Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Estimates of the prevalence of motor speech disorders in children with idiopathic speech delay – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30987467/

  The goal of this research was to obtain initial estimates of the prevalence of each of four types of motor speech disorders in children with idiopathic Speech Delay (SD) and to use findings to estimate the population-based prevalence of each disorder. […] Population-based prevalence estimates for the four motor speech disorders were calculated from epidemiological studies of SD conducted in Australia, England, and the USA. […] The estimated population-based prevalence of each of the first three motor speech disorders at 4 to 8 years of age were Speech Motor Delay: 4 children per 1,000; Childhood Dysarthria: 1 child per 1,000; and Childhood Apraxia of Speech: 1 child per 1,000. […] The latter finding cross-validates a prior prevalence estimate for Childhood Apraxia of Speech of 1-2 children per 1,000. […] Findings are interpreted to indicate a substantial prevalence of motor speech disorders in children with idiopathic SD.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/childhood-apraxia-speech

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a speech disorder where your child’s mouth cannot make the quick movements needed to speak, even after their brain tells their mouth what to do. […] We know it is a rare disorder. It only affects about 3 to 5% of all preschoolers with diagnosed speech disorders. […] At CHOP, our goal is to identify and treat CAS so your child can have the best communication outcomes.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/?srsltid=AfmBOoqjuxNOb_6JmvJjX8Yial5fVUC0WSm_w7wE5WMNW772Oc4_p0Yb

  The prevalence estimates of CAS are unreliable due to the inconsistency of diagnostic guidelines, lack of adequately validated diagnostic tools, and small sample sizes in relevant studies. […] CAS was estimated to occur in 1 to 2 children per 1,000. […] It was estimated to be higher in male children than in female children with a 23:1 ratio. […] Children with CAS were reported to have a higher likelihood of concomitant language, reading, and/or spelling disorders. […] CAS, or its characteristics, were reported to have greater prevalence in various syndromes such as galactosemia, fragile X syndrome, and velocardiofacial syndrome. […] Although autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has a higher prevalence of concomitant speech delay and speech errors, research indicates that children with ASD do not have a higher prevalence of CAS.

• #1 Comorbidity and Severity in Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Retrospective Chart Review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36795544/

  The purpose of this study was to investigate comorbidity prevalence and patterns in childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and their relationship to severity. […] In this retroactive cross-sectional study, medical records for 375 children with CAS (M age = 4;9 [years;months], SD = 2;9) were examined for comorbid conditions. […] Overall, 83 children were classified with mild CAS; 35, with moderate CAS; and 257, with severe CAS. […] The average number of comorbid conditions was 8.4 (SD = 3.4), and the average number of communication-related comorbidities was 5.6 (SD = 2.2). […] Over 95% of children had comorbid expressive language impairment. […] Children with comorbid intellectual disability (78.1%), receptive language impairment (72.5%), and nonspeech apraxia (37.3%; including limb, nonspeech oromotor, and oculomotor apraxia) were significantly more likely to have severe CAS than children without these comorbidities. […] Comorbidity appears to be the rule, rather than the exception, for children with CAS. […] Comorbid intellectual disability, receptive language impairment, and nonspeech apraxia confer additional risk for more severe forms of CAS.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech – What is it? How Does It affect a child? – Playstreet

  https://www.playstreet.in/2017/09/24/childhood-apraxia-of-speech-what-is-it-how-does-it-affect-a-child/

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) occurs in children and is present from birth. It appears to affect more boys than girls. […] Studies have shown that up to 64% of children diagnosed with autism, turn out to have childhood apraxia of speech in addition to autism. […] CAS must be differentiated from other disorders like Dysarthria, Autism, Sensory Processing Deficits, PDD, etc. However, CAS can often co-exist with conditions like Downs syndrome, Autism, SPD, Hypotonia, Cerebral Palsy, PDD, etc.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Childhood_Apraxia_of_Speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) affects the ability of a child to produce speech. CAS is a relatively rare disorder. A child with CAS has difficulty planning and coordinating their movement of muscles used (e.g. tongue, lips, jaw, palate) to produce the right speech sounds or words. […] There is no obvious cause for CAS, although a genetic explanation accounts for about 30 per cent of cases. […] A speech pathologist can diagnose and help treat the condition. […] A speech pathologist can assess whether your child has CAS or if there is another cause for their difficulties with speech and language development. […] A speech pathologist can diagnose and treat CAS.

