Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Teen depression – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20350985

  Teen depression is a serious mental health problem that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in activities. […] Teen depression isn’t a weakness or something that can be overcome with willpower it can have serious consequences and requires long-term treatment. […] If depression signs and symptoms continue, begin to interfere in your teen’s life, or cause you to have concerns about suicide or your teen’s safety, talk to a doctor or a mental health professional trained to work with adolescents. […] Depression symptoms likely won’t get better on their own and they may get worse or lead to other problems if untreated. […] If you’re a teen and you think you may be depressed or you have a friend who may be depressed don’t wait to get help. […] Never ignore comments or concerns about suicide. Always take action to get help.

• #2 Major Depression in Teens – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=major-depression-in-teens-90-P01614

  Major depression is a type of mood disorder. Its also known as clinical depression or unipolar depression. Major depression goes beyond the days normal ups and downs. It involves a teens body, mood, and thoughts. It can affect and disrupt eating, sleeping, or thinking patterns. Depression is not the same as being unhappy or in a blue mood. It’s also not a sign of personal weakness. It cant be willed or wished away. Teens with depression cant merely pull themselves together and get better. Treatment is often needed. […] A teen with major depression may have other mental health problems, such as substance abuse or an anxiety disorder. So early diagnosis and treatment is important to your teen getting better. A mental health professional often diagnoses major depression after a mental health evaluation. He or she may also evaluate the family and talk with teachers and care providers. […] A mental health professional can diagnose major depression after a mental health evaluation.

• #3 Teen depression – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350991

  When teen depression is suspected, the doctor will typically do these exams and tests. […] A doctor or mental health professional can talk with your teen about thoughts, feelings and behavior, and may include a questionnaire. These will help pinpoint a diagnosis and check for related complications. […] An accurate diagnosis is the key to getting appropriate treatment. […] The doctor or mental health professional’s evaluation will help determine if the symptoms of depression are caused by one of these conditions. […] Treatment depends on the type and severity of your teenager’s depression symptoms. […] If your teen has severe depression or is in danger of self-harm, he or she may need a hospital stay or may need to participate in an outpatient treatment program until symptoms improve.

• #4 Identifying and treating adolescent depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070798/

  By age 18, about 20% of our nation’s youth will have had depressive episodes, with girls at substantially higher risk. Major depressive episodes in adolescence last an average of 6 to 9 months, 6% to 10% of depressed adolescents have protracted episodes, and the probability of recurrence within 5 years is about 70%. Given that depressed people are as likely to seek help in primary care settings as in mental health establishments, primary care physicians may be the first to be aware of this problem in their adolescent patients. […] According to the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, an adolescent must have five out of nine characteristic symptoms most of the time for at least 2 weeks for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder. At least one of these symptoms must be either depressed or irritable mood or a pervasive loss of pleasure or interest in events that were once enjoyed.

• #5

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health

  Globally, one in seven 10-19-year-olds experiences a mental disorder, accounting for 15% of the global burden of disease in this age group. […] Depression, anxiety and behavioural disorders are among the leading causes of illness and disability among adolescents. […] Globally, it is estimated that one in seven (14%) of 10-19-year-olds experience mental health conditions, yet these remain largely unrecognized and untreated. […] Depression is estimated to occur among 1.4% of adolescents aged 10-14 years, and 3.5% of 15-19-year-olds. […] Anxiety and depressive disorders can profoundly affect school attendance and schoolwork. […] Depression can lead to suicide. […] Suicide is the third leading cause of death in older adolescents and young adults (15-29 years). […] Risk factors for suicide are multifaceted, and include harmful use of alcohol, abuse in childhood, stigma against help-seeking, barriers to accessing care and access to means of suicide.

• #6 Depression Symptoms and Diagnosis

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/depression/guide/symptoms/

  Depression has become common in young people between ages 12 and 17, and rates of teen depression are rising fast. The number of adolescents ages 12 to 17 who’d experienced a major depressive event in the previous 12 months jumped from 8.7 percent in 2005 to 11.3 percent in 2014, according to a study in a December 2016 issue of the journal Pediatrics. […] Despite the rise in depression, the researchers did not see an increase in the number of teenagers undergoing mental-health treatment, suggesting that many young people are not receiving the help they need. […] Teens have many of the same symptoms of depression as adults, but these changes in mood and behavior are sometimes mistaken as a normal part of puberty or adolescence. […] Other signs of depression in teenagers, according to Mayo Clinic, can include: Sadness and crying spells that happen seemingly without much cause, Anger or frustration, even over small issues, Loss of interest in activities they once enjoyed, Irritability, Extreme guilt, self-blame, or self-criticism, Sensitivity to rejection, Social withdrawal, Unexplained body aches and pains, Angry outbursts or other acting-out behaviors, Having bad grades in school or skipping school, Conflict with friends and family, Self-harm, Thoughts of death or suicide.

• #7 Depression in Teens: Barriers to Mental Health Treatment for AdolescentsFooterLogo

  https://www.additudemag.com/depression-in-teens-mental-health-treatment-stigma/?srsltid=AfmBOopiB6f49M_RHtCKNKK1mGQKmdSaBgKR8jCvzbvB_PcE-v7-fQiA

  The most common symptom of depression in teens is not sadness but irritability. When clinicians miss nuanced signs like this, or teens resist sharing their mental-health challenges due to stigma and fear of embarrassment, a treatment crisis may ensue. […] According to the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 20% of teens had a major depressive episode (MDE) in the preceding year, with 75% of these episodes causing “severe impairment.” During that year, 13% of adolescents had serious thoughts of suicide and 6% — 1.5 million teens — made a suicide plan. […] Depression is a condition for which evidence-based, highly effective interventions exist, yet only 41% of teens with major depression receive treatment. It’s what experts call the “treatment gap,” and it’s a significant — and complicated — problem.

• #8 Diagnosis and management of depression in adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10228578/

  Depression is common among adolescents in Canada and has the potential to negatively affect long-term function and quality of life; despite this, in most affected adolescents depression remains undetected and untreated. […] We review the diagnosis and management of depression in adolescents, drawing on available evidence and recommendations from international guidelines, as outlined in Box 1. […] The onset of depression before adulthood is associated with greater illness severity in adulthood (i.e., increased number of episodes, hospital admissions and risk of self-harm and suicide), poorer physical health outcomes (including obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease) and social and occupational outcomes. […] Diagnostic criteria for MDD and persistent depressive disorder are summarized in Table 1. Compared with adults with depression, children and adolescents may be more likely to present with irritability and labile rather than low mood, somatic concerns and social withdrawal.

