Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Teen depression – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20350985

  Teen depression is a serious mental health problem that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in activities. It affects how your teenager thinks, feels and behaves, and it can cause emotional, functional and physical problems. […] Teen depression isn’t a weakness or something that can be overcome with willpower it can have serious consequences and requires long-term treatment. For most teens, depression symptoms ease with treatment such as medication and psychological counseling. […] If depression signs and symptoms continue, begin to interfere in your teen’s life, or cause you to have concerns about suicide or your teen’s safety, talk to a doctor or a mental health professional trained to work with adolescents. […] Depression symptoms likely won’t get better on their own and they may get worse or lead to other problems if untreated.

• #2 Depression in childhood and adolescence – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_in_childhood_and_adolescence

  Major depressive disorder, often simply referred to as depression, is a mental disorder characterized by prolonged unhappiness or irritability. […] Depression in childhood and adolescence is similar to adult major depressive disorder, although young sufferers may exhibit increased irritability or behavioral discontrol instead of the more common sad, empty, or hopeless feelings that are seen with adults. […] Children who are under stress, experiencing loss or grief, or have other underlying disorders are at a higher risk for depression. […] Psychologists have developed different treatments to assist children and adolescents suffering from depression, though the legitimacy of the diagnosis of childhood depression as a psychiatric disorder, as well as the efficacy of various methods of assessment and treatment, remains controversial.

• #3 Depression in childhood and adolescence – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_in_childhood_and_adolescence

  About 8% of children and adolescents suffer from depression. […] In 2016, 51% of students (teens) who visited a counseling center reported having anxiety, followed by depression (41%). […] Many students reported experiencing multiple conditions at once. […] Research suggests that the prevalence of children with major depressive disorder in Western cultures ranges from 1.9% to 3.4% among primary school children. […] Among teenagers, up to 9% meet criteria for depression at a given moment and approximately 20% experience depression sometime during adolescence. […] Studies have also found that among children diagnosed with a depressive episode, there is a 70% rate of recurrence within five years. […] Furthermore, 50% of children with depression will have a recurrence at least once during their adulthood.

• #4

  https://medicalhome.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/adolescent-depression-chn-final.doc

  Adolescent Depression: Screening and Management in Primary Care Studies have indicated that only 50% of adolescents with depression are diagnosed before reaching adulthood. Research has also revealed that up to 9% of teenagers meet criteria for depression at any one time, and in primary care (PC) settings prevalence rates are likely higher (up to 28%). In 2016, an estimated 3.1 million or 12.8% of adolescents aged 12 to 17 years in the United States had at least one major depressive episode with an estimated 2.2 million of this population having at least one major depressive episode with severe impairment. Of adolescents with major depressive episode, approximately 70% had severe impairment, or 9% of the U.S. population aged 12 to 17. The prevalence of major depressive episode was higher among adolescent females (19.4%) compared to males (6.4%), and was highest among adolescents reporting two or more races (13.8%). The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recently published updated guidelines for depression in youth aged 10 to 21 years. These guidelines address the screening, identification, assessment, diagnosis, treatment and ongoing management of depression in PC. Risk factors for depression may be biological (i.e. family history of depression, chronic medical illness, obesity), psychological (i.e. history of suicide attempts, ineffective coping skills, low self-esteem, negative body image) or environmental (i.e. poor peer relationships, decreased physical activity, increased parental conflict, poor academic performance, low socioeconomic status, substance use). Common symptoms of depressive disorders are: sad or irritable mood, insomnia or hypersomnia, decreased interest or lack of enjoyment, change of appetite or change of weight, decreased concentration or indecision, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, feelings of hopelessness, recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation.

• #5 Depression in Children and Adolescents: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1115/p609.html

  The prevalence of depression is increasing among youth in the United States. […] Treatment rates have changed little since 2005, raising concern that adolescents are not receiving needed care for depression. […] Adolescents should be screened annually for depression. […] For children and adolescents with moderate or severe depression or persistent mild depression should be treated with fluoxetine (Prozac) or escitalopram (Lexapro) in conjunction with cognitive behavior therapy or other talk therapy. […] Increased risk of depression in children and adolescents may be due to biologic, psychological, or environmental factors. […] However, after puberty, adolescent girls are more likely to experience depression. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening children and adolescents 12 to 18 years of age for major depressive disorder with adequate systems in place to ensure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and appropriate follow-up.

• #6 Promoting Healthy Mental Development: A Bright Futures Online Curriculum

  https://www.brightfutures.org/development/adolescence/depression.html

  Depression is a relatively common mental health problem among teens. […] Teens who have been physically or sexually abused are also at high risk for depression. […] Depression in teens is not always characterized by sadness, but can be seen as irritability, anger, boredom, an inability to experience pleasure, or difficulty with family relationships, school, and work. […] The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) now recommends screening all teens ages 12-18 for major depressive disorder when systems are in place to ensure accurate diagnosis, psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral or interpersonal), and follow-up. […] Cognitive, behavioral, and other therapies; family intervention; and antidepressant medications can each be useful in the treatment of depression. […] If you think you are depressed, it is important to ask for help.

• #7 Depression in Children and Adolescents: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1115/p609.html

  The presenting sign of major depressive disorder may be insomnia or hypersomnia; weight loss or gain; difficulty concentrating; loss of interest in school, sports, or other previously enjoyable activities; increased irritability; or feeling sad or worthless. […] To diagnose major depressive disorder, criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (DSM-5), must be met and not explained by substance abuse, medication use, or other medical or psychological condition. […] Suicide is the second leading cause of death for people 10 to 24 years of age after unintentional injury. […] In one study, nurses in a pediatric emergency department used the Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ) tool to assess suicide risk in 970 adolescents who presented with psychiatric problems.

• #8 Teen Depression: Statistics, Symptoms, Test, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/teen_depression/article.htm

  According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is the accepted resource for diagnosing mental disorders, general symptoms of a major depressive episode, regardless of age, include having a depressed or irritable mood for at least two weeks and having at least five of the following clinical signs and symptoms: Feeling sad or blue, Crying frequently, Loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities, Significant increase or decrease in appetite, Significant weight loss, failing to gain weight appropriately, or gaining excessive weight, Change in sleep pattern: inability to sleep or excessive sleeping, Agitation, irritability, or anger, Fatigue or loss of energy, A tendency to isolate from friends and family, Trouble concentrating, Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, Thoughts of death or thoughts, plans, or attempts at completing suicide.

• #9 Depression in childhood and adolescence – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_in_childhood_and_adolescence

  Risk factors for adolescent depression include a family history of depression, a personal history of trauma, family conflict, minority sexual orientation, or having a chronic medical illness. […] There is also a substantial comorbidity rate with depression in children with anxiety disorder, conduct disorder, and impaired social functioning. […] Adolescents are engaged in a search for identity and meaning in their lives. […] Treatment programs have been developed that help reduce the symptoms of depression. […] Identification and treatment of concomitant parental depression is associated with improved responses to treatment in adolescents with depression as having a parent with depression may negatively affect a young person’s response to therapy as well as their outlook on depression.

• #10 Teen Depression: Statistics, Symptoms, Test, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/teen_depression/article.htm

  As with most mental health disorders, depression in teens does not have one single definitive cause. Rather, people with this illness tend to have a number of biological, psychological, and environmental risk factors that contribute to its development. […] Teens who develop depression are also more prone to having other biological challenges, like low birth weight, trouble sleeping, and having a mother younger than 18 years old at the time of their birth. […] Depression may be a reaction to environmental stresses, including trauma like verbal, physical, or sexual abuse, the death of a loved one, school problems, or being the victim of bullying or peer pressure. […] Clinical depression, also called major depression, is more than sadness that lasts for a day or two before feeling better. In true depressive illnesses, the symptoms last weeks, months, or sometimes years if no treatment is received.

• #11 Major Depression in Teens | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/health-information/health-and-wellness-library/article/pediatric-diseases-and-conditions-v0/major-depression-in-adolescents

  Major depression is a type of mood disorder. Its also known as clinical depression or unipolar depression. Major depression goes beyond the days normal ups and downs. It involves a teens body, mood, and thoughts. It can affect and disrupt eating, sleeping, or thinking patterns. […] Treatment is often needed. […] A teen may be more likely to have major depression if he or she has: Family history of depression, especially if a parent had depression when young, Lots of stress, Abuse or neglect, Physical or emotional trauma, Other mental health problems, Loss of a parent, caregiver, or other loved one, Cigarette smoking, Loss of a relationship, such as moving away or losing a boyfriend or girlfriend, Other chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, Other developmental, learning, or conduct disorders.

• #12 The Teen Depression Awareness Project: Building an Evidence Base for Improving Teen Depression Care | RAND

  https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9495.html

  Depression significantly impairs teen functioning in school, among peers, and in family life, and effects may persist. […] As many as 20 percent of American teenagers experience depression by the age of 18. […] Most of those who receive care are treated in primary care, which makes these settings promising venues for efforts to improve access to care and outcomes for depressed teens. […] The analysis also found that depressed teens were more likely than their nondepressed counterparts to suffer from coexisting emotional and behavioral problems, including anxiety, PTSD, hyperactivity, drug use, and aggressive behavior. […] These results suggest that identifying and treating depressed teens could have benefits that extend beyond the treatment of clinical symptoms and could improve social, academic, and family functioning at the time of detection and over time.