• #1 Childhood apraxia of speech | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/childhood-apraxia-speech

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a rare speech disorder. […] Changes in the FOXP2 gene appear to increase the risk of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and other speech and language disorders. […] Diagnosing and treating childhood apraxia of speech at an early stage may reduce the risk of long-term persistence of the problem. […] It can sometimes be hard to diagnose CAS, especially when a child speaks very little or has trouble interacting with the speech-language pathologist. […] Your child’s speech-language pathologist may be able to determine the best treatment approach for your child even if the diagnosis is not certain at first. […] A trial of speech therapy to observe how your child responds to CAS treatment can help the speech-language pathologist confirm CAS.

• #1 Importance of copy number variants in childhood apraxia of speech and other speech sound disorders | Communications Biology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-06968-y

  The deletion on chromosome 16 has been associated with CAS in several studies and there is potential loss of function of CORO1A, TAOK2 and MAZ genes within this region. […] We identified 17 CNV regions containing 19 different genomic regions with CNVs associated with CAS, speech, and language. This high rate of families where CAS is inherited with CNVs (51.9%) is consistent with other studies. […] Using bioinformatic resources and the extant literature, we have strong evidence for an association between CAS and deletions on chromosomes 2q24.3, 6p12.3-p12.2, 11q23.2-q23.3, and 16p11.2, and probable evidence with deletions 2q11.2 and 22q11.1. […] The children with these CNVs demonstrated a wide variety of severity and speech, language, and literacy deficits, as well as other clinical manifestations. These data support CNVs as a major cause of CAS and other communication disorders in our sample, and that these CNVs have variable expressivity.

• #1 Importance of copy number variants in childhood apraxia of speech and other speech sound disorders | Communications Biology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-06968-y

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a severe and rare form of speech sound disorder (SSD). CAS is typically sporadic, but may segregate in families with broader speech and language deficits. We hypothesize that genetic changes may be involved in the etiology of CAS. […] CAS shows a range of severity and is rare, with a prevalence 1 to 2 per 1000. Recent literature has demonstrated the wide variability of CAS in terms of severity, persistence, and presence of neuropsychatric comorbidities. […] Despite attempts to identify sib pairs and families with CAS, very few such families have been reported to be able to perform heritability calculations, as this method requires that multiple family members be affected (or a quantitative trait be available). […] CAS is generally present in the population as a sporadic event, not inherited by multiple siblings/family members in a recessive or dominant manner.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood apraxia of speech can range from mild to severe. It’s not a common condition. It happens more often in boys than in girls. […] Researchers don’t yet understand what might cause childhood apraxia of speech. […] Your child may have a higher risk of the condition if other members of your family have had communication disorders or learning disabilities. […] Some key signs include trouble putting sounds and syllables together and long pauses between sounds. […] Speech therapy is the main treatment for the condition.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech | Talkshop Speech Pathology

  https://www.talkshop.com.au/how-we-help/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a severe permanent and lifelong disorder of speech motor programming and planning which is present from birth and does not naturally resolve. The prevalence of CAS is low, generally affecting one to two children per thousand (0.1% of the child population). CAS has increased frequency in children and adults with galactosaemia, epilepsy, or Down Syndrome but has no increased prevalence in autistic children. […] Research shows that children with CAS have lower scores in language skills compared to children without CAS. Children with CAS also presented with comorbid reading, spelling, and academic difficulties at school age. […] Once a child receives a diagnosis of CAS, they are eligible for National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) funding. This is because CAS is a life-long condition that requires speech therapy treatment.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia Of Speech – Diagnosis + Treatment — Toddler Talk

