deficits, leading to predictions which can be empirically tested. […] Despite these advancements, a critical lack of well-controlled treatment studies persists, which hinders the establishment of definitive conclusions regarding the most effective interventions for treating CAS. […] The gold standard remains the expert judgment of perceptual features, including inconsistent error productions, lengthened coarticulatory transitions, and inappropriate prosody. […] The Apraxia of Speech Rating Scale (ASRS) offers a standardized method to document the frequency and severity of these speech characteristics, exhibiting high intra- and inter-judge reliability as well as strong correlations with clinical judgments.

• #32 What is Childhood Apraxia Of Speech?

  https://undivided.io/resources/childhood-apraxia-of-speech-cas-101-2759

  According to the NIH, Frequent, intensive, one-on-one speech-language therapy sessions are needed for both children and adults with AOS. […] The majority of interventions will address movements needed to produce words and help improve overall communication. […] One of the leading therapies for CAS is Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC), created by Dr. Strand.

• #33 Diagnosis of Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Systematic Review

  https://ideas.repec.org/a/pkp/joudig/v3y2016i1p21-26id2423.html

  This review employed to establish frequency usage of clinical markers and diagnostic tests for childhood apraxia of speech. […] The Verbal Motor Production Assessment for Children is the most reliable diagnostic test for diagnosis of childhood apraxia of speech, and Inconsistency as well as vowel errors are the most frequent clinical markers.

• #34 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Model of Assessment and Diagnosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/6/540

  The challenges inherent to CAS diagnosis and treatment are compounded by the disorder’s rarity and the ongoing debate over its underlying causes. […] Current research advocates for a diagnostic process that not only accounts for overt speech impairments but also considers the potential role of genetic factors and neurobiological correlates. […] The assertion that CAS is a neurological disorder is bolstered by findings that link it to specific genetic pathways and subtle brain anomalies. […] The diagnostic criteria, as outlined by the American Speech–Language–Hearing Association, include inconsistent error production on consonants and vowels, lengthened coarticulatory transitions between sounds, and inappropriate prosody. […] Tools such as the Pause Marker Index (PMI) have been validated as markers to scale the severity of CAS, demonstrating significant correlations with other signs of CAS precision and stability.

• #35 Diagnosis – Child Apraxia Treatment

  https://childapraxiatreatment.org/parents/diagnosis/

  If the child does not have intentional communication and does not attempt to imitate, the diagnosis of CAS is not possible. […] When the child can attempt imitation of speech, then a dynamic motor speech examination is the best method to diagnose CAS. A dynamic motor speech assessment evaluates the child’s ability to plan and program movements necessary for speech production. […] It is important to understand that CAS is both under diagnosed (some children who have it are not diagnosed) and over diagnosed (some children who do not have it are given the diagnosis). In both instances, incorrect diagnosis can result in a therapy plan that is not addressing the primary, underlying cause of the communication problem. […] The following characteristics are the best indicators of CAS: Speech movements are inaccurate, clumsy, or awkward as the child attempts to imitate syllables and words.

• #36 4 Steps In Assessing Childhood Apraxia Of Speech

  https://speechsprouts.com/4-essential-steps-in-assessing-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  You have an evaluation scheduled. This child is highly unintelligible, and you see characteristics that lead you to suspect childhood apraxia of speech, or CAS. But just how do you design your evaluation when assessing childhood apraxia of speech? […] A carefully planned assessment can help you make a differential diagnosis between childhood apraxia of speech, a phonological disorder, dysarthria, or ataxic dysarthria. […] If you recall from my last post, breakdown in CAS often occurs in elicited speech more than spontaneous speech. Note if there are differences. […] A good oral motor exam can help you determine or rule out whether dysarthria or oral apraxia is present. […] This type of exam has traditionally been used with adults to assess for acquired apraxia of speech but has not been widely used for CAS. A motor speech exam allows us to observe how a child’s speech varies across contexts, and watch for signs of praxis.

• #37 4 Steps In Assessing Childhood Apraxia Of Speech

  https://speechsprouts.com/4-essential-steps-in-assessing-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Dr. Strand advocates for a dynamic assessment approach to the motor speech exam. […] It helps us: 1. Determine the level of severity. Lots of cuing needed means a more severe presentation of CAS. Less cuing would be mild or moderate. Great information to help us recommend the frequency and intensity of services and the level of cuing support needed. […] 4. Helps with differential diagnosis by allowing us to see: groping we may not see in spontaneous speech, inconsistency across trials with and without cuing.