• #13 Depression (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568733/

  Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. […] The common features of all the depressive disorders are sadness, emptiness, or irritable mood, accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes that significantly affect the individuals capacity to function. […] The nursing diagnoses found in people with depression should be individualized to the patient. The list below contains some nursing diagnoses that frequently occur due to their connection to the DSM 5 diagnostic criteria: Self-directed violence, the risk for; Hopelessness; Coping, ineffective; Self-Esteem, chronic low; Fatigue; Nutrition, imbalanced, less than body requirements. […] The nurse, caring for the depressed person, should direct interventions toward resolving the issues identified through the nursing diagnoses. A priority is the patients safety, including alleviating the risk of suicide. The following list includes interventions for the depressed person: Monitor for suicidal risk; Keep the environment safe by eliminating sharp objects and items that could be used to harm self; Encourage patient to do as much as possible for self.

• #14

  https://journals.lww.com/nursing/fulltext/2020/10000/assessing_mental_health_in_vulnerable_adolescents.12.aspx

  A dramatic shift in adolescent risks and behaviors in recent years threatens adolescents’ mental well-being more than ever. This article explores vulnerable adolescent populations, describes the importance of nurses in all categories of assessment for adolescent mental health, and identifies assessment strategies and immediate interventions for successful outcomes. […] Nurses have a crucial role in assessing vulnerable populations in all healthcare settings. Engaging in formal and informal assessments that can identify adolescents at risk for mental illness saves lives. […] Successful treatments exist for adolescents with mental illness; however, screening among this age group is low. […] Nurses must be educated on the needs of vulnerable populations as well as mental illness and suicidal behaviors, and utilize every opportunity to identify mental health issues.

• #15 Depression rates rising in preteens. Mental fitness tools can help. | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/population-care/depression-rates-rising-preteens-mental-fitness-tools-can-help

  The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening for anxiety in children and adolescents 8 to 18 years old. The USPSTF also recommends screening for major depressive disorder in adolescents 12 to 18 years old. […] Therapy is extremely important in addressing depression, said Dr. Holve. […] Many therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy help us challenge these patterns so we can respond more positively to our situation. […] Medication can certainly help with treating depression, but Dr. Holve clarified that it’s never the first line approach. […] Monitoring changes in sleep, appetite, energy those are good, objective ways for parents to notice what’s going on, he said. […] To intervene sooner, health systems and schools should be doing more screening for depression and adverse childhood experiences.

• #16 Depression in children and adolescents in primary care – Cheung – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/5970/html

  Depression is common in the pediatric population and it is critical that primary care provide accessible and timely care to this population and their families. […] The assessment and diagnosis of depression in children and adolescents should start with a comprehensive interview. […] The clinical assessment for depression should include an interview with the patient alone and with parents/caregivers. […] The assessment should also involve the use of tools including screening instruments and rating scales. […] A validated tool should not only be used during the initial assessment period but also regularly throughout treatment to facilitate the monitoring of depressive symptoms. […] As part of the assessment for depression, primary care should also assess for both physical and psychiatric comorbidities.

• #17 Depression in Children and Adolescents: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1115/p609.html

  The prevalence of major unipolar depression in children and adolescents is increasing in the United States. Screening for depression in adolescents 12 years and older should be conducted annually using a validated instrument, such as the Patient Health Questionnaire-9: Modified for Teens. If the diagnosis is confirmed, treatment should be initiated for persistent, moderate, and severe depression. Active support and monitoring may be sufficient for mild, self-limited depression. […] For more severe depression, evidence indicates greater response to treatment when psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive behavior therapy) and an antidepressant are used concurrently, compared with either treatment alone. Fluoxetine and escitalopram are the only antidepressants approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treatment of depression in children and adolescents. Monitoring for suicidality is necessary in children and adolescents receiving pharmacotherapy, with frequency of monitoring based on each patient’s individual risk. […] Consultation with or referral to a mental health subspecialist is warranted if symptoms worsen or do not improve despite treatment and for those who become a risk to themselves or others.

• #18 Adolescent Depression: Pediatric Mental Health Minute Series

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/mental-health-minute/adolescent-depression/?srsltid=AfmBOooA8HC9CiQr1am_8o7vzwzjVQXKmWYX42lvv0yW8OF49F7oOwns

  Adolescent depression is a common mental health problem characterized by irritable or sad mood that causes significant problems at home, school, and in relationships. […] Adolescents with depression often experience irritability or sadness; changes in their energy, sleep, appetite, and concentration; social withdrawal; feeling of hopelessness; and suicidal thoughts. […] Yet, only a minority of teens with depression receive adequate screening and treatment. […] Brief screening tools, such as the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Item modified for teens, can be used to identify adolescents at risk for depression or suicide. […] Adolescents with depression +/- anxiety, but without suicidal intent, recent suicide attempt, a history of trauma, or a family history of bipolar can be treated in the primary care setting. […] Combination treatment with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) medication and cognitive behavioral therapy are most effective for moderate severity depression.

• #19 Patient education: Depression in children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-in-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  People often think of depression as an adult problem, not something that affects children, but children – especially adolescents – commonly suffer from depression. The condition interferes with their ability to perform well in school and develop and maintain relationships, and can have lasting repercussions, especially if it goes unnoticed. […] Depression is a treatable condition. Psychotherapy (counseling), medications, and other measures can alleviate symptoms and help children and adolescent succeed in school, develop and maintain healthy relationships, and feel more self-confident. […] In children and adolescents, depression can adversely affect school performance, relationships with parents and peers, and other everyday functions. What’s more, depressed adolescents are more likely to engage in risky behaviors such as promiscuity or drug use.

• #20 Major Depression Nursing Care Plans – 9 Nursing Diagnosis – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/major-depression-nursing-care-plans/

  Use this nursing care plan and management guide to help care for patients with major depressive disorders. Learn about the nursing assessment, nursing interventions, goals and nursing diagnosis for major depression in this guide. […] Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder. It has a lifetime prevalence of about 5% to 17%, with the average being 12%. […] According to the CDC, from 2016 to 2019, 2.7 million children aged 3 to 17 years were diagnosed with depression. […] Nursing care plans and management for clients with major depression include determining a degree of impairment, assessing the clients coping abilities, assisting the client to deal with the current situation, increasing the clients self-esteem, promoting the clients safety, improving the clients social support, and promoting health and wellness.

• #21 Major Depression Nursing Care Plans – 9 Nursing Diagnosis – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/major-depression-nursing-care-plans/

  The following are the nursing priorities for patients with major depression: Assess suicide risk, Monitor mood and behavior changes, Administer prescribed antidepressant medication, Facilitate regular psychotherapy sessions, Provide education on depression management. […] Goals and expected outcomes may include: The client will seek help when experiencing self-destructive impulses. The client will have a behavioral manifestation of absent depression. The client will identify at least two-three people he/she can seek out for support and emotional guidance when he/she is feeling self-destructive before discharge. […] Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with major depression may include: Promoting Safety and Preventing Self-Directed Violence, Promoting Therapeutic Relationship and Enhancing Support Network, Promoting Activities of Daily Living and Self-Care, Providing Emotional Support and Enhancing Self-Esteem, Initiating Patient Education and Health Teachings, Administer Medications and Provide Pharmacologic Support.

• #22 Depression Treatment in Your Teen: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.depression-treatment-in-your-teen-care-instructions.ug6015

  Give your teen support and understanding. This is one of the most important things you can do to help your teen cope with depression. […] Work with your teen’s doctor to create a safety plan. A plan covers warning signs of self-harm. […] If your teen talks about suicide, self-harm, a mental health crisis, a substance use crisis, or any other kind of emotional distress, get help right away. […] Call 911 anytime you think your teen may need emergency care. […] Watch closely for changes in your teen’s health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: […] Your teen is having manic behavior. Your teen may have very high energy, need less sleep than normal, or show risky behavior such as abusing others verbally or physically.

• #23 Patient education: Depression treatment options for children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDateAntidepressants_PI.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-treatment-options-for-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  • Other family members might be able to identify their own depressive symptoms and need for treatment. […] • Family members can learn how to help the child or teen with depression. It is important to clarify the role of parents, other family members, and teachers in the patient’s treatment and recovery. […] • Family members can learn how to make the environment safer for the patient. For example, the need to limit access to certain items, such as prescription medications and weapons, should be discussed. […] • Family members can learn about available treatment options for depression, including the pros and cons of various treatment options, so that they can make well-informed decisions. […] • Family members can learn how to recognize if the child or teen’s depressive symptoms are recurring or coming back.

• #24 How to Help a Teen Struggling With Depression

  https://creeksidebh.com/helping-teen-with-depression/

  If your teen is struggling with depression, one of the most important things to do is to show your support. You can do this by: Engaging in open communication. Create a safe and non-judgmental space for your teen to express their feelings. […] Ignoring depression will not make it go away. There are treatments available for depression that can be effective for teens, such as: Therapy. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy can help teens understand and manage their emotions, develop coping strategies, and improve overall mental well-being. […] Untreated depression in teens can have serious consequences. Without properly addressing the condition, the following could occur: Academic decline. Depression can significantly impact a teen’s ability to concentrate, leading to a decline in academic performance.

• #25 Major Depression Nursing Care Plans – 9 Nursing Diagnosis – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/major-depression-nursing-care-plans/

  Preventing self-violence in patients with major depression involves implementing measures to ensure a secure a safe environment by removing potential means for self-harm and closely monitoring the patients whereabouts. […] The support network of patients with major depression has a significant impact on their recovery. […] Patients with major depression may experience cognitive difficulties characterized by negative thought patterns, self-critical thinking, and a distorted perception of themselves and their surroundings. […] Emotional support involves offering empathetic listening, validation of feelings, and providing a safe space for patients with major depression to express their emotions. […] Patient education for individuals with major depression is needed in helping in understanding the nature of the condition, the available treatment options, and self-management strategies.