  https://toddlertalk.com/blog/what-is-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  When I diagnose a child with apraxia of speech I will often submit referrals to physical therapy and occupational therapy. This is because there is a higher likelihood for a person to have these other types of apraxia as well. […] To be honest, childhood apraxia of speech can take a long time to treat. Depending on the severity, children often need many years of therapy. […] Diagnosing apraxia is a slightly tricky process. The current standard is to hold off giving a child an official diagnosis until they are at least three years old. […] Apraxia of speech is diagnosed by a speech language pathologist sometime after children turn 3 years old. It is typically not diagnosed before 3 years old because children’s speech systems are still developing quite significantly. […] However, a good speech therapist should be able to identify signs of potential apraxia of speech and suggest strategies to support them before they turn 3. […] Developmental apraxia does not go away on its own. Children with developmental apraxia of speech require speech therapy to help them learn to talk. […] There is some evidence to suggest that childhood apraxia of speech may run in families. […] No, apraxia of speech does not affect intelligence.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech | Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://alwayskeepprogressing.com/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech is a rare disorder, with an estimated prevalence of 1-2 per 1,000 children. […] CAS is often misdiagnosed or undiagnosed due to its rarity and the fact that it can be mistaken for other speech and language disorders. […] It is important for children with CAS to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment as early as possible, as early intervention can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of long-term language and communication difficulties.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Past, Present, and Future | News | Hofstra University, New York

  https://news.hofstra.edu/2022/05/12/childhood-apraxia-of-speech-past-present-and-future/

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a neurological motor speech disorder that often results in severely impaired speech intelligibility and has historically been resistant to traditional intervention approaches (ASHA, 2007). It is a rare speech sound disorder that occurs in approximately 1 to 2 children per every 1,000 children (Shriberg, Aram, & Kwiatkowski, 1997). […] In 2007, the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) released a Position Statement that recognized CAS as a distinct speech sound disorder (ASHA, 2007) and provided a comprehensive review of the existing research literature to arrive at a definition of CAS, in addition to consensus features of this disorder. […] This report also acknowledged that there was a dire need to establish evidence-based approaches for the assessment and treatment of CAS, given the potential impact this disorder has on a child’s ability to communicate and participate in their surrounding environments.

• #1 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Past, Present, and Future | News | Hofstra University, New York

  https://news.hofstra.edu/2022/05/12/childhood-apraxia-of-speech-past-present-and-future/

  Progress has been made in the identification of approaches for differential diagnosis of CAS (Allison, Cordella, Iuzzini-Seigel, & Green, 2020; Benway & Preston, 2020; Iuzzini-Seigel & Murray, 2017; Murray, McCabe, Heard, & Ballard, 2015; Shriberg et al., 2017; Strand et al., 2013; Terband, Namasivayam, et al., 2019) and motor-based intervention techniques (Grigos, Case, & Lu, in preparation; Maas et al., 2019; Maas et al., 2014; Morgan, Murray, & Liégeois, 2018; Murray, McCabe, & Ballard, 2015; Preston, Leece, & Maas, 2016; Strand, 2020). […] Despite these gains, additional work is needed to demonstrate treatment efficacy in larger groups of children, to understand factors that make intervention more/less effective for children with CAS, and to improve overall access to treatment.