• #9 Depression in childhood and adolescence – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_in_childhood_and_adolescence

  Major depressive disorder, often simply referred to as depression, is a mental disorder characterized by prolonged unhappiness or irritability. It is accompanied by a constellation of somatic and cognitive signs and symptoms such as fatigue, apathy, sleep problems, loss of appetite, loss of engagement, low self-regard/worthlessness, difficulty concentrating or indecisiveness, or recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. […] Depression in childhood and adolescence is similar to adult major depressive disorder, although young sufferers may exhibit increased irritability or behavioral discontrol instead of the more common sad, empty, or hopeless feelings that are seen with adults. […] Psychologists have developed different treatments to assist children and adolescents suffering from depression, though the legitimacy of the diagnosis of childhood depression as a psychiatric disorder, as well as the efficacy of various methods of assessment and treatment, remains controversial.

• #10 Identifying and treating adolescent depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070798/

  Adolescent depression is common, and primary care physicians are often in a position to first identify the symptoms. […] Depression includes changes in moods, thoughts, behaviors, and physical functioning. Among adolescents, depression may include irritable as well as sad moods. […] Unlike normal adolescent moods, depression is severe and enduring and interrupts the adolescent’s ability to perform in school, to relate to peers, and to engage in age-appropriate activities. […] The diagnosis of depression is made clinically. Physicians need to ask about changes in an adolescent’s moods, feelings, and thoughts; behaviors; daily functioning; and any impairment in that functioning, as well as physical symptoms. […] The best methods of assessment supplement the adolescent’s self-report with reports from parents or guardians and other outside sources.

• #11 Depression Symptoms and Diagnosis

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/depression/guide/symptoms/

  Depression has become common in young people between ages 12 and 17, and rates of teen depression are rising fast. The number of adolescents ages 12 to 17 who’d experienced a major depressive event in the previous 12 months jumped from 8.7 percent in 2005 to 11.3 percent in 2014, according to a study in a December 2016 issue of the journal Pediatrics. […] Despite the rise in depression, the researchers did not see an increase in the number of teenagers undergoing mental-health treatment, suggesting that many young people are not receiving the help they need. […] Teens have many of the same symptoms of depression as adults, but these changes in mood and behavior are sometimes mistaken as a normal part of puberty or adolescence. […] Other signs of depression in teenagers, according to Mayo Clinic, can include: Sadness and crying spells that happen seemingly without much cause, Anger or frustration, even over small issues, Loss of interest in activities they once enjoyed, Irritability, Extreme guilt, self-blame, or self-criticism, Sensitivity to rejection, Social withdrawal, Unexplained body aches and pains, Angry outbursts or other acting-out behaviors, Having bad grades in school or skipping school, Conflict with friends and family, Self-harm, Thoughts of death or suicide.

• #12

  https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/depression-anxiety-teen-boys-diagnosis-undetected-rcna141649

  Teenage boys are drowning in just as much of the depression and anxiety thats been well documented in girls. […] Experts warn that many young men struggling with their mental health are left undetected and without the help they need. […] Depression in boys may go unnoticed, Ethier and other experts said, because boys usually dont show it through signs of melancholy typically found in girls. […] In males, its theoretically possible that this reflects improved mental health, but Im struggling with that explanation, Chua said. […] The more likely explanation in Chuas experience as a pediatrician, he said, was that boys stopped engaging with the health care system overall during the pandemic, leading to an underdetection and, consequently, an undertreatment of mental health problems in young men.

• #13 What Depression In Teen Boys Looks Like – BasePoint Academy

  https://basepointacademy.com/what-depression-in-teen-boys-looks-like/

  Depression in teenage boys is often misunderstood and overlooked due to societal expectations and differing symptoms compared to girls. […] Depression in adolescent boys and males can manifest through irritability, anger, and disengagement rather than the typical sadness often associated with depression. […] Boys depression often includes signs such as trouble sleeping, withdrawing from family or friends, and losing interest in activities once enjoyed. […] Identifying these changes early is crucial for providing the support they need. […] Symptoms of depression in teen boys, such as poor concentration, low energy, and mood swings, can significantly affect academic and social performance. […] Teenager boys may hide their feelings, making it harder for parents and teachers to identify the issue.

• #14 Teen depression – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350991

  When teen depression is suspected, the doctor will typically do these exams and tests. […] A doctor or mental health professional can talk with your teen about thoughts, feelings and behavior, and may include a questionnaire. These will help pinpoint a diagnosis and check for related complications. […] An accurate diagnosis is the key to getting appropriate treatment. […] The doctor or mental health professional’s evaluation will help determine if the symptoms of depression are caused by one of these conditions. […] Treatment depends on the type and severity of your teenager’s depression symptoms. […] If your teen has severe depression or is in danger of self-harm, he or she may need a hospital stay or may need to participate in an outpatient treatment program until symptoms improve.

• #15 Diagnosis for Teen Depression | Adolescent Wellness Academy

  https://adolescentwellnessacademy.com/teen-mental-health/teen-depression/diagnosis/

  Diagnosing depression in teenagers is a comprehensive process that involves multiple steps to ensure an accurate assessment and appropriate intervention. […] This initial step is crucial to rule out any physical health issues that might be causing symptoms similar to depression. […] A detailed psychiatric assessment is conducted to gather a comprehensive understanding of the teenagers mental health. […] To formally diagnose depression, mental health professionals refer to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). […] In addition to these structured evaluations, it is important to consider the teens environment, such as school performance, peer relationships, and family dynamics. […] Once a diagnosis is made, a treatment plan is developed in collaboration with the teenager and their family. […] Ongoing monitoring and follow-up are essential to assess the effectiveness of the treatment plan.

• #16 Teen depression – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350991

  When teen depression is suspected, the doctor will typically do these exams and tests. […] A doctor or mental health professional can talk with your teen about thoughts, feelings and behavior, and may include a questionnaire. These will help pinpoint a diagnosis and check for related complications. […] An accurate diagnosis is the key to getting appropriate treatment. […] The doctor or mental health professional’s evaluation will help determine if the symptoms of depression are caused by one of these conditions. […] Treatment depends on the type and severity of your teenager’s depression symptoms. […] If your teen has severe depression or is in danger of self-harm, he or she may need a hospital stay or may need to participate in an outpatient treatment program until symptoms improve.

• #17 Depressive Disorders in Children and Adolescents – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/psychiatric-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents/depressive-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents

  A careful review of the history and appropriate laboratory tests are needed to exclude other disorders (eg, infectious mononucleosis, thyroid disorders, substance use disorders) that can cause similar symptoms. […] After depression is diagnosed, the family and social setting must be evaluated to identify stresses that may have precipitated depression. […] For adolescents (as for adults), a combination of psychotherapy and antidepressants usually greatly outperforms either modality used alone; in younger children, most clinicians opt for psychotherapy although if needed, medications can be used (depending on the child’s age).