• #26 Depression in Teens: How Parents Can Help (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/teen-depression.html

  Therapists plan each teen’s treatment after first doing a careful exam. They will talk with you and your teen to explain the treatment they recommend. Sometimes, doctors also prescribe medicines to help teens who are depressed. […] Therapy helps teens explore and resolve their depression. In therapy, teens may learn to: feel understood and closer to others, talk about their feelings, thoughts, and events that matter to them, manage strong emotions and moods, reduce harmful or risky behaviors, regain energy and motivation, improve their emotions, thoughts, and outlook, learn and practice coping skills, restore healthy family bonds or boundaries, as needed, build on their inner strengths, find hope and healing, increase their joy and optimism. […] If you think your teen might be depressed: Talk with them. Show extra love and support. Let them know you care and want to hear what they’re going through. When they’re depressed, many teens feel alone, distant, or unlovable. Small gestures of caring can help them feel less alone.

• #27 How to Help a Teen With Depression: 9 Pieces of Advice

  https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/how-to-help-a-teen-with-depression

  If youve noticed these signs on most days for more than a week or two, your child could have depression. […] While your compassion and guidance can make a big difference for your child, professional support is typically the best way to improve symptoms. […] If they resist the idea of therapy at first, talking to a school counselor, family pediatrician, or favorite teacher can help them get more comfortable with the idea. […] Talking over what happens in therapy can also help demystify the process. […] If they have a research project, for example, you might help them brainstorm topics, talk over things to include on an outline, take them to the library to find source material. […] Lifestyle changes can have a lot of benefit for depression symptoms. […] These changes might include: more physical activity, regular nutritious meals, plenty of sunshine, dedicated bedtimes, a nightly wind-down routine.

• #28 Treatment of Depression in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/1101/p558.html

  The AHRQ review found limited evidence of benefit for depressive symptoms from CBT, family therapy, exercise, and spirituality, although none of these treatments showed evidence of harm. […] When pharmacotherapy was added to nonpharmacologic therapy, there was a benefit for symptoms and functional status compared with nonpharmacologic therapies alone. […] Depressive symptoms and function were improved with SSRIs but not serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. […] Family physicians play a critical role in identifying and treating depressive disorders in children and adolescents. […] The guidelines emphasize evidence-based treatments such as CBT and SSRIs. […] Physicians may consider initiating SSRIs for children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. […] Options such as CBT or family therapy with or without SSRIs should be considered. […] Exercise and spirituality may also be incorporated into the treatment of adolescents with depression because they improve symptoms with no known harms.

• #29 Depression in Children and Teens | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.depression-in-children-and-teens.ty4640

  Depression is a serious mental health condition that can take the joy from a child’s life. […] Even a young child can have depression that needs treatment to improve. […] Treatment usually includes professional counseling, medicine, and education about depression for your child and your family. Home treatment is an important part of treating depression. It includes regular exercise, healthy eating, and getting enough sleep. […] It’s important to watch for warning signs of suicide in your child or teen. […] Treatment usually includes education about depression, professional counseling, and medicine. […] If your child’s symptoms are mild to moderate, counseling or lifestyle changes may be enough to help your child feel better. […] Antidepressant medicine may be an option if a child is very depressed.

• #30 Depression (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568733/

  Education plays an important role in the successful treatment of major depressive disorder. This would include the education of the family and the patient. […] An important role of the nurse is teaching the patient about depression, its symptoms, treatments, and how to promote overall health and wellbeing. The following are points to include in the teaching of a depressed person: Teach the patient the signs and symptoms of depression; Emphasize that depression is a medical illness with treatments that are effective so that the patient does not feel stigmatized by the diagnosis; Reinforce the rationales for the medications and therapies. […] The entire interprofessional healthcare team, including the patient and family, should be part of the discharge planning with the goal of reducing the need for readmission and helping the person achieve the highest level of functioning possible.

• #31 Patient education: Depression treatment options for children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDateAntidepressants_PI.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-treatment-options-for-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  This topic review discusses the treatment options available for children and adolescents with depression. The causes, symptoms, and diagnosis of depression are discussed separately. (See „Patient education: Depression in children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics).”) […] STEP ONE: EDUCATION — […] In children and adolescents, treatment for depression is most successful when the parents or caregivers are involved. Learning about depression is an important component of depression treatment. Family education is also important before decisions are made about a treatment plan. […] Understanding how depression affects the child or teen’s mood, thoughts, body, and behavior can help the patient and their family in several ways: […] • Family members can learn about the symptoms of depression and how these symptoms impact the child or teen’s relationships with friends and family, willingness to attend school, and ability to complete school work.

• #32 Parent’s Guide to Teen Depression – HelpGuide.org

  https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/depression/parents-guide-to-teen-depression

  The road to your depressed teenagers recovery may be bumpy, so be patient. Rejoice in small victories and prepare for the occasional setback. […] As your depressed teenager goes through treatment, the most important thing you can do is to let them know that youre there to listen and offer support. Now more than ever, your teenager needs to know that theyre valued, accepted, and cared for. […] Living with a depressed teenager can be difficult and draining. At times, you may experience exhaustion, rejection, despair, aggravation, or any other number of negative emotions. During this trying time, its important to remember that your child is not being difficult on purpose. Your teen is suffering, so do your best to be patient and understanding. […] Make sure your teenager is following all treatment instructions, whether its attending therapy or correctly taking any prescribed medication. Track changes in your teens condition, and call the doctor if depression symptoms seem to be getting worse.

• #33 Major Depression Nursing Care Plans – 9 Nursing Diagnosis – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/major-depression-nursing-care-plans/

  Medications commonly used in the treatment of major depression include antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and atypical antidepressants.

• #34 Patient education: Depression treatment options for children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDateAntidepressants_PI.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-treatment-options-for-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  • Alternatives to medication (eg, continued psychotherapy) […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) — Medications called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are generally the first-line medication for depression in children and adolescents because most people have only mild (or no) side effects, and the medication is generally taken once per day. […] SSRIs that have been studied and used in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder include fluoxetine (brand name: Prozac), citalopram (brand name: Celexa), escitalopram (brand name: Lexapro), fluvoxamine (brand name: Luvox), paroxetine (brand name: Paxil), and sertraline (brand name: Zoloft). Fluoxetine has been more widely studied than other SSRIs in children and adolescents. Questions or concerns about any antidepressant should be discussed with the clinician.

• #35 Depression in Children and Adolescents: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1115/p609.html

  The GLAD-PC guidelines recommend that primary care physicians counsel families and patients about depression and develop a treatment plan that includes setting specific goals involving functioning at home, at school, and with peers. […] If the danger of suicide becomes imminent, psychiatric evaluation in a hospital emergency department or psychiatry crisis clinic is needed. […] For mild depression, which may be short-lived, primary care physicians should consider active support such as counseling about depression and treatment options, facilitating caregiver/patient depression self-management, and monitoring the patient every week or two for six to eight weeks before initiating pharmacotherapy and/or psychotherapy. […] Treatment options for children and adolescents with depression include psychotherapy and anti-depressants. […] Fluoxetine (Prozac) and escitalopram (Lexapro) are the only two medications approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat major depressive disorder in children and adolescents.

• #36 Patient education: Depression treatment options for children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDateAntidepressants_PI.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-treatment-options-for-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  Atypical antidepressants — Atypical antidepressants may be considered if SSRIs are not effective or cannot be tolerated. Available options include venlafaxine (brand name: Effexor), desvenlafaxine (brand name: Pristiq), duloxetine (brand name: Cymbalta), mirtazapine (brand name: Remeron), and bupropion (brand name: Wellbutrin). Venlafaxine appears to be effective for depression in adolescents, and works about as well as SSRIs, although it has more side effects. However, other than venlafaxine, these medications have not been well studied in children and adolescents. […] Tricyclic antidepressants — Another group of antidepressants that are rarely used in children or adolescents are called tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Drugs in this class include imipramine (brand name: Tofranil), amitriptyline (brand name: Elavil), desipramine (brand name: Norpramin), nortriptyline (brand name: Pamelor), and clomipramine (brand name: Anafranil). TCAs do not appear to be effective in children and younger adolescents.

• #37 Patient education: Depression treatment options for children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDateAntidepressants_PI.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-treatment-options-for-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  Side effects — Side effects of SSRI antidepressants often improve quickly (within one to two weeks), but may include headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea and nausea, sleep changes, jitteriness, agitation, activation (eg, impulsive behavior, hyperactivity, and insomnia), sexual side effects (decreased libido, delayed ability or inability to experience orgasm/ejaculate), or a tendency to bruise. […] A more serious potential side effect of SSRIs is serotonin syndrome. Symptoms of serotonin syndrome can include agitation, confusion, and overheating (hyperthermia). This can occur with high doses of an SSRI or if an SSRI is taken in combination with other medications that affect serotonin, such as a class of migraine medications called triptans. […] If a patient cannot tolerate or doesn’t respond to the first SSRI, a different SSRI may be more effective. Research indicates that around half of depressed youth who do not respond to a first SSRI will respond to a second one.