• #1 Autism and rare childhood speech disorder often coincide | Penn State University

  https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/autism-and-rare-childhood-speech-disorder-often-coincide

  Some children with autism should undergo ongoing screenings for apraxia, a rare neurological speech disorder, because the two conditions often go hand-in-hand, according to Penn State College of Medicine researchers. […] It’s estimated that one in 68 children in the United States has autism and one to two in 1,000 have apraxia. With increased recognition and improved evaluation measures, more children are being identified with autism and apraxia. Developmental experts have long noted autism and apraxia seem to frequently coincide. […] Outcomes for both autism and apraxia can be improved with early intervention, so the findings point to the importance of ongoing apraxia assessment for some children with autism, and vice versa. […] Based on the study, Tierney believes that children with autism or apraxia who are non-verbal should be screened for the other condition until they start talking. […] Autism and apraxia have very different interventions, so making a correct diagnosis is important for preventing long-term problems.

• #1 Clinical practice of childhood apraxia of speech in Hong Kong: A web-based survey study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0284109

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a type of motor speech disorder characterized by impairment of motor planning and/or programming of speech movements. The estimated population-based prevalence of CAS is one in 1,000 children. […] The results suggest that the understanding of CAS among local SLPs requires attention. One reason for this is that evidence regarding the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of Cantonese speakers with CAS is still limited. Future investigations are needed. […] Direct investigation of CAS in Cantonese speakers is scarce. In a recent scoping review, a total of four studies with a focus on Cantonese CAS were identified. […] The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical practice of SLPs in Hong Kong in assessing, diagnosing, and treating Cantonese speakers with CAS.

• #1 Clinical practice of childhood apraxia of speech in Hong Kong: A web-based survey study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0284109

  The level of understanding of CAS among local SLPs requires attention. There is no standardized assessment tool used clinically, but there is a strong tendency for using seven assessment tasks, including imitation and/or production of polysyllabic words, speech and language samples, and others. Perceptual judgment of clinical features is still the most popular approach. […] The results of this study suggest a strong need for future investigations of CAS in Cantonese speakers with respect to clinical features (especially lexical tone), assessment methods, diagnostic standards, and treatment efficacy and effectiveness.

• #1 Once Upon a Time Foundation

  https://onceuponatime.org/casresources/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) Research Resources […] Grants totaling nearly $2 million have been awarded to study the effects of various treatment conditions, including parent training, length of therapy session, and masking, on outcome measures for children with moderate to severe childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), using Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC), an evidence-based treatment method. […] The Foundations goal for this project is to provide information to help parents and speech-language pathologists make informed decisions about length of therapy sessions to maximize progress for children with CAS. […] The Foundations goal for the study is to provide information to help parents and speech-language pathologists make informed decisions about the best use of therapy session time and to maximize progress for children with CAS. […] The goal of this study is to inform best practice for clinical service provision and help families to make key decisions regarding optimal care for their children during these uncertain times.

• #2 The Astonishing Rarity: Exploring How Rare Apraxia of Speech Is – Kutest Kids

  https://www.kutestkids.com/blog/how-rare-is-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech is considered a rare speech disorder. The estimated population-based prevalence of CAS in children aged 4 to 8 years is approximately 1 child per 1,000. […] Understanding the definition, symptoms, and prevalence of Childhood Apraxia of Speech is crucial for early identification and intervention. […] Genetic factors play a significant role in CAS, with many genetic conditions associated with the condition. Genetic testing is crucial in understanding the underlying genetic causes, guiding treatment approaches, and providing valuable information and support to individuals and families affected by CAS. […] Research has shown that children with CAS are more likely to have concomitant language, reading, and/or spelling disorders. These additional challenges can further impact a child’s communication skills and overall development.

• #2 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Past, Present, and Future | News | Hofstra University, New York

  https://news.hofstra.edu/2022/05/12/childhood-apraxia-of-speech-past-present-and-future/

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a neurological motor speech disorder that often results in severely impaired speech intelligibility and has historically been resistant to traditional intervention approaches (ASHA, 2007). It is a rare speech sound disorder that occurs in approximately 1 to 2 children per every 1,000 children (Shriberg, Aram, & Kwiatkowski, 1997). […] In 2007, the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) released a Position Statement that recognized CAS as a distinct speech sound disorder (ASHA, 2007) and provided a comprehensive review of the existing research literature to arrive at a definition of CAS, in addition to consensus features of this disorder. […] This report also acknowledged that there was a dire need to establish evidence-based approaches for the assessment and treatment of CAS, given the potential impact this disorder has on a child’s ability to communicate and participate in their surrounding environments.