• #38 Diagnosis – Child Apraxia Treatment

  https://childapraxiatreatment.org/parents/diagnosis/

  If the child does not have intentional communication and does not attempt to imitate, the diagnosis of CAS is not possible. […] When the child can attempt imitation of speech, then a dynamic motor speech examination is the best method to diagnose CAS. A dynamic motor speech assessment evaluates the child’s ability to plan and program movements necessary for speech production. […] It is important to understand that CAS is both under diagnosed (some children who have it are not diagnosed) and over diagnosed (some children who do not have it are given the diagnosis). In both instances, incorrect diagnosis can result in a therapy plan that is not addressing the primary, underlying cause of the communication problem. […] The following characteristics are the best indicators of CAS: Speech movements are inaccurate, clumsy, or awkward as the child attempts to imitate syllables and words.

• #39 Childhood Apraxia of Speech | Talkshop Speech Pathology

  https://www.talkshop.com.au/how-we-help/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a severe permanent and lifelong disorder of speech motor programming and planning which is present from birth and does not naturally resolve. For a child to receive a diagnosis of CAS, they must meet all three consensus-based features of CAS: Inconsistency across words and syllables, Lengthened and disrupted coarticulatory transitions, Inappropriate prosody. A comprehensive speech pathology assessment is needed in order to confirm a diagnosis of CAS. During an assessment a Speech Pathologist will undertake: Case History, Oral motor assessment, Speech production, Motor Planning, Prosody, Language and Literacy skills, Hearing. Once a child receives a diagnosis of CAS, they are eligible for National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) funding. This is because CAS is a life-long condition that requires speech therapy treatment. Speech Pathologists can choose from a range of evidence-based treatment options for children with CAS. Research shows that children with CAS typically require a minimum of 2x sessions a week in blocks ranging from 6-10 weeks, depending on the therapy program used.

• #40 Childhood Apraxia of Speech | Talkshop Speech Pathology

  https://www.talkshop.com.au/how-we-help/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a severe permanent and lifelong disorder of speech motor programming and planning which is present from birth and does not naturally resolve. For a child to receive a diagnosis of CAS, they must meet all three consensus-based features of CAS: Inconsistency across words and syllables, Lengthened and disrupted coarticulatory transitions, Inappropriate prosody. A comprehensive speech pathology assessment is needed in order to confirm a diagnosis of CAS. During an assessment a Speech Pathologist will undertake: Case History, Oral motor assessment, Speech production, Motor Planning, Prosody, Language and Literacy skills, Hearing. Once a child receives a diagnosis of CAS, they are eligible for National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) funding. This is because CAS is a life-long condition that requires speech therapy treatment. Speech Pathologists can choose from a range of evidence-based treatment options for children with CAS. Research shows that children with CAS typically require a minimum of 2x sessions a week in blocks ranging from 6-10 weeks, depending on the therapy program used.

• #41 Diagnosis – Child Apraxia Treatment

  https://childapraxiatreatment.org/parents/diagnosis/

  Obtaining an accurate diagnosis is the first step to helping your child. […] There are many types of speech problems in children. The speech-language pathologist will complete an evaluation to understand the type of speech disorder a child has, a process known as differential diagnosis. Accurate differential diagnosis is important because it guides the therapist in selecting the correct method of treatment. […] When the speech-language pathologist observes signs of difficulty with planning and programming movements for speech, the child is given the diagnosis of CAS. CAS is simply a label for this specific type of speech disorder. […] In order for the speech-language pathologist to observe and evaluate the child’s speech motor planning and programming skills the child will need to: Have joint attention and the intent to communicate, meaning he/she initiates communication through pointing, gesturing, attempts to say words, or by other means.

• #42 Diagnosis – Child Apraxia Treatment

  https://childapraxiatreatment.org/parents/diagnosis/

  If the child does not have intentional communication and does not attempt to imitate, the diagnosis of CAS is not possible. […] When the child can attempt imitation of speech, then a dynamic motor speech examination is the best method to diagnose CAS. A dynamic motor speech assessment evaluates the child’s ability to plan and program movements necessary for speech production. […] It is important to understand that CAS is both under diagnosed (some children who have it are not diagnosed) and over diagnosed (some children who do not have it are given the diagnosis). In both instances, incorrect diagnosis can result in a therapy plan that is not addressing the primary, underlying cause of the communication problem. […] The following characteristics are the best indicators of CAS: Speech movements are inaccurate, clumsy, or awkward as the child attempts to imitate syllables and words.

• #43 Diagnosis – Child Apraxia Treatment

  https://childapraxiatreatment.org/parents/diagnosis/

  Obtaining an accurate diagnosis is the first step to helping your child. […] There are many types of speech problems in children. The speech-language pathologist will complete an evaluation to understand the type of speech disorder a child has, a process known as differential diagnosis. Accurate differential diagnosis is important because it guides the therapist in selecting the correct method of treatment. […] When the speech-language pathologist observes signs of difficulty with planning and programming movements for speech, the child is given the diagnosis of CAS. CAS is simply a label for this specific type of speech disorder. […] In order for the speech-language pathologist to observe and evaluate the child’s speech motor planning and programming skills the child will need to: Have joint attention and the intent to communicate, meaning he/she initiates communication through pointing, gesturing, attempts to say words, or by other means.