• #38 Patient education: Depression treatment options for children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDateAntidepressants_PI.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-treatment-options-for-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  In considering whether or not to use medication to treat depression, the parent(s) and prescriber must balance the small increased risk of suicidal thoughts against the very real risk of suicide if the child or teen’s depression is not adequately treated. Any mention of suicidal thoughts or feelings in a depressed child or adolescent should be taken seriously. […] Parents or caregivers who are concerned that their child is considering suicide should seek care as soon as possible. A depressed child or adolescent who is at risk of attempting suicide will be provided with emergency treatment for depression; this may include hospitalization, antidepressant medication, and intensive therapy. […] Treatment of depression can decrease the risk of suicide, but does not eliminate the risk. For this reason, most experts recommend that the parents and healthcare providers (eg, therapist, psychiatrist, pediatrician) closely monitor the child or adolescent for evidence of suicidal thoughts or behaviors for at least the first 12 weeks of depression treatment and if the antidepressant medication dose is changed.

• #39 Major Depression: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/major-depression-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Nurses may encounter patients experiencing MDD or other mental health conditions as a comorbidity exacerbated by a medical condition such as chronic pain, cancer, or a terminal illness. Major depression requires the diagnosis and treatment of trained mental health providers, but nurses are vital in creating a therapeutic relationship that allows patients to express their thoughts and feelings while supporting them holistically and maintaining their safety. […] Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. In the following section, you will learn more about possible nursing interventions related to depression. […] Children, adolescents, and young adults are at an increased risk for suicide when starting an antidepressant. Educate parents and patients to monitor for worsening signs of depression and to seek immediate help if experiencing thoughts of suicide.

• #40 Patient education: Depression treatment options for children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDateAntidepressants_PI.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-treatment-options-for-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  DEPRESSION TREATMENT OPTIONS — […] Treatment options for depression in children and adolescents include psychotherapy (sometimes called counseling or “talk therapy”) and pharmacotherapy (medication). The specific treatment plan will depend on the child and family’s individual situation, preferences, and the severity of the depression. […] “Major depression” is the medical term for depression that meets particular criteria (see „Patient education: Depression in children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics)”, section on 'Diagnostic criteria’). A person can have mild, moderate, or severe major depression. People with major depression of mild severity have fewer and less intense symptoms compared with people with moderate or severe major depression. […] Children and adolescents with mild depression are usually treated with psychotherapy alone. If the depressive symptoms do not begin to improve within six to eight weeks, or if symptoms worsen, an antidepressant medication may be recommended.

• #41 Patient education: Depression treatment options for children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDateAntidepressants_PI.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-treatment-options-for-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  COUNSELING TO TREAT DEPRESSION — […] Psychotherapy (also called “talk therapy” or counseling) teaches patients and their families to understand themselves and the nature of depression. This includes how to deal with low mood, engage in productive behaviors, manage relationships, and develop effective problem solving strategies for life stressors associated with depression. […] Therapy sessions are usually conducted in the therapist’s office or virtually with a secure and private telehealth platform, once per week for 30 to 60 minutes. The patient, parents/caregivers, and therapist should work together to determine the optimal schedule. […] During therapy sessions, children and teens talk with the therapist about their feelings, thoughts, behaviors, and relationships. The patient and therapist can discuss alternate ways of thinking or taking action, which often helps the child or teen to cope more effectively with depressive symptoms, improve social and problem solving skills, and increase self-confidence. There are two specific types of psychotherapy that have been shown to be effective:

• #42 Patient education: Depression treatment options for children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDateAntidepressants_PI.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-treatment-options-for-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) – This is a method that aims to help the child or adolescent actively identify and change the thoughts and behaviors that contribute to depression and negative feelings. […] • Interpersonal psychotherapy – This approach focuses on identifying and improving problems that youth experience with other people, such as parents or friends, or changes in life situation such as a move or a parental divorce. Interpersonal therapy for adolescents is adapted from a similar type of therapy used for adults with depression, but tailored to address issues relevant to adolescents such as autonomy, romantic and sexual relationships, peer pressure, and conflict with parents. […] Younger children (preteens) may benefit from a therapy called “family-based interpersonal therapy,” which involves the family and includes a focus on the child’s relationship with their parents or caregivers as well as peers.

• #43 Treatment for Depression | Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/article/treatment-for-depression/

  Getting treatment for children with depression may seem daunting, but it really can help. Treatment for depression almost always involves therapy, and it can include medication as well. […] One of the most effective therapies for depression is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). CBT helps kids learn how their thoughts, feelings and behavior are connected. […] For more severe depression, dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) can help kids learn to manage intense emotions. […] When therapy alone isn’t enough, kids can also take medication for depression. […] It’s essential for the family to be involved in a child’s depression treatment. Parents can learn how to support their child and help them practice new skills at home. […] Treatment for adolescent depression almost always involves therapy and can include medication as well.

• #44 Patient education: Depression treatment options for children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDateAntidepressants_PI.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-treatment-options-for-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  Other psychotherapies may also be helpful for depressed children and adolescents, particularly those who present with self-harm. These include family therapy and dialectical behavior therapy (a form of CBT). […] While it is important to involve parents or caregivers in some aspects of their child’s treatment (particularly regarding education, ensuring safety, and issues that involve the parent-child relationship), parents usually do not sit in the room with the teen and therapist throughout all therapy discussions. The reason for this is that all patients have a right to privacy and may be reluctant to openly discuss important topics when parents are present. […] The initial therapy sessions often focus on trying to identify the factors that are contributing to and maintaining depression. Therapy often includes changing unproductive behavior patterns that are common during episodes of depression. Although psychotherapy can lessen depression within several weeks, the greatest benefit of therapy may not be seen for eight to 10 weeks or longer.

• #45 Patient education: Depression treatment options for children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDateAntidepressants_PI.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-treatment-options-for-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  MEDICATION TO TREAT DEPRESSION — […] Children and adolescents with moderate to severe major depression are usually treated with medication in addition to psychotherapy. Treatment with an antidepressant medication helps to reestablish the normal balance of chemicals in the brain. In most cases, the preferred antidepressant is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI); however, there are other options as well. […] If a healthcare provider recommends an antidepressant medication for a child or adolescent’s depression, the following issues should be discussed before treatment begins: […] • The expected benefits and possible risks and side effects […] • The instructions for the dose and timing […] • The expected length of time to response […] • Potential interactions with other prescription or non-prescription medications

• #46 Patient education: Depression treatment options for children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDateAntidepressants_PI.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-treatment-options-for-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  If suicidal thoughts or behaviors develop during treatment with an antidepressant, the dose may be adjusted, an alternative antidepressant may be tried, or the medication may be discontinued. […] ANTIDEPRESSANT MEDICATION ISSUES […] Time required for a response — Some people respond to antidepressant medication after about two weeks, but for most, the full effect is not seen until four to six weeks or longer. During the first few weeks, the dose is usually increased gradually. The patient typically sees the prescribing clinician more frequently at the start of treatment (every one to four weeks for first several months). As the patient stabilizes, follow-up progressively shifts to once every three months. If problems develop at any point, more frequent visits are resumed. […] By six to eight weeks after starting an antidepressant medication, it is usually possible to determine if the medication is effective. If symptoms have improved somewhat during this time, the dose of the medication may be increased. If there has been no improvement in symptoms, an alternate antidepressant medication may be recommended; psychotherapy may also be added if it was not already part of the treatment plan. If symptoms still don’t improve, the clinician (if not a psychiatrist) may refer the patient to a psychiatrist to evaluate for other possible diagnoses, such as bipolar disorder or substance use disorder, as well as other factors that may be interfering with treatment (such as stress, bullying, or abuse).

• #47 Patient education: Depression treatment options for children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDateAntidepressants_PI.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-treatment-options-for-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  Duration — In most cases, the antidepressant medication is continued for at least 6 to 12 months after the symptoms of depression improve. This recommendation varies greatly depending upon the individual’s situation. The decision to stop antidepressant medication should be shared among the child or adolescent, parent(s), and the clinician. Ideally, discontinuation occurs during a lower stress time for the patient (eg, at the beginning of summer vacation). […] When most antidepressants are stopped, they should be tapered slowly over two to four weeks to minimize the potential side effects associated with abruptly stopping medication. (One exception is fluoxetine, which takes a long time to be cleared from the body, and can be stopped without a taper.) Side effects associated with stopping antidepressant medication quickly can include jitteriness, dizziness, nausea, fatigue, muscle aches, chills, anxiety, and irritability. Although these symptoms are not dangerous and usually improve over one to two weeks, they can be quite distressing and uncomfortable.

• #48 Teen Depression Treatment Center [Proven Outcomes]

  https://www.newportacademy.com/teen-depression/

  Ignoring the problem or trusting it will go away on its own will only increase the risk of a major depressive episode or even a teen suicide attempt. […] Maintaining ongoing communication with your child is also essential. […] Parents need to assure their children that they can always come to them when they are struggling. […] A comprehensive assessment by a mental health professional is the first step in finding the teenage depression treatment center that will best fit an adolescents specific needs and their individual and family history. […] Teenage depression treatment is highly effective, and the earlier a teenager receives treatment, the more likely they are to experience long-term recovery. […] The most effective way to treat adolescent depression is often residential treatment.

