Materiały źródłowe

• #1 The Prevention of Adolescent Depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3072710/

  This article provides a conceptual framework for research on the prevention of depression in youth and reviews the recent literature on prevention efforts targeting children and adolescents. […] In recent years, researchers and policy makers have recognized the importance of focusing on prevention efforts for depression. […] Given the high prevalence and costs of youth depression, the connection between early onset depression, and recurrence of the disorder in adulthood, the impairment associated with youth depression, and the difficulty in treating depression once it has developed, efforts to prevent depression are warranted. […] The importance of preventing depressive disorder through the development and evaluation of preventive interventions was highlighted by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Report, Preventing Mental Disorders, and has been emphasized by numerous recent expert panels.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health

  Globally, one in seven 10-19-year-olds experiences a mental disorder, accounting for 15% of the global burden of disease in this age group. […] Depression, anxiety and behavioural disorders are among the leading causes of illness and disability among adolescents. […] Protecting adolescents from adversity, promoting socio-emotional learning and psychological well-being, and ensuring access to mental health care are critical for their health and well-being during adolescence and adulthood. […] Mental health promotion and prevention interventions aim to strengthen an individual’s capacity to regulate emotions, enhance alternatives to risk-taking behaviours, build resilience for managing difficult situations and adversity, and promote supportive social environments and social networks. […] WHO works on strategies, programmes and tools to assist governments in responding to the health needs of adolescents.

• #3 Prevention and early intervention of depression in young people: an integrated narrative review of affective awareness and Ecological Momentary Assessment | BMC Psychology | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40359-021-00614-6

  Depression has a devastating impact on young people around the world. This impact is pervasive and long-long lasting, still causing havoc as young people transition into adulthood. Prevention and timely early intervention efforts are necessary to lessen the disease burden of depression in young people. […] There is evidence supporting psychological prevention approaches during adolescence. […] The commissioned review presented here builds the case for affective awareness as a foundational skill that can protect young people (aged between 14 and 20 years) against depression and improve their emotional health. […] Affective awareness is the ability to perceive, describe, understand, and differentiate emotions and moods. […] Affective awareness (or lack thereof) is putatively involved in the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms between 7 and 24 years of age.

• #4 Prevention of depression in children and adolescents | Knowledge for policy

  https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/health-promotion-knowledge-gateway/depression-children-adolescents_en

  Depression is estimated to affect 2.5% of children in the WHO European region. […] The prevention of depression has a wide range of benefits as mental well-being improves educational attainment, reduces school absenteeism and risky behaviours, promotes a healthier lifestyle, and improves social relationships. […] The prevention of child and adolescent mental health can take place in various domains, including individual factors as well as social and environmental factors. It can be achieved by the support and action of many diverse sectors such as education, environment and urban planning, justice, and social welfare. […] Table 3 describes recommendations for policies and actions for the prevention of depression in children and adolescents. […] Table 4 describes examples of measures and best practices implemented to prevent depression and its risk factors and promote mental health for children and adolescents.

• #5 Prevention strategies for adolescent depression | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/prevention-strategies-for-adolescent-depression/B25A79E410079BA1ADEA09A711AFAB57

  Depression is missed more often in adolescents than in adults, partly because they present with symptoms different from those in adults and because many do not seek help. […] Early detection or the delay of onset can have a significant effect on a young person’s development and social functioning. […] We briefly discuss diagnosis and screening instruments before presenting the wide range of educational and psychological preventive approaches developed for adolescent depression. […] Many of the latter are based on the cognitive-behavioural or interpersonal therapy models. […] We consider how clinicians might use the current evidence base to identify and prevent depression in adolescents, and outline the principles of management of the disorder. […] The prevention of depression in young people is important not only because it is distressing for the individual, family and carers, but because it is also associated with considerable social, educational and occupational impairment as well as poor physical health.

• #6 Prevention strategies for adolescent depression | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/prevention-strategies-for-adolescent-depression/B25A79E410079BA1ADEA09A711AFAB57

  There has been growing interest in the use of educational and psychological interventions in clinics, schools and communities to prevent adolescent depression. […] The prevention of adolescent depression can be addressed at several different levels. […] Primary prevention strategies attempt to avert the occurrence of depression in a currently unaffected population. […] Secondary prevention is focused on the early detection and treatment of depression, and tertiary prevention attempts to minimise disability arising from depression. […] Universal interventions usually adopt broad programmes within schools or communities, whereas targeted interventions are for individuals at high risk of depression. […] Selective targeted programmes treat high-risk groups such as adolescent offspring of parents with depression.

• #7 Adolescent Depression Prevention Programs-A Review

  https://www.longdom.org/open-access/adolescent-depression-prevention-programsa-review-29616.html

  Adolescent depression prevention programs have been developed and tested worldwide, classified into three major types: universal, selective, and indicated. […] Targeted prevention with selective and indicated programs seem to give better results with higher effect sizes than a universal approach. […] School-based cognitive-behavioral approach interventions have been found to significantly reduce depressive symptoms among adolescents, with some evidence that the intervention provides long-lasting effects. […] There has been an increasing focus on preventing depression before it becomes so serious that treatment is needed. […] Selective prevention targets individuals at risk for depression as a function of family factors such as parental depression, environmental factors such as poverty, or personal characteristics such as a negative cognitive style.

• #8 Prevention strategies for adolescent depression | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/prevention-strategies-for-adolescent-depression/B25A79E410079BA1ADEA09A711AFAB57

  There has been growing interest in the use of educational and psychological interventions in clinics, schools and communities to prevent adolescent depression. […] The prevention of adolescent depression can be addressed at several different levels. […] Primary prevention strategies attempt to avert the occurrence of depression in a currently unaffected population. […] Secondary prevention is focused on the early detection and treatment of depression, and tertiary prevention attempts to minimise disability arising from depression. […] Universal interventions usually adopt broad programmes within schools or communities, whereas targeted interventions are for individuals at high risk of depression. […] Selective targeted programmes treat high-risk groups such as adolescent offspring of parents with depression.

• #9 Prevention strategies for adolescent depression | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/prevention-strategies-for-adolescent-depression/B25A79E410079BA1ADEA09A711AFAB57

  Indicated targeted programmes treat adolescents with depressive symptoms just below the threshold required for a formal diagnosis of major depression, as they are also at risk of a full-blown depressive episode. […] In general, preventive interventions are either educational or psychological, although there are overlaps in approaches. […] Educational interventions provide information (e.g. through literature or lectures) in particular on the presentation of depression, causal factors and general self-management approaches. […] However, the majority of studies of prevention strategies for adolescent depression involve a psychological intervention. […] Many of these programmes are based on a cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) model, some on an interpersonal therapy (IPT) model and others are a mixture of the two.

• #10 The Prevention of Adolescent Depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3072710/

  Successful prevention efforts use a developmental approach, positioning the intervention in the developmental epoch preceding or during the age of peak incidence. […] Successful depression prevention programs target the developmental window from ages 11 to 15, when symptoms are present but before the onset of full-blown disorder. […] Overall, it appears that there is reason for hope regarding the role of interventions in preventing depressive disorders in youth. […] Our review highlights several directions for future research on the prevention of depression in youth. […] Selected and indicated prevention approaches appear to be more effective than universal prevention approaches. […] Prevention programs targeting youth depression should include efforts to enhance the family environment. […] More generally, the IOM report on prevention emphasized the value of programs that enhance parenting for families.

• #11 Adolescent Depression Prevention Programs-A Review

  https://www.longdom.org/open-access/adolescent-depression-prevention-programsa-review-29616.html

  Adolescent depression prevention programs have been developed and tested worldwide, classified into three major types: universal, selective, and indicated. […] Targeted prevention with selective and indicated programs seem to give better results with higher effect sizes than a universal approach. […] School-based cognitive-behavioral approach interventions have been found to significantly reduce depressive symptoms among adolescents, with some evidence that the intervention provides long-lasting effects. […] There has been an increasing focus on preventing depression before it becomes so serious that treatment is needed. […] Selective prevention targets individuals at risk for depression as a function of family factors such as parental depression, environmental factors such as poverty, or personal characteristics such as a negative cognitive style.

• #12 Adolescent Depression Prevention Programs-A Review

  https://www.longdom.org/open-access/adolescent-depression-prevention-programsa-review-29616.html

  Indicated prevention programs are provided to individuals with sub-clinical signs or symptoms of depression, and thus are classic early interventions. […] Overall, targeted prevention with indicated and selective programs seem to be significantly more effective with higher effect sizes than universal programs. […] Further research to ameliorate the understanding of the development and maintenance of depression is essential in order also to improve the effects of prevention and intervention.