• #44 Diagnosis – Child Apraxia Treatment

  https://childapraxiatreatment.org/parents/diagnosis/

  Obtaining an accurate diagnosis is the first step to helping your child. […] There are many types of speech problems in children. The speech-language pathologist will complete an evaluation to understand the type of speech disorder a child has, a process known as differential diagnosis. Accurate differential diagnosis is important because it guides the therapist in selecting the correct method of treatment. […] When the speech-language pathologist observes signs of difficulty with planning and programming movements for speech, the child is given the diagnosis of CAS. CAS is simply a label for this specific type of speech disorder. […] In order for the speech-language pathologist to observe and evaluate the child’s speech motor planning and programming skills the child will need to: Have joint attention and the intent to communicate, meaning he/she initiates communication through pointing, gesturing, attempts to say words, or by other means.

• #45 Diagnosis – Child Apraxia Treatment

  https://childapraxiatreatment.org/parents/diagnosis/

  Obtaining an accurate diagnosis is the first step to helping your child. […] There are many types of speech problems in children. The speech-language pathologist will complete an evaluation to understand the type of speech disorder a child has, a process known as differential diagnosis. Accurate differential diagnosis is important because it guides the therapist in selecting the correct method of treatment. […] When the speech-language pathologist observes signs of difficulty with planning and programming movements for speech, the child is given the diagnosis of CAS. CAS is simply a label for this specific type of speech disorder. […] In order for the speech-language pathologist to observe and evaluate the child’s speech motor planning and programming skills the child will need to: Have joint attention and the intent to communicate, meaning he/she initiates communication through pointing, gesturing, attempts to say words, or by other means.

• #46 Signs, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of Childhood Apraxia of Speech – Speech And Language Kids

  https://www.speechandlanguagekids.com/symptoms-diagnosis-childhood-apraxia-speech/

  Many other disorders can look like CAS. Differential diagnosis involves looking at all of these possibilities to make sure the child doesn’t need a different diagnosis instead. Here are some other disorders that should be ruled out for an appropriate diagnosis of CAS: Dysarthria (trouble with the muscles and structures that produce speech) […] Cognitive Problems. […] It’s important to note that children with CAS could have these things as well, but a purely CAS diagnosis would come without these things. […] Who Can Diagnose Childhood Apraxia of Speech? […] Any speech-language pathologist (SLP) has the basic knowledge and certification to diagnose CAS but based on how tricky the diagnosis can be, it is advised that an SLP have additional training, workshops, and experience with CAS in order to make a confident diagnosis.

• #47 Signs, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of Childhood Apraxia of Speech – Speech And Language Kids

  https://www.speechandlanguagekids.com/symptoms-diagnosis-childhood-apraxia-speech/

  Many other disorders can look like CAS. Differential diagnosis involves looking at all of these possibilities to make sure the child doesn’t need a different diagnosis instead. Here are some other disorders that should be ruled out for an appropriate diagnosis of CAS: Dysarthria (trouble with the muscles and structures that produce speech) […] Cognitive Problems. […] It’s important to note that children with CAS could have these things as well, but a purely CAS diagnosis would come without these things. […] Who Can Diagnose Childhood Apraxia of Speech? […] Any speech-language pathologist (SLP) has the basic knowledge and certification to diagnose CAS but based on how tricky the diagnosis can be, it is advised that an SLP have additional training, workshops, and experience with CAS in order to make a confident diagnosis.

• #48 Differential diagnosis of children with suspected childhood apraxia of speech – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25480674/

  The gold standard for diagnosing childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is expert judgment of perceptual features. The aim of this study was to identify a set of objective measures that differentiate CAS from other speech disorders. […] The discriminant function analysis model, including syllable segregation, lexical stress matches, percentage phonemes correct from a polysyllabic picture-naming task, and articulatory accuracy on repetition of /ptk/, reached 91% diagnostic accuracy against expert diagnosis. […] Polysyllabic production accuracy and an oral motor examination that includes diadochokinesis may be sufficient to reliably identify CAS and rule out structural abnormality or dysarthria. Testing with a larger unselected sample is required.

• #49 Diagnosis – Child Apraxia Treatment

  https://childapraxiatreatment.org/parents/diagnosis/

  If the child does not have intentional communication and does not attempt to imitate, the diagnosis of CAS is not possible. […] When the child can attempt imitation of speech, then a dynamic motor speech examination is the best method to diagnose CAS. A dynamic motor speech assessment evaluates the child’s ability to plan and program movements necessary for speech production. […] It is important to understand that CAS is both under diagnosed (some children who have it are not diagnosed) and over diagnosed (some children who do not have it are given the diagnosis). In both instances, incorrect diagnosis can result in a therapy plan that is not addressing the primary, underlying cause of the communication problem. […] The following characteristics are the best indicators of CAS: Speech movements are inaccurate, clumsy, or awkward as the child attempts to imitate syllables and words.