• #49 Teenage Depression Treatment – SunCloud Health

  https://suncloudhealth.com/adolescent-treatment-programs/teenage-depression-treatment/

  Teenage Depression Treatment […] If your teen has been struggling with depression, SunCloud Health can help. We offer both Partial Hospitalization Programs (PHP) and Intensive Outpatient Programs (IOP), specializing in the treatment of depression and co-occurring disorders, including substance use disorder, eating disorders, anxiety, PTSD, school refusal, and other behavioral health conditions. […] Our PHP runs Monday through Friday from 9am-3:30pm, while our IOP is available three to five times weekly from 4-7pm. Both programs are available at our Naperville, Chicago, and Northbrook centers. Designed for adolescents requiring varying levels of support, we provide dedicated time for schoolwork and maintain direct collaboration with their schools. Please contact us for an assessment to discuss depression treatment options and determine if our offerings for treating depression and depressive disorders are the right fit for the needs of your child, patient, or student.

• #50 Depression in children and adolescents in primary care – Cheung – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/5970/html

  After diagnosing depression, primary care providers should move to initial management, which includes referral to peer support, psychoeducation, safety planning, and active monitoring for patients with mild depressive symptoms. […] In patients who present with moderate to severe depressive symptoms, patients should be started on evidence-based treatment as soon as possible. […] Key components of psychoeducation include understanding the signs and symptoms of depression, their impact on functioning and the impact of treatment. […] Evidence-based treatments for depression include psychotherapies and antidepressant medications. […] The efficacy of psychotherapy for the treatment of depression in children and adolescents has been demonstrated in numerous clinical trials and in systematic reviews of the literature.

• #51 Teen Depression Treatment Center [Proven Outcomes]

  https://www.newportacademy.com/teen-depression/

  Each teens daily schedule while in teen depression treatment includes a variety of evidence-based clinical, experiential, and academic modalities. […] Research finds that residential care provides the support, structure, and caring community that teens need to heal from depression. […] This PHP level of care offers programming all day, five days a week, for teens who need more than weekly therapy but who do not qualify for a residential level of care. […] For clients who are continuing to attend school during the day, an IOP with afternoon hours provides teen depression treatment throughout the week, with regular check-ins and support groups for the entire family. […] Hearing stories from alumni about their life-changing experiences in teenage depression treatment can be extremely motivating for teens.

• #52 Teen Depression Treatment Center [Proven Outcomes]

  https://www.newportacademy.com/teen-depression/

  Newport Academys treatment continues to yield industry-leading outcomes. […] Our integrated approach to teenage depression treatment addresses the underlying trauma and attachment wounds that increase the risk of depression and co-occurring disorders, such as substance abuse, eating disorders, and self-harm. […] Newport Academys teen depression treatment views family as the key to long-term, sustainable healing. […] Consequently, we are the only depression treatment program to make the groundbreaking Attachment-Based Family Therapy (ABFT) methodology a central component of our mental healthcare approach. […] Our focus on academics is another aspect of our depression treatment for teens that sets us apart. […] Newport Academy views academics as part of our treatment model. […] Each client at Newport Academy receives a tailored treatment plan for teenage depression, designed by a team of medical and clinical experts in response to the teens and familys specific needs and history.

• #53 Teen Depression Treatment in Los Angeles | BNI Treatment

  https://bnitreatment.com/what-we-treat/mental-health/depression/

  Our teen depression treatment center offers a range of therapies, including: CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy), DBT (dialectical behavioral therapy), Group therapy, Family therapy, Alternative therapies (i.e., yoga, music therapy, etc.), Medications, Dual Diagnosis treatment, On-site academic support. […] Psychotherapy offers an opportunity for the adolescent to gain clarity about the feelings or interpersonal conflicts they are experiencing that may be contributing to the crippling depression. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a short-term form of psychotherapy that can offer rapid symptoms reduction. […] Family-focused therapy is often provided along with another form of one-on-one psychotherapy.

• #54 Teen Depression Treatment Center [Proven Outcomes]

  https://www.newportacademy.com/teen-depression/

  Furthermore, teens have the opportunity to practice healthy coping skills and build trusting peer relationships within a caring and supportive environment. […] Teen depression treatment has both long- and short-term benefits. […] Moreover therapy for teenage depression goes beyond what antidepressant medications can do: It empowers adolescents with new self-knowledge and tools for healthy living. […] Newport Academys clinical model for treating depression in teenagers incorporates family involvement, an integrated team approach, and a wide range of modalities, including Attachment-Based Family Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, and experiential therapies. […] Our behavioral and medical professionals guide adolescents in processing underlying trauma and repairing ruptures in the parent-child relationship.

• #55 Teen depression – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350991

  When teen depression is suspected, the doctor will typically do these exams and tests. […] Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your teen depression-related health concerns Start Here. […] Treatment depends on the type and severity of your teenager’s depression symptoms. A combination of talk therapy (psychotherapy) and medication can be very effective for most teens with depression. […] If your teen has severe depression or is in danger of self-harm, he or she may need a hospital stay or may need to participate in an outpatient treatment program until symptoms improve. […] Psychotherapy, also called psychological counseling or talk therapy, is a general term for treating depression by talking about depression and related issues with a mental health professional.

• #56 Teen depression | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/teen-depression

  If your teen has severe depression or is in danger of self-harm, he or she may need a hospital stay or may need to participate in an outpatient treatment program until symptoms improve. […] Treatment depends on the type and severity of your teenager’s depression symptoms. A combination of talk therapy (psychotherapy) and medication can be very effective for most teens with depression. […] Psychotherapy, also called psychological counseling or talk therapy, is a general term for treating depression by talking about depression and related issues with a mental health professional. […] In some teens, depression is so severe that a hospital stay is needed, especially if your teen is in danger of self-harm or hurting someone else. Getting psychiatric treatment at a hospital can help keep your teen calm and safe until coping skills are learned and a safety plan is developed.

• #57 Patient education: Depression treatment options for children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDateAntidepressants_PI.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-treatment-options-for-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  Psychotherapy can be provided by a range of healthcare professionals with appropriate training, including psychiatrists, psychologists, clinical social workers, and clinical nurse specialists. When choosing a therapist, it is important to consider the therapist’s training and experience with children/adolescents and evidence based practice. It is also important to consider the therapist’s willingness to incorporate family members in the therapy. […] Children and teens with severe depression and those at risk for suicide are often hospitalized in a psychiatric facility. During the hospitalization, the patient usually has a group of clinicians (psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker, etc.) who comprise the treatment team. Depression treatment often includes medication and individual, group, and/or family therapy. Other activities may include physical exercise, art/music therapy, and school work.

• #58 When Is it Time for Inpatient Treatment for Teenage Depression?

  https://evolvetreatment.com/inpatient-treatment-teen-depression/

  A rule of thumb: the more disruptive the symptoms are, the more immersive the treatment should be. […] If your teen’s depressive symptoms are so severe they meet the criteria for impaired function listed above, then your teen may need inpatient treatment for their depression. […] The main thing inpatient treatment does for teens with severe depression is minimize distractions so they can focus on healing. […] The best inpatient treatment for teen depression gives teens everything they need to be themselves. […] If you’re seeking inpatient depression treatment for your teen, please navigate to our page How to Find the Best Treatment Programs for Teens and download our helpful handbook, A Parent’s Guide to Mental Health Treatment for Teens.

• #59 Teen depression | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/teen-depression

  You are your teenager’s best advocate to help him or her succeed. In addition to professional treatment, here are some steps you and your teen can take that may help: Stick to the treatment plan. […] Encourage your teen to talk to a family member or other trusted adult whenever needed. […] Showing interest and the desire to understand your teenager’s feelings lets him or her know you care.

• #60 Major Depression in Teens – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=major-depression-in-teens-90-P01614

  As a parent, you play a key role in your teens treatment. Here are things you can do to help: […] Keep all appointments with your teens healthcare provider. […] Talk with your teens healthcare provider about other providers who will be involved in your teens care. […] Tell others about your teens depression. Work with your teens healthcare provider and schools to develop a treatment plan. […] Take all symptoms of depression and suicide very seriously. Seek treatment right away. […] For several reasons, many parents never seek the right treatment for their teen with depression. This is true even though many people with major depression who seek treatment get better. They often improve within weeks. Continued treatment may help keep symptoms from coming back. […] A mental health professional can diagnose major depression after a mental health evaluation. […] Talk therapy and certain medicines can help treat depression.

• #61 Patient education: Depression treatment options for children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDateAntidepressants_PI.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-treatment-options-for-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  Children and adolescents with moderate to severe depression generally require psychotherapy and one or more medications. This is called “combination therapy.” Treatment with combination therapy increases the likelihood of improved symptoms and relationships with family and friends; it can also improve self-confidence and the ability to cope effectively. […] Compared with adults, there are fewer high-quality studies of treatment of depression in children and adolescents. Current practice guidelines for treating younger patients are based upon a combination of data from studies of depressed adolescents, adult depression research, and practical experience. […] Many pediatricians diagnose and treat depression in children and adolescents, but they often work closely with mental health specialists (including psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and counselors) to provide care as a team. A psychiatrist is a medical doctor with specialized training in the treatment of mental health illnesses and problems. A psychiatrist working with young patients should ideally have training and experience in child and adolescent psychiatry or, if the person has adult-only training, they should have experience treating teenagers. In some cases, a psychiatrist provides counseling and prescribes medications if needed; in other cases, a therapist provides counseling and a psychiatrist or the child’s pediatrician prescribes medication. A mental health specialist should be involved if the child or adolescent has other illnesses along with the depression, such as substance abuse, an eating disorder, or certain problems (such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] or anxiety) that haven’t responded well to treatment.