• #2 Childhood Apraxia Of Speech: What SLPs Need To Know – Speech Sprouts

  https://speechsprouts.com/childhood-apraxia-of-speech-what-slps-need-to-know/

  Experts have identified many characteristics seen in CAS, but a lack of clear guidelines has made determining the actual incidence and prevalence of CAS difficult as discussed in ASHAs Technical Report on Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Estimates at this time are that 1 or 2 in 100 children have CAS (Shriberg et al., 1997) and that 3.4%-4.3% of children identified with a speech disorder have CAS (Delaney Kent, 2004). […] The incidence of CAS is greater in boys than girls, and prevalence is reported to be higher in children with certain medical conditions. So if you have a caseload of 50 children, you might expect to have one or two children with CAS on average. Of course, the actual number on your specific caseload can vary.

• #2 Childhood apraxia of speech | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a rare, significant, and lifelong speech disorder which is present from birth and does not naturally resolve. […] It is difficult to estimate how many people have CAS, because not all researchers and professionals agree on the features that make up this disorder. At this stage, there is no information available to tell us how many people have a diagnosis of CAS. […] Children with a diagnosis of CAS may take time to show improvements in their speech and language. […] Children with CAS can develop functional communication and clear speech with intensive, longer-term speech pathology treatment.

• #2 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood apraxia of speech can range from mild to severe. It’s not a common condition. It happens more often in boys than in girls. […] Researchers don’t yet understand what might cause childhood apraxia of speech. […] Your child may have a higher risk of the condition if other members of your family have had communication disorders or learning disabilities. […] Some key signs include trouble putting sounds and syllables together and long pauses between sounds. […] Speech therapy is the main treatment for the condition.

• #2 Comorbidity and Severity in Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Retrospective Chart Review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36795544/

  The purpose of this study was to investigate comorbidity prevalence and patterns in childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and their relationship to severity. […] In this retroactive cross-sectional study, medical records for 375 children with CAS (M age = 4;9 [years;months], SD = 2;9) were examined for comorbid conditions. […] Overall, 83 children were classified with mild CAS; 35, with moderate CAS; and 257, with severe CAS. […] The average number of comorbid conditions was 8.4 (SD = 3.4), and the average number of communication-related comorbidities was 5.6 (SD = 2.2). […] Over 95% of children had comorbid expressive language impairment. […] Children with comorbid intellectual disability (78.1%), receptive language impairment (72.5%), and nonspeech apraxia (37.3%; including limb, nonspeech oromotor, and oculomotor apraxia) were significantly more likely to have severe CAS than children without these comorbidities. […] Comorbidity appears to be the rule, rather than the exception, for children with CAS. […] Comorbid intellectual disability, receptive language impairment, and nonspeech apraxia confer additional risk for more severe forms of CAS.

• #2 Childhood Apraxia of Speech | Talkshop Speech Pathology

  https://www.talkshop.com.au/how-we-help/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a severe permanent and lifelong disorder of speech motor programming and planning which is present from birth and does not naturally resolve. The prevalence of CAS is low, generally affecting one to two children per thousand (0.1% of the child population). CAS has increased frequency in children and adults with galactosaemia, epilepsy, or Down Syndrome but has no increased prevalence in autistic children. […] Research shows that children with CAS have lower scores in language skills compared to children without CAS. Children with CAS also presented with comorbid reading, spelling, and academic difficulties at school age. […] Once a child receives a diagnosis of CAS, they are eligible for National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) funding. This is because CAS is a life-long condition that requires speech therapy treatment.