• #18 Teen depression – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350991

  The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two medications for teen depression fluoxetine (Prozac) and escitalopram (Lexapro). […] Most antidepressants are generally safe, but the FDA requires all antidepressants to carry a black box warning, the strictest warning for prescriptions. […] If your teen has suicidal thoughts while taking an antidepressant, immediately contact your doctor or get emergency help. […] Psychotherapy, also called psychological counseling or talk therapy, is a general term for treating depression by talking about depression and related issues with a mental health professional. […] In some teens, depression is so severe that a hospital stay is needed, especially if your teen is in danger of self-harm or hurting someone else. […] Your teen’s doctor or mental health professional will likely ask your teen a number of questions, including: When did family members or friends first notice your symptoms of depression? […] The doctor or mental health professional will ask additional questions based on your teen’s responses, symptoms and needs.

• #19 Identifying and treating adolescent depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070798/

  Adolescent depression is common, and primary care physicians are often in a position to first identify the symptoms. […] Depression includes changes in moods, thoughts, behaviors, and physical functioning. Among adolescents, depression may include irritable as well as sad moods. […] Unlike normal adolescent moods, depression is severe and enduring and interrupts the adolescent’s ability to perform in school, to relate to peers, and to engage in age-appropriate activities. […] The diagnosis of depression is made clinically. Physicians need to ask about changes in an adolescent’s moods, feelings, and thoughts; behaviors; daily functioning; and any impairment in that functioning, as well as physical symptoms. […] The best methods of assessment supplement the adolescent’s self-report with reports from parents or guardians and other outside sources.

• #20 Diagnosis and management of depression in adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10228578/

  Risk assessment is a critical component of the assessment of depression and includes review of current suicidal ideation, intent and plan; recent hopelessness, perceived burdensomeness and impulsivity; previous suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury; situational stressors; and protective factors, including supports and future orientation. […] Although no direct evidence currently indicates that universal screening for MDD in primary care leads to improved outcomes, indirect evidence suggests that treatment of MDD detected through screening is associated with moderate benefit. […] Validated screening tools for adolescent depression are listed in Table 3. […] The decision to start antidepressant medication should be made through a collaborative process with the patient and caregivers, taking into account clinical presentation, and after the clinician outlines the range of evidence-based treatment options. […] If patients with MDD do not respond adequately to treatment, it is advisable to revisit the differential diagnosis and consider referral.

• #21 Depression in Children and Adolescents: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1115/p609.html

  The prevalence of major unipolar depression in children and adolescents is increasing in the United States. Screening for depression in adolescents 12 years and older should be conducted annually using a validated instrument, such as the Patient Health Questionnaire-9: Modified for Teens. If the diagnosis is confirmed, treatment should be initiated for persistent, moderate, and severe depression. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening children and adolescents 12 to 18 years of age for major depressive disorder with adequate systems in place to ensure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and appropriate follow-up. […] When a child or adolescent screens positive using a formal screening tool, such as the PHQ-A, or when he or she presents with symptoms indicating a possible depressive disorder, the primary care physician should assess whether the symptoms are a result of a major depressive episode or another condition that could present with similar symptoms. To diagnose major depressive disorder, criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (DSM-5), must be met and not explained by substance abuse, medication use, or other medical or psychological condition.

• #22 Depressive Disorders in Children and Adolescents – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/psychiatric-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents/depressive-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents

  Depressive disorders are characterized by sadness or irritability that is severe or persistent enough to interfere with functioning or cause considerable distress. Diagnosis is by clinical criteria. Treatment is with antidepressants, supportive and cognitive-behavioral therapy, or a combination of these modalities. […] Diagnosis of depressive disorders is based on symptoms and signs, including the criteria listed above. […] Sources of information include an interview with the child or adolescent and information from parents and teachers. Several brief questionnaires are available for screening. They help identify some depressive symptoms but cannot be used alone for diagnosis. Specific close-ended questions help determine whether patients have the symptoms required for diagnosis of major depression, based on DSM-5-TR criteria.

• #23 Youth Depression Screening Will Lead to Over-Diagnosis, Experts Warn

  https://www.madinamerica.com/2020/07/youth-depression-screening-will-lead-diagnosis-experts-argue/

  Levin describes several studies that found that the implementation of screening procedures had no impact on primary care physicians behaviors. […] Levin suggests that the drive for efficiency has diluted the appreciation for the complexity of assessment for depression in youth. […] He concludes: Tools for depression screening cannot make diagnoses. That is a task for skilled diagnosticians.

• #24 Identifying and treating adolescent depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070798/

  By age 18, about 20% of our nation’s youth will have had depressive episodes, with girls at substantially higher risk. Major depressive episodes in adolescence last an average of 6 to 9 months, 6% to 10% of depressed adolescents have protracted episodes, and the probability of recurrence within 5 years is about 70%. Given that depressed people are as likely to seek help in primary care settings as in mental health establishments, primary care physicians may be the first to be aware of this problem in their adolescent patients. […] According to the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, an adolescent must have five out of nine characteristic symptoms most of the time for at least 2 weeks for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder. At least one of these symptoms must be either depressed or irritable mood or a pervasive loss of pleasure or interest in events that were once enjoyed.

• #25 All You Need To Know About Teenage Depression Treatment

  https://clearforkacademy.com/blog/teenage-depression-treatment/

  It’s important for parents and caregivers to recognize that these symptoms can signify a serious health issue requiring professional intervention. […] A diagnosis of Major Depression typically requires at least 5 of the following symptoms to be present for a significant portion of the day, nearly every day, for at least 2 weeks, including at least one of the core symptoms. […] A diagnosis of Minor Depression typically requires at least 2-4 of the following symptoms to be present for a significant portion of the day, nearly every day, for at least 2 weeks, including at least one of the core symptoms. […] Diagnosis involves a comprehensive evaluation, typically by a psychiatrist, psychologist, or pediatrician. The process includes clinical interview, medical examination, psychological assessment, and collateral information.

• #26 Teen Depression: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Medications & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/adolescent-depression

  For proper treatment, it’s recommended that a psychologist or psychiatrist perform a psychological evaluation, asking the teen a series of questions about their moods, behaviors, and thoughts. […] To be diagnosed with MDD, a teen must meet the criteria spelled out in the new edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. […] They must also have two or more major depressive episodes for at least 2 weeks. Their episodes must involve at least five of the following symptoms: […] In addition, the psychologist or psychiatrist will ask the parent or caregiver questions about the teen’s behavior and mood. […] A physical examination may also be used to help rule out other causes of their feelings. Some medical conditions can also contribute to depression. […] However, depression in teens is highly treatable once a diagnosis is made.

• #27 Assessing Depression in Children and Teens

  https://www.wpspublish.com/content/research-brief/assessing-depression-in-children-and-teens

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Youth Risk Behavior Survey Data Summary and Trends Report: 20112021 states that nearly 60% of female students and 70% of LGBQ+ students experienced persistent feelings of sadness or hopelessness (CDC, 2023). […] In response to these trends, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force in 2022 recommended screening for major depressive disorder in all adolescents ages 12 to 18 years. What do clinicians and educators need to know to identify depression in teens and children? What tools are available to make the evaluation process simpler? […] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (5th ed., text revision; DSM-5-TR) identifies these separate depressive disorders: Major depressive disorder, described as depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure in activities for a period of 2 consecutive weeks or longer; Persistent depressive disorder, described as depressed or irritable mood or loss of interest and pleasure that lasts for 1 year or longer.