• #13 Prevention strategies for adolescent depression | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/prevention-strategies-for-adolescent-depression/B25A79E410079BA1ADEA09A711AFAB57

  Indicated targeted programmes treat adolescents with depressive symptoms just below the threshold required for a formal diagnosis of major depression, as they are also at risk of a full-blown depressive episode. […] In general, preventive interventions are either educational or psychological, although there are overlaps in approaches. […] Educational interventions provide information (e.g. through literature or lectures) in particular on the presentation of depression, causal factors and general self-management approaches. […] However, the majority of studies of prevention strategies for adolescent depression involve a psychological intervention. […] Many of these programmes are based on a cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) model, some on an interpersonal therapy (IPT) model and others are a mixture of the two.

• #14 JMIR Mental Health – A Digital Intervention for Adolescent Depression (MoodHwb): Mixed Methods Feasibility Evaluation

  https://mental.jmir.org/2020/7/e14536/

  There has been growing interest in psychoeducational interventions, which deliver accurate information to individuals, families, and carers about mental health or a specific diagnosis, management and prognosis, and relapse prevention strategies. […] The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (2007) Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorders describes psychoeducation as the education of family members and the patient about the causes, symptoms, course, and different treatments of depression and the risks associated with these treatments as well as no treatment at all. […] Although the risk factors and possible causes of adolescent depression are complex, a family history of depression, psychosocial stress, and a previous history of depression increase individual risk, and these groups could be targeted for such strategies.

• #15 JMIR Mental Health – A Digital Intervention for Adolescent Depression (MoodHwb): Mixed Methods Feasibility Evaluation

  https://mental.jmir.org/2020/7/e14536/

  Findings from a systematic review concluded that psychoeducational interventions were effective in improving the clinical course, treatment adherence, and psychosocial functioning of adults with depression. […] However, a systematic review of such interventions for adolescent depression showed that there were few existing programs. This is an important gap in the literature because depression is common in young people, and its presentation and management are different from those of adults. […] Digital health or electronic health (eHealth) has been identified as a key area of future clinical practice and research in adolescent depression, especially to improve reach and access to therapies at relatively low cost. […] There is evidence to support the use of some digital interventions for adolescent depression, and they have been recommended in treatment and prevention guidelines.

• #16 Prevention strategies for adolescent depression | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/prevention-strategies-for-adolescent-depression/B25A79E410079BA1ADEA09A711AFAB57

  Indicated targeted programmes treat adolescents with depressive symptoms just below the threshold required for a formal diagnosis of major depression, as they are also at risk of a full-blown depressive episode. […] In general, preventive interventions are either educational or psychological, although there are overlaps in approaches. […] Educational interventions provide information (e.g. through literature or lectures) in particular on the presentation of depression, causal factors and general self-management approaches. […] However, the majority of studies of prevention strategies for adolescent depression involve a psychological intervention. […] Many of these programmes are based on a cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) model, some on an interpersonal therapy (IPT) model and others are a mixture of the two.

• #17 Intervention at an Early Age May Hold Off the Onset of Depression | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/intervention-at-an-early-age-may-hold-off-the-onset-of-depression/

  Courses for at-risk young people have forestalled depression, numerous studies have found, reducing rates of onset by up to half in the months and years following the programs. […] Health experts and political leaders have been brainstorming ways to ward off mental illnesses such as depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia for decades. […] By the late 1990s and early 2000s researchers were testing several prevention programs for depression, one of the most common mental disorders. Many of these programs were rooted in the cognitive-behavioral practice of correcting harmful thinking patterns—an approach that has consistently reduced depressive symptoms in studies. […] Rates of depression steadily climb during the teen years, so some specialists contend that the earlier teens enroll in prevention programs, the better.

• #18 Intervention at an Early Age May Hold Off the Onset of Depression | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/intervention-at-an-early-age-may-hold-off-the-onset-of-depression/

  Rohde concurs, which is why he, Stice and Shaw designed the Blues Program to serve students as young as 12. […] The first step in Blues—which has been offered at sites in several U.S. states, as well as in the U.K.—is to screen school populations for high-risk students like Oladejo. […] These students report sleep problems, low self-esteem or low interest in daily activities, but their symptoms aren’t severe enough for a depression diagnosis. […] When teens learn how to keep stress in check, the theory goes, they’ll be able to defuse new stressors before their emotional impact explodes. […] The triangle concept clicked for Esther Oladejo. It basically made you think, Do I want this small situation to dictate how the rest of my life’s going to go? […] School systems in Utah, the U.K., and elsewhere have adopted the Blues Program in part because of the evidence for its effectiveness, Rohde says.

• #19 Patient education: Depression treatment options for children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDateAntidepressants_PI.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-treatment-options-for-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) – This is a method that aims to help the child or adolescent actively identify and change the thoughts and behaviors that contribute to depression and negative feelings. […] • Interpersonal psychotherapy – This approach focuses on identifying and improving problems that youth experience with other people, such as parents or friends, or changes in life situation such as a move or a parental divorce. Interpersonal therapy for adolescents is adapted from a similar type of therapy used for adults with depression, but tailored to address issues relevant to adolescents such as autonomy, romantic and sexual relationships, peer pressure, and conflict with parents. […] Younger children (preteens) may benefit from a therapy called “family-based interpersonal therapy,” which involves the family and includes a focus on the child’s relationship with their parents or caregivers as well as peers.

• #20 Patient education: Depression treatment options for children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDateAntidepressants_PI.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-treatment-options-for-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) – This is a method that aims to help the child or adolescent actively identify and change the thoughts and behaviors that contribute to depression and negative feelings. […] • Interpersonal psychotherapy – This approach focuses on identifying and improving problems that youth experience with other people, such as parents or friends, or changes in life situation such as a move or a parental divorce. Interpersonal therapy for adolescents is adapted from a similar type of therapy used for adults with depression, but tailored to address issues relevant to adolescents such as autonomy, romantic and sexual relationships, peer pressure, and conflict with parents. […] Younger children (preteens) may benefit from a therapy called “family-based interpersonal therapy,” which involves the family and includes a focus on the child’s relationship with their parents or caregivers as well as peers.

• #21 Adolescent Depression Research Group | Columbia University Department of Psychiatry

  https://www.columbiapsychiatry.org/research-labs/adolescent-depression-research-group

  The Adolescent Depression Research Group, led by Laura Mufson, PhD, conducts research adapting interventions for new settings and populations as well as examining the effectiveness of evidence-based psychotherapies for adolescent depression and suicide prevention and implementation in community settings. […] Interventions for suicide prevention in adolescents. […] Dr. Mufson is the developer of the adolescent adaptation of interpersonal psychotherapy for depression (IPT-A) and is the leading expert on its use with depressed adolescents. […] She is also co-author of the prevention model (IPT-AST) and the model for prepubertal depression (FB-IPT). […] Dr. Mufson’s primary research interest is in the evaluation of empirically supported psychotherapy outcomes and the identification of which treatments work best for whom. […] as well as models for prevention of depression and suicide.

• #22 Patient education: Depression treatment options for children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDateAntidepressants_PI.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-treatment-options-for-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) – This is a method that aims to help the child or adolescent actively identify and change the thoughts and behaviors that contribute to depression and negative feelings. […] • Interpersonal psychotherapy – This approach focuses on identifying and improving problems that youth experience with other people, such as parents or friends, or changes in life situation such as a move or a parental divorce. Interpersonal therapy for adolescents is adapted from a similar type of therapy used for adults with depression, but tailored to address issues relevant to adolescents such as autonomy, romantic and sexual relationships, peer pressure, and conflict with parents. […] Younger children (preteens) may benefit from a therapy called “family-based interpersonal therapy,” which involves the family and includes a focus on the child’s relationship with their parents or caregivers as well as peers.

• #23 Prevention of Depression in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: The Role of Teachers and Parents

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5318/2/3/27

  The school environment is a very important place for the creation and maintenance of a student’s psychophysical well-being, capable of influencing, in different ways, many aspects of a child’s and adolescent’s life, by providing tools for training and learning, guaranteeing a space where good social relationships can be developed and cultivated, helping to find within oneself a drive towards the pursuit and achievement of goals, teaching how to deal with everyday problems and knowing when to ask for help. […] The recognition of symptoms, already very complex in itself, adds to a widespread and disabling cultural problem represented by social stigma. […] It is not uncommon that within the school a teacher may be faced with a student whose performance begins to decline, who gradually becomes increasingly withdrawn into him/herself, thus decreasing relationships with peers.

• #24 Adolescent Depression Prevention Programs-A Review

  https://www.longdom.org/open-access/adolescent-depression-prevention-programsa-review-29616.html

  Adolescent depression prevention programs have been developed and tested worldwide, classified into three major types: universal, selective, and indicated. […] Targeted prevention with selective and indicated programs seem to give better results with higher effect sizes than a universal approach. […] School-based cognitive-behavioral approach interventions have been found to significantly reduce depressive symptoms among adolescents, with some evidence that the intervention provides long-lasting effects. […] There has been an increasing focus on preventing depression before it becomes so serious that treatment is needed. […] Selective prevention targets individuals at risk for depression as a function of family factors such as parental depression, environmental factors such as poverty, or personal characteristics such as a negative cognitive style.