• #2 The Facts About Childhood Apraxia

  https://www.nspt4kids.com/parenting/childhood-apraxia-the-facts

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is uncommon, occurring in 1-2 children per 1,000. It affects more boys than girls and occurs more frequently in children with galactosemia, fragile X syndrome, and Down Syndrome. […] The cause of CAS is yet unknown. While some researchers believe that CAS is a disorder related to overall language development, others believe it is neurologically based and that it disrupts the brains ability to send signals to move muscles involved in speech production. Recent research also suggests a genetic component to this disorder, as children with CAS often have family members with a history of communication disorders or learning disabilities.

• #2 Autism and rare childhood speech disorder often coincide | Penn State University

  https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/autism-and-rare-childhood-speech-disorder-often-coincide

  Some children with autism should undergo ongoing screenings for apraxia, a rare neurological speech disorder, because the two conditions often go hand-in-hand, according to Penn State College of Medicine researchers. […] It’s estimated that one in 68 children in the United States has autism and one to two in 1,000 have apraxia. With increased recognition and improved evaluation measures, more children are being identified with autism and apraxia. Developmental experts have long noted autism and apraxia seem to frequently coincide. […] Outcomes for both autism and apraxia can be improved with early intervention, so the findings point to the importance of ongoing apraxia assessment for some children with autism, and vice versa. […] Based on the study, Tierney believes that children with autism or apraxia who are non-verbal should be screened for the other condition until they start talking. […] Autism and apraxia have very different interventions, so making a correct diagnosis is important for preventing long-term problems.

• #2 Childhood Apraxia of Speech explained – myDr.com.au

  https://mydr.com.au/kids-teens-health/childhood-apraxia-symptoms-treatments-cure/

  One in three children have a genetic cause for neurodevelopmental apraxia. It doesnt mean that the other two-thirds of children dont have a genetic cause, it just means at the moment were only able to pick it up in about one in three children. […] We know that children who have apraxia of speech are at risk for other language and literacy problems, Professor Morgan says. Being able to express thoughts, feelings and ideas is essential to a childs development and the implications of not meeting milestones can have lasting implications. […] Its good to get a very clear diagnosis early because the sooner you understand the basis of the speech problem, the better targeted therapies a speech pathologist can apply and therapy will be more efficient.

• #2 Childhood Apraxia of Speech explained – myDr.com.au

  https://mydr.com.au/kids-teens-health/childhood-apraxia-symptoms-treatments-cure/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a rare neurodevelopmental condition that can make it impossible for a child to say what theyre thinking and equally difficult for parents to understand them. Affecting around just 0.15 per cent of the population, Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is an uncommon neurodevelopmental condition that can be diagnosed with the help of genetic testing so children have the best chance of learning how to communicate. CAS is a rare speech disorder occurring in around one to two children per thousand, says Professor Angela Morgan, group leader of speech and language at Murdoch Childrens Research Institute. Its quite different to other speech disorders due to the severity of the condition. According to The Royal Childrens Hospital Melbourne, CAS affects the ability of a child to produce speech. It doesnt improve naturally with age and without help, children wont be able to make themselves understood which has lasting implications for their development and education.

• #2 Apraxia of Speech (AOS): Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/neurological-health/apraxia-of-speech

  Since identifying and treating childhood AOS early can help lower the risk of long-term speech problems, you should be sure to see a doctor if you notice that your child is having problems speaking. […] The SLP can use various methods to assess if your child has childhood AOS. Your childs SLP may: […] Sometimes in order to make a diagnosis of childhood AOS, the SLP will need to evaluate your childs speech over a period of time as opposed to in just one session.

• #2 Childhood Apraxia of Speech | Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://alwayskeepprogressing.com/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech is a rare disorder, with an estimated prevalence of 1-2 per 1,000 children. […] CAS is often misdiagnosed or undiagnosed due to its rarity and the fact that it can be mistaken for other speech and language disorders. […] It is important for children with CAS to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment as early as possible, as early intervention can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of long-term language and communication difficulties.