• #28 Identifying and treating adolescent depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070798/

  Depression is associated with a markedly increased risk of suicide and attempted suicide. About 41% of depressed youths have suicidal ideation, and 21% report a past attempt at suicide. […] If there is evidence of suicidal thoughts or attempts, it is then critical to establish if the adolescent has the intent, plan, and means to attempt suicide. […] Depression in adolescents is frequently complicated by other mental health and life problems. […] Although research on the treatment of adolescent depression is limited, recent clinical trials have identified promising interventions, both pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the first choice in medication for depressed adolescents because of their relatively benign side effects, their safety in overdose, and because they only need to be taken once daily.

• #29 Diagnosis and management of depression in adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10228578/

  Risk assessment is a critical component of the assessment of depression and includes review of current suicidal ideation, intent and plan; recent hopelessness, perceived burdensomeness and impulsivity; previous suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury; situational stressors; and protective factors, including supports and future orientation. […] Although no direct evidence currently indicates that universal screening for MDD in primary care leads to improved outcomes, indirect evidence suggests that treatment of MDD detected through screening is associated with moderate benefit. […] Validated screening tools for adolescent depression are listed in Table 3. […] The decision to start antidepressant medication should be made through a collaborative process with the patient and caregivers, taking into account clinical presentation, and after the clinician outlines the range of evidence-based treatment options. […] If patients with MDD do not respond adequately to treatment, it is advisable to revisit the differential diagnosis and consider referral.

• #30 Teen depression – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350991

  When teen depression is suspected, the doctor will typically do these exams and tests. […] A doctor or mental health professional can talk with your teen about thoughts, feelings and behavior, and may include a questionnaire. These will help pinpoint a diagnosis and check for related complications. […] An accurate diagnosis is the key to getting appropriate treatment. […] The doctor or mental health professional’s evaluation will help determine if the symptoms of depression are caused by one of these conditions. […] Treatment depends on the type and severity of your teenager’s depression symptoms. […] If your teen has severe depression or is in danger of self-harm, he or she may need a hospital stay or may need to participate in an outpatient treatment program until symptoms improve.

• #31 Identifying and treating adolescent depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070798/

  Cognitive behavior therapies are effective in treating adolescent depression. […] Interpersonal therapy emphasizes improving relationships. […] Having assessed thoughts of death, the intention to die, plans for an attempt, the means to commit suicide, and the availability of support, the physician must estimate the degree of risk and make choices for managing the patient’s risk of suicide. […] Regardless of risk, follow-up care is essential to tackle the concerns that contributed to the adolescent’s suicidal feelings.

• #32 The Differential Diagnosis of Adolescent Depression | MDedge

  https://mdedge.com/pediatricnews/article/49001/differential-diagnosis-adolescent-depression

  Adolescence is both a time of tremendous gains and some inherent losses. You can help your teenage patients through this turbulent time by asking a few specific questions, checking their psychosocial functioning, and distinguishing the somewhat common depressive symptoms from a true depressive disorder. Approximately 10% of patients will need further evaluation sometime during their adolescence, and a few will require urgent referral to protect their safety if you uncover any suicidal ideation or planning. […] Parents often will ask you if their child’s withdrawal, moodiness, or introspection is a sign of depression or part of teenage life. This can be a challenging question for pediatricians in primary care. You are asked to figure out if the adolescent in front of you is experiencing a real depression or just cycling through the common mood variations of adolescent development.

• #33 Depression: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/914192-differential

  Major depressive disorder has significant potential morbidity and mortality, contributing to suicide, incidence and adverse outcomes of medical illness, disruption in interpersonal relationships, substance abuse, and lost work time. […] Among adolescents in the United States, an estimated 5.0 million (20.1%) aged 12-17 had at least one major depressive episode in 2021. The prevalence of major depressive episode was higher among adolescent females (29.2%) compared to adolescent males (11.5%). […] Screening tests can be used to screen for depression and bipolar disorder. The most widely used is the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). […] The American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) classifies the depressive disorders as disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, major depressive disorder (including major depressive episode), persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and depressive disorder due to another medical condition.

• #34 Identifying and treating adolescent depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070798/

  Adolescent depression is common, and primary care physicians are often in a position to first identify the symptoms. […] Depression includes changes in moods, thoughts, behaviors, and physical functioning. Among adolescents, depression may include irritable as well as sad moods. […] Unlike normal adolescent moods, depression is severe and enduring and interrupts the adolescent’s ability to perform in school, to relate to peers, and to engage in age-appropriate activities. […] The diagnosis of depression is made clinically. Physicians need to ask about changes in an adolescent’s moods, feelings, and thoughts; behaviors; daily functioning; and any impairment in that functioning, as well as physical symptoms. […] The best methods of assessment supplement the adolescent’s self-report with reports from parents or guardians and other outside sources.

• #35 Depression in Children and Adolescents: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1115/p609.html

  The prevalence of major unipolar depression in children and adolescents is increasing in the United States. Screening for depression in adolescents 12 years and older should be conducted annually using a validated instrument, such as the Patient Health Questionnaire-9: Modified for Teens. If the diagnosis is confirmed, treatment should be initiated for persistent, moderate, and severe depression. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening children and adolescents 12 to 18 years of age for major depressive disorder with adequate systems in place to ensure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and appropriate follow-up. […] When a child or adolescent screens positive using a formal screening tool, such as the PHQ-A, or when he or she presents with symptoms indicating a possible depressive disorder, the primary care physician should assess whether the symptoms are a result of a major depressive episode or another condition that could present with similar symptoms. To diagnose major depressive disorder, criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (DSM-5), must be met and not explained by substance abuse, medication use, or other medical or psychological condition.

• #36 Depression in Children and Adolescents: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1115/p609.html

  The prevalence of major unipolar depression in children and adolescents is increasing in the United States. Screening for depression in adolescents 12 years and older should be conducted annually using a validated instrument, such as the Patient Health Questionnaire-9: Modified for Teens. If the diagnosis is confirmed, treatment should be initiated for persistent, moderate, and severe depression. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening children and adolescents 12 to 18 years of age for major depressive disorder with adequate systems in place to ensure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and appropriate follow-up. […] When a child or adolescent screens positive using a formal screening tool, such as the PHQ-A, or when he or she presents with symptoms indicating a possible depressive disorder, the primary care physician should assess whether the symptoms are a result of a major depressive episode or another condition that could present with similar symptoms. To diagnose major depressive disorder, criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (DSM-5), must be met and not explained by substance abuse, medication use, or other medical or psychological condition.