• #25

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11121-017-0860-7

  Major depressive disorders have long been characterized as major public health problems requiring the attention of multiple of stakeholders from the public and private sectors. […] Interventions that prevent or delay the onset of major depression in adolescence are viewed as important public health strategies but can lack research that specifies for whom and under what circumstance a specific intervention is effective. […] Preventive interventions using a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) approach or an interpersonal therapy (IPT) approach have been shown to be effective, especially those approaches delivered directly to the adolescent. […] These preventive interventions, for example, could be delivered by trained practitioners in school settings. […] The research in this supplement supports SAMHSA’s efforts to disseminate the evidence on the importance of well implemented prevention programs.

• #26 Intervention at an Early Age May Hold Off the Onset of Depression | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/intervention-at-an-early-age-may-hold-off-the-onset-of-depression/

  Intervention at an Early Age May Hold Off the Onset of Depression […] Preventing initial episodes might stop depression from becoming a disabling chronic condition […] Soon after that, someone called to tell her she’d been slotted into a new school course called the Blues Program. Developed by Oregon Research Institute (ORI) psychologist Paul Rohde and his colleagues at Stanford University, the program—a six-week series of hour-long group sessions—teaches students skills for managing their emotions and stress. The goal is to head off depression in vulnerable teens. […] Although Oladejo didn’t know it at the time, her course was one in an expanding series of depression-prevention programs for young people, including Vanderbilt University’s Teens Achieving Mastery over Stress (TEAMS); the University of Pennsylvania’s Penn Resiliency Program; Happy Lessons, developed by Dutch social scientists; and Spain’s Smile Program. The growing global interest in depression prevention is helping to establish the efficacy of a range of programs in diverse settings.

• #27 Intervention at an Early Age May Hold Off the Onset of Depression | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/intervention-at-an-early-age-may-hold-off-the-onset-of-depression/

  Rohde concurs, which is why he, Stice and Shaw designed the Blues Program to serve students as young as 12. […] The first step in Blues—which has been offered at sites in several U.S. states, as well as in the U.K.—is to screen school populations for high-risk students like Oladejo. […] These students report sleep problems, low self-esteem or low interest in daily activities, but their symptoms aren’t severe enough for a depression diagnosis. […] When teens learn how to keep stress in check, the theory goes, they’ll be able to defuse new stressors before their emotional impact explodes. […] The triangle concept clicked for Esther Oladejo. It basically made you think, Do I want this small situation to dictate how the rest of my life’s going to go? […] School systems in Utah, the U.K., and elsewhere have adopted the Blues Program in part because of the evidence for its effectiveness, Rohde says.

• #28 Intervention at an Early Age May Hold Off the Onset of Depression | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/intervention-at-an-early-age-may-hold-off-the-onset-of-depression/

  Just 10 percent of students who finished the Blues Program had developed depression by the two-year follow-up mark, compared with 25 percent of control group members who read a cognitive-behavioral self-help book called Feeling Good. […] A 2018 meta-analysis of four separate Blues Program trials showed that enrolled students were substantially less likely than control subjects to develop depression within two years. […] Despite the challenges of making the case for prevention, Rohde, Gladstone, and others hope that more communities will buy into it—especially given the strong enrollment Blues Program sites saw after the COVID pandemic began. […] Although more data and customized lesson plans may help make the case, those in charge of funding may ultimately look to the human element: how students like Esther Oladejo fare as they approach adulthood. […] I want to be able to give people that sense they’re not alone.

• #29 School Adolescent Mood Project: Examining the Effects of an Evidence-based Depression Prevention Program in Schools | PolicyLab

  https://policylab.chop.edu/project/school-adolescent-mood-project-examining-effects-evidence-based-depression-prevention

  Adolescent depression has become a major public health concern as it grows in prevalence and we learn more about its associated adverse outcomes, such as suicide, educational underachievement and mental health issues later in life. Therefore, there is a critical need for the development and implementation of depression prevention programs, particularly in schools where youth are most likely to receive mental health services. School-based programs have the potential to prevent depression, promote healthy development and maximize school success. […] One such program is Interpersonal Psychotherapy-Adolescent Skills Training (IPT-AST), a prevention intervention that teaches students communication and interpersonal problem-solving strategies to decrease conflict, increase support, and improve social functioning, vulnerability and protective factors for depression. […] Our ultimate goal is to enable the dissemination of IPT-AST and other prevention programs in schools to promote positive social, emotional and school functioning for all youth. IPT-AST shows great potential as a depression prevention program.

• #30

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10578-021-01222-6

  This study evaluated the fidelity, feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes of a depression prevention program, interpersonal psychotherapyadolescent skills training (IPT-AST), in urban pediatric primary care (PC) with a sample of primarily Black youth. […] Results demonstrated high levels of fidelity, attendance, and acceptability, despite some difficulties with recruitment. […] Adolescents and caregivers reported significant improvements in functioning. […] There were marginally significant reductions in self-reported depression, anxiety, and total mental health symptoms. […] Caregivers reported a significant decrease in total mental health symptoms. […] Findings provide preliminary information regarding the implementation and effects of IPT-AST when delivered in PC.

• #31 JMIR Mental Health – A Digital Intervention for Adolescent Depression (MoodHwb): Mixed Methods Feasibility Evaluation

  https://mental.jmir.org/2020/7/e14536/

  Findings from a systematic review concluded that psychoeducational interventions were effective in improving the clinical course, treatment adherence, and psychosocial functioning of adults with depression. […] However, a systematic review of such interventions for adolescent depression showed that there were few existing programs. This is an important gap in the literature because depression is common in young people, and its presentation and management are different from those of adults. […] Digital health or electronic health (eHealth) has been identified as a key area of future clinical practice and research in adolescent depression, especially to improve reach and access to therapies at relatively low cost. […] There is evidence to support the use of some digital interventions for adolescent depression, and they have been recommended in treatment and prevention guidelines.

• #32 JMIR Mental Health – A Digital Intervention for Adolescent Depression (MoodHwb): Mixed Methods Feasibility Evaluation

  https://mental.jmir.org/2020/7/e14536/

  Findings from a systematic review concluded that psychoeducational interventions were effective in improving the clinical course, treatment adherence, and psychosocial functioning of adults with depression. […] However, a systematic review of such interventions for adolescent depression showed that there were few existing programs. This is an important gap in the literature because depression is common in young people, and its presentation and management are different from those of adults. […] Digital health or electronic health (eHealth) has been identified as a key area of future clinical practice and research in adolescent depression, especially to improve reach and access to therapies at relatively low cost. […] There is evidence to support the use of some digital interventions for adolescent depression, and they have been recommended in treatment and prevention guidelines.

• #33 Web-Based Intervention Plays Preventive Role for Teen Depression — Social Work Today

  https://www.socialworktoday.com/news/enews_0319_1.shtml

  CATCH-IT is designed to teach coping skills to teens and young adults. The web-based modules do not identify participants for treatment. Instead, the modules serve to prevent the onset of major depressive disorder (MDD) through interactive prevention rooted in cognitive behavioral therapy, behavioral activation, and interpersonal psychotherapy. […] The available literature suggests that internet-based prevention programs function best when paired with real-life engagement strategies. For that reason, they contend that this new technology should be welcomed. […] Rather than replacing the work of social workers or primary care providers, CATCH-IT aims to supplement their work by identifying adolescents who require support managing sub-syndromal symptoms of depression. […] There is an enormous unmet demand for assistance in preventing onset of mental disorders. We see this model as supplementing existent systems of care and ideally expanding what social workers can achieve in the prevention area.

• #34 Impact of an online depression prevention intervention on suicide risk factors for adolescents and young adults – Dickter – mHealth

  https://mhealth.amegroups.org/article/view/25519/html

  Adolescent death by suicide is an emergent health crisis in the United States of America. […] The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of CATCH-IT, an Internet-based depression prevention intervention on risk factors for suicide (i.e., suicidal ideation, hopelessness, low self-esteem and social isolation). […] The findings provide initial evidence that online depression prevention programs could be related to decreased suicidal ideation, and that those who complete the entire program may benefit more than those who complete only a part of CATCH-IT. […] This study evaluated the potential utility of an online depression prevention program in affecting adolescent risk factors for suicide. […] CATCH-IT’s efficacy could be better understood by analyzing the manner in which adolescents completed the intervention as intended by investigating program fidelity, which is measured by participant adherence to the CATCH-IT program and can be moderated by several factors. […] The potential for widespread rollout of depression prevention programs that can help to prevent adolescent suicide exists. […] These findings provide initial evidence that an online depression prevention programs can reduce risk factors for suicide.