• #62 Recommendations on Teen Depression for the Primary Care Provider

  https://floridapediatrician.org/publications/recommendations-on-teen-depression-for-the-primary-care-provider/

  I thought my pediatrician was the wrong person to talk to about my depression. […] The unfortunate reality is that many teens are struggling with mood changes, including depression. Pediatricians are the front-line providers to help them navigate first steps in screening, diagnosis, and initial management. […] When reviewing rates of depression encountered in the primary care setting, 2 in 3 adolescents with depression are missed by PCPs and do not receive the necessary care. Of those that are identified, only half receive the right kind of care and there is often a gap in completion rates of mental health referrals. […] When screening adolescents for depression, pediatricians should consider the individuals risk. […] An additional risk factor that pediatricians should take into consideration is one that is truly universal to all individuals – the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #63 Major Depression in Teens – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=major-depression-in-teens-90-P01614

  Major depression can often be treated. Treatment may include one or more of the following: […] Antidepressant medicines. These can be very helpful, especially when used with psychotherapy. […] Talk therapy (psychotherapy). This treatment helps teens with depression change their distorted views of themselves and the environment around them. It also finds stressors in the teens environment and teaches him or her how to stay away from them. A teen will also learn how to work through hard relationships. […] Family therapy […] School input. […] Without treatment, major depression can last for weeks, months, or years. It can cause relationship and social problems. Depression is also linked to a higher risk for suicide. This risk rises when the depressed teen has other mental health problems.

• #64 Clinical: Managing depression in children and young people | Nursing in Practice

  https://www.nursinginpractice.com/latest-news/clinical-managing-depression-in-children-and-young-people/

  Primary care nurses are well placed to identify and support young people with this common mental health condition. […] The primary care nurse is vital in the early detection and management of children and young people who are depressed. […] Depression in childhood and adolescence is a serious illness that requires immediate professional evidence-based treatment. […] The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommends that CAMHS should work with primary care professionals to develop systems for detecting, assessing and supporting children and adolescents who are depressed. […] Primary care nurses should, in collaboration with the young person and their families, refer to a GP and consider a referral to specialist CAMHS if a child or young person is either not responding to NICE-recommended initial interventions, or refer urgently if they have a moderate to severe depressive disorder with suicidal thoughts or self-harm.

• #65 Mood Disorders in Teens | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/m/mood-disorders-in-teens.html

  Mood disorders are a group of mental health problems. They include all types of depression and bipolar disorder. […] Mood disorders can often be treated. Treatment may include one or more of these: Medicines. These can be very helpful, especially when combined with talk therapy. […] You play a key role in your teen’s treatment. Here are things you can do to help: Keep all appointments with your teen’s healthcare provider and school personnel. […] Take all symptoms of suicide very seriously. Get treatment right away. Suicide is a health emergency. Call or text 988 if your teen has plans to harm themselves or others. […] Mood disorders can run in families. […] Symptoms include feelings of despair and helplessness. A teen may also have low self-esteem and sleep problems. […] Treatment includes medicines and therapy. […] School personnel are important members of your child’s treatment team.

• #66 Improving Follow-Up for Adolescents With Depression in Primary Care

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9647579/

  Few adolescents with depression receive treatment in accordance with national guidelines. […] This quality improvement project took place in 11 primary care practices with the primary aim of increasing the percentage of teens with depression who received follow-up care within 6 weeks of diagnosis and within 3 months, once stable. […] Practices improved follow-up care for teens with depression. […] In addition, providers experienced an improvement in their confidence to diagnose and manage depression. […] The need to provide these teens with effective treatment is urgent and growing. […] Pediatric primary care providers (PCPs) are well-positioned to provide care for adolescents with depression because they typically have a longstanding, trusting relationship with the patient and family.

• #67 Improving Follow-Up for Adolescents With Depression in Primary Care

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9647579/

  However, with limited mental health training for pediatricians, PCPs have been reluctant to provide depression care. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics has encouraged practice change by publishing resources and guidelines to support the delivery of effective mental health care including for depression, but few pediatric providers are aware of these resources and uptake is modest. […] They decided to focus initial improvement efforts on implementing systematic follow-up care because they identified follow-up care as a care gap that was in urgent need of improvement, critical to improving patient outcomes, and feasible to address with a QI approach. […] The primary aim of the project was to increase the percentage of teens who received follow-up care within 6 weeks of diagnosis of depression and within 3 months, once stabilized.

• #68 Parent’s Guide to Teen Depression – HelpGuide.org

  https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/depression/parents-guide-to-teen-depression

  Many rebellious and unhealthy behaviors or attitudes in teenagers can be indications of depression. […] Persistent negative mood. Frequent crying due to an overwhelming sense of hopelessness is a common sign of depression. However, teens with depression may not necessarily appear sad. Instead, irritability, anger, and agitation may be the most prominent symptoms. […] Problems at school. Depression can cause low energy and concentration difficulties. At school, this may lead to poor attendance, a drop in grades, or frustration with schoolwork in a formerly good student. […] Loss of interest in activities. Outside of school, you might notice that your teen shows less enthusiasm for their favorite hobbies. They may quit a sports team or hobby, for example, or withdraw from family and friends.

• #69 Depression in Children: Systematic Review | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/childhood-depression/protocol

  Depression among children and adolescents is a major public health problem associated with other mental and physical health conditions, poor functional impairment, and increased risk of early mortality from suicide. […] The potential for lasting negative effects of child-onset depression underscores the importance of its early identification, diagnosis, and subsequent treatment. […] Despite evidence that there are several effective treatments for depression, one 2016 national survey indicated that only 40.9 percent of adolescents 12 to 17 years of age who experienced a major depressive episode in the prior 12 months reported receiving depression treatment during the same time period. […] Several nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions used to treat child and adolescent depression are described below.

• #70 Depression in Teens: Barriers to Mental Health Treatment for AdolescentsFooterLogo

  https://www.additudemag.com/depression-in-teens-mental-health-treatment-stigma/?srsltid=AfmBOoqQwzTeMLvbU_awROmWXbDtWRfHjuUZwgMuBZ0QKhS6lXRAz8Y3

  Trust is an essential element in the treatment process. […] Negative public perceptions about mental illness have created a stigma that blocks some teens’ access to care. […] According to a recent ADDitude survey, 62% of caregivers reported that it was “difficult” or “very difficult” to access mental health care due to challenges such as scheduling conflicts, lack of accessibility, as well as prohibitive wait times and cost. […] While the barriers to care for teens with depression are varied, significant, and deeply entrenched, they can be surmounted, and the return on investment is often dramatic. […] When adolescents suffer from depression, parents find themselves in the awful position of caring deeply with an urgent need to get control, while their adolescent seemingly works against them.

• #71 The Teen Depression Awareness Project: Building an Evidence Base for Improving Teen Depression Care | RAND

  https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9495.html

  Given the harmful effects of depression on teens’ lives, the need for intervention is clear. […] Analysis of six-month follow-up data showed that being ready significantly increased the likelihood that teens would receive some form of care. […] The results underscore that, in primary care, detecting depression and giving feedback to parents and teens may be insufficient for getting teens into care, given that many teens and parents are either not ready or are not at the same level of readiness. […] Teens who perceived more barriers had significantly lower odds of receiving an antidepressant, of receiving a regular course of antidepressant therapy, and of receiving any regular treatment. […] TDAP made several contributions to the knowledge base for informing treatment of teen depression. […] Research needs to explore the content of teen-parent communication about depression and whether there are differences in the conversation by race and ethnicity.

• #72

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/emotional-problems/Pages/childhood-depression-what-parents-can-do-to-help.aspx

  Depression is a mood disorder that causes sadness and related symptoms to be more intense or last longer than usual after a difficult event. […] Children and teens may not always know how to describe what they are feeling, or may try to avoid talking about it. […] The two most common signs of depression in children teens: Seems more sad and irritable than usual, in a low mood for most of the day; No longer enjoys activities that used to make them happy. […] Depression is one of the most common disorders in the United States, and rates among children and teens have been rising in recent years. […] Experts estimate that between 2% and 3% of children aged 3 to 11 years have depression. […] A doctor or another licensed mental health professional diagnoses major depressive disorder when at least five symptoms of depression last for more than 2 weeks, on most days.

• #73 Depression in Teens: Barriers to Mental Health Treatment for AdolescentsFooterLogo

  https://www.additudemag.com/depression-in-teens-mental-health-treatment-stigma/?srsltid=AfmBOoqQwzTeMLvbU_awROmWXbDtWRfHjuUZwgMuBZ0QKhS6lXRAz8Y3

  The most common symptom of depression in teens is not sadness but irritability. […] Depression is a condition for which evidence-based, highly effective interventions exist, yet only 41% of teens with major depression receive treatment. […] Untreated depression in teens can have dire consequences including suicide, which was the second leading cause of death in 2020 among youth ages 10 to 14, and the third leading cause of death among individuals ages 15 to 24, according to the CDC. […] A psychologist, psychiatrist, or pediatrician should be able to differentiate typical teen moodiness from depression. […] Diagnosing depression in teens is only the first step on the road to treatment. […] One particularly insidious aspect of depression is that it causes a sense of hopelessness that can immobilize individuals, preventing them from taking steps toward self-improvement.