• #37 Recommendation: Depression and Suicide Risk in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-depression-suicide-risk-children-adolescents

  Adolescents aged 12 to 18 years: The USPSTF recommends screening for major depressive disorder (MDD) in adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. […] The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for MDD in children 11 years or younger. […] The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for suicide risk in children and adolescents. […] This recommendation applies to children and adolescents 18 years or younger who do not have a diagnosed depression disorder and who are not showing recognized signs or symptoms of depression. […] Depression is a leading cause of disability in the US. […] Major depressive disorder (MDD) in children and adolescents is strongly associated with recurrent depression in adulthood; other mental disorders; and increased risk for suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and suicide completion.

• #38 Depression in Teens: Barriers to Mental Health Treatment for AdolescentsFooterLogo

  https://www.additudemag.com/depression-in-teens-mental-health-treatment-stigma/?srsltid=AfmBOopiB6f49M_RHtCKNKK1mGQKmdSaBgKR8jCvzbvB_PcE-v7-fQiA

  A psychologist, psychiatrist, or pediatrician should be able to differentiate typical teen moodiness from depression. […] The AAP recently changed its screening guidelines to recommend that pediatricians screen all adolescents ages 12 and up for major depressive disorder, even in the absence of documented symptoms. […] Diagnosing depression in teens is only the first step on the road to treatment. One of the most significant obstacles on that path is resistance from teens themselves. […] A study published in Administration and Policy in Mental Health found that confidentiality concerns were an “important factor” preventing teens from seeking treatment. […] Negative public perceptions about mental illness have created a stigma that blocks some teens’ access to care. […] According to a recent ADDitude survey, 62% of caregivers reported that it was “difficult” or “very difficult” to access mental health care due to challenges such as scheduling conflicts, lack of accessibility, as well as prohibitive wait times and cost.

• #39 Teen Depression: Causes, Symptoms, Heredity, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/depression/teen-depression

  How is teen depression diagnosed? There aren’t any specific medical tests that can detect depression. Health care professionals determine if a teen has depression by conducting interviews and psychological tests with the teen and their family members, teachers, and peers. […] The severity of the teen depression and the risk of suicide are determined based on the assessment of these interviews. Treatment recommendations are also made based on the data collected from the interviews. […] The United States Preventive Service Task Force now recommends screening for anxiety in children and adolescents ages 8 to 18 years and screening for major depressive disorder (MDD) in adolescents ages 12 to 18 years.

• #40 First Blood Test to Diagnose Major Depression in Teens – News Center

  https://news.feinberg.northwestern.edu/2012/04/17/teendepression/

  A Northwestern Medicine scientist has developed the first blood test to diagnose major depression in teens, a breakthrough approach that allows an objective diagnosis by measuring a specific set of genetic markers found in a patients blood. […] The current method of diagnosing depression is subjective. It relies on the patients ability to recount his symptoms and the physicians ability and training to interpret them. […] Diagnosing teens is an urgent concern because they are highly vulnerable to depression and difficult to accurately diagnose due to normal mood changes during this age period. […] The test also is the first to identify subtypes of depression. It distinguished between teens with major depression and those with major depression combined with anxiety disorder. This is the first evidence that its possible to diagnose subtypes of depression from blood, raising the hope for tailoring care to the different types.

• #41 JMIR Formative Research – Prediction of Diagnosis and Treatment Response in Adolescents With Depression by Using a Smartphone App and Deep Learning Approaches: Usability Study

  https://formative.jmir.org/2023/1/e45991

  Background: Lack of quantifiable biomarkers is a major obstacle in diagnosing and treating depression. In adolescents, increasing suicidality during antidepressant treatment further complicates the problem. […] Objective: We sought to evaluate digital biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment response of depression in adolescents through a newly developed smartphone app. […] Results: We could predict the diagnosis of depression with training accuracy of 96.3% and 3-fold validation accuracy of 77%. […] Conclusions: Our smartphone app demonstrated preliminary evidence of predicting diagnosis and treatment response in depressed adolescents. This is the first study to predict the treatment response of adolescents with MDD by examining smartphone-based objective data with deep learning approaches.

• #42 First Blood Test to Diagnose Major Depression in Teens – News Center

  https://news.feinberg.northwestern.edu/2012/04/17/teendepression/

  A Northwestern Medicine scientist has developed the first blood test to diagnose major depression in teens, a breakthrough approach that allows an objective diagnosis by measuring a specific set of genetic markers found in a patients blood. […] The current method of diagnosing depression is subjective. It relies on the patients ability to recount his symptoms and the physicians ability and training to interpret them. […] Diagnosing teens is an urgent concern because they are highly vulnerable to depression and difficult to accurately diagnose due to normal mood changes during this age period. […] The test also is the first to identify subtypes of depression. It distinguished between teens with major depression and those with major depression combined with anxiety disorder. This is the first evidence that its possible to diagnose subtypes of depression from blood, raising the hope for tailoring care to the different types.

• #43

  https://abcnews.go.com/Health/blood-test-screen-teens-depression-study-finds/story?id=16151574

  Researchers found biological markers in the blood of 14 depressed teenagers. […] Now researchers have developed a blood test that can diagnose depression in teens, a step they hope will lead to a better way to identify the disorder in young people. […] Currently, diagnosing depression depends entirely on a patient’s willingness to report symptoms — and a doctor’s ability to interpret them. […] „Teenagers are extraordinarily vulnerable to depression,” said Eva Redei, author of the study and a professor of psychiatry and behavioral medicine at the Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago. „And there are no objective, biological measures for evaluating them for depression.” […] In the study, published today in the journal Translational Psychiatry, Redei and her team developed a test that looks for markers in the blood of teens with major depressive disorder.

• #44 First Blood Test to Diagnose Major Depression in Teens – News Center

  https://news.feinberg.northwestern.edu/2012/04/17/teendepression/

  These 11 genes are probably the tip of the iceberg because depression is a complex illness, Redei said. But its an entree into a much bigger phenomenon that has to be explored. It clearly indicates we can diagnose from blood and create a blood diagnosis test for depression. […] Once you can objectively diagnose depression as you would hypertension or diabetes, the stigma will likely disappear.

• #45 JMIR Formative Research – Prediction of Diagnosis and Treatment Response in Adolescents With Depression by Using a Smartphone App and Deep Learning Approaches: Usability Study

  https://formative.jmir.org/2023/1/e45991

  Background: Lack of quantifiable biomarkers is a major obstacle in diagnosing and treating depression. In adolescents, increasing suicidality during antidepressant treatment further complicates the problem. […] Objective: We sought to evaluate digital biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment response of depression in adolescents through a newly developed smartphone app. […] Results: We could predict the diagnosis of depression with training accuracy of 96.3% and 3-fold validation accuracy of 77%. […] Conclusions: Our smartphone app demonstrated preliminary evidence of predicting diagnosis and treatment response in depressed adolescents. This is the first study to predict the treatment response of adolescents with MDD by examining smartphone-based objective data with deep learning approaches.

