Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Teen Depression

  https://medlineplus.gov/teendepression.html

  Depression in teens (ages 13-17) is a serious medical illness. It’s more than just a feeling of being sad or „blue” for a few days. It is an intense feeling of sadness, hopelessness, and anger or frustration that lasts much longer. […] Many factors may play a role in depression, including: […] Genetics. Depression can run in families. […] Brain biology and chemistry. […] Hormones. Hormone changes can contribute to depression. […] Stressful childhood events such as trauma, the death of a loved one, bullying, and abuse. […] Certain teens are at higher risk of depression, such as those who: […] Have family members with mental illness. […] Have a dysfunctional family/family conflict. […] Have had trauma in childhood.

• #2 Teen Depression: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment – Bright Path Adolescent Mental Health

  https://www.brightpathbh.com/teen-depression/

  Teen depression is a significant and increasingly prevalent mental health concern that can have profound impacts on the lives of young individuals. It is estimated that approximately 20% of teenagers experience depression before reaching adulthood. […] The causes of teen depression can include a combination of genetic predisposition, family history, biochemical imbalances, life events, and social/environmental factors. […] Teens can experience depression due to a combination of various factors. Hormonal changes, genetic predisposition, family history of depression, traumatic life events such as loss or abuse, academic pressures, social isolation, low self-esteem, and difficulties in coping with stress and emotions can contribute to the development of depression in teenagers. […] The causes of teen depression are complex and can involve a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors.

• #3 Teen Depression: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment – Bright Path Adolescent Mental Health

  https://www.brightpathbh.com/teen-depression/

  Teen depression is a significant and increasingly prevalent mental health concern that can have profound impacts on the lives of young individuals. It is estimated that approximately 20% of teenagers experience depression before reaching adulthood. […] The causes of teen depression can include a combination of genetic predisposition, family history, biochemical imbalances, life events, and social/environmental factors. […] Teens can experience depression due to a combination of various factors. Hormonal changes, genetic predisposition, family history of depression, traumatic life events such as loss or abuse, academic pressures, social isolation, low self-esteem, and difficulties in coping with stress and emotions can contribute to the development of depression in teenagers. […] The causes of teen depression are complex and can involve a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors.

• #4 Main Causes of Depression in Teens | What Causes Depression?

  https://www.honeylake.clinic/blog/what-is-the-main-cause-of-depression-amongst-teenagers/

  Major depression, clinically known as a mood disorder, surpasses the ordinary fluctuations of life. […] The exact causes of depression in teenagers remain uncertain, yet numerous factors may contribute to its development. These encompass a range of elements that influence their mental well-being: Brain chemistry Neurotransmitters are naturally occurring brain chemicals that carry signals to parts of the brain and body. When these chemicals are abnormal or impaired, the function of nerve receptors and nerve systems changes, leading to depression. […] Hormones Changes in the bodys balance of hormones may be involved in causing or triggering depression. […] Inherited traits Depression is more common in people whose blood relatives such as a parent or grandparent also have the condition.

• #5 Antecedents of depression in children and adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6198600/

  Depression in children and adolescents is a growing health problem in the 21st century. […] It is important to identify the antecedents of depression in this vulnerable group of individuals so as to develop specific and effective preventable techniques and strategies. […] Antecedents identified in childhood and adolescent depression were categorized into biological factors, temperament, cognitive vulnerability, family factors, sociodemographic factors, academic factors, changing social milieu, school factors, and peer group influence along with the emergence of the recent problem of excessive social networking use. […] Biological and psychosocial factors are equally important in the development of depression in this age group. […] Antecedents of childhood and adolescence depression can be targeted both to prevent and intervene depression in this population.

• #6 Depression in adolescence

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3488279/

  Unipolar depressive disorder in adolescence is common worldwide but often unrecognised. […] The strongest risk factors for depression in adolescents are a family history of depression and exposure to psychosocial stress. […] Inherited risks, developmental factors, sex hormones, and psychosocial adversity interact to increase risk through hormonal factors and associated perturbed neural pathways. […] Depression in adolescents is a major risk factor for suicide, the second-to-third leading cause of death in this age group, […] Depression also leads to serious social and educational impairments, […] and an increased rate of smoking, substance misuse, and obesity. […] Because of the clinically heterogeneous and diverse causes of the illness, to understand the pathogenesis of depression in adolescents is challenging.

• #7 Depression in adolescence

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3488279/

  Like many other common health disorders, several risk factors interact to increase the risk of depression in a probabilistic way. […] Distal risks such as inherited factors and adversity in early life might directly and indirectly predispose to depression. […] However, consistent evidence is sparse as to whether such characteristics are risk factors, mediators, or consequences of depression. […] Off spring of parents who have depression face three to four times increased rates of depression compared with off spring of healthy parents. […] Inherited factors also play a part. […] Most twin studies show that depression becomes increasingly heritable from childhood (zero to low heritability) to late adolescence (modest heritability, around 30-50%). […] Much research has been done into the association between depression and environmental factors such as exposures to acute stressful events (eg, personal injury, bereavement) and chronic adversity (eg, maltreatment, family discord, bullying by peers, poverty, physical illness).

• #8 Teen Depression

  https://medlineplus.gov/teendepression.html

  Depression in teens (ages 13-17) is a serious medical illness. It’s more than just a feeling of being sad or „blue” for a few days. It is an intense feeling of sadness, hopelessness, and anger or frustration that lasts much longer. […] Many factors may play a role in depression, including: […] Genetics. Depression can run in families. […] Brain biology and chemistry. […] Hormones. Hormone changes can contribute to depression. […] Stressful childhood events such as trauma, the death of a loved one, bullying, and abuse. […] Certain teens are at higher risk of depression, such as those who: […] Have family members with mental illness. […] Have a dysfunctional family/family conflict. […] Have had trauma in childhood.

• #9 Depression in adolescence

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3488279/

  Like many other common health disorders, several risk factors interact to increase the risk of depression in a probabilistic way. […] Distal risks such as inherited factors and adversity in early life might directly and indirectly predispose to depression. […] However, consistent evidence is sparse as to whether such characteristics are risk factors, mediators, or consequences of depression. […] Off spring of parents who have depression face three to four times increased rates of depression compared with off spring of healthy parents. […] Inherited factors also play a part. […] Most twin studies show that depression becomes increasingly heritable from childhood (zero to low heritability) to late adolescence (modest heritability, around 30-50%). […] Much research has been done into the association between depression and environmental factors such as exposures to acute stressful events (eg, personal injury, bereavement) and chronic adversity (eg, maltreatment, family discord, bullying by peers, poverty, physical illness).

• #10 Depression in adolescence

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3488279/

  Stressful life events seem more strongly associated with first onset rather than recurrence of depression, […] and risk is considerably greater in girls, […] and in adolescents who have multiple negative life events than those exposed to one event. […] Inherited factors seem to contribute to depression in adolescents in two waysnot only by directly increasing risk, but also indirectly through gene-environment interplay, specifically by increasing sensitivity to adversity (gene-environment interaction) and by increasing the probability of exposure to risky environments (gene-environment correlation). […] Both inherited factors and psychosocial stressors can be thought of as distal risk factors, which determine the risk for depression by shaping more proximal biological mechanisms such as activity in underlying neural circuits and endocrine systems.

• #11 Teen Depression: Statistics, Symptoms, Test, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/teen_depression/article.htm

  Teen Depression Causes Teens who develop depression are also more prone to having other biological challenges, like low birth weight, trouble sleeping, and having a mother younger than 18 years old at the time of their birth. […] As with most mental health disorders, depression in teens does not have one single definitive cause. Rather, people with this illness tend to have a number of biological, psychological, and environmental risk factors that contribute to its development. […] Biologically, depression is associated with a reduced level of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain and with an imbalance of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. […] This emotional illness is associated with a decrease in the size of some areas of the brain, as well as increased activity in other areas of the brain.

• #12 Teen depression | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/teen-depression?content_id=CON-20155326

  Teen depression is a serious mental health problem that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in activities. […] It’s not known exactly what causes depression, but a variety of issues may be involved. These include: Brain chemistry. Neurotransmitters are naturally occurring brain chemicals that carry signals to other parts of your brain and body. When these chemicals are abnormal or impaired, the function of nerve receptors and nerve systems changes, leading to depression. […] Changes in the body’s balance of hormones may be involved in causing or triggering depression. […] Depression is more common in people whose blood relatives such as a parent or grandparent also have the condition. […] Traumatic events during childhood, such as physical or emotional abuse, or loss of a parent, may cause changes in the brain that increase the risk of depression. […] Teen depression may be linked to learning to feel helpless rather than learning to feel capable of finding solutions for life’s challenges.

• #13 Teen depression | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/teen-depression?content_id=CON-20155326

  Teen depression is a serious mental health problem that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in activities. […] It’s not known exactly what causes depression, but a variety of issues may be involved. These include: Brain chemistry. Neurotransmitters are naturally occurring brain chemicals that carry signals to other parts of your brain and body. When these chemicals are abnormal or impaired, the function of nerve receptors and nerve systems changes, leading to depression. […] Changes in the body’s balance of hormones may be involved in causing or triggering depression. […] Depression is more common in people whose blood relatives such as a parent or grandparent also have the condition. […] Traumatic events during childhood, such as physical or emotional abuse, or loss of a parent, may cause changes in the brain that increase the risk of depression. […] Teen depression may be linked to learning to feel helpless rather than learning to feel capable of finding solutions for life’s challenges.

• #14 Antecedents of depression in children and adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6198600/

  Immature development of personality and self-esteem along with poor coping skills. […] The biological changes that occur in childhood and in puberty as well as the changes in the socioenvironmental milieu (related to the move from elementary to secondary school) play a significant role in one’s psychological make-up. […] The genetic loading for childhood and adolescent depression has been found to be higher than that of adult-onset depression. […] The promoter activity of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene has been in the limelight recently in the molecular genetics studies on depression. […] Research on the biomarkers in depressed adults had demonstrated that there is evidence of increased cortisol levels and decreased brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) levels. […] It has been postulated that the dimensions of temperament may have a predictive specificity for later psychopathology.

• #15 Understanding the Causes of Depression in Teens

  https://missionprephealthcare.com/mental-health-resources/depression/causes-and-risk-factors/

  Environmental factors such as being bullied, academic pressure, and family conflict […] Psychological factors such as stress, low self-esteem, and trauma. One of these factors could lead to depression in a teen – or it could be caused by a combination of multiple. […] The following are biological risk factors for teen depression: Genetics: It has long been understood that depression runs in families – studies of twins showed that depression has a 37% heritability. […] Changes to the Brain: Brain studies have shown that people with depression have a smaller hippocampus and a larger amygdala than people without depression. […] Brain Chemistry: Depression causes changes to the structure of our brain – but some teenagers might also have brain chemistry that increases the chance they’ll develop depression.

• #16 Teen Depression

  https://medlineplus.gov/teendepression.html

  Depression in teens (ages 13-17) is a serious medical illness. It’s more than just a feeling of being sad or „blue” for a few days. It is an intense feeling of sadness, hopelessness, and anger or frustration that lasts much longer. […] Many factors may play a role in depression, including: […] Genetics. Depression can run in families. […] Brain biology and chemistry. […] Hormones. Hormone changes can contribute to depression. […] Stressful childhood events such as trauma, the death of a loved one, bullying, and abuse. […] Certain teens are at higher risk of depression, such as those who: […] Have family members with mental illness. […] Have a dysfunctional family/family conflict. […] Have had trauma in childhood.

• #17 Teen Depression: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment – Bright Path Adolescent Mental Health

  https://www.brightpathbh.com/teen-depression/

  Changes in brain chemistry, hormones, and genetics can influence a teenagers susceptibility to depression. A family history of depression or other mental health disorders can also increase the risk. […] Teens who have low self-esteem, a negative self-image, or a tendency toward perfectionism may be more prone to developing depression. […] Stressful life events like the loss of a loved one, divorce, abuse, or significant academic pressures can trigger or exacerbate depression in teenagers. […] Teenagers with other mental health conditions, such as anxiety, substance abuse, or eating disorders, may have an increased risk of developing depression. […] Adolescence is a time of hormonal fluctuations, which can impact mood regulation and contribute to the development of depression.

• #18 What Causes Depression in Teens – The Arrow House

  https://thearrowhouse.com/what-causes-depression-in-teens/

  Adolescence is a period of rapid hormonal shifts, and these changes can impact mood regulation. The fluctuation in hormones such as estrogen and testosterone can make teens more susceptible to mood swings and depression. […] Traumatic or stressful experiences, such as the loss of a loved one, parental divorce, abuse, bullying, or academic pressure, can trigger or exacerbate depression in teens. These events may create a sense of hopelessness and helplessness that fuels depressive symptoms. […] The rise of social media has contributed to increased pressure among teens to conform to certain ideals. Cyberbullying, negative self-comparisons, and the quest for validation through likes and followers can lead to feelings of inadequacy and depression. […] Dysfunctional family environments, lack of support, or strained relationships with parents and siblings can contribute to depression in teens. A lack of emotional support or unhealthy family communication patterns may exacerbate feelings of isolation or worthlessness.

• #19 Depression in childhood and adolescence – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_in_childhood_and_adolescence

  Major depressive disorder, often simply referred to as depression, is a mental disorder characterized by prolonged unhappiness or irritability. […] Children who are under stress, experiencing loss or grief, or have other underlying disorders are at a higher risk for depression. […] Depression also tends to run in families. […] Risk factors for adolescent depression include a family history of depression, a personal history of trauma, family conflict, minority sexual orientation, or having a chronic medical illness. […] The fact that increased prevalence of depression correlates with hormonal changes in women, particularly during puberty, suggests that female hormones may be a trigger for depression. […] Frequent exposure to victimization or bullying was related to high risks of depression, ideation and suicide attempts compared to those not involved in bullying.

• #20 Understanding the Causes of Depression in Teens

  https://missionprephealthcare.com/mental-health-resources/depression/causes-and-risk-factors/

  The sex assigned at birth may influence whether a teenager develops depression. Research shows that by mid-adolescence, females may be more likely to report depression and this continues up to middle age. […] The following are environmental risk factors for teen depression: Academic Pressure: The pressures associated with performing well in exams, choosing future careers, and getting into a good college can increase the risk of developing depression in teenagers. […] Issues such as problems in a teen’s family and social environment can cause them to be at higher risk of developing depression. […] Teens who are members of the LGBTQIA+ community may be more likely to experience depression. […] Low self-esteem can be caused by depression, but pre-existing low self-esteem in teenagers can also be a risk factor for developing depression. […] Pre-existing mental health conditions, such as anxiety and eating disorders, may increase a teenager’s risk of developing depression. […] Recent research has examined the effect of social media use on teenager’s mental health and found that it can increase the risk of depression.

• #21 Teenage Girl Depression | Charlie Health

  https://www.charliehealth.com/post/teenage-girl-depression

  Teenage girls are experiencing high rates of depression and struggling with their mental health. […] Teenage girl depression may be more common today than ever before. With the release of very concerning recent data, the CDC says that teen girls are reporting higher-than-ever levels of sadness and suicide risk. […] 57% of teen girls shared that they felt “persistently sad or hopeless” over the course of the research study – which is twice the rate that boys reported. […] On top of this, 30% of teen girls disclosed that they seriously considered suicide, which is 60% higher than reported 10 years ago. […] Some potential risk factors for depression and other mental health struggles in teenage girls include: […] Teens today spend a lot of time on social media – and while this allows them to connect with others in unique ways, excessive use may contribute to poor mental health. Various studies have found relationships between increased time spent on social media and increased risk of anxiety and depression symptoms.

• #22 Teen Depression: Statistics, Symptoms, Test, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/teen_depression/article.htm

  Females are more likely to get depression than males, but that is thought to be the result of, among other things, a combination of biological differences based on gender, as well as the differences in how girls and women are encouraged to interpret their environment and respond to it and how they express themselves compared to men and boys. […] There is thought to be at least a partially genetic contribution to the development of depression because children and adolescents with a depressed parent are up to four times more likely to develop the illness themselves. […] Teens who develop depression are also more prone to having other biological challenges, like low birth weight, trouble sleeping, and having a mother younger than 18 years old at the time of their birth. […] These include low self-esteem, poor body image, a tendency to be highly self-critical, and feeling helpless when dealing with negative events.

• #23 Depression in adolescence

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3488279/

  Like many other common health disorders, several risk factors interact to increase the risk of depression in a probabilistic way. […] Distal risks such as inherited factors and adversity in early life might directly and indirectly predispose to depression. […] However, consistent evidence is sparse as to whether such characteristics are risk factors, mediators, or consequences of depression. […] Off spring of parents who have depression face three to four times increased rates of depression compared with off spring of healthy parents. […] Inherited factors also play a part. […] Most twin studies show that depression becomes increasingly heritable from childhood (zero to low heritability) to late adolescence (modest heritability, around 30-50%). […] Much research has been done into the association between depression and environmental factors such as exposures to acute stressful events (eg, personal injury, bereavement) and chronic adversity (eg, maltreatment, family discord, bullying by peers, poverty, physical illness).

• #24 Parent’s Guide to Teen Depression – HelpGuide.org

  https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/depression/parents-guide-to-teen-depression

  Biological factors, such as genes, can increase a teens risk of developing depression. However, environmental and social conditions also have a role to play. The following factors may trigger or exacerbate symptoms of depression in your teen: […] Bullying and cyberbullying can add stress to a teens life and affect their self-esteem. This can, in turn, trigger feelings of intense helplessness and hopelessness. […] Teen depression is associated with a number of other mental health problems, including eating disorders, self-injury, anxiety, ADHD, or a learning disorder. The struggles that accompany these conditions may lead a teen to feel unconfident and frustrated when it comes to academics and socializing. Similarly, physical disabilities or chronic illness can also play a role. […] Past trauma from violent or abusive situations can put teens at risk of depression as well as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Recent events, such as the loss of a loved one, can also trigger a depressed mood.

• #25 Depression in adolescence

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3488279/

  Stressful life events seem more strongly associated with first onset rather than recurrence of depression, […] and risk is considerably greater in girls, […] and in adolescents who have multiple negative life events than those exposed to one event. […] Inherited factors seem to contribute to depression in adolescents in two waysnot only by directly increasing risk, but also indirectly through gene-environment interplay, specifically by increasing sensitivity to adversity (gene-environment interaction) and by increasing the probability of exposure to risky environments (gene-environment correlation). […] Both inherited factors and psychosocial stressors can be thought of as distal risk factors, which determine the risk for depression by shaping more proximal biological mechanisms such as activity in underlying neural circuits and endocrine systems.

• #26 Depression in adolescence

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3488279/

  Stressful life events seem more strongly associated with first onset rather than recurrence of depression, […] and risk is considerably greater in girls, […] and in adolescents who have multiple negative life events than those exposed to one event. […] Inherited factors seem to contribute to depression in adolescents in two waysnot only by directly increasing risk, but also indirectly through gene-environment interplay, specifically by increasing sensitivity to adversity (gene-environment interaction) and by increasing the probability of exposure to risky environments (gene-environment correlation). […] Both inherited factors and psychosocial stressors can be thought of as distal risk factors, which determine the risk for depression by shaping more proximal biological mechanisms such as activity in underlying neural circuits and endocrine systems.

• #27 Depression in adolescence

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3488279/

  Stressful life events seem more strongly associated with first onset rather than recurrence of depression, […] and risk is considerably greater in girls, […] and in adolescents who have multiple negative life events than those exposed to one event. […] Inherited factors seem to contribute to depression in adolescents in two waysnot only by directly increasing risk, but also indirectly through gene-environment interplay, specifically by increasing sensitivity to adversity (gene-environment interaction) and by increasing the probability of exposure to risky environments (gene-environment correlation). […] Both inherited factors and psychosocial stressors can be thought of as distal risk factors, which determine the risk for depression by shaping more proximal biological mechanisms such as activity in underlying neural circuits and endocrine systems.

• #28 Major Depression in Teens

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/major-depression-in-teens

  Major depression is a serious type of mood disorder. […] Depression has no single cause. Many factors, such as genetics and the environment, play a role. […] A teen may be more likely to have major depression if they have experienced: Family history of depression, especially if a parent had depression when young, Lots of stress, Abuse or neglect, Physical or emotional trauma, including peer problems, bullying, and academic trouble, Other mental health problems, Loss of a parent, caregiver, or other loved one, Cigarette smoking, Loss of a relationship, such as moving away or losing a partner, Other chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, Other developmental, learning, or conduct disorders, Gender issues, especially if the person is bullied, A traumatic brain injury. […] Depression is caused by a combination of factors, such as genetics and the environment. […] A teen may have a higher risk for depression if they have a family history of it. Trauma, stress, and abuse can also make a teen prone to it.

• #29 Teen Depression

  https://medlineplus.gov/teendepression.html

  Depression in teens (ages 13-17) is a serious medical illness. It’s more than just a feeling of being sad or „blue” for a few days. It is an intense feeling of sadness, hopelessness, and anger or frustration that lasts much longer. […] Many factors may play a role in depression, including: […] Genetics. Depression can run in families. […] Brain biology and chemistry. […] Hormones. Hormone changes can contribute to depression. […] Stressful childhood events such as trauma, the death of a loved one, bullying, and abuse. […] Certain teens are at higher risk of depression, such as those who: […] Have family members with mental illness. […] Have a dysfunctional family/family conflict. […] Have had trauma in childhood.

• #30 Teen depression | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/teen-depression?content_id=CON-20155326

  Teen depression is a serious mental health problem that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in activities. […] It’s not known exactly what causes depression, but a variety of issues may be involved. These include: Brain chemistry. Neurotransmitters are naturally occurring brain chemicals that carry signals to other parts of your brain and body. When these chemicals are abnormal or impaired, the function of nerve receptors and nerve systems changes, leading to depression. […] Changes in the body’s balance of hormones may be involved in causing or triggering depression. […] Depression is more common in people whose blood relatives such as a parent or grandparent also have the condition. […] Traumatic events during childhood, such as physical or emotional abuse, or loss of a parent, may cause changes in the brain that increase the risk of depression. […] Teen depression may be linked to learning to feel helpless rather than learning to feel capable of finding solutions for life’s challenges.

• #31 Teen Depression: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Medications & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/adolescent-depression

  Theres no single known cause of teen depression. Multiple causes could lead to depression. […] Research has shown that the brains of adolescents are structurally different than the brains of adults. Teens with depression can also have hormone differences and different levels of neurotransmitters. […] Low levels of these neurotransmitters may contribute to depression, according to available research. […] A traumatic event can leave a lasting impression. Loss of a parent or physical, emotional, or sexual abuse can have lasting effects on a childs brain that could contribute to depression. […] Research shows that depression has a biological component. It can be passed down from parents to their children. […] Teens regularly exposed to pessimistic thinking, especially from their parents, can also develop depression. They may be lacking positive examples of how to overcome challenges.

• #32 Antecedents of depression in children and adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6198600/

  Cognitive vulnerability is an erroneous belief, cognitive bias, or pattern of thought that predisposes an individual to psychological problems. […] Studies have shown that adults and adolescents who have a cognitive vulnerability are more likely to develop depressive symptoms and disorders when they experience negative life events than are individuals who do not show this vulnerability. […] Family interactions in which there are conflicts, feelings of rejection, less expression of affect and more problems with communication have been related with childhood depression. […] Social and economic factors along with psychosocial and genetic factors, also play a role in developing symptoms of mental ill-health in adolescents. […] In today’s competitive society, one of the most commonly encountered stressors encountered by children and adolescents is stress due to studies.

• #33 Teen Depression

  https://medlineplus.gov/teendepression.html

  Depression in teens (ages 13-17) is a serious medical illness. It’s more than just a feeling of being sad or „blue” for a few days. It is an intense feeling of sadness, hopelessness, and anger or frustration that lasts much longer. […] Many factors may play a role in depression, including: […] Genetics. Depression can run in families. […] Brain biology and chemistry. […] Hormones. Hormone changes can contribute to depression. […] Stressful childhood events such as trauma, the death of a loved one, bullying, and abuse. […] Certain teens are at higher risk of depression, such as those who: […] Have family members with mental illness. […] Have a dysfunctional family/family conflict. […] Have had trauma in childhood.

• #34 Major Depression in Teens

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/major-depression-in-teens

  Major depression is a serious type of mood disorder. […] Depression has no single cause. Many factors, such as genetics and the environment, play a role. […] A teen may be more likely to have major depression if they have experienced: Family history of depression, especially if a parent had depression when young, Lots of stress, Abuse or neglect, Physical or emotional trauma, including peer problems, bullying, and academic trouble, Other mental health problems, Loss of a parent, caregiver, or other loved one, Cigarette smoking, Loss of a relationship, such as moving away or losing a partner, Other chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, Other developmental, learning, or conduct disorders, Gender issues, especially if the person is bullied, A traumatic brain injury. […] Depression is caused by a combination of factors, such as genetics and the environment. […] A teen may have a higher risk for depression if they have a family history of it. Trauma, stress, and abuse can also make a teen prone to it.

• #35 Main Causes of Depression in Teens | What Causes Depression?

  https://www.honeylake.clinic/blog/what-is-the-main-cause-of-depression-amongst-teenagers/

  Having been the victim or witness of violence, such as physical or sexual abuse […] Having other mental health conditions, such as bipolar disorder, an anxiety disorder, a personality disorder, anorexia or bulimia […] Having a learning disability or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) […] Experiencing ongoing pain or having a chronic illness such as cancer, diabetes, or asthma […] Having certain personality traits, such as low self-esteem or being overly dependent, self-critical or pessimistic […] Abusing alcohol, nicotine, or other substances. […] Family history such as: Having a blood relative with depression, bipolar disorder, or substance use disorder […] Having a loved one who died by suicide […] Having a dysfunctional family, experiencing family conflict […] Having stressful family situations such as divorce, military deployment, or the loss of a loved one.

• #36 What Causes Depression in Teens – The Arrow House

  https://thearrowhouse.com/what-causes-depression-in-teens/

  Teens who struggle with low self-worth or a negative self-image are more prone to depression. Feelings of inadequacy or being misunderstood can make it difficult for teens to cope with the challenges of adolescence. […] Teens who tend to ruminate on negative thoughts or have a tendency toward perfectionism may be more likely to experience depression. The constant self-criticism or fear of failure can create a cycle of hopelessness and despair. […] Teens with a history of anxiety, eating disorders, or other mood disorders are at greater risk of developing depression. These conditions often overlap, making treatment more complex. […] Teens who feel socially isolated or lack strong relationships with peers and family members may be at an increased risk for depression. A lack of positive social connections can make teens feel lonely and unsupported. […] Teenagers who engage in substance abuse may develop depression as a result of the chemicals affecting brain chemistry. Alcohol and drugs can mask symptoms of depression temporarily but can worsen the condition in the long run.

• #37

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health

  Globally, one in seven 10-19-year-olds experiences a mental disorder, accounting for 15% of the global burden of disease in this age group. […] Depression, anxiety and behavioural disorders are among the leading causes of illness and disability among adolescents. […] Multiple factors affect mental health. The more risk factors adolescents are exposed to, the greater the potential impact on their mental health. Factors that can contribute to stress during adolescence include exposure to adversity, pressure to conform with peers and exploration of identity. […] Other important determinants include the quality of their home life and relationships with peers. Violence (especially sexual violence and bullying), harsh parenting and severe and socioeconomic problems are recognized risks to mental health.

• #38 How to Identify and Treat Teen Depression

  https://www.parents.com/kids/teens/depression/teen-depression-statistics-causes-and-treatment/

  Researchers hypothesize that maternal depression could cause transmission to children and that parental depression could impact fetal development. […] Depression may also be triggered by adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) like neglect, trauma, abuse, or parental divorce. […] Another risk factor is being forced into stressful life events like dealing with a family death, moving to a new neighborhood, or starting college without sufficient coping strategies or a support network. […] Finally, there may be a link between childhood depression and anxiety. […] An untreated anxiety disorder in a child is one of the top predictors of developing depression by the time you hit adolescence, says Lynn Lyons, licensed clinical social worker, psychotherapist, speaker, and co-author of Anxious Kids, Anxious Parents.

• #39 10 Reasons for Teen Depression | Help Your Teens

  https://helpyourteens.com/10-common-causes-teen-depression/

  We are living in a time where teen depression is on the rise. Since 2020 teen depression has doubled in our country, many experts are pointing to the rise in screen addiction. Sadly, we are seeing suicide as the second leading cause of death for young people ages 10-24. […] Adolescence can be a very turbulent and difficult time, even for the most well-adjusted child. Depression strikes teenagers and adults alike and can have far-reaching implications when kids suffer from emotional difficulties that they aren’t sure how to manage. […] While this is by no means a comprehensive list of all causes of teen depression, these ten situations can be quite common contributing factors to depression. […] 1. Academic Stress (Especially if your teen is applying to colleges). Kids are under an enormous amount of pressure to succeed academically, especially as the costs of higher education rise and more families are reliant upon scholarships to help offset the expense. Stressing over classes, grades and tests can cause kids to become depressed, especially if they are expected to excel at all costs or are beginning to struggle with their course load.

• #40 Why Are Teens Depressed? 6 Reasons

  https://psychcentral.com/depression/why-are-so-many-teens-depressed

  Students feeling academic stress may be at 2.4 times higher risk of experiencing depression compared to those who don’t feel academic stress. […] The mental health consequences of trauma can develop no matter the type, severity, or frequency of the abuse or trauma. […] A number of factors contribute to depression in teenagers, so pinpointing school as the root of teenage depression is not a fair statement. […] Other factors that can contribute to a teenager experiencing depression may include, but aren’t limited, to: genetics, brain chemistry, hormones, trauma, racial discrimination. […] Depression affects teens like it does adults for a number of reasons, including genetics, brain chemistry, trauma, social and academic stress, challenges with self-esteem, and much more.

• #41 Why Are Teens Depressed? 6 Reasons

  https://psychcentral.com/depression/why-are-so-many-teens-depressed

  Students feeling academic stress may be at 2.4 times higher risk of experiencing depression compared to those who don’t feel academic stress. […] The mental health consequences of trauma can develop no matter the type, severity, or frequency of the abuse or trauma. […] A number of factors contribute to depression in teenagers, so pinpointing school as the root of teenage depression is not a fair statement. […] Other factors that can contribute to a teenager experiencing depression may include, but aren’t limited, to: genetics, brain chemistry, hormones, trauma, racial discrimination. […] Depression affects teens like it does adults for a number of reasons, including genetics, brain chemistry, trauma, social and academic stress, challenges with self-esteem, and much more.

• #42 Understanding the Causes of Depression in Teens

  https://missionprephealthcare.com/mental-health-resources/depression/causes-and-risk-factors/

  The sex assigned at birth may influence whether a teenager develops depression. Research shows that by mid-adolescence, females may be more likely to report depression and this continues up to middle age. […] The following are environmental risk factors for teen depression: Academic Pressure: The pressures associated with performing well in exams, choosing future careers, and getting into a good college can increase the risk of developing depression in teenagers. […] Issues such as problems in a teen’s family and social environment can cause them to be at higher risk of developing depression. […] Teens who are members of the LGBTQIA+ community may be more likely to experience depression. […] Low self-esteem can be caused by depression, but pre-existing low self-esteem in teenagers can also be a risk factor for developing depression. […] Pre-existing mental health conditions, such as anxiety and eating disorders, may increase a teenager’s risk of developing depression. […] Recent research has examined the effect of social media use on teenager’s mental health and found that it can increase the risk of depression.

• #43 Antecedents of depression in children and adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6198600/

  Cognitive vulnerability is an erroneous belief, cognitive bias, or pattern of thought that predisposes an individual to psychological problems. […] Studies have shown that adults and adolescents who have a cognitive vulnerability are more likely to develop depressive symptoms and disorders when they experience negative life events than are individuals who do not show this vulnerability. […] Family interactions in which there are conflicts, feelings of rejection, less expression of affect and more problems with communication have been related with childhood depression. […] Social and economic factors along with psychosocial and genetic factors, also play a role in developing symptoms of mental ill-health in adolescents. […] In today’s competitive society, one of the most commonly encountered stressors encountered by children and adolescents is stress due to studies.

• #44 What Causes Teenagers Depression? – Paradigm TreatmentAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://paradigmtreatment.com/causes-adolescent-depression/

  Teens with chronic conditions or severe illnesses such as diabetes, cancer, or physical disabilities might be more prone to developing adolescent depression. […] Teens who have ADHD, a learning disability, or processing disorder such as autism can be prone to developing depression. […] Teens who use or abuse alcohol and other substances are more prone to adolescent depression. […] Many people think that simply being LGBTQ makes someone more prone to depression.

• #45 Main Causes of Depression in Teens | What Causes Depression?

  https://www.honeylake.clinic/blog/what-is-the-main-cause-of-depression-amongst-teenagers/

  Having been the victim or witness of violence, such as physical or sexual abuse […] Having other mental health conditions, such as bipolar disorder, an anxiety disorder, a personality disorder, anorexia or bulimia […] Having a learning disability or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) […] Experiencing ongoing pain or having a chronic illness such as cancer, diabetes, or asthma […] Having certain personality traits, such as low self-esteem or being overly dependent, self-critical or pessimistic […] Abusing alcohol, nicotine, or other substances. […] Family history such as: Having a blood relative with depression, bipolar disorder, or substance use disorder […] Having a loved one who died by suicide […] Having a dysfunctional family, experiencing family conflict […] Having stressful family situations such as divorce, military deployment, or the loss of a loved one.

• #46 What Causes Teen Depression, What Causes Teenage DepressionAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://theridgertc.com/what-causes-teen-depression/

  Stress around school expectations, grades, and plans for the future […] Screen time, social media use, and cyberbullying […] Struggles with friendships, social rejection, or bullying […] Conflicts at home, such as divorce or a lack of emotional support […] Trauma or adverse child experiences (ACEs), such as those caused by abuse, neglect, or loss of a loved one […] Low self-esteem, a lack of self-worth, or struggles with perfectionism […] Unrealistic expectations in academics, sports, or social life […] Co-occurring mental health conditions such as anxiety, PTSD, or eating disorders […] There is no single answer to what causes teen depression. Instead, it’s often a mix of various causes, each of which plays a potential role in whether—and how—depression develops.

• #47 Depression in adolescence

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3488279/

  Like many other common health disorders, several risk factors interact to increase the risk of depression in a probabilistic way. […] Distal risks such as inherited factors and adversity in early life might directly and indirectly predispose to depression. […] However, consistent evidence is sparse as to whether such characteristics are risk factors, mediators, or consequences of depression. […] Off spring of parents who have depression face three to four times increased rates of depression compared with off spring of healthy parents. […] Inherited factors also play a part. […] Most twin studies show that depression becomes increasingly heritable from childhood (zero to low heritability) to late adolescence (modest heritability, around 30-50%). […] Much research has been done into the association between depression and environmental factors such as exposures to acute stressful events (eg, personal injury, bereavement) and chronic adversity (eg, maltreatment, family discord, bullying by peers, poverty, physical illness).

• #48 Adolescent Depression in Schools: Main Cause of Mental Health Issues

  https://www.newportacademy.com/resources/mental-health/adolescent-depression-in-schools/

  In addition to genetics and brain structure, environmental factors—stress in particular—play a significant role in mental illnesses like teen depression. And for many adolescents, school is an ongoing source of stress. If a teen already has depression, the stress of school can make it worse. Or school-related stressors can eventually lead to depression. […] Many teens experience some degree of academic pressure. And an uncertain economy and tough competition for college and graduate school make that pressure worse. […] Bullying is directly correlated with depression in high school and middle school. […] Research has found that bullying and depression in school are often related. Victims of bullying in school are at greater risk for depression and suicide. […] Social media is a primary source of anxiety and pressure for adolescents.

• #49 Depression in childhood and adolescence – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_in_childhood_and_adolescence

  Major depressive disorder, often simply referred to as depression, is a mental disorder characterized by prolonged unhappiness or irritability. […] Children who are under stress, experiencing loss or grief, or have other underlying disorders are at a higher risk for depression. […] Depression also tends to run in families. […] Risk factors for adolescent depression include a family history of depression, a personal history of trauma, family conflict, minority sexual orientation, or having a chronic medical illness. […] The fact that increased prevalence of depression correlates with hormonal changes in women, particularly during puberty, suggests that female hormones may be a trigger for depression. […] Frequent exposure to victimization or bullying was related to high risks of depression, ideation and suicide attempts compared to those not involved in bullying.

• #50 Parent’s Guide to Teen Depression – HelpGuide.org

  https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/depression/parents-guide-to-teen-depression

  Biological factors, such as genes, can increase a teens risk of developing depression. However, environmental and social conditions also have a role to play. The following factors may trigger or exacerbate symptoms of depression in your teen: […] Bullying and cyberbullying can add stress to a teens life and affect their self-esteem. This can, in turn, trigger feelings of intense helplessness and hopelessness. […] Teen depression is associated with a number of other mental health problems, including eating disorders, self-injury, anxiety, ADHD, or a learning disorder. The struggles that accompany these conditions may lead a teen to feel unconfident and frustrated when it comes to academics and socializing. Similarly, physical disabilities or chronic illness can also play a role. […] Past trauma from violent or abusive situations can put teens at risk of depression as well as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Recent events, such as the loss of a loved one, can also trigger a depressed mood.

• #51 What Causes Depression in Teens – The Arrow House

  https://thearrowhouse.com/what-causes-depression-in-teens/

  Teens who struggle with low self-worth or a negative self-image are more prone to depression. Feelings of inadequacy or being misunderstood can make it difficult for teens to cope with the challenges of adolescence. […] Teens who tend to ruminate on negative thoughts or have a tendency toward perfectionism may be more likely to experience depression. The constant self-criticism or fear of failure can create a cycle of hopelessness and despair. […] Teens with a history of anxiety, eating disorders, or other mood disorders are at greater risk of developing depression. These conditions often overlap, making treatment more complex. […] Teens who feel socially isolated or lack strong relationships with peers and family members may be at an increased risk for depression. A lack of positive social connections can make teens feel lonely and unsupported. […] Teenagers who engage in substance abuse may develop depression as a result of the chemicals affecting brain chemistry. Alcohol and drugs can mask symptoms of depression temporarily but can worsen the condition in the long run.

• #52 Teen Depression: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Medications & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/adolescent-depression

  Factors that may increase a teens risk for depression include: a family crisis, such as death or divorce; having a difficult time with their sexual orientation; having trouble adjusting socially; having no social or emotional support; living in a violent household; being bullied; having a chronic illness. […] Teens who have trouble adjusting socially or who lack a support system have an especially high risk of depression. […] Even LGBTQIA+ teens who arent feeling conflicted about their own sexuality are at an increased risk for depression. This is because external factors, such as stigma from the outside world or a lack of family acceptance, can have a negative impact on the way they view themselves.

• #53 Teenage Girl Depression | Charlie Health

  https://www.charliehealth.com/post/teenage-girl-depression

  Teenage girls are experiencing high rates of depression and struggling with their mental health. […] Teenage girl depression may be more common today than ever before. With the release of very concerning recent data, the CDC says that teen girls are reporting higher-than-ever levels of sadness and suicide risk. […] 57% of teen girls shared that they felt “persistently sad or hopeless” over the course of the research study – which is twice the rate that boys reported. […] On top of this, 30% of teen girls disclosed that they seriously considered suicide, which is 60% higher than reported 10 years ago. […] Some potential risk factors for depression and other mental health struggles in teenage girls include: […] Teens today spend a lot of time on social media – and while this allows them to connect with others in unique ways, excessive use may contribute to poor mental health. Various studies have found relationships between increased time spent on social media and increased risk of anxiety and depression symptoms.

• #54 Why teen depression has increased – and what to do about it – The Health Foundation

  https://www.health.org.uk/news-and-comment/blogs/teen-depression

  Around 2012, something started to go wrong in the lives of teenagers. In both the US and UK, rates of depression among teens started to rise. By 2019 – even before the COVID-19 pandemic hit – they had doubled. More and more teenagers around the world said they felt lonely and like an outsider at school. This wasn’t just due to teenagers being more likely to admit to negative feelings – behaviours connected to poor mental health, like self-harm and suicide attempts, also rose around the same time. […] At first, the cause of these trends was a mystery. They didn’t line up with economic shifts, family trends or world events. But something did start to change in the lives of teenagers around 2012. More started to use smartphones and be on social media for several hours a day. At the same time, teens also started spending less time with their friends in person and less time sleeping. This is not a formula for good mental health.

• #55 Teenage Girl Depression | Charlie Health

  https://www.charliehealth.com/post/teenage-girl-depression

  Whether teen girls are looking towards their classmates, people on social media, or celebrities, they may compare themselves to others, which can negatively affect their body image and overall self-esteem, which can ultimately lead to negative mental health outcomes. […] School bullying and cyberbullying can have detrimental effects on a teen’s mental health. […] The recent statistics surrounding sexual violence are very troubling. According to the CDC, one in five teen girls were survivors of sexual violence during the year they were surveyed, and more than 1 in 10 teen girls were forced to have sex. […] Overall risk factors for depression in teens include: Having a family history of major depressive disorder, Being a victim of violence (physical or sexual) or a witness of violence, Being diagnosed with another mental health condition, Being diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Being diagnosed with a learning disability, Having a chronic health condition or chronic pain, Abusing drugs or alcohol, Being LGBTQIA+ without a supportive environment.

• #56 Does Social Media Use Cause Depression? – Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/article/is-social-media-use-causing-depression/

  Another study of a national sample of young adults (age 19-32) showed correlation between the time spent on social media and perceived social isolation (PSI). […] Another theory about the increase in depression is the loss of self-esteem, especially in teenage girls, when they compare themselves negatively with artfully curated images of those who appear to be prettier, thinner, more popular and richer. […] Another possible source of depression may be what teenagers are not doing during while they’re spending time on social media, including physical activity and things that generate a sense of accomplishment, like learning new skills and developing talents. […] Another thing disrupted by social media is the process of doing homework and other tasks that require concentration. […] Some of the ways in which social media use impacts mood may be indirect. For instance, one of the most common contributors to depression in teenagers is sleep deprivation, which can be caused, or exacerbated, by social media. […] While we don’t yet have conclusive evidence that social media use actually causes depression, we do have plenty of warning signs that it may be affecting our kids negatively.

• #57 Parent’s Guide to Teen Depression – HelpGuide.org

  https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/depression/parents-guide-to-teen-depression

  Teens who feel unsupported by family or peers are at risk of depression. For example, a teen may be struggling with their sexual identity in a hostile or unaccepting environment. […] Other causes of teen depression can include alcohol and drug abuse, family problems, and academic struggles. Depression can cause or worsen these issues as well, creating a cycle that needs to be broken. […] Some studies draw a connection between teen depression and social media use. Teens that spend more time on social media tend to report higher rates of depression than their peers. Several explanations may explain this connection: Online interactions may be emotionally unsatisfying or increase fear of missing out (FOMO). For example, your teen may see images of their peers enjoying time together and feel excluded.

• #58 Parent’s Guide to Teen Depression – HelpGuide.org

  https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/depression/parents-guide-to-teen-depression

  Teens who feel unsupported by family or peers are at risk of depression. For example, a teen may be struggling with their sexual identity in a hostile or unaccepting environment. […] Other causes of teen depression can include alcohol and drug abuse, family problems, and academic struggles. Depression can cause or worsen these issues as well, creating a cycle that needs to be broken. […] Some studies draw a connection between teen depression and social media use. Teens that spend more time on social media tend to report higher rates of depression than their peers. Several explanations may explain this connection: Online interactions may be emotionally unsatisfying or increase fear of missing out (FOMO). For example, your teen may see images of their peers enjoying time together and feel excluded.

• #59 Parent’s Guide to Teen Depression – HelpGuide.org

  https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/depression/parents-guide-to-teen-depression

  Teens on social media may spend lots of time comparing their looks and their lives with those of their peers. This can damage self-esteem. […] Spending time on social media may decrease the amount of time your teen spends being physically active or developing skills. Some studies show that a sedentary lifestyle can have a negative effect on mental health. […] Too much time on social media may interfere with your teens sleep routine, indirectly affecting their mood.

• #60 Parent’s Guide to Teen Depression – HelpGuide.org

  https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/depression/parents-guide-to-teen-depression

  Teens on social media may spend lots of time comparing their looks and their lives with those of their peers. This can damage self-esteem. […] Spending time on social media may decrease the amount of time your teen spends being physically active or developing skills. Some studies show that a sedentary lifestyle can have a negative effect on mental health. […] Too much time on social media may interfere with your teens sleep routine, indirectly affecting their mood.

• #61 Teen Depression: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

  https://www.e-counseling.com/articles/understanding-teen-depression/

  Sleep disturbances have long been associated with depression and people are now more sleep-deprived than ever. […] Teens are increasingly confronted with the realities of the times. They are living in a world where violence has become commonplace and played out instantly on social media and 24-hour news outlets. This can result in them feeling isolated from their community which can contribute to depression and other issues.

• #62 Why Are Teens Depressed? 6 Reasons

  https://psychcentral.com/depression/why-are-so-many-teens-depressed

  Teens face a number of changes, challenges, and other factors that can lead to depression. […] According to recent research, an estimated 3.8 million adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 have experienced at least one major depressive episode. […] Experts believe the factors contributing to depression are complex and can be the result of multiple causes, including things out of our control, like genetics, brain chemistry, hormones, trauma, and more. […] Teenagers as a whole face a number of challenges that may contribute to or be a risk factor for depression. […] Being bullied has been linked to an increased chance of depression in numerous studies, and research suggests adolescent bullying can alter brain development. […] One study explored the impact of teen social media use and found that those who used social media both more overall and at night had higher levels of depression and poorer sleep.

• #63 Are screens causing a teen depression? Jean Twenge’s new book shows the link : Shots – Health News : NPR

  https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2023/04/25/1171773181/social-media-teens-mental-health

  For years, the research picture on how social media affects teen mental health has been murky. […] Twenge warned of a mental health crisis on the horizon. Rates of depression, anxiety and loneliness were rising. And she had a hypothesis for the cause: smartphones and all the social media that comes along with them. […] In particular, studies from three different types of experiments, altogether, point in the same direction. […] „Every indicator of mental health and psychological well-being has become more negative among teens and young adults since 2012,” Twenge writes in Generations. […] „Social media was like a nuclear bomb on teen social life,” he says. […] „The body of literature seems to suggest that indeed, social media has negative effects on mental health, especially on young adults’ mental health,” says Makarin, who led what many scientists say is the best study on the topic to date.

• #64 Why teen depression has increased – and what to do about it – The Health Foundation

  https://www.health.org.uk/news-and-comment/blogs/teen-depression

  I am not suggesting that all or even most cases of teen depression are due to technology use – there are many causes of depression, including genetic predisposition, poverty, discrimination and abuse. But for the sudden increase in depression – the excess cases after 2012 – the changes wrought by technology are a prime culprit. Nothing else changed so much in teens’ lives during that time. […] If the changes brought about by social media and smartphones are the cause of the sudden rise in teen depression, it might actually be good news – because we can do something about it. Links between depression and social media use are strongest among the youngest teens. […] Teenagers who spend 7 hours or more a day on social media are clearly missing out on other more beneficial activities (like uninterrupted time with friends in person). And the content of social media can also be problematic. For example, Facebook’s own research found that Instagram contributed to body image and mental health issues among teens, especially girls.

• #65 Antecedents of depression in children and adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6198600/

  Cognitive vulnerability is an erroneous belief, cognitive bias, or pattern of thought that predisposes an individual to psychological problems. […] Studies have shown that adults and adolescents who have a cognitive vulnerability are more likely to develop depressive symptoms and disorders when they experience negative life events than are individuals who do not show this vulnerability. […] Family interactions in which there are conflicts, feelings of rejection, less expression of affect and more problems with communication have been related with childhood depression. […] Social and economic factors along with psychosocial and genetic factors, also play a role in developing symptoms of mental ill-health in adolescents. […] In today’s competitive society, one of the most commonly encountered stressors encountered by children and adolescents is stress due to studies.

• #66 Antecedents of depression in children and adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6198600/

  Cognitive vulnerability is an erroneous belief, cognitive bias, or pattern of thought that predisposes an individual to psychological problems. […] Studies have shown that adults and adolescents who have a cognitive vulnerability are more likely to develop depressive symptoms and disorders when they experience negative life events than are individuals who do not show this vulnerability. […] Family interactions in which there are conflicts, feelings of rejection, less expression of affect and more problems with communication have been related with childhood depression. […] Social and economic factors along with psychosocial and genetic factors, also play a role in developing symptoms of mental ill-health in adolescents. […] In today’s competitive society, one of the most commonly encountered stressors encountered by children and adolescents is stress due to studies.

• #67 What Causes Teenagers Depression? – Paradigm TreatmentAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://paradigmtreatment.com/causes-adolescent-depression/

  Approximately one out of five teens suffers from depression before they reach adulthood. […] What is causing all of these cases of adolescent depression? […] Some causes of adolescent depression are biological. For example, brain chemicals can have an effect on a person’s mood and can cause depression. Hormones are another biological cause of the condition. […] Teenagers who have a family history of mental health conditions (including but not limited to depression) are more likely to develop depression and other mental health issues. […] If a teen has learned to rely on negative thought patterns throughout childhood, this can lead to adolescent depression. […] Teens who have had traumatic childhoods are often more prone to depression than the average teen. […] Teens with low self-esteem tend to be prone to depression.

• #68 What Causes Depression in Teens – The Arrow House

  https://thearrowhouse.com/what-causes-depression-in-teens/

  Teens who struggle with low self-worth or a negative self-image are more prone to depression. Feelings of inadequacy or being misunderstood can make it difficult for teens to cope with the challenges of adolescence. […] Teens who tend to ruminate on negative thoughts or have a tendency toward perfectionism may be more likely to experience depression. The constant self-criticism or fear of failure can create a cycle of hopelessness and despair. […] Teens with a history of anxiety, eating disorders, or other mood disorders are at greater risk of developing depression. These conditions often overlap, making treatment more complex. […] Teens who feel socially isolated or lack strong relationships with peers and family members may be at an increased risk for depression. A lack of positive social connections can make teens feel lonely and unsupported. […] Teenagers who engage in substance abuse may develop depression as a result of the chemicals affecting brain chemistry. Alcohol and drugs can mask symptoms of depression temporarily but can worsen the condition in the long run.

• #69 What Causes Depression in Teens – The Arrow House

  https://thearrowhouse.com/what-causes-depression-in-teens/

  Teens who struggle with low self-worth or a negative self-image are more prone to depression. Feelings of inadequacy or being misunderstood can make it difficult for teens to cope with the challenges of adolescence. […] Teens who tend to ruminate on negative thoughts or have a tendency toward perfectionism may be more likely to experience depression. The constant self-criticism or fear of failure can create a cycle of hopelessness and despair. […] Teens with a history of anxiety, eating disorders, or other mood disorders are at greater risk of developing depression. These conditions often overlap, making treatment more complex. […] Teens who feel socially isolated or lack strong relationships with peers and family members may be at an increased risk for depression. A lack of positive social connections can make teens feel lonely and unsupported. […] Teenagers who engage in substance abuse may develop depression as a result of the chemicals affecting brain chemistry. Alcohol and drugs can mask symptoms of depression temporarily but can worsen the condition in the long run.

• #70 10 Reasons for Teen Depression | Help Your Teens

  https://helpyourteens.com/10-common-causes-teen-depression/

  8. Physical or Emotional Neglect Though they may seem like fiercely independent beings that want or need nothing from their parents, teenagers still have emotional and physical needs for attention. The lack of parental attention on either level can lead to feelings of depression. […] 9. Low Self-Esteem Being a teenager is not easy on the self-esteem. From a changing body to the appearance of pimples, it can seem as if Mother Nature herself is conspiring against an adolescent to negatively affect her level of self-confidence. When the self-esteem level drops below a certain point, it is not uncommon for teens to become depressed. […] 10. Feelings of Helplessness Knowing that he is going to be affected on a personal level by things he has no control over can easily throw your teen into the downward spiral of depression. Feelings of helplessness and powerlessness often go hand in hand with the struggle with depression and can make the existing condition even more severe.

• #71 What Causes Depression in Teens – The Arrow House

  https://thearrowhouse.com/what-causes-depression-in-teens/

  Teens who struggle with low self-worth or a negative self-image are more prone to depression. Feelings of inadequacy or being misunderstood can make it difficult for teens to cope with the challenges of adolescence. […] Teens who tend to ruminate on negative thoughts or have a tendency toward perfectionism may be more likely to experience depression. The constant self-criticism or fear of failure can create a cycle of hopelessness and despair. […] Teens with a history of anxiety, eating disorders, or other mood disorders are at greater risk of developing depression. These conditions often overlap, making treatment more complex. […] Teens who feel socially isolated or lack strong relationships with peers and family members may be at an increased risk for depression. A lack of positive social connections can make teens feel lonely and unsupported. […] Teenagers who engage in substance abuse may develop depression as a result of the chemicals affecting brain chemistry. Alcohol and drugs can mask symptoms of depression temporarily but can worsen the condition in the long run.

• #72 What Causes Teen Depression, What Causes Teenage DepressionAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://theridgertc.com/what-causes-teen-depression/

  Stress around school expectations, grades, and plans for the future […] Screen time, social media use, and cyberbullying […] Struggles with friendships, social rejection, or bullying […] Conflicts at