• #35 Journal of Medical Internet Research – MEMO—A Mobile Phone Depression Prevention Intervention for Adolescents: Development Process and Postprogram Findings on Acceptability From a Randomized Controlled Trial

  https://www.jmir.org/2012/1/e13/

  Background: Prevention of the onset of depression in adolescence may prevent social dysfunction, teenage pregnancy, substance abuse, suicide, and mental health conditions in adulthood. […] The objective of the randomized controlled trial (RCT) was to test whether the mobile phone CBT intervention can improve subjective and objective scores of depression symptoms in adolescents in comparison with a control group at 12 months (to be published separately). […] This study shows that key messages from CBT can be delivered by mobile phone and that young people report that these are helpful. […] If the encouraging results presented here are maintained, mobile phone programs could be a cost-effective method for delivering basic CBT techniques to all adolescents. […] Such programs can be easily scaled up to reach large disparate populations regardless of geographic location, as has been shown by the implementation of a successful text message smoking cessation intervention.

• #36 JMIR Mental Health – A Digital Intervention for Adolescent Depression (MoodHwb): Mixed Methods Feasibility Evaluation

  https://mental.jmir.org/2020/7/e14536/

  However, to our knowledge, there is no digital psychoeducational intervention that has been co-designed and specifically developed for adolescents with depression, or those at elevated risk, or developed and evaluated in line with key guidance of digital and complex interventions. […] This early stage evaluation suggests that MoodHwb and the assessment process were feasible and acceptable, and that the intervention has the potential to be helpful for young people, families and carers as an early intervention program in health, education, social, and youth services and charities. […] If proven to be effective, MoodHwb could ultimately be rolled out as an early intervention program in health, education, social, and youth services and charities to help young people, families, carers, friends, and professionals.

• #37 The Prevention of Adolescent Depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3072710/

  Successful prevention efforts use a developmental approach, positioning the intervention in the developmental epoch preceding or during the age of peak incidence. […] Successful depression prevention programs target the developmental window from ages 11 to 15, when symptoms are present but before the onset of full-blown disorder. […] Overall, it appears that there is reason for hope regarding the role of interventions in preventing depressive disorders in youth. […] Our review highlights several directions for future research on the prevention of depression in youth. […] Selected and indicated prevention approaches appear to be more effective than universal prevention approaches. […] Prevention programs targeting youth depression should include efforts to enhance the family environment. […] More generally, the IOM report on prevention emphasized the value of programs that enhance parenting for families.

• #38 Teen Depression And Suicide Prevention | Grow Through Life Counseling

  https://www.growthroughlifecounseling.com/teen-depression-and-suicide-prevent

  Teen Depression & Suicide Prevention […] Several protective factors can reduce the risk of teen depression and suicide. These include strong problem-solving and conflict resolution skills, as well as the ability to handle challenges without resorting to violence. Supportive relationships with family, friends, and the community play a critical role, along with restricted access to lethal means. Cultural or religious beliefs that value life and discourage suicide can also provide a foundation of support. Easy access to mental health and medical services, along with consistent care from trusted providers, further strengthens resilience and emotional well-being. […] […] Parents and caregivers can take simple, proactive steps to support teen mental health and reduce suicide risk. Offer positive feedback, encourage involvement in school or community activities, and monitor online and social interactions. Stay connected with teachers, coaches, and other parents, and limit access to harmful substances or objects. Talk openly with your teen about your concerns—even asking directly about suicidal thoughts—and explain the value of therapy and treatment. Work closely with trusted adults and healthcare providers to ensure consistent support. […]

• #39 Mental Health | Adolescent and School Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/healthy-youth/mental-health/index.html

  Provide safe and supportive environments whether in person or virtually. […] Communicate openly and honestly, including about their values. […] Supervise their adolescent to facilitate healthy decision-making. […] Encourage positive parenting practices. […] Educate parents and youth about adolescent development and health risks.

• #40 Teen depression and suicide: effective prevention and intervention strategies – Document – Gale Academic OneFile

  https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA319811844&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=10864385&p=AONE&sw=w

  Despite numerous efforts and interventions, depression and suicide continue to afflict a sizeable percentage of youth each year. […] The main purpose of this article is to address the extent of adolescent depression and suicide and the connection between the two. In addition, emphasis is placed on the importance of identifying warning signs and risk factors for depression and suicide among teens. Information is provided to assist professionals in educating individuals about effective prevention and intervention strategies. […] A key component to effectively prevent teen depression and suicide is to build multiple protective factors. Feeling socially connected to others is one such protective factor that is directly associated with positive emotional health. […] The National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health found family connectedness to be the leading protective factor against teen depression and suicide, and school connectedness was the leading school-based protective factor.

• #41 How parents can play a key role in the prevention and treatment of teen mental health problems

  https://theconversation.com/how-parents-can-play-a-key-role-in-the-prevention-and-treatment-of-teen-mental-health-problems-192927

  Parents can also help their teens manage negative emotions by reinforcing their self-esteem and strengths and encouraging self-efficacy. […] Parents who assist teens in recognizing, talking about and dealing with difficult thoughts and feelings help them to understand how their thoughts and feelings can affect their behavior. […] Parents should be on the lookout for signs that might reflect a pervasive mental health issue, since early detection and treatment is crucial.

• #42

  https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/policenurse/article/view/257739

  Depression is a major mental health problem among adolescents worldwide. […] This article aims to analyze and create the guidelines to prevent depression by strengthening the resilience of adolescents who are extremely and emotionally sensitive. Additionally, they are at high risk for depression and suicidal behavior. Prevention of depression in adolescents is; therefore, urgent and necessary. […] However, an effective way to prevent depression in adolescents is to strengthen resilience. This is a significant factor that is negatively related to depression in adolescents. Resilience has three sub-components: I have, I am, and I can. The sub-components of resilience relate to five positive factors: interpersonal relationship, executive functions, sense of coherence, mindfulness, and problem-solving skills. […] This will be the fundamental knowledge for preventing the onset of depression or reducing the severity of depression. It is a challenging strategy for preventing future adolescent depression.

• #43 Prevention and early intervention of depression in young people: an integrated narrative review of affective awareness and Ecological Momentary Assessment | BMC Psychology | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40359-021-00614-6

  Adolescence is therefore a critical time whereby affective skills can be developed and shaped to improve emotional health. […] EMA may have a beneficial short-term effect on depressive symptoms in clinically depressed adults. […] A systematic review concluded that mobile mood-monitoring applications may reduce depressive symptoms in young people aged 10-24 years by increasing affective awareness. […] Together, these findings indicate that EMA can be used to measure emotional experiences and can also be used as a brief intervention with clinical outcomes. […] Stakeholders thought that EMA would increase awareness of feelings, and that this awareness could be useful for prevention and/or early intervention. […] All young people and psychologists thought that a lack of awareness contributes to depression.

• #44

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health

  Globally, one in seven 10-19-year-olds experiences a mental disorder, accounting for 15% of the global burden of disease in this age group. […] Depression, anxiety and behavioural disorders are among the leading causes of illness and disability among adolescents. […] Protecting adolescents from adversity, promoting socio-emotional learning and psychological well-being, and ensuring access to mental health care are critical for their health and well-being during adolescence and adulthood. […] Mental health promotion and prevention interventions aim to strengthen an individual’s capacity to regulate emotions, enhance alternatives to risk-taking behaviours, build resilience for managing difficult situations and adversity, and promote supportive social environments and social networks. […] WHO works on strategies, programmes and tools to assist governments in responding to the health needs of adolescents.

• #45 Recommendation: Depression and Suicide Risk in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-depression-suicide-risk-children-adolescents

  Adolescents aged 12 to 18 years: The USPSTF recommends screening for major depressive disorder (MDD) in adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. B […] The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for suicide risk in children and adolescents. I […] Treatment options for MDD in children and adolescents include pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and collaborative care. […] All children aged 12 to 18 years are at risk of depression and should be screened. […] Depression is a leading cause of disability in the US. […] Suicide is the second-leading cause of death among youth aged 10 to 19 years. […] Important risk factors for suicide are mental health disorders and adverse childhood experiences (eg, family history of suicide or mental health disorders, previous suicide attempts, life stressors, history of trauma, parent-child conflict, or legal problems).

• #46 The Power of Prevention: Reducing Depression in Adolescents by Addressing Bullying – SunCloud Health

  https://suncloudhealth.com/blog/the-power-of-prevention-reducing-depression-in-adolescents-through-bullying/

  There can be many causes of depression, eating disorders, substance use disorders, anxiety, and other mental health concerns in adolescents, but bullying and a lack of social acceptance are often named as primary factors. In fact, bullying is directly tied to significant mental health disorders in around 1/3 of cases among the patients treated at SunCloud Health. Another 1/3 have negative peer interactions in which they may have played a role in causing and were not unidirectional bullying. Patients with positive peer relationships are typically the minority. […] Unfortunately, bullying is a behavior as old as time, which leads to a risk of parents thinking what their child is going through is similar to their experience. It’s imperative that parents learn and accept that today’s bullying is unlike their own experiences. With the advent of nearly every student having a social media presence, bullying has shifted from a school-based activity to one in which students risk virtual bullying that can occur 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. There are few actions that would lead to a worse outcome for an adolescent, than being on a phone scrolling social media late at night, and seeing bullying posts directed toward them.