• #46 JMIR Formative Research – Prediction of Diagnosis and Treatment Response in Adolescents With Depression by Using a Smartphone App and Deep Learning Approaches: Usability Study

  https://formative.jmir.org/2023/1/e45991

  We investigated data obtained from our newly developed smartphone app called Smart Healthcare System for Teens At Risk for Depression and Suicide (STAR-DS), which integrates the passively monitored physical activity and social interaction indices of users. Using deep learning approach in analyzing STAR-DS data, we first aimed to predict the depressive symptoms and diagnosis of depression in adolescents. Second, using STAR-DS data, we aimed to predict the antidepressant treatment response in depressed adolescents. […] The DNN is an artificial neural network with more than one hidden layer between an input layer and output layer, which is a representative deep learning algorithm. […] We could not find prominent differences between each feature of the antidepressant treatment response and nonresponse groups.

• #47 JMIR Formative Research – Prediction of Diagnosis and Treatment Response in Adolescents With Depression by Using a Smartphone App and Deep Learning Approaches: Usability Study

  https://formative.jmir.org/2023/1/e45991

  The results of our deep learning analysis revealed that the duration of smartphone usage was the most important feature for predicting the diagnosis of MDD. […] This study is the first to examine the feasibility of predicting the diagnosis of MDD and antidepressant treatment response in an adolescent population by using the STAR-DS smartphone app.

• #48 Assessing Depression in Children and Teens

  https://www.wpspublish.com/content/research-brief/assessing-depression-in-children-and-teens

  Depression makes it harder for people to keep up with basic activities of daily living. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ranks suicide as the second-leading cause of death among children ages 1014 (CDC, 2023). […] Because suicide risk is higher among children and teens with depression, its important to screen for suicidality early in the evaluation so you can pursue crisis care and evidence-based treatment (Ruch et al., 2022). […] Diagnosing depression in children and teens can be challenging for several reasons. […] When children and teens receive a diagnosis, follow-up care is the next challenge. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics has stated that around half of the children in the U.S. with a treatable mental health condition dont get the care they need.

• #49 The Differential Diagnosis of Adolescent Depression | MDedge

  https://mdedge.com/pediatricnews/article/49001/differential-diagnosis-adolescent-depression

  Adolescent depression can be more subtle to diagnose. It’s not like attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, which you can see in your waiting room when a child is all over the place or when you talk with the child in an exam room and he cannot stay on topic. In contrast, most adolescents and adults can put on a front, yet feel depressed. Until symptoms and functional impairment become quite severe, no overt sign might be apparent that they are depressed. […] The differential diagnosis also is difficult, because a high percentage of seventh-, eighth-, and ninth-graders will report depressive symptoms if you give them a questionnaire. Look for more intense, multiple depressive symptoms. This can distinguish a real depression that warrants additional intervention from the normal day-to-day challenges of junior high school. Approximately 30%-40% will report not feeling good about themselves, feeling down, or withdrawing from family and friends at the some time. Although most teen patients experience these depressive symptoms as part of development, expect 5%-10% of your patients to report serious depression.

• #50

  https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/depression-anxiety-teen-boys-diagnosis-undetected-rcna141649

  Teenage boys are drowning in just as much of the depression and anxiety thats been well documented in girls. […] Experts warn that many young men struggling with their mental health are left undetected and without the help they need. […] Depression in boys may go unnoticed, Ethier and other experts said, because boys usually dont show it through signs of melancholy typically found in girls. […] In males, its theoretically possible that this reflects improved mental health, but Im struggling with that explanation, Chua said. […] The more likely explanation in Chuas experience as a pediatrician, he said, was that boys stopped engaging with the health care system overall during the pandemic, leading to an underdetection and, consequently, an undertreatment of mental health problems in young men.

• #51 Depression in Teens: Barriers to Mental Health Treatment for AdolescentsFooterLogo

  https://www.additudemag.com/depression-in-teens-mental-health-treatment-stigma/?srsltid=AfmBOopiB6f49M_RHtCKNKK1mGQKmdSaBgKR8jCvzbvB_PcE-v7-fQiA

  A psychologist, psychiatrist, or pediatrician should be able to differentiate typical teen moodiness from depression. […] The AAP recently changed its screening guidelines to recommend that pediatricians screen all adolescents ages 12 and up for major depressive disorder, even in the absence of documented symptoms. […] Diagnosing depression in teens is only the first step on the road to treatment. One of the most significant obstacles on that path is resistance from teens themselves. […] A study published in Administration and Policy in Mental Health found that confidentiality concerns were an “important factor” preventing teens from seeking treatment. […] Negative public perceptions about mental illness have created a stigma that blocks some teens’ access to care. […] According to a recent ADDitude survey, 62% of caregivers reported that it was “difficult” or “very difficult” to access mental health care due to challenges such as scheduling conflicts, lack of accessibility, as well as prohibitive wait times and cost.

• #52 Assessing Depression in Children and Teens

  https://www.wpspublish.com/content/research-brief/assessing-depression-in-children-and-teens

  Access to good mental health care can be limited by language barriers; lack of health insurance; practical difficulties such as transportation issues; lower rates of referral for screening or assessment; stigma around mental health conditions; fear of child protective services becoming involved; lack of cultural sensitivity or awareness in providers; use of ER or primary care for mental health services, where providers may not be as experienced with diagnosing depression; distrust of health care processes and providers; and bias in the diagnostic process. […] The good news is that 6090% of teens with mild to moderate depression will improve within a yearthough there is some risk that depression could recur within 5 years for some (Alsaad et al., 2022).

• #53 Youth Depression Screening Will Lead to Over-Diagnosis, Experts Warn

  https://www.madinamerica.com/2020/07/youth-depression-screening-will-lead-diagnosis-experts-argue/

  Adolescent and pediatric psychiatry organizations continue to promote youth depression screening despite numerous concerns. […] Levin argues that screening fails to improve outcomes for teens who screen positive. […] Over-diagnosis needs to be considered as a contributor to the trend of increasing percentages of youth being diagnosed and medicated for a variety of mental health conditions, including depression, Levin writes. […] Despite the concerns of over-diagnosis and the lack of evidence that screening leads to improved outcomes, depression screening for children and adolescents has gained traction in the field. […] Levin suggests that pharmaceutical companies may stand to benefit from increased depression screening. […] Among concerns surrounding the widespread application of screening methods for depression include the link between screeners and medication prescription in the absence of sufficient evidence for antidepressants in youth.

• #54 Youth Depression Screening Will Lead to Over-Diagnosis, Experts Warn

  https://www.madinamerica.com/2020/07/youth-depression-screening-will-lead-diagnosis-experts-argue/

  Levin describes several studies that found that the implementation of screening procedures had no impact on primary care physicians behaviors. […] Levin suggests that the drive for efficiency has diluted the appreciation for the complexity of assessment for depression in youth. […] He concludes: Tools for depression screening cannot make diagnoses. That is a task for skilled diagnosticians.