• #2 Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Past, Present, and Future | News | Hofstra University, New York

  https://news.hofstra.edu/2022/05/12/childhood-apraxia-of-speech-past-present-and-future/

  Progress has been made in the identification of approaches for differential diagnosis of CAS (Allison, Cordella, Iuzzini-Seigel, & Green, 2020; Benway & Preston, 2020; Iuzzini-Seigel & Murray, 2017; Murray, McCabe, Heard, & Ballard, 2015; Shriberg et al., 2017; Strand et al., 2013; Terband, Namasivayam, et al., 2019) and motor-based intervention techniques (Grigos, Case, & Lu, in preparation; Maas et al., 2019; Maas et al., 2014; Morgan, Murray, & Liégeois, 2018; Murray, McCabe, & Ballard, 2015; Preston, Leece, & Maas, 2016; Strand, 2020). […] Despite these gains, additional work is needed to demonstrate treatment efficacy in larger groups of children, to understand factors that make intervention more/less effective for children with CAS, and to improve overall access to treatment.

• #2 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/?srsltid=AfmBOoqjuxNOb_6JmvJjX8Yial5fVUC0WSm_w7wE5WMNW772Oc4_p0Yb

  The prevalence estimates of CAS are unreliable due to the inconsistency of diagnostic guidelines, lack of adequately validated diagnostic tools, and small sample sizes in relevant studies. […] CAS was estimated to occur in 1 to 2 children per 1,000. […] It was estimated to be higher in male children than in female children with a 23:1 ratio. […] Children with CAS were reported to have a higher likelihood of concomitant language, reading, and/or spelling disorders. […] CAS, or its characteristics, were reported to have greater prevalence in various syndromes such as galactosemia, fragile X syndrome, and velocardiofacial syndrome. […] Although autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has a higher prevalence of concomitant speech delay and speech errors, research indicates that children with ASD do not have a higher prevalence of CAS.

• #2 Childhood Apraxia Of Speech – Diagnosis + Treatment — Toddler Talk

  https://toddlertalk.com/blog/what-is-childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  When I diagnose a child with apraxia of speech I will often submit referrals to physical therapy and occupational therapy. This is because there is a higher likelihood for a person to have these other types of apraxia as well. […] To be honest, childhood apraxia of speech can take a long time to treat. Depending on the severity, children often need many years of therapy. […] Diagnosing apraxia is a slightly tricky process. The current standard is to hold off giving a child an official diagnosis until they are at least three years old. […] Apraxia of speech is diagnosed by a speech language pathologist sometime after children turn 3 years old. It is typically not diagnosed before 3 years old because children’s speech systems are still developing quite significantly. […] However, a good speech therapist should be able to identify signs of potential apraxia of speech and suggest strategies to support them before they turn 3. […] Developmental apraxia does not go away on its own. Children with developmental apraxia of speech require speech therapy to help them learn to talk. […] There is some evidence to suggest that childhood apraxia of speech may run in families. […] No, apraxia of speech does not affect intelligence.

• #2 Importance of copy number variants in childhood apraxia of speech and other speech sound disorders | Communications Biology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-06968-y

  The deletion on chromosome 16 has been associated with CAS in several studies and there is potential loss of function of CORO1A, TAOK2 and MAZ genes within this region. […] We identified 17 CNV regions containing 19 different genomic regions with CNVs associated with CAS, speech, and language. This high rate of families where CAS is inherited with CNVs (51.9%) is consistent with other studies. […] Using bioinformatic resources and the extant literature, we have strong evidence for an association between CAS and deletions on chromosomes 2q24.3, 6p12.3-p12.2, 11q23.2-q23.3, and 16p11.2, and probable evidence with deletions 2q11.2 and 22q11.1. […] The children with these CNVs demonstrated a wide variety of severity and speech, language, and literacy deficits, as well as other clinical manifestations. These data support CNVs as a major cause of CAS and other communication disorders in our sample, and that these CNVs have variable expressivity.