• #50 Diagnosis – Child Apraxia Treatment

  https://childapraxiatreatment.org/parents/diagnosis/

  If the child does not have intentional communication and does not attempt to imitate, the diagnosis of CAS is not possible. […] When the child can attempt imitation of speech, then a dynamic motor speech examination is the best method to diagnose CAS. A dynamic motor speech assessment evaluates the child’s ability to plan and program movements necessary for speech production. […] It is important to understand that CAS is both under diagnosed (some children who have it are not diagnosed) and over diagnosed (some children who do not have it are given the diagnosis). In both instances, incorrect diagnosis can result in a therapy plan that is not addressing the primary, underlying cause of the communication problem. […] The following characteristics are the best indicators of CAS: Speech movements are inaccurate, clumsy, or awkward as the child attempts to imitate syllables and words.

• #51 Seventy Five Percent Of Apraxia Cases Wrongly Diagnosed

  https://www.speechlanguagefeeding.com/seventy-percent-apraxia-cases-wrongly-diagnosed/

  Recently, I have been getting an influx of children with the diagnosis of Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS). Sometimes the child actually has Childhood Apraxia of Speech. However, most often they are wrongly diagnosed. […] There have been several studies over the past few years that have shown that when evaluated by an expert in Childhood Apraxia of Speech roughly 75% of children with the diagnosis are found not to have the disorder. […] A neurologist can rule out any other neurological causes for a severe speech disorder; however they should not be asked to make the diagnosis of Childhood Apraxia of Speech. […] Unfortunately diagnosing this severe speech disorder is not easy. In fact there is no one agreed upon assessment tool within the field to make the diagnosis. […] Expertise Matters Of course the Speech Language Pathologist should have extensive knowledge of childhood motor speech disorders to properly diagnose and to treat Childhood Apraxia of Speech.

• #52 Seventy Five Percent Of Apraxia Cases Wrongly Diagnosed

  https://www.speechlanguagefeeding.com/seventy-percent-apraxia-cases-wrongly-diagnosed/

  Age Of Diagnosis Also A Factor Another factor contributing to this problem is the age of diagnosis. A child should be at least 3 before they can be accurately diagnosed. […] Important Red Flags Some red flags in infants and toddlers include; little or no babbling, drooling and feeding difficulties, limited intonation, and words used and then lost. […] A child suspected to have Childhood Apraxia of Speech should be treated as though they have the disorder even without a diagnosis. […] When a child has Childhood Apraxia of Speech he or she may need 3000 productions of a sound combination or word to learn a muscle memory for that combination. […] If someone in the equation is miserable something must change. […] While finding answers is important, getting the right therapy for your child is a better use of your time.

• #53 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Model of Assessment and Diagnosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11201615/

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) represents a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge within the field of clinical neuropsychology, characterized by its nuanced presentation and multifactorial nature. […] The diagnostic process for CAS is nuanced and multifaceted, often involving the expert judgment of a speech-language pathologist (SLP) alongside various assessment tools. Currently, there are no standardized screening instruments specific to CAS, making the diagnosis sometimes reliant on observations made throughout treatment rather than at an initial screening. […] These studies collectively underscore the urgency of developing robust, validated diagnostic tools and assessment protocols grounded in comprehensive systematic research to enhance accuracy and reliability in diagnosing CAS.

• #54 Parents Need the Right Diagnosis for Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://therapyworkstogether.com/parents-need-the-right-diagnosis-for-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Speech therapists and other professionals should be more cautious when diagnosing apraxia in children, especially when they are so young and a proper evaluation cannot be completed. This can cause parents to be worried unnecessarily and as stated the wrong treatment type may be used. […] According to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), here are the key characteristics of apraxia that can help a speech pathologist make the best diagnosis: A child may not always say words the same way every time; this may be more evident on words that are longer, more complex, or words that are new to the child. […] A child with an apraxia diagnosis should work closely with a speech therapist. […] So its very important so the overlap between the two of them is intelligibility meaning a child will be very difficult to understand they will omit sounds meaning they will delete certain sounds from words instead of saying dog theyll say da for example and theyll have a limited consonant repertoire.