• #47 The Power of Prevention: Reducing Depression in Adolescents by Addressing Bullying – SunCloud Health

  https://suncloudhealth.com/blog/the-power-of-prevention-reducing-depression-in-adolescents-through-bullying/

  No matter the level of bullying taking place, such treatment causes low self-esteem, anxiety, social anxiety, substance use, and depression to be common outcomes for those who are the target. Studies have shown that children and adolescents who are subject to bullying are almost three times more at risk for depression. […] While the reality of bullying being a prominent issue for our youth may be disheartening, remember, we can all do our part to prevent bullying and offset its effects this month and into the future. Spreading awareness is the first step, followed by creating a positive and accepting environment at home and at school by partnering with school staff and having meaningful conversations with our families. […] If your teen has experienced bullying, is struggling to cope with bullying, or you are concerned for their mental health, we are here to help. SunCloud Health providers are dedicated to guiding your teen through tough times and tailoring treatment for their individual needs. This treatment may include PHP and IOP programs where adolescents can address root causes of their mental health disorders in a recovery community environment. We are pleased to offer this integrative treatment option for adolescents struggling with substance use disorders, trauma, eating disorders, mood disorders, and co-occurring anxiety disorders.

• #48 Teen Depression: Statistics, Symptoms, Test, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/teen_depression/article.htm

  Is it possible to prevent teen depression? […] Attempts at prevention of teen depression tends to address both specific and nonspecific risk factors, strengthen protective factors, and use an approach that is appropriate for the teen’s developmental level. Such programs often use cognitive behavioral and/or interpersonal approaches, as well as family based prevention strategies because research shows that these interventions are the most helpful to teens’ well-being. […] The inverse of most risk factors, protective factors for teen depression include having the involvement of supportive adults, strong family and peer relationships, healthy coping skills, and skills in emotion regulation. […] For depressed parents, their children seem to be more protected from developing the illness when the parent is able to demonstrate a commitment to parenting and to relationships. Youth of depressed parents have also been found to benefit from being part of a support group that uses cognitive therapy as the management approach.

• #49 Teen Depression And Suicide Prevention | Grow Through Life Counseling

  https://www.growthroughlifecounseling.com/teen-depression-and-suicide-prevent

  Teen Depression & Suicide Prevention […] Several protective factors can reduce the risk of teen depression and suicide. These include strong problem-solving and conflict resolution skills, as well as the ability to handle challenges without resorting to violence. Supportive relationships with family, friends, and the community play a critical role, along with restricted access to lethal means. Cultural or religious beliefs that value life and discourage suicide can also provide a foundation of support. Easy access to mental health and medical services, along with consistent care from trusted providers, further strengthens resilience and emotional well-being. […] […] Parents and caregivers can take simple, proactive steps to support teen mental health and reduce suicide risk. Offer positive feedback, encourage involvement in school or community activities, and monitor online and social interactions. Stay connected with teachers, coaches, and other parents, and limit access to harmful substances or objects. Talk openly with your teen about your concerns—even asking directly about suicidal thoughts—and explain the value of therapy and treatment. Work closely with trusted adults and healthcare providers to ensure consistent support. […]

• #50 Preventing Teen Depression (Parent, Friend + Support Tips)

  https://polaristeen.com/articles/preventing-teen-depression/

  At any given time, one out of every five teenagers is experiencing major depression. […] If your child is showing early signs of depression, or you simply want to be proactive, there are ways to support your teenager that could have a big impact and even prevent the development of depression. Here are some tips on how to prevent the onset of depression in your teen or child’s life. […] Recognizing the symptoms of teen depression is crucial for early intervention. […] Being aware of these warning signs can help in identifying and addressing depression early. […] It is important to notice how your teen is eating, sleeping, exercising, and socializing. […] This means following a healthy diet, choosing healthy foods, getting enough sleep, moving your body every day, and interacting with friends and family on a regular basis.

• #51 Prevention of Depression in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: The Role of Teachers and Parents

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5318/2/3/27

  Recognizing early a mood deflection, a tendency to socially withdraw, or a worsening of school performance is very useful because intervening early by relying on experienced mental health personnel can prevent possible chronicity or the establishment of a depressive disorder with multiple episodes in adulthood. […] To facilitate the acquisition of tools by school personnel and parents, real preventive programs should be developed to promote the ability to accept and take charge of situations of discomfort that may arise. […] The role of parents should not be underestimated in this respect. […] The well-trained staff should always evaluate parents’ psychiatric literacy, as most often students’ behavior at school reflects the situation at home. […] The use of universal or selective preventive approaches may reduce the occurrence of mental illness in young people. […] The school environment can become a context of prevention for mental illness, particularly for depressive disorders. […] Early recognition of students at risk or already suffering from depressive disorder allows for referral to specialized staff and immediate intervention.

• #52 Prevention of Depression in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: The Role of Teachers and Parents

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5318/2/3/27

  Recognizing early a mood deflection, a tendency to socially withdraw, or a worsening of school performance is very useful because intervening early by relying on experienced mental health personnel can prevent possible chronicity or the establishment of a depressive disorder with multiple episodes in adulthood. […] To facilitate the acquisition of tools by school personnel and parents, real preventive programs should be developed to promote the ability to accept and take charge of situations of discomfort that may arise. […] The role of parents should not be underestimated in this respect. […] The well-trained staff should always evaluate parents’ psychiatric literacy, as most often students’ behavior at school reflects the situation at home. […] The use of universal or selective preventive approaches may reduce the occurrence of mental illness in young people. […] The school environment can become a context of prevention for mental illness, particularly for depressive disorders. […] Early recognition of students at risk or already suffering from depressive disorder allows for referral to specialized staff and immediate intervention.

• #53 Faculty Collaboration Database – Personalized Depression Prevention Reduces Dependent Stressors Among Adolescents: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2025;54(1):113-126

  https://fcd.mcw.edu/?search/showPublication/id/2300885

  Personalized Depression Prevention Reduces Dependent Stressors Among Adolescents: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial. […] OBJECTIVE: Depression and stressors both increase during adolescence. The stress generation model posits that depression symptoms and associated impairment contribute to the generation of dependent stressors. Adolescent depression prevention programs have been shown to reduce the risk of depression. Recently, risk-informed personalization approaches have been adopted to enhance the efficacy of depression prevention, and preliminary evidence supports the beneficial effects of personalized prevention on depression symptoms. Given the close association between depression and stress, we examined the hypothesis that personalized depression prevention programs would reduce adolescents’ experience of dependent stressors (interpersonal and non-interpersonal) over longitudinal follow-up.

• #54 Faculty Collaboration Database – Personalized Depression Prevention Reduces Dependent Stressors Among Adolescents: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2025;54(1):113-126

  https://fcd.mcw.edu/?search/showPublication/id/2300885

  RESULTS: Matched adolescents reported fewer dependent stressors during the post-intervention follow-up period (d= .46,p = .002) and from baseline through 18-months post-intervention (d= .35,p = .02) compared to mismatched youth. As expected, there were no differences between matched and mismatched youth on the experience of independent stressors. […] CONCLUSIONS: These findings further highlight the potential of personalized approaches to depression prevention and demonstrate benefits that go beyond depression symptom reduction.

• #55 Preventing Adolescent Depression Through Personalized Programs | PolicyLab

  https://policylab.chop.edu/project/preventing-adolescent-depression-through-personalized-programs

  About 10-20 percent of adolescents ages 12-17 report experiencing depression, an illness that affects many aspects of a youths health and well-being. Interventions that prevent depression are essential to reducing the burden of the illness on youth. Prevention efforts are particularly important in adolescence since many individuals experience their first episode of depression during this critical developmental period. Researchers have developed and tested a number of depression prevention programs with adolescents. While these programs are effective, their benefits have been more modest than we would hope. […] One explanation for prevention programs relatively moderate impact is that they have not been individualized based on known risk factors for depression. In other words, these programs are designed in a one-size-fits-all approach and dont provide individual adolescents with targeted interventions that could address specific risk factors they might experience. We need to determine whether the effects of these programs can be enhanced by matching adolescents to interventions that take into account their unique vulnerabilities for depression.

• #56 Preventing Adolescent Depression Through Personalized Programs | PolicyLab

  https://policylab.chop.edu/project/preventing-adolescent-depression-through-personalized-programs

  If personalized prevention approaches are effective, this research can inform clinical practice by helping clinicians identify which adolescents would benefit from a specific preventive intervention. By providing effective prevention interventions, we can substantially reduce the prevalence and burden of depression at this important stage of development and help youth transition into healthy, productive adults.