• #55 Teen depression – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350991

  When teen depression is suspected, the doctor will typically do these exams and tests. […] A doctor or mental health professional can talk with your teen about thoughts, feelings and behavior, and may include a questionnaire. These will help pinpoint a diagnosis and check for related complications. […] An accurate diagnosis is the key to getting appropriate treatment. […] The doctor or mental health professional’s evaluation will help determine if the symptoms of depression are caused by one of these conditions. […] Treatment depends on the type and severity of your teenager’s depression symptoms. […] If your teen has severe depression or is in danger of self-harm, he or she may need a hospital stay or may need to participate in an outpatient treatment program until symptoms improve.

• #56 Recommendations on Teen Depression for the Primary Care Provider

  https://floridapediatrician.org/publications/recommendations-on-teen-depression-for-the-primary-care-provider/

  Symptoms and timeframe are important in making this diagnosis. […] Once the diagnosis of MDD is confirmed, it is important to categorize the severity of the depression in order optimize the treatment and management plan. […] Treatment and management of adolescent depression should be based on the severity of the depression. […] Active monitoring includes frequent or routine check-in visits with the patient to ensure symptoms have not worsened. […] Discussing therapy and psychotropic medications may feel unfamiliar and/or uncomfortable for many general pediatricians. […] Evidence-based approaches for psychotherapy for adolescent depression include CBT and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT). […] In choosing a psychotropic medication, providers should have knowledge of which psychotropic medications are FDA approved for the adolescent age group as well as the common side effect profile so they can provide appropriate anticipatory guidance to patients and families.

• #57 Depression – TCMHCC

  https://tcmhcc.utsystem.edu/resources/depression/

  Depressed mood is common among children and adolescents. […] When this is the case, the child or adolescent may be suffering from Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), commonly known as depression. […] The most important concern when considering MDD in children and adolescents is early identification, referral and engagement in effective treatment. […] Treatment depends on detailed assessment to confirm the diagnosis, and the method will depend on the severity of the symptoms. […] The list below outlines possible signs of MDD. If a child is struggling with any combination of these symptoms for more than two weeks, a mental health professional should be contacted. […] Severity of depressive symptoms and level of functional impairment should guide treatment decisions. […] Mild cases of depression should be treated with psychotherapy, while moderate to severe depression responds best to combination treatment with psychotherapy plus medication management.

• #58 Teen depression – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350991

  The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two medications for teen depression fluoxetine (Prozac) and escitalopram (Lexapro). […] Most antidepressants are generally safe, but the FDA requires all antidepressants to carry a black box warning, the strictest warning for prescriptions. […] If your teen has suicidal thoughts while taking an antidepressant, immediately contact your doctor or get emergency help. […] Psychotherapy, also called psychological counseling or talk therapy, is a general term for treating depression by talking about depression and related issues with a mental health professional. […] In some teens, depression is so severe that a hospital stay is needed, especially if your teen is in danger of self-harm or hurting someone else. […] Your teen’s doctor or mental health professional will likely ask your teen a number of questions, including: When did family members or friends first notice your symptoms of depression? […] The doctor or mental health professional will ask additional questions based on your teen’s responses, symptoms and needs.

• #59 Depression in Children and Adolescents: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1115/p609.html

  Children and adolescents with moderate or severe depression or persistent mild depression should be treated with fluoxetine or escitalopram in conjunction with CBT or other talk therapy. If combination therapy is not used, monotherapy with an antidepressant or psychotherapy is recommended, although the likelihood of benefit is lower.

• #60 Teen depression – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350991

  The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two medications for teen depression fluoxetine (Prozac) and escitalopram (Lexapro). […] Most antidepressants are generally safe, but the FDA requires all antidepressants to carry a black box warning, the strictest warning for prescriptions. […] If your teen has suicidal thoughts while taking an antidepressant, immediately contact your doctor or get emergency help. […] Psychotherapy, also called psychological counseling or talk therapy, is a general term for treating depression by talking about depression and related issues with a mental health professional. […] In some teens, depression is so severe that a hospital stay is needed, especially if your teen is in danger of self-harm or hurting someone else. […] Your teen’s doctor or mental health professional will likely ask your teen a number of questions, including: When did family members or friends first notice your symptoms of depression? […] The doctor or mental health professional will ask additional questions based on your teen’s responses, symptoms and needs.

• #61 Teen Depression Treatment in Los Angeles | BNI Treatment

  https://bnitreatment.com/what-we-treat/mental-health/depression/

  Not all recovery journeys are the same. In other words, not all teens struggling with depression may benefit from the same treatment plan. That’s why our teen depression treatment center in Southern California offers a wide range of comprehensive treatment services so adolescents can receive the best possible care to help them take back their life for the better. […] Treatment of Teen Depression. Certain limitations exist for treating a teenager with depression, as antidepressants can have a variety of adverse side effects. Potential side effects include weight gain, fatigue, sleep disorders, sexual problems, nausea, and headaches. In addition, there is an FDA black box warning attached to antidepressants regarding increased risk of suicidal thinking or attempts in patients under age 24.

• #62 Identifying and treating adolescent depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070798/

  Depression is associated with a markedly increased risk of suicide and attempted suicide. About 41% of depressed youths have suicidal ideation, and 21% report a past attempt at suicide. […] If there is evidence of suicidal thoughts or attempts, it is then critical to establish if the adolescent has the intent, plan, and means to attempt suicide. […] Depression in adolescents is frequently complicated by other mental health and life problems. […] Although research on the treatment of adolescent depression is limited, recent clinical trials have identified promising interventions, both pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the first choice in medication for depressed adolescents because of their relatively benign side effects, their safety in overdose, and because they only need to be taken once daily.

• #63 Identifying and treating adolescent depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070798/

  Cognitive behavior therapies are effective in treating adolescent depression. […] Interpersonal therapy emphasizes improving relationships. […] Having assessed thoughts of death, the intention to die, plans for an attempt, the means to commit suicide, and the availability of support, the physician must estimate the degree of risk and make choices for managing the patient’s risk of suicide. […] Regardless of risk, follow-up care is essential to tackle the concerns that contributed to the adolescent’s suicidal feelings.

• #64 Patient education: Depression treatment options for children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDateAntidepressants_PI.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-treatment-options-for-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  A mental health specialist should be involved if the child or adolescent has other illnesses along with the depression, such as substance abuse, an eating disorder, or certain problems (such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] or anxiety) that haven’t responded well to treatment. […] Psychotherapy (also called “talk therapy” or counseling) teaches patients and their families to understand themselves and the nature of depression. […] Children and adolescents with moderate to severe major depression are usually treated with medication in addition to psychotherapy. […] If a healthcare provider recommends an antidepressant medication for a child or adolescent’s depression, the following issues should be discussed before treatment begins: The expected benefits and possible risks and side effects.