• #55 Parents Need the Right Diagnosis for Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://therapyworkstogether.com/parents-need-the-right-diagnosis-for-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Speech therapists and other professionals should be more cautious when diagnosing apraxia in children, especially when they are so young and a proper evaluation cannot be completed. This can cause parents to be worried unnecessarily and as stated the wrong treatment type may be used. […] According to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), here are the key characteristics of apraxia that can help a speech pathologist make the best diagnosis: A child may not always say words the same way every time; this may be more evident on words that are longer, more complex, or words that are new to the child. […] A child with an apraxia diagnosis should work closely with a speech therapist. […] So its very important so the overlap between the two of them is intelligibility meaning a child will be very difficult to understand they will omit sounds meaning they will delete certain sounds from words instead of saying dog theyll say da for example and theyll have a limited consonant repertoire.

• #56 How is CAS diagnosed? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/how-is-cas-diagnosed/

  The top three characteristics of Childhood Apraxia of Speech, as reported by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) Technical Report on Childhood Apraxia of Speech, that can help the SLP make a differential diagnosis are: Inconsistent errors with consonants and vowels on repeated productions of syllables and words. […] CAS is considered to be a low prevalence speech disorder in children. […] Unfortunately, research has determined that childhood apraxia of speech can be over diagnosed. […] Some research also indicates that the apraxia of speech diagnosis is often missed in children who really do have it! […] The speech therapy treatment for childhood apraxia of speech is different than it is for most other speech disorders or speech delay. […] Without proper diagnosis, children are at risk of not receiving adequate and appropriate help.

• #57 How is CAS diagnosed? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/how-is-cas-diagnosed/

  The top three characteristics of Childhood Apraxia of Speech, as reported by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) Technical Report on Childhood Apraxia of Speech, that can help the SLP make a differential diagnosis are: Inconsistent errors with consonants and vowels on repeated productions of syllables and words. […] CAS is considered to be a low prevalence speech disorder in children. […] Unfortunately, research has determined that childhood apraxia of speech can be over diagnosed. […] Some research also indicates that the apraxia of speech diagnosis is often missed in children who really do have it! […] The speech therapy treatment for childhood apraxia of speech is different than it is for most other speech disorders or speech delay. […] Without proper diagnosis, children are at risk of not receiving adequate and appropriate help.

• #58 Graham Speech Therapy Blog – GRAHAM SPEECH THERAPY

  https://www.grahamspeechtherapy.com/blog/who-diagnoses-childhood-apraxia-of-speech-cas

  A particular diagnosis informs the type of therapy a child receives. […] It is imperative that the speech therapy approach is matched to the nature of the child’s speech disorder and misdiagnosis can prevent children from receiving the help that they really need to progress. […] But, please remember if an MD gives your child a CAS diagnosis without the input of an SLP who has conducted a thorough motor speech assessment, you may not have an accurate diagnosis. […] A thorough motor speech assessment can only be conducted with children who are verbal. […] Here are some questions to ask the professional who diagnosed your child…. „What are some characteristics of CAS you see in my child?” […] „How did you determine that my child has CAS and not another speech or language disorder/delay (like dysarthria, phonological disorder or language delay)?” […] These questions should help you determine if the professional that is diagnosing your child has the expertise required for an accurate diagnosis. […] Find an SLP experienced with CAS.

• #59 Graham Speech Therapy Blog – GRAHAM SPEECH THERAPY

  https://www.grahamspeechtherapy.com/blog/who-diagnoses-childhood-apraxia-of-speech-cas

  A particular diagnosis informs the type of therapy a child receives. […] It is imperative that the speech therapy approach is matched to the nature of the child’s speech disorder and misdiagnosis can prevent children from receiving the help that they really need to progress. […] But, please remember if an MD gives your child a CAS diagnosis without the input of an SLP who has conducted a thorough motor speech assessment, you may not have an accurate diagnosis. […] A thorough motor speech assessment can only be conducted with children who are verbal. […] Here are some questions to ask the professional who diagnosed your child…. „What are some characteristics of CAS you see in my child?” […] „How did you determine that my child has CAS and not another speech or language disorder/delay (like dysarthria, phonological disorder or language delay)?” […] These questions should help you determine if the professional that is diagnosing your child has the expertise required for an accurate diagnosis. […] Find an SLP experienced with CAS.

• #60

  https://www.bondarspeech.com/blog/is-it-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Diagnosing apraxia requires that the child participate in a dynamic motor speech assessment. This means that the child needs to be able to imitate or attempt imitation of words and attend to cues, via the principles of motor learning, to improve the production. […] This information allows the clinician who is assessing apraxia of speech to see how the child responds to cueing which helps us make a proper diagnosis and determine prognosis. When the child attempts production of new words and movement patterns, we can usually see the discriminative characteristics or symptoms of childhood apraxia of speech. […] If a child can participate in a dynamic assessment, and we see discriminative characteristics, then we can make a diagnosis. […] If the child cannot participate in a dynamic assessment and CAS is suspected, there is no downside to treating the child using principles of motor learning. […] A diagnosis of suspected childhood apraxia of speech should be considered.