• #57 Randomized control trial testing the effectiveness of implemented depression prevention in high-risk adolescents | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-020-01656-0

  Adolescent depression is a global mental health concern. Identification and effective prevention in an early stage are necessary. The present randomized, controlled trial aimed to examine the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)-based depression prevention in adolescents with elevated depressive symptoms. This prevention approach is implemented in school communities, which allows to examine effects under real-life circumstances. […] Based on the findings, we recommend the implementation of screening and prevention in schools, according the basics of this study design. […] Consequently, prevention programs for adolescents receive growing attention. […] Overall, meta-analyses have established that depression prevention programs among adolescents are more effective in reducing depressive symptoms than usual care, waiting lists, or monitoring conditions with the largest effect sizes for selective and indicated prevention.

• #58 Intervention at an Early Age May Hold Off the Onset of Depression | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/intervention-at-an-early-age-may-hold-off-the-onset-of-depression/

  Courses for at-risk young people have forestalled depression, numerous studies have found, reducing rates of onset by up to half in the months and years following the programs. […] Health experts and political leaders have been brainstorming ways to ward off mental illnesses such as depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia for decades. […] By the late 1990s and early 2000s researchers were testing several prevention programs for depression, one of the most common mental disorders. Many of these programs were rooted in the cognitive-behavioral practice of correcting harmful thinking patterns—an approach that has consistently reduced depressive symptoms in studies. […] Rates of depression steadily climb during the teen years, so some specialists contend that the earlier teens enroll in prevention programs, the better.

• #59 Intervention at an Early Age May Hold Off the Onset of Depression | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/intervention-at-an-early-age-may-hold-off-the-onset-of-depression/

  Just 10 percent of students who finished the Blues Program had developed depression by the two-year follow-up mark, compared with 25 percent of control group members who read a cognitive-behavioral self-help book called Feeling Good. […] A 2018 meta-analysis of four separate Blues Program trials showed that enrolled students were substantially less likely than control subjects to develop depression within two years. […] Despite the challenges of making the case for prevention, Rohde, Gladstone, and others hope that more communities will buy into it—especially given the strong enrollment Blues Program sites saw after the COVID pandemic began. […] Although more data and customized lesson plans may help make the case, those in charge of funding may ultimately look to the human element: how students like Esther Oladejo fare as they approach adulthood. […] I want to be able to give people that sense they’re not alone.

• #60 Intervention at an Early Age May Hold Off the Onset of Depression | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/intervention-at-an-early-age-may-hold-off-the-onset-of-depression/

  Just 10 percent of students who finished the Blues Program had developed depression by the two-year follow-up mark, compared with 25 percent of control group members who read a cognitive-behavioral self-help book called Feeling Good. […] A 2018 meta-analysis of four separate Blues Program trials showed that enrolled students were substantially less likely than control subjects to develop depression within two years. […] Despite the challenges of making the case for prevention, Rohde, Gladstone, and others hope that more communities will buy into it—especially given the strong enrollment Blues Program sites saw after the COVID pandemic began. […] Although more data and customized lesson plans may help make the case, those in charge of funding may ultimately look to the human element: how students like Esther Oladejo fare as they approach adulthood. […] I want to be able to give people that sense they’re not alone.

• #61 Psychological Interventions for Recurrence Prevention in Adolescent Depression: A Systematic Review | Jatchavala | Journal of Health Science and Medical Research

  https://www.jhsmr.org/index.php/jhsmr/article/view/15

  Objective: To determine the effectiveness of psychological interventions in depressive adolescents to prevent recurrent depressive episodes. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) group intervention showed effectiveness in recurrence prevention in depressive adolescents in 6-33 months. […] Among the psychological interventions studied in the included articles, CBT group intervention showed the greatest long-term effect since group CBT could prevent recurrent depression in adolescents up to 33 months.

• #62 Preventing Teen Depression (Parent, Friend + Support Tips)

  https://polaristeen.com/articles/preventing-teen-depression/

  At any given time, one out of every five teenagers is experiencing major depression. […] If your child is showing early signs of depression, or you simply want to be proactive, there are ways to support your teenager that could have a big impact and even prevent the development of depression. Here are some tips on how to prevent the onset of depression in your teen or child’s life. […] Recognizing the symptoms of teen depression is crucial for early intervention. […] Being aware of these warning signs can help in identifying and addressing depression early. […] It is important to notice how your teen is eating, sleeping, exercising, and socializing. […] This means following a healthy diet, choosing healthy foods, getting enough sleep, moving your body every day, and interacting with friends and family on a regular basis.

• #63 Preventing Teen Depression (Parent, Friend + Support Tips)

  https://polaristeen.com/articles/preventing-teen-depression/

  If you think your teen might be struggling with depression or is showing early signs of depression, it is vital to begin helping them develop a healthy support system. […] By educating yourself about depression and how it could affect your teen, you are not only increasing the chances of catching your teenager’s depression early but also talking to them about depression and its potential impact. […] Preventing teen depression involves fostering a combination of healthy habits, creating a supportive environment, and ensuring early intervention when necessary. […] Encourage your teenager to consume a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. […] Regular physical activity is essential. […] Building a healthy support system for your teenager is also vital in preventing depression.

• #64 Teen depression – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20350985

  Teen depression is a serious mental health problem that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in activities. […] Teen depression isn’t a weakness or something that can be overcome with willpower it can have serious consequences and requires long-term treatment. For most teens, depression symptoms ease with treatment such as medication and psychological counseling. […] If depression signs and symptoms continue, begin to interfere in your teen’s life, or cause you to have concerns about suicide or your teen’s safety, talk to a doctor or a mental health professional trained to work with adolescents. […] Depression symptoms likely won’t get better on their own and they may get worse or lead to other problems if untreated. […] There’s no sure way to prevent depression. However, these strategies may help. Encourage your teenager to: Take steps to control stress, increase resilience and boost self-esteem to help handle issues when they arise, Practice self-care, for example by creating a healthy sleep routine and using electronics responsibly and in moderation, Reach out for friendship and social support, especially in times of crisis, Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problem to help prevent depression from worsening, Maintain ongoing treatment, if recommended, even after symptoms let up, to help prevent a relapse of depression symptoms.

• #65 Parent’s Guide to Teen Depression – HelpGuide.org

  https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/depression/parents-guide-to-teen-depression

  Understanding teen depression goes beyond moodiness. It’s a serious health problem that impacts every aspect of a teen’s life. Fortunately, it’s treatable and parents can help. Your love, guidance, and support can go a long way toward helping your teen overcome depression and get their life back on track. […] If you suspect that your teen is depressed, bring up your concerns in a loving, non-judgmental way. Even if you’re unsure that depression is the issue, the troublesome behaviors and emotions you’re seeing are signs of a problem that should be addressed. […] Depression is very damaging when left untreated, so don’t wait and hope that worrisome symptoms will go away. […] Support and healthy lifestyle changes can make a world of difference for depressed teens, but it’s not always enough. When depression is severe, don’t hesitate to seek professional help from a mental health professional with advanced training and a strong background treating teens.

• #66 Prevention of Depression in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: The Role of Teachers and Parents

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5318/2/3/27

  Prevention of Depression in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: The Role of Teachers and Parents […] In this context, educators’ training is essential to detect early the onset of a depressive disorder, to spare later consequences through the timely establishment of adequate treatment. […] If symptoms do not subside and the suffering child or adolescent fails to reintegrate within his/her school environment, cognitive–behavioral interventions are recommended that are individual, group, or computer-based. […] Preventive programs aiming at reducing the duration of untreated depressive illness and depression onset prevention have been implemented. […] Addressing stigma implies changing people’s beliefs about mental illness and is essential among youngsters, who have still to develop their empathic skills. Programs and treatments aiming at reducing social and self-stigma are currently implemented and show promise for both stigma reduction and treatment adherence.

• #67 Prevention of Depression in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: The Role of Teachers and Parents

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5318/2/3/27

  The school environment is a very important place for the creation and maintenance of a student’s psychophysical well-being, capable of influencing, in different ways, many aspects of a child’s and adolescent’s life, by providing tools for training and learning, guaranteeing a space where good social relationships can be developed and cultivated, helping to find within oneself a drive towards the pursuit and achievement of goals, teaching how to deal with everyday problems and knowing when to ask for help. […] The recognition of symptoms, already very complex in itself, adds to a widespread and disabling cultural problem represented by social stigma. […] It is not uncommon that within the school a teacher may be faced with a student whose performance begins to decline, who gradually becomes increasingly withdrawn into him/herself, thus decreasing relationships with peers.

• #68 Prevention of Depression in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: The Role of Teachers and Parents

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5318/2/3/27

  Recognizing early a mood deflection, a tendency to socially withdraw, or a worsening of school performance is very useful because intervening early by relying on experienced mental health personnel can prevent possible chronicity or the establishment of a depressive disorder with multiple episodes in adulthood. […] To facilitate the acquisition of tools by school personnel and parents, real preventive programs should be developed to promote the ability to accept and take charge of situations of discomfort that may arise. […] The role of parents should not be underestimated in this respect. […] The well-trained staff should always evaluate parents’ psychiatric literacy, as most often students’ behavior at school reflects the situation at home. […] The use of universal or selective preventive approaches may reduce the occurrence of mental illness in young people. […] The school environment can become a context of prevention for mental illness, particularly for depressive disorders. […] Early recognition of students at risk or already suffering from depressive disorder allows for referral to specialized staff and immediate intervention.