• #65 Depression in adolescence: a review | Middle East Current Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://mecp.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43045-020-00050-z

  The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening adolescents for depressive disorder by the General Practitioners. […] The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Patient Health Questionnaire for Adolescents (PHQ-A) are the most commonly used, outperforming other screening tools in the identification of major depressive disorder among adolescents. […] Diagnosis of depression in adolescents is established through the criteria described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). […] Despite its well-defined diagnostic criteria, depression during adolescence can often be misdiagnosed, with the main differential diagnoses being adjustment disorder, dysthymic disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. […] The treatment of depression in adolescence can include psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy or both. […] Treatment options can include both psychotherapy (CBT or IPT) and pharmacotherapy. The most promising results are observed with the combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, mainly fluoxetine.

• #66 Recommendations on Teen Depression for the Primary Care Provider

  https://floridapediatrician.org/publications/recommendations-on-teen-depression-for-the-primary-care-provider/

  It is best to continue the medication for 6 to 9 months after symptom remission. […] If the adolescent is not showing positive response with the psychotropic medication it is okay to try the FDA SSRI that you did not try. […] When planning for treatment and management of adolescent depression, parents may be hesitant to have their child or teen engage in routine therapy or they may be nervous about having them take a psychotropic medication. […] Providers should aim towards shared decision making.

• #67 Teen Depression: Statistics, Symptoms, Test, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/teen_depression/article.htm

  Most practitioners will continue treatment of major depression for at least six months to a year after symptoms have stabilized. […] The major types of antidepressant medications prescribed for adults are the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and the atypical antidepressants. […] Only fluoxetine and escitalopram are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of teen depression. […] About one-half of teens who take antidepressant medications get better. […] The side effects of antidepressant medications vary considerably from drug to drug and from person to person. […] Common side effects include dry mouth, sexual dysfunction, nausea, tremor, insomnia, blurred vision, constipation, and dizziness. […] Depression can be quite chronic, in that 85% of people who have one episode of the illness will have another one within 15 years of the first episode.

• #68 Teen depression – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350991

  The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two medications for teen depression fluoxetine (Prozac) and escitalopram (Lexapro). […] Most antidepressants are generally safe, but the FDA requires all antidepressants to carry a black box warning, the strictest warning for prescriptions. […] If your teen has suicidal thoughts while taking an antidepressant, immediately contact your doctor or get emergency help. […] Psychotherapy, also called psychological counseling or talk therapy, is a general term for treating depression by talking about depression and related issues with a mental health professional. […] In some teens, depression is so severe that a hospital stay is needed, especially if your teen is in danger of self-harm or hurting someone else. […] Your teen’s doctor or mental health professional will likely ask your teen a number of questions, including: When did family members or friends first notice your symptoms of depression? […] The doctor or mental health professional will ask additional questions based on your teen’s responses, symptoms and needs.

• #69 Patient education: Depression treatment options for children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDateAntidepressants_PI.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-treatment-options-for-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  Depression significantly increases a person’s risk of having suicidal thoughts and dying by suicide. […] In considering whether or not to use medication to treat depression, the parent(s) and prescriber must balance the small increased risk of suicidal thoughts against the very real risk of suicide if the child or teen’s depression is not adequately treated. […] Treatment of depression can decrease the risk of suicide, but does not eliminate the risk. […] Most experts recommend that the parents and healthcare providers closely monitor the child or adolescent for evidence of suicidal thoughts or behaviors for at least the first 12 weeks of depression treatment and if the antidepressant medication dose is changed. […] If suicidal thoughts or behaviors develop during treatment with an antidepressant, the dose may be adjusted, an alternative antidepressant may be tried, or the medication may be discontinued.

• #70 Promoting Healthy Mental Development: A Bright Futures Online Curriculum

  https://www.brightfutures.org/development/adolescence/depression.html

  Depression is a relatively common mental health problem among teens. […] A recent Institute of Medicine report states that the first symptoms of depression and other mental health disorders typically occur two to four years before the onset of a full-blown disorder. Early detection of these symptoms creates a window of opportunity when preventive measures might make a difference or possibly prevent specific disorders in at-risk groups. […] The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) now recommends screening all teens ages 12-18 for major depressive disorder when systems are in place to ensure accurate diagnosis, psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral or interpersonal), and follow-up. […] Obtain a family mental health history, including depression, suicide, and substance use. […] Screen teen for depression, if indicated. Share the results of the screening with the teen and parents.

• #71 Depression in adolescence: a review | Middle East Current Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://mecp.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43045-020-00050-z

  Depression is a common mental health disease, especially in mid to late adolescence that, due to its particularities, is a challenge and requires an effective diagnosis. […] General practitioners and primary care providers are frequently the first line of contact for adolescents in times of distress and can be crucial to identify mental health issues amongst these patients. They can facilitate early identification of depression, initiate treatment and refer the adolescents for mental health specialists. […] It is vital to make a timely and accurate diagnosis of depression in adolescence and a correct differential diagnosis from other psychiatric disorders, due to the recurrent nature of this condition and its association with poor academic performance, functional impairment and problematic relationships with parents, siblings and peers.

• #72 Diagnosis for Teen Depression | Adolescent Wellness Academy

  https://adolescentwellnessacademy.com/teen-mental-health/teen-depression/diagnosis/

  Diagnosing depression in teenagers is a comprehensive process that involves multiple steps to ensure an accurate assessment and appropriate intervention. […] This initial step is crucial to rule out any physical health issues that might be causing symptoms similar to depression. […] A detailed psychiatric assessment is conducted to gather a comprehensive understanding of the teenagers mental health. […] To formally diagnose depression, mental health professionals refer to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). […] In addition to these structured evaluations, it is important to consider the teens environment, such as school performance, peer relationships, and family dynamics. […] Once a diagnosis is made, a treatment plan is developed in collaboration with the teenager and their family. […] Ongoing monitoring and follow-up are essential to assess the effectiveness of the treatment plan.

• #73 Treatment Outcomes for Teen Depression by Duration and Severity

  https://evolvetreatment.com/treatment-outcomes-teen-depression/

  However, the data also shows that with a combination of medication and therapy, chronic, severe depression can improve. Adolescents can experience symptom relief, and in some cases, achieve full remission. […] Evidence shows that the most effective treatment for teen depression follows the integrated model. […] For the greatest chance of treatment success, “early optimized treatment” is essential. This revolves around an accurate diagnosis derived from a full psychiatric evaluation administered by a licensed mental health professional. […] The best treatment plans are dynamic and change as the teen grows and changes on their treatment journey. […] In the end, evidence of progress – and therefore, evidence of an effective plan – is demonstrated when the teen and their family find balance and harmony, create a new sense of well-being, and return to a level of functioning equal to or better than before the diagnosis of depression.

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