• #61

  https://www.bondarspeech.com/blog/is-it-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Diagnosing apraxia requires that the child participate in a dynamic motor speech assessment. This means that the child needs to be able to imitate or attempt imitation of words and attend to cues, via the principles of motor learning, to improve the production. […] This information allows the clinician who is assessing apraxia of speech to see how the child responds to cueing which helps us make a proper diagnosis and determine prognosis. When the child attempts production of new words and movement patterns, we can usually see the discriminative characteristics or symptoms of childhood apraxia of speech. […] If a child can participate in a dynamic assessment, and we see discriminative characteristics, then we can make a diagnosis. […] If the child cannot participate in a dynamic assessment and CAS is suspected, there is no downside to treating the child using principles of motor learning. […] A diagnosis of suspected childhood apraxia of speech should be considered.

• #62

  https://www.bondarspeech.com/blog/is-it-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Diagnosing apraxia requires that the child participate in a dynamic motor speech assessment. This means that the child needs to be able to imitate or attempt imitation of words and attend to cues, via the principles of motor learning, to improve the production. […] This information allows the clinician who is assessing apraxia of speech to see how the child responds to cueing which helps us make a proper diagnosis and determine prognosis. When the child attempts production of new words and movement patterns, we can usually see the discriminative characteristics or symptoms of childhood apraxia of speech. […] If a child can participate in a dynamic assessment, and we see discriminative characteristics, then we can make a diagnosis. […] If the child cannot participate in a dynamic assessment and CAS is suspected, there is no downside to treating the child using principles of motor learning. […] A diagnosis of suspected childhood apraxia of speech should be considered.

• #63

  https://www.bondarspeech.com/blog/is-it-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Diagnosing apraxia requires that the child participate in a dynamic motor speech assessment. This means that the child needs to be able to imitate or attempt imitation of words and attend to cues, via the principles of motor learning, to improve the production. […] This information allows the clinician who is assessing apraxia of speech to see how the child responds to cueing which helps us make a proper diagnosis and determine prognosis. When the child attempts production of new words and movement patterns, we can usually see the discriminative characteristics or symptoms of childhood apraxia of speech. […] If a child can participate in a dynamic assessment, and we see discriminative characteristics, then we can make a diagnosis. […] If the child cannot participate in a dynamic assessment and CAS is suspected, there is no downside to treating the child using principles of motor learning. […] A diagnosis of suspected childhood apraxia of speech should be considered.

• #64 Childhood apraxia of speech – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352051

  A trial of speech therapy to observe how your child responds to CAS treatment can help the speech-language pathologist confirm CAS. […] Some treatments aren’t helpful in improving the speech of children with CAS. For example, there is no evidence that exercises to strengthen speech muscles will help improve speech in children with CAS.

• #65 At What Age Can a child be diagnosed with cas? – Apraxia Kids

  https://www.apraxia-kids.org/apraxia_kids_library/at-what-age-can-a-child-be-diagnosed-with-cas/

  It is not often possible for SLPs to provide a differential diagnosis for a child under two years old. That is because most children under age two do not have the ability to understand specific directions for tasks that would be critical to making the diagnosis. Or the child may be unable to cooperate or pay attention to the extent that they would need to do so in order for a differential diagnosis. Children between ages 2 3 may also be difficult to firmly diagnose with CAS. Some can and some cannot. There is no strict age as to when a child can be diagnosed with CAS. The most important thing is that the child is able to fully participate in the tasks required by the SLP who is evaluating them. Equally important is that the SLP understands appropriate diagnosis techniques and the core characteristics that differentiate CAS from other types of speech problems. Regardless, the disorder can be suspected and early help can and should begin. Often, a few months of diagnostic therapy can help to determine if CAS is the main issue that is causing a child to have difficulty speaking.

• #66 Childhood apraxia of speech – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352051

  A trial of speech therapy to observe how your child responds to CAS treatment can help the speech-language pathologist confirm CAS. […] Some treatments aren’t helpful in improving the speech of children with CAS. For example, there is no evidence that exercises to strengthen speech muscles will help improve speech in children with CAS.

• #67 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/?srsltid=AfmBOopvuqhgLUmrdPPeA8eiWTLxHgPTS8fI8YGYeSXic3kFO4agSN-f&srsltid=AfmBOorTZ0Vjshimn93Z7PPZWI0jfL2g3OifXnXEW8rnfLK1JXptnRsw

  Doing exercises to make the mouth muscles stronger will not help. Mouth muscles are not weak in children with CAS. Working on how to move those muscles to say sounds will help. […] In order to communicate, your child may learn sign language or may learn to use picture boards or computers that talk. This is called augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). […] CAS treatment takes time, and your child will need your support. Practice what your child learns with the SLP to help them make progress.