• #69 Page not found – Suicide Prevention Resource Center

  https://sprc.org/online-library/teen-depression/

  Pennsylvania developed a variety of free online courses that are available on Prevent Suicide PAs Online Learning Center. […] South Carolinas Code of Law Section 59-26-110 requires all middle and high school educators to participate in two hours of suicide prevention continuing education for credential renewal. […] California passed Assembly Bill 2246 in 2016, which requires grade 7-12 public schools to develop and implement comprehensive suicide prevention policies, including guidance on suicide prevention training for teachers. […] The Indiana Division of Mental Health and Addiction (DMHA) provides the states local suicide prevention coalitions with a suicide prevention planning tool that offers guidance on working with partners, assessing communities, action planning, and engaging the media.

• #70 Prevention of depression in children and adolescents | Knowledge for policy

  https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/health-promotion-knowledge-gateway/depression-children-adolescents_en

  Depression is estimated to affect 2.5% of children in the WHO European region. […] The prevention of depression has a wide range of benefits as mental well-being improves educational attainment, reduces school absenteeism and risky behaviours, promotes a healthier lifestyle, and improves social relationships. […] The prevention of child and adolescent mental health can take place in various domains, including individual factors as well as social and environmental factors. It can be achieved by the support and action of many diverse sectors such as education, environment and urban planning, justice, and social welfare. […] Table 3 describes recommendations for policies and actions for the prevention of depression in children and adolescents. […] Table 4 describes examples of measures and best practices implemented to prevent depression and its risk factors and promote mental health for children and adolescents.

• #71 Randomized control trial testing the effectiveness of implemented depression prevention in high-risk adolescents | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-020-01656-0

  Despite this knowledge, there is limited evidence for the effectiveness of indicated depression prevention programs that are actually implemented in schools. […] To meet this ambition, we examined the effectiveness of depression prevention for high-risk adolescents when fully implemented in school communities. […] Besides the benefits of collaboration on the communicating level, the continuity of care, and the expected reduction in overall mental healthcare costs, collaboration in the process of screening, identification, and prevention allows to identify and reduce depressive symptoms before they become severe. […] The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a CBT depression prevention program Op Volle Kracht 2.0 (OVK 2.0, which translates to At Full Force) as implemented in school communities in the prevention of depression for adolescents with elevated depressive symptoms.

• #72 The Escalating Global Challenge of Adolescent Depression | School of Public Health | Brown University

  https://sph.brown.edu/news/2024-03-06/depression-consortium

  The Global Consortium for Depression advocates for a systemic approach to preventing depression and suicidal behavior in teens and adolescents. […] Given these limitations, the Consortium is focused on prevention as a more viable and cost-effective approach, potentially lowering depression rates by 19% or more, particularly among high-risk groups. […] Some depression prevention approaches, particularly universal programs delivered in schools, just haven’t worked when taken to scale. […] Consortium members also noted the challenges of conducting long-term prevention studies, which are necessary but costly, and complicated by the immediate needs of those currently suffering from depression. […] To clear these hurdles, Consortium members stress addressing foundational issues like racism and lack of access to housing and health care, in addition to focusing on more downstream, individual-level interventions. […] They also emphasize the need to include adolescents and young adults in the intervention design process; at the Consortium’s satellite meeting, a panel of young people shared their experiences with depression and offered ideas for prevention approaches that would appeal to their peers.

• #73 Prevention and early intervention of depression in young people: an integrated narrative review of affective awareness and Ecological Momentary Assessment | BMC Psychology | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40359-021-00614-6

  Adolescence is therefore a critical time whereby affective skills can be developed and shaped to improve emotional health. […] EMA may have a beneficial short-term effect on depressive symptoms in clinically depressed adults. […] A systematic review concluded that mobile mood-monitoring applications may reduce depressive symptoms in young people aged 10-24 years by increasing affective awareness. […] Together, these findings indicate that EMA can be used to measure emotional experiences and can also be used as a brief intervention with clinical outcomes. […] Stakeholders thought that EMA would increase awareness of feelings, and that this awareness could be useful for prevention and/or early intervention. […] All young people and psychologists thought that a lack of awareness contributes to depression.

• #74 Journal of Medical Internet Research – MEMO—A Mobile Phone Depression Prevention Intervention for Adolescents: Development Process and Postprogram Findings on Acceptability From a Randomized Controlled Trial

  https://www.jmir.org/2012/1/e13/

  Background: Prevention of the onset of depression in adolescence may prevent social dysfunction, teenage pregnancy, substance abuse, suicide, and mental health conditions in adulthood. […] The objective of the randomized controlled trial (RCT) was to test whether the mobile phone CBT intervention can improve subjective and objective scores of depression symptoms in adolescents in comparison with a control group at 12 months (to be published separately). […] This study shows that key messages from CBT can be delivered by mobile phone and that young people report that these are helpful. […] If the encouraging results presented here are maintained, mobile phone programs could be a cost-effective method for delivering basic CBT techniques to all adolescents. […] Such programs can be easily scaled up to reach large disparate populations regardless of geographic location, as has been shown by the implementation of a successful text message smoking cessation intervention.

• #75 Web-Based Intervention Plays Preventive Role for Teen Depression — Social Work Today

  https://www.socialworktoday.com/news/enews_0319_1.shtml

  CATCH-IT is designed to teach coping skills to teens and young adults. The web-based modules do not identify participants for treatment. Instead, the modules serve to prevent the onset of major depressive disorder (MDD) through interactive prevention rooted in cognitive behavioral therapy, behavioral activation, and interpersonal psychotherapy. […] The available literature suggests that internet-based prevention programs function best when paired with real-life engagement strategies. For that reason, they contend that this new technology should be welcomed. […] Rather than replacing the work of social workers or primary care providers, CATCH-IT aims to supplement their work by identifying adolescents who require support managing sub-syndromal symptoms of depression. […] There is an enormous unmet demand for assistance in preventing onset of mental disorders. We see this model as supplementing existent systems of care and ideally expanding what social workers can achieve in the prevention area.

• #76 Impact of an online depression prevention intervention on suicide risk factors for adolescents and young adults – Dickter – mHealth

  https://mhealth.amegroups.org/article/view/25519/html

  Adolescent death by suicide is an emergent health crisis in the United States of America. […] The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of CATCH-IT, an Internet-based depression prevention intervention on risk factors for suicide (i.e., suicidal ideation, hopelessness, low self-esteem and social isolation). […] The findings provide initial evidence that online depression prevention programs could be related to decreased suicidal ideation, and that those who complete the entire program may benefit more than those who complete only a part of CATCH-IT. […] This study evaluated the potential utility of an online depression prevention program in affecting adolescent risk factors for suicide. […] CATCH-IT’s efficacy could be better understood by analyzing the manner in which adolescents completed the intervention as intended by investigating program fidelity, which is measured by participant adherence to the CATCH-IT program and can be moderated by several factors. […] The potential for widespread rollout of depression prevention programs that can help to prevent adolescent suicide exists. […] These findings provide initial evidence that an online depression prevention programs can reduce risk factors for suicide.

• #77 The Escalating Global Challenge of Adolescent Depression | School of Public Health | Brown University

  https://sph.brown.edu/news/2024-03-06/depression-consortium

  The Global Consortium for Depression advocates for a systemic approach to preventing depression and suicidal behavior in teens and adolescents. […] Given these limitations, the Consortium is focused on prevention as a more viable and cost-effective approach, potentially lowering depression rates by 19% or more, particularly among high-risk groups. […] Some depression prevention approaches, particularly universal programs delivered in schools, just haven’t worked when taken to scale. […] Consortium members also noted the challenges of conducting long-term prevention studies, which are necessary but costly, and complicated by the immediate needs of those currently suffering from depression. […] To clear these hurdles, Consortium members stress addressing foundational issues like racism and lack of access to housing and health care, in addition to focusing on more downstream, individual-level interventions. […] They also emphasize the need to include adolescents and young adults in the intervention design process; at the Consortium’s satellite meeting, a panel of young people shared their experiences with depression and offered ideas for prevention approaches that would appeal to their peers.

• #78 Frontiers | Depression and Anxiety Prevention Based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for At-Risk Adolescents: A Meta-Analytic Review

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01066/full

  Depression and anxiety disorders are among the most common mental disorders during adolescence. During this life phase, the incidence of these clinical disorders rises dramatically, and even more adolescents suffer from symptoms of depression or anxiety that are just below the clinical threshold. Both clinical and subclinical levels of depression or anxiety symptoms are related to decreased functioning in various areas, such as social and academic functioning. Prevention of depression and anxiety in adolescents is therefore imperative. […] For depression prevention aimed at high risk adolescents, meta-analysis showed a small effect of prevention programs directly after the intervention, but no effect at 3–6 months and at 12 months follow-up. […] Although effects on depression and anxiety symptoms were small and temporary, current findings cautiously suggest that depression and anxiety prevention programs based on CBT might have small effects on mental health of adolescents. However, it also indicates that there is still much to be gained for prevention programs.

• #79 Frontiers | Depression and Anxiety Prevention Based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for At-Risk Adolescents: A Meta-Analytic Review

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01066/full

  Several prevention programs have been developed to prevent depression and anxiety during adolescence. These programs utilize different types of prevention strategies and focus on populations with different risks of developing depression or anxiety. […] Selective and indicated prevention programs are both aimed at populations with risk factors for depression or anxiety. An important risk factor is parental psychopathology, as children are three times more likely to develop a major depressive disorder and two to seven times more likely to develop an anxiety disorder when their parents suffer from depression or anxiety, respectively. […] In targeting symptoms, prevention seems to parallel treatment in these goals. As we know from reviews of meta-analyses, cognitive behavioral therapy demonstrated to be an effective treatment for a wide range of psychological problems, including depression and anxiety.

• #80 Frontiers | Depression and Anxiety Prevention Based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for At-Risk Adolescents: A Meta-Analytic Review

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01066/full

  This review presents evidence that cognitive behavioral therapy based prevention of depression in groups for high-risk adolescents is effective in the short term. These at-risk groups mostly have elevated levels of depression, and with these prevention programs their symptoms, and also the risk on a full-blown depressive disorder, reduce. For anxiety, cognitive behavioral therapy based prevention programs appear to be effective after 3–6 months, but this effect disappears after 12 months.

• #81 The Prevention of Adolescent Depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3072710/

  Successful prevention efforts use a developmental approach, positioning the intervention in the developmental epoch preceding or during the age of peak incidence. […] Successful depression prevention programs target the developmental window from ages 11 to 15, when symptoms are present but before the onset of full-blown disorder. […] Overall, it appears that there is reason for hope regarding the role of interventions in preventing depressive disorders in youth. […] Our review highlights several directions for future research on the prevention of depression in youth. […] Selected and indicated prevention approaches appear to be more effective than universal prevention approaches. […] Prevention programs targeting youth depression should include efforts to enhance the family environment. […] More generally, the IOM report on prevention emphasized the value of programs that enhance parenting for families.

• #82 Prevention of Depression in At-Risk Adolescents: Moderators of Long-term Response

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4969230/

  Reducing the number of days during which an adolescent experiences depressive symptoms could substantially impact important domains of functioning, and therefore should be targeted as an outcome of preventive interventions, in addition to decreasing onsets of depressive episodes. […] The current study examined the number of days during the interval between baseline and month 33 that adolescents were without depressive symptoms depression-free days (DFDs). […] Thus, the CBP program clearly can prevent or at least delay depression in at-risk adolescents, particularly when implemented at moments of relative wellness in youths and their parents. […] Modifying the CBP program to address the variables that were associated with an attenuated response may be one productive pathway to boosting the efficacy of CBP, particularly for youths at greatest risk for developing depressive disorders.

• #83 Web-Based Intervention Plays Preventive Role for Teen Depression — Social Work Today

  https://www.socialworktoday.com/news/enews_0319_1.shtml

  As we move into a future in which web-based solutions will surely continue to rise, the researchers involved in the evaluation of CATCH-IT stress the importance of remaining on the path of evidence-based approaches, even in the advent of new technology. […] Knowing that this is the future, I think it’s important that future social workers are studying more about web-based interventions and the different modalities that are out there as well as how they can be integrated into our practice as social workers.

• #84 Psychiatry.org – Preventing Depression Among At-Risk Youth

  https://www.psychiatry.org/news-room/apa-blogs/preventing-depression-among-at-risk-youth

  The authors recognize that few health systems provide mental health prevention services, but they suggest there is a growing awareness of the connection between depression and long-term health. Effective depression prevention programs, the authors argue, could improve both short- and long-term health of youths and a reasonable cost.

• #85 The Prevention of Adolescent Depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3072710/

  This article provides a conceptual framework for research on the prevention of depression in youth and reviews the recent literature on prevention efforts targeting children and adolescents. […] In recent years, researchers and policy makers have recognized the importance of focusing on prevention efforts for depression. […] Given the high prevalence and costs of youth depression, the connection between early onset depression, and recurrence of the disorder in adulthood, the impairment associated with youth depression, and the difficulty in treating depression once it has developed, efforts to prevent depression are warranted. […] The importance of preventing depressive disorder through the development and evaluation of preventive interventions was highlighted by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Report, Preventing Mental Disorders, and has been emphasized by numerous recent expert panels.

• #86 Prevention strategies for adolescent depression | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/prevention-strategies-for-adolescent-depression/B25A79E410079BA1ADEA09A711AFAB57

  Depression is missed more often in adolescents than in adults, partly because they present with symptoms different from those in adults and because many do not seek help. […] Early detection or the delay of onset can have a significant effect on a young person’s development and social functioning. […] We briefly discuss diagnosis and screening instruments before presenting the wide range of educational and psychological preventive approaches developed for adolescent depression. […] Many of the latter are based on the cognitive-behavioural or interpersonal therapy models. […] We consider how clinicians might use the current evidence base to identify and prevent depression in adolescents, and outline the principles of management of the disorder. […] The prevention of depression in young people is important not only because it is distressing for the individual, family and carers, but because it is also associated with considerable social, educational and occupational impairment as well as poor physical health.

• #87 Prevention of Depression in At-Risk Adolescents: Moderators of Long-term Response

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4969230/

  In a randomized controlled trial, we found that a cognitive behavioral program (CBP) was significantly more effective than usual care (UC) in preventing the onset of depressive episodes, although not everyone benefitted from the CBP intervention. […] Thus, the prevention of depression is a serious and pressing public health priority. […] Evidence that depression can be prevented has been increasing in recent years. […] Therefore, a critical task for the field is to determine what differentiates those who do versus do not benefit from these interventions. […] Detection of moderators can help make the provision of scarce resources more efficient, and can suggest ways to modify the preventive interventions to make them more effective. […] The CBP program was effective in extending the time to onsets of depressive episodes for youths experiencing relative wellness in both themselves and their parents.

• #88 Psychiatry.org – Preventing Depression Among At-Risk Youth

  https://www.psychiatry.org/news-room/apa-blogs/preventing-depression-among-at-risk-youth

  Depression is common among adolescents worldwide, affecting an estimated 45 percent of adolescents each year. It can lead to serious social and educational difficulties and is also a major risk factor for suicide. Despite effective treatments, only about one in four youth with depression receive treatment. Often the depression is quite severe before they get treatment. […] There are effective ways to prevent youth depression, yet few at-risk youths have access to prevention services. A recent study from a team of researchers from Kaiser Permanente Northwest in Portland, Ore., Harvard University and several other universities looked at the cost-effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral prevention program in preventing depression among at-risk youth. […] The cognitive behavior prevention program consisted of 90-minute sessions once a week for eight weeks followed by six monthly continuation sessions. The program taught the youth problem-solving skills and how to identify and change troubling thoughts and beliefs. All of the participants were able to seek mental health services if needed. The youth in the cognitive behavioral prevention program had better outcomes than the control group. They experienced fewer depression episodes and had significantly more depression-free days at 9 months and 2 years after the intervention. The authors also found the program cost-effective at just under $600 per youth.

• #89 Prevention of depression in children and adolescents | Knowledge for policy

  https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/health-promotion-knowledge-gateway/depression-children-adolescents_en

  Depression is estimated to affect 2.5% of children in the WHO European region. […] The prevention of depression has a wide range of benefits as mental well-being improves educational attainment, reduces school absenteeism and risky behaviours, promotes a healthier lifestyle, and improves social relationships. […] The prevention of child and adolescent mental health can take place in various domains, including individual factors as well as social and environmental factors. It can be achieved by the support and action of many diverse sectors such as education, environment and urban planning, justice, and social welfare. […] Table 3 describes recommendations for policies and actions for the prevention of depression in children and adolescents. […] Table 4 describes examples of measures and best practices implemented to prevent depression and its risk factors and promote mental health for children and adolescents.

• #90 Randomized control trial testing the effectiveness of implemented depression prevention in high-risk adolescents | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-020-01656-0

  Findings from LGCM show that the decrease in self-reported depressive symptoms was significant in both conditions, from the baseline to 12 months after the interventions, and that the decrease in depressive symptoms was significantly larger in the experimental condition with 42.6% of the adolescents who improved, than in the control condition with 16.2% of the adolescents who improved. This indicates that a CBT prevention program is effective in reducing elevated depressive symptoms in adolescents when implemented in school communities. […] Given the high rates of adolescents that suffer from depressive feelings worldwide, implementation of indicated prevention programs, screenings, and subsequent referrals of suicidality are priorities.

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