• #3 Importance of copy number variants in childhood apraxia of speech and other speech sound disorders | Communications Biology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-06968-y

  Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a severe and rare form of speech sound disorder (SSD). CAS is typically sporadic, but may segregate in families with broader speech and language deficits. We hypothesize that genetic changes may be involved in the etiology of CAS. […] CAS shows a range of severity and is rare, with a prevalence 1 to 2 per 1000. Recent literature has demonstrated the wide variability of CAS in terms of severity, persistence, and presence of neuropsychatric comorbidities. […] Despite attempts to identify sib pairs and families with CAS, very few such families have been reported to be able to perform heritability calculations, as this method requires that multiple family members be affected (or a quantitative trait be available). […] CAS is generally present in the population as a sporadic event, not inherited by multiple siblings/family members in a recessive or dominant manner.

• #3 What is Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) | TherapyWorks

  https://therapyworks.com/blog/language-development/what-is-childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  It’s present from birth, and CAS affects at least 1 in 1,000 children. The disorder is more common in boys than girls. […] In most cases, it’s unknown. More research is still needed to find out what causes certain children to have Childhood Apraxia of Speech. […] A child with CAS will not simply outgrow the disorder. Frequent and consistent speech therapy is recommended by experts in order for him or her to experience the best possible outcomes with speech development. […] Although it can be difficult to diagnose CAS before a child is 3 years-old, the Speech-Language Pathologist may be able to start providing therapy and watching for more signs of the disorder as the child grows. […] Early intervention is typically recommended, so it’s a good idea to seek a professional opinion as soon as you start having concerns.

• #3 Childhood Apraxia of Speech | Talkshop Speech Pathology

  https://www.talkshop.com.au/how-we-help/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/

  Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a severe permanent and lifelong disorder of speech motor programming and planning which is present from birth and does not naturally resolve. The prevalence of CAS is low, generally affecting one to two children per thousand (0.1% of the child population). CAS has increased frequency in children and adults with galactosaemia, epilepsy, or Down Syndrome but has no increased prevalence in autistic children. […] Research shows that children with CAS have lower scores in language skills compared to children without CAS. Children with CAS also presented with comorbid reading, spelling, and academic difficulties at school age. […] Once a child receives a diagnosis of CAS, they are eligible for National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) funding. This is because CAS is a life-long condition that requires speech therapy treatment.

• #3 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/childhood-apraxia-of-speech

  Childhood apraxia of speech can range from mild to severe. It’s not a common condition. It happens more often in boys than in girls. […] Researchers don’t yet understand what might cause childhood apraxia of speech. […] Your child may have a higher risk of the condition if other members of your family have had communication disorders or learning disabilities. […] Some key signs include trouble putting sounds and syllables together and long pauses between sounds. […] Speech therapy is the main treatment for the condition.

• #3 Childhood Apraxia of Speech

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/?srsltid=AfmBOoqjuxNOb_6JmvJjX8Yial5fVUC0WSm_w7wE5WMNW772Oc4_p0Yb

  The prevalence estimates of CAS are unreliable due to the inconsistency of diagnostic guidelines, lack of adequately validated diagnostic tools, and small sample sizes in relevant studies. […] CAS was estimated to occur in 1 to 2 children per 1,000. […] It was estimated to be higher in male children than in female children with a 23:1 ratio. […] Children with CAS were reported to have a higher likelihood of concomitant language, reading, and/or spelling disorders. […] CAS, or its characteristics, were reported to have greater prevalence in various syndromes such as galactosemia, fragile X syndrome, and velocardiofacial syndrome. […] Although autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has a higher prevalence of concomitant speech delay and speech errors, research indicates that children with ASD do not have a higher prevalence of CAS.

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