• #68 How Childhood Apraxia of Speech Is Diagnosed and Treated

  https://www.expressable.com/learning-center/apraxia-of-speech/how-childhood-apraxia-of-speech-is-diagnosed-and-treated-

  The speech therapist will provide an articulation test to see how your child produces all consonants and vowels. […] One of the hallmark characteristics of apraxia of speech is inconsistent errors. […] As part of the evaluation, the speech therapist will ask you to complete a packet of questions relating to your child’s medical and developmental history. This is important when making a diagnosis. After the evaluation is done, the speech therapist will analyze the information they’ve collected and make a diagnosis. This involves ruling out other speech and language disorders to determine if CAS is indeed present. […] If your child is diagnosed with apraxia of speech, your speech therapist will create a treatment plan that includes specific, sound-related goals. […] A child isn’t likely to “grow out” of apraxia without intervention.

• #69 Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17911-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  To diagnose CAS, an SLP will learn about your child’s history, including any known medical problems. The SLP may also test your child’s hearing, oral-motor skills, speech melody (pitch) and the way they say sounds. […] Genetic testing can also determine if there’s a genetic variant that’s responsible for causing symptoms of the disorder. A healthcare provider will take a sample of your child’s blood to identify any abnormalities in their genes. […] Treatment for CAS may require more intense treatment than other speech sound conditions. Some children will visit their speech-language pathologist three to five times per week so they can develop their speaking ability. […] If your child has severe CAS symptoms, they may need treatment for several years, especially if they miss language development milestones throughout early childhood.

• #70 Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17911-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  To diagnose CAS, an SLP will learn about your child’s history, including any known medical problems. The SLP may also test your child’s hearing, oral-motor skills, speech melody (pitch) and the way they say sounds. […] Genetic testing can also determine if there’s a genetic variant that’s responsible for causing symptoms of the disorder. A healthcare provider will take a sample of your child’s blood to identify any abnormalities in their genes. […] Treatment for CAS may require more intense treatment than other speech sound conditions. Some children will visit their speech-language pathologist three to five times per week so they can develop their speaking ability. […] If your child has severe CAS symptoms, they may need treatment for several years, especially if they miss language development milestones throughout early childhood.

• #71

  https://www.bjoremspeech.com/blogs/bjorem-speech-blog/what-is-childhood-apraxia-of-speech-and-other-frequently-asked-questions-about-cas?srsltid=AfmBOoqkUzAnr-LbPglfbeq2rL4F3nKAxiYFP53a0kv_5yoLnwNSQfVb

  CAS does not typically resolve on its own, but with early intervention and therapy, many children can make significant improvements in their speech. […] Speech therapy, provided by a licensed SLP with experience and training in treating CAS. Therapy focuses on improving motor planning and coordination for speech sounds as well as incorporating Principles of Motor Learning (PML), are most effective in treating apraxia. […] Because CAS is a motor-planning speech disorder, children need specialized treatment. Children will not make progress if the incorrect approach is used. […] The frequency and duration of therapy sessions can vary depending on the severity of CAS and the individual needs of the child. Research suggests that children receive therapy three to five sessions per week. […] With early intervention, many children with CAS can make significant progress and achieve age-appropriate speech. However, some individuals may continue to have speech difficulties into adulthood.

• #72 Childhood apraxia of speech | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a rare, significant, and lifelong speech disorder which is present from birth and does not naturally resolve. […] Speech pathologists assess, diagnose and support people with CAS. […] If you are worried about your child’s speech development, talk to your GP or maternal and child health nurse. They will be able to refer you to a speech pathologist. You can also make an appointment or call a speech pathologist directly without a referral. A speech pathologist can assess whether your child has CAS or whether their speech difficulties are due to another cause. […] Children with a diagnosis of CAS may take time to show improvements in their speech and language. […] Treatment takes many years depending on the functional goals the person and family choose. Treatment works best in numerous, intensive blocks of individual therapy. There is evidence for CAS therapy working in intensive clinic or online sessions 2-5 days a week for periods of at least 12 sessions per block.

• #73 Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17911-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  To diagnose CAS, an SLP will learn about your child’s history, including any known medical problems. The SLP may also test your child’s hearing, oral-motor skills, speech melody (pitch) and the way they say sounds. […] Genetic testing can also determine if there’s a genetic variant that’s responsible for causing symptoms of the disorder. A healthcare provider will take a sample of your child’s blood to identify any abnormalities in their genes. […] Treatment for CAS may require more intense treatment than other speech sound conditions. Some children will visit their speech-language pathologist three to five times per week so they can develop their speaking ability. […] If your child has severe CAS symptoms, they may need treatment for several years, especially if they miss language development milestones throughout early childhood.