• #74 Teenage Depression Treatment – SunCloud Health

  https://suncloudhealth.com/adolescent-treatment-programs/teenage-depression-treatment/

  As most parents can attest, moodiness, irritation, confusion, and behavioral changes are all normal in teen development: Adolescents are growing and developing, and this often comes with difficulty, feelings of awkwardness, sadness, and distress for young adults. However, it is not wise to rule out teenage depression: consistent and severe changes in your teen’s mood and functioning might be symptoms of a larger, underlying issue that requires treatment. […] Parents should be encouraged to seek treatment for teen depression in severe cases. Here, we will discuss, in depth, depression in teens and treatment options to help you better understand: signs and symptoms that your teen may be depressed, common underlying causes of Teen Depression, what steps to take if you believe your teen is experiencing depression, tips for having a conversation with your teen about depression, if your child needs help from a treatment center for depressed teens/treatment centers and program types, what makes SunCloud Health a top center for teen depression treatment.

• #75 Residential Depression Treatment Center For Atlanta Teens

  https://hside.org/resources/learn-about-depression/

  Depression can start as a bad mood, stem from an incident at school, be a natural part of a developmental phase, or seemingly have no cause at all. […] The intensity of symptoms and how they affect day-to-day functioning are usually the key factors that determine the difference between regular sadness and a depressive disorder. […] Here are some signs and symptoms of depression in teens that may signify that it is time for you to engage a mental health professional for your child. […] If your child exhibits five or more of the symptoms, it is recommended that you contact a mental health professional. […] Depression is one of the most treatable mental health disorders and most people with depression eventually respond well to treatment. […] Psychotherapy and medication are the two most common ways to treat depression.

• #76 Depression in Children: Systematic Review | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/childhood-depression/protocol

  Clinicians contend with numerous challenges in treating childhood depression appropriately. […] Finally, few nonpharmacological studies have systematically collected and reported harms data, which leads to uncertainty about weighing the risks and benefits of different types of treatment. […] The current review is urgently needed to help answer some of the uncertainties surrounding age-specific and disorder-specific best practices for treatment of child and adolescent depressive disorders.

• #77 Depression in Children and Teens – Together by St. Jude™

  https://together.stjude.org/en-us/medical-care/psychology/depression.html

  Depression in children and teens is more likely after puberty. […] Clinical depression is a real illness. If your child has it, they need specialized treatment. This can include therapy or antidepressant medicine. […] Symptoms of depression in children and teens may include: Feeling down, low, sad, depressed, or irritable much of the time; Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies or activities; Withdrawal from friends and family; Problems sleeping; Trouble thinking or concentrating, not able to make decisions; Thoughts of death or suicide. […] If your child shows symptoms of depression, they may be referred to a mental health specialist. […] Identifying and treating depression in children and adolescents in a pediatric oncology setting is critical. Depression can not only have a negative impact on a child or teen’s overall well-being and quality of life, but unmanaged depression can also affect a child’s medical care and outcome, such as problems with adherence to treatment or symptom management.

• #78 Teen Depression: Statistics, Symptoms, Test, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/teen_depression/article.htm

  The major types of antidepressant medications prescribed for adults are the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and the atypical antidepressants. […] About one-half of teens who take antidepressant medications get better. It may take anywhere from one to six weeks of taking medication at its effective dose to start feeling better. […] Depression can be quite chronic, in that 85% of people who have one episode of the illness will have another one within 15 years of the first episode. […] Attempts at prevention of teen depression tends to address both specific and nonspecific risk factors, strengthen protective factors, and use an approach that is appropriate for the teen’s developmental level. […] Family members and friends are advised to seek and encourage the depressed teen to receive mental health evaluation and treatment.

• #79 Depression in Children: Systematic Review | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/childhood-depression/protocol

  Use of SSRIs in children has been a substantial concern over the years. […] The last SR for USPSTF to inform recommendations for screening for pediatric depression did not include paroxetine in the review; it found no evidence of significant harms from placebo-controlled trials of other pharmacotherapies used to treat childhood MDD. […] The applicability of MDD treatments to pediatric patients with PDD, however, remains largely unknown. […] Combination interventions include the use of two or more intervention types. […] Collaborative care is a method used to deliver both pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions delivered by a healthcare team. […] There has been growing research in evaluating collaborative care interventions used to treat patients with depression; several studies demonstrate improved outcomes, and some indicate potential efficacy among children and adolescents, specifically.

• #80 Teen Depression: Causes, Symptoms, Heredity, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/depression/teen-depression

  Yes. Depression, which usually starts between the ages of 15 and 30, sometimes can run in families. […] In fact, teen depression may be more common among adolescents who have a family history of depression. […] There aren’t any specific medical tests that can detect depression. […] Treatment recommendations are also made based on the data collected from the interviews. […] There are a variety of methods used to treat depression, including medications and psychotherapy. […] Occasionally, hospitalization in a psychiatric unit may be required for teenagers with severe depression. […] Yes. A large number of research trials have shown the effectiveness of depression medications in relieving the symptoms of teen depression. […] But the study confirmed that combination treatment was nearly twice as effective in relieving depression as psychotherapy alone.

• #81 Teenage Depression Treatment – SunCloud Health

  https://suncloudhealth.com/adolescent-treatment-programs/teenage-depression-treatment/

  Often, seeking proper teenage depression treatment centers is an emotionally challenging process. Many young people have never been away from home for long periods of time, and forcing inpatient hospitalization can create additional trauma and counteract the impact of treatment. In some cases, particularly when teens are in danger of self-harm or harming others, inpatient hospitalization can provide safety until symptoms become more manageable. […] Many outpatient programs can offer comparable treatment to their inpatient counterparts, without adding an overnight-away-from-home factor to the child’s experience. It is essential to understand the risks involved with intensive treatment and compare them honestly to the risks inherent in self-harm symptoms. […] As a top teenage depression treatment center, SunCloud Health recognizes the toll depression can take on your teen and your family’s lives. We believe there is always hope, and we are here to help your teen take the first steps toward recovery. […] SunCloud Health currently offers Intensive Outpatient Treatment (IOP) and Partial Hospitalization Programs (PHP) for teenage depression. We bring a unique niche in the treatment community that other programs can’t or aren’t able to offer, treating not just depression but any other mental health issues, including eating disorders and substance abuse. We don’t turn a blind eye to co-occurring disorders, as we know that things biologically and neurologically work together and, therefore, depression cannot be treated fully if the brain is mal or undernourished.

• #82

• #83 Increase the proportion of adolescents with depression who get treatment — MHMD‑06 – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/mental-health-and-mental-disorders/increase-proportion-adolescents-depression-who-get-treatment-mhmd-06

  Increase the proportion of adolescents with major depressive episodes (MDEs) who receive treatment. […] The earlier young people get treatment for depression, the more effective it can be. Early treatment can also help prevent more severe, long-term problems as children and adolescents get older. But many adolescents with depression dont get treatment. Treatment plans that connect primary care providers, patients, and mental health specialists can help adolescents get the care they need.

• #84 Recommendations on Teen Depression for the Primary Care Provider

  https://floridapediatrician.org/publications/recommendations-on-teen-depression-for-the-primary-care-provider/

  Discussing therapy and psychotropic medications may feel unfamiliar and/or uncomfortable for many general pediatricians. […] Evidence-based approaches for psychotherapy for adolescent depression include CBT and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT). […] In choosing a psychotropic medication, providers should have knowledge of which psychotropic medications are FDA approved for the adolescent age group as well as the common side effect profile so they can provide appropriate anticipatory guidance to patients and families. […] One should aim at achieving the target dose of the SSRI within 3 weeks from initiation. […] When planning for treatment and management of adolescent depression, parents may be hesitant to have their child or teen engage in routine therapy or they may be nervous about having them take a psychotropic medication. […] Providers should aim towards shared decision making. Developing the treatment plan together with the teen and the caregiver to work towards unified goals can optimize mental health outcomes.

• #85 Improving Follow-Up for Adolescents With Depression in Primary Care

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9647579/

  The percentage of patients with follow-up care within 6 weeks after diagnosis increased from 40% to 81% (P .001), the percentage with a follow-up visit within 3 months once stable increased from 30% to 60% (P .001), and the percentage in remission at 6 months increased from 7% to 21% (P .001). […] Provider confidence increased for making a diagnosis of depression, educating patients and families, prescribing SSRIs, and assessing severity, suicidal intent, and treatment response. […] Our structured approach using external practice facilitation enabled pediatric primary care providers to integrate effective depression care for adolescents into their practice. […] It resulted in standardized care, increased confidence of PCPs to address this common problem, and improved patient outcomes.

• #86 When Teens Need Inpatient Depression Treatment – Alis Behavioral Health

  https://www.alisbh.com/blog/when-teens-need-inpatient-depression-treatment/

  Teens in inpatient care receive comprehensive treatment, including therapy sessions, medication management, and other therapeutic activities tailored to their individual needs. […] Understanding the severity of symptoms, identifying relevant risk factors, and evaluating the response to treatment are fundamental considerations in determining the need for inpatient treatment for teens struggling with depression. […] By taking these factors into account, healthcare providers can tailor treatment plans to effectively address the unique needs of each adolescent and support their journey towards improved mental health. […] Adolescents admitted to inpatient treatment programs experience a significant decrease in symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation from admission to discharge.

• #87 Teen Depression Treatment – In/Outpatient in Texas

  https://clearforkacademy.com/what-we-treat/teen-depression-treatment/

  Clearfork Academy takes pride in helping teenagers grow into happy, healthy adolescents with a hopeful future. Our team of healthcare professionals and licensed therapists offers a wide range of treatments. […] We also provide family therapy, as we believe that having a strong support system of family members who understand our patient’s needs during recovery is the best way to continue the recovery process and ensure it’s long-lasting. […] As with all psychiatric disorders, depression treatment can provide many benefits both in the short and long term. […] Children and teens may feel the positive effects of treatment very quickly, and be more attentive, have more energy, develop problem-solving skills, be more enthusiastic for social and family events, and show a significant decrease in thoughts of self-harm and suicide.

• #88 Teen Depression Treatment – In/Outpatient in Texas

  https://clearforkacademy.com/what-we-treat/teen-depression-treatment/

  In the longer term, they will be able to build strong, long-lasting, and trusting relationships with those around them. They will find a sense of purpose which will encourage them to increase engagement in school or work, develop life-long coping skills, and have higher self-esteem. They will have a more hopeful and brighter future. […] We encourage every family member to get involved with the treatment process through family therapy sessions and emotional support. We have dedicated family-centered treatment, and with your support, we can help your teen recover from depression for good. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most commonly used medication for depression treatment, and they must only be prescribed by a mental health specialist as some SSRIs come with a black box warning.

• #89 Teen Depression: Causes, Symptoms, Heredity, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/depression/teen-depression

  Teen suicide is a serious problem. […] Suicide is an act of desperation and teen depression is often the root cause. […] If your teenager displays any of these behaviors, you should seek help from a mental health professional immediately. […] Do not hesitate to call your local Suicide and Crisis hotline immediately. Call 988. […] Parenting teens can be very challenging. […] If you feel overwhelmed or unable to reach your teen, or if you continue to be concerned, seek help from a qualified health care professional. […] Teen depression tends to come and go in episodes. […] The consequence of letting teen depression go untreated can be extremely serious and even deadly.

• #90 Teen depression – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20350985

  Untreated depression can result in emotional, behavioral and health problems that affect every area of your teenager’s life. Complications related to teen depression may include, for example: Alcohol and drug misuse, Academic problems, Family conflicts and relationship difficulties, Suicide attempts or suicide. […] Encourage your teenager to: Take steps to control stress, increase resilience and boost self-esteem to help handle issues when they arise, Practice self-care, for example by creating a healthy sleep routine and using electronics responsibly and in moderation, Reach out for friendship and social support, especially in times of crisis, Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problem to help prevent depression from worsening, Maintain ongoing treatment, if recommended, even after symptoms let up, to help prevent a relapse of depression symptoms. […] Teen depression care at Mayo Clinic.

• #91 Treatment of Depression in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/1101/p558.html

  Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), family therapy, exercise, and spirituality reduce depressive symptoms in adolescents with no evidence of harms. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) improve depressive symptoms and response in adolescents with major depressive disorder. […] Serious adverse events and withdrawal because of adverse events are more common with SSRIs compared with placebo. […] Paroxetine may cause increased suicidal ideation or behavior in adolescents and children. […] There is no symptom improvement with serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors compared with placebo in adolescents with major depressive disorder. […] CBT combined with fluoxetine improves depressive symptoms, remission, and functional status more than CBT alone. […] Nearly one in five adolescents has a depressive disorder at some point before adulthood.

• #92 Treatment of Depression in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/1101/p558.html

  The AHRQ review found limited evidence of benefit for depressive symptoms from CBT, family therapy, exercise, and spirituality, although none of these treatments showed evidence of harm. […] When pharmacotherapy was added to nonpharmacologic therapy, there was a benefit for symptoms and functional status compared with nonpharmacologic therapies alone. […] Depressive symptoms and function were improved with SSRIs but not serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. […] Family physicians play a critical role in identifying and treating depressive disorders in children and adolescents. […] The guidelines emphasize evidence-based treatments such as CBT and SSRIs. […] Physicians may consider initiating SSRIs for children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. […] Options such as CBT or family therapy with or without SSRIs should be considered. […] Exercise and spirituality may also be incorporated into the treatment of adolescents with depression because they improve symptoms with no known harms.

• #93 Depression in children and adolescents in primary care – Cheung – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/5970/html

  Combination treatment with both antidepressant medication and psychotherapy is ideal for children and adolescents with moderate to severe depressive symptoms. […] Ongoing management is critical to ensuring that children and adolescents with depression achieve remission and remain free from relapses and recurrences.

• #94 Patient education: Depression treatment options for children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDateAntidepressants_PI.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-treatment-options-for-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  A relapse in depression is relatively common after stopping antidepressant medications; in some cases, longer-term treatment is recommended. (See 'Maintenance drug therapy’ below.) […] Maintenance drug therapy — Maintenance drug therapy (long-term antidepressant therapy) may be appropriate for children and adolescents who are at high risk for a relapse of depression. Relapse often occurs in pediatric patients who stop their antidepressants soon after their depressive syndromes improve. Maintenance therapy may last from one year to indefinitely, depending upon the individual’s situation and personal history of depression. […] OTHER TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR DEPRESSION […] Alternative treatments — Some alternative methods for treating depression have been studied, including omega-3 fatty acids (found in fish oil) and St. John’s wort. So far, the research on these and other alternative treatments has been inconclusive, so we do not recommend their use. But those who interested in the efficacy of such options can learn more at the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, a branch of the National Institutes of Health (www.nccam.nih.gov/health/).

• #95

  https://journals.lww.com/nursing/fulltext/2020/10000/assessing_mental_health_in_vulnerable_adolescents.12.aspx

  When assessing patients, nurses must be aware of specific findings that identify adolescents with symptoms of mental health issues or increased risk. […] Nurses should be knowledgeable about the warning signs of mental illness and impending suicide. […] Knowledge of risk factors, assessment, and detection of high-risk adolescents can prevent suicide. […] If a nurse suspects an adolescent is at risk for mental illness or the adolescent shares feelings of depression, the nurse should first interview the patient alone and further assess for suicide risk. […] Early intervention improves outcomes. […] Intervention for mental health illness in adolescents usually requires an interdisciplinary approach that includes a thorough mental health assessment, education for the parent and teen, the involvement of teachers and school counselors, and treatment specific to the mental illness.

• #96 Teen Depression Treatment Center [Proven Outcomes]

  https://www.newportacademy.com/teen-depression/

  Ignoring the problem or trusting it will go away on its own will only increase the risk of a major depressive episode or even a teen suicide attempt. […] Maintaining ongoing communication with your child is also essential. […] Parents need to assure their children that they can always come to them when they are struggling. […] A comprehensive assessment by a mental health professional is the first step in finding the teenage depression treatment center that will best fit an adolescents specific needs and their individual and family history. […] Teenage depression treatment is highly effective, and the earlier a teenager receives treatment, the more likely they are to experience long-term recovery. […] The most effective way to treat adolescent depression is often residential treatment.

• #97 How to Help a Teen Struggling With Depression

  https://creeksidebh.com/helping-teen-with-depression/

  If your teen is struggling with depression, one of the most important things to do is to show your support. You can do this by: Engaging in open communication. Create a safe and non-judgmental space for your teen to express their feelings. […] Ignoring depression will not make it go away. There are treatments available for depression that can be effective for teens, such as: Therapy. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy can help teens understand and manage their emotions, develop coping strategies, and improve overall mental well-being. […] Untreated depression in teens can have serious consequences. Without properly addressing the condition, the following could occur: Academic decline. Depression can significantly impact a teen’s ability to concentrate, leading to a decline in academic performance.

• #98

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health

  Globally, one in seven 10-19-year-olds experiences a mental disorder, accounting for 15% of the global burden of disease in this age group. […] Depression, anxiety and behavioural disorders are among the leading causes of illness and disability among adolescents. […] The consequences of failing to address adolescent mental health conditions extend to adulthood, impairing both physical and mental health and limiting opportunities to lead fulfilling lives as adults. […] Adolescents with mental health conditions are particularly vulnerable to social exclusion, discrimination, stigma (affecting readiness to seek help), educational difficulties, risk-taking behaviours, physical ill-health and human rights violations. […] Depression is estimated to occur among 1.4% of adolescents aged 10-14 years, and 3.5% of 15-19-year-olds.

• #99 When Teens Need Inpatient Depression Treatment – Alis Behavioral Health

  https://www.alisbh.com/blog/when-teens-need-inpatient-depression-treatment/

  When it comes to adolescent depression, identifying symptoms early is crucial for timely intervention and treatment. […] Recognizing the signs of depression in teenagers can be challenging due to their natural moodiness. […] However, certain indicators, as highlighted by the Child Mind Institute, can help parents and caregivers identify potential issues: […] Depression can profoundly affect teenagers, leading to emotional distress, academic struggles, and strained relationships. […] Left untreated, depression in adolescents can exacerbate feelings of anxiety, increase the risk of self-harm, and even contribute to substance abuse. […] The complexity of treating concurrent depression and anxiety underscores the importance of timely and appropriate intervention. […] Moreover, depression in adolescents is a significant risk factor for suicide, which is the third leading cause of death among young people aged 15 to 24.

• #100 Clinical: Managing depression in children and young people | Nursing in Practice

  https://www.nursinginpractice.com/latest-news/clinical-managing-depression-in-children-and-young-people/

  The treatment of parental depression is also vital in the management of child and adolescent depression, and support for a parent may need to be considered. […] The primary care nurse should be aware of what self-help services and resources are available locally, such as information leaflets and online resources, helplines and family support groups. […] Contact with a primary care nurse offers important opportunities for early intervention to help improve their lives and prevent some of the serious, long-term consequences.

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