• #74 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/?srsltid=AfmBOopvuqhgLUmrdPPeA8eiWTLxHgPTS8fI8YGYeSXic3kFO4agSN-f&srsltid=AfmBOorTZ0Vjshimn93Z7PPZWI0jfL2g3OifXnXEW8rnfLK1JXptnRsw

  Doing exercises to make the mouth muscles stronger will not help. Mouth muscles are not weak in children with CAS. Working on how to move those muscles to say sounds will help. […] In order to communicate, your child may learn sign language or may learn to use picture boards or computers that talk. This is called augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). […] CAS treatment takes time, and your child will need your support. Practice what your child learns with the SLP to help them make progress.

• #75 Signs, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of Childhood Apraxia of Speech – Speech And Language Kids

  https://www.speechandlanguagekids.com/symptoms-diagnosis-childhood-apraxia-speech/

  What’s a Parent to Do? […] If you are the parent of a child with suspected or diagnosed CAS, you should talk openly with your speech-language pathologist (SLP) about CAS. Talk about the various other diagnoses that need to be ruled out and ask how it has been determined that your child does not have those conditions instead. […] CAS is treated quite differently from typical speech errors so you want to make sure to find an SLP with experience.

• #76 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/?srsltid=AfmBOopvuqhgLUmrdPPeA8eiWTLxHgPTS8fI8YGYeSXic3kFO4agSN-f&srsltid=AfmBOorTZ0Vjshimn93Z7PPZWI0jfL2g3OifXnXEW8rnfLK1JXptnRsw

  Doing exercises to make the mouth muscles stronger will not help. Mouth muscles are not weak in children with CAS. Working on how to move those muscles to say sounds will help. […] In order to communicate, your child may learn sign language or may learn to use picture boards or computers that talk. This is called augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). […] CAS treatment takes time, and your child will need your support. Practice what your child learns with the SLP to help them make progress.

• #77 Signs, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of Childhood Apraxia of Speech – Speech And Language Kids

  https://www.speechandlanguagekids.com/symptoms-diagnosis-childhood-apraxia-speech/

  What’s a Parent to Do? […] If you are the parent of a child with suspected or diagnosed CAS, you should talk openly with your speech-language pathologist (SLP) about CAS. Talk about the various other diagnoses that need to be ruled out and ask how it has been determined that your child does not have those conditions instead. […] CAS is treated quite differently from typical speech errors so you want to make sure to find an SLP with experience.

• #78 Understanding Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Signs, Diagnosis, and Support

  https://www.rosebudspeech.com/post/understanding-childhood-apraxia-of-speech-signs-diagnosis-and-support

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a motor speech disorder that affects a child’s ability to produce clear and intelligible speech. […] Early diagnosis and targeted therapy can help children with CAS make significant progress. […] Diagnosing CAS can be complex. It requires a thorough evaluation by a speech-language pathologist (SLP) who has experience with motor speech disorders. […] An early and accurate diagnosis is essential because CAS requires a specific type of therapy that differs from other speech disorders.

• #79 Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17911-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Contact your child’s healthcare provider for a referral to a speech-language pathologist if you notice symptoms or signs of apraxia of speech. […] Theres no way to prevent childhood apraxia of speech. But some cases of CAS link to genetic variants. […] As your child grows, they may miss language development milestones, like saying their first words and using short sentences to express themselves. […] But your child will be working with a speech-language pathologist. They’ll address your child’s unique symptoms and develop a plan to improve their speech over time. […] Theres no cure for CAS, but early treatment can relieve frustration that your child may show if they want to say something but are unable to communicate that message. […] Many factors come into play, but with appropriate treatment, most children with the disorder will eventually be able to speak normally to some degree.

• #80 Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17911-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Contact your child’s healthcare provider for a referral to a speech-language pathologist if you notice symptoms or signs of apraxia of speech. […] Theres no way to prevent childhood apraxia of speech. But some cases of CAS link to genetic variants. […] As your child grows, they may miss language development milestones, like saying their first words and using short sentences to express themselves. […] But your child will be working with a speech-language pathologist. They’ll address your child’s unique symptoms and develop a plan to improve their speech over time. […] Theres no cure for CAS, but early treatment can relieve frustration that your child may show if they want to say something but are unable to communicate that message. […] Many factors come into play, but with appropriate treatment, most children with the disorder will eventually be able to speak normally to some degree.

• #81 Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17911-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Contact your child’s healthcare provider for a referral to a speech-language pathologist if you notice symptoms or signs of apraxia of speech. […] Theres no way to prevent childhood apraxia of speech. But some cases of CAS link to genetic variants. […] As your child grows, they may miss language development milestones, like saying their first words and using short sentences to express themselves. […] But your child will be working with a speech-language pathologist. They’ll address your child’s unique symptoms and develop a plan to improve their speech over time. […] Theres no cure for CAS, but early treatment can relieve frustration that your child may show if they want to say something but are unable to communicate that message. […] Many factors come into play, but with appropriate treatment, most children with the disorder will eventually be able to speak normally to some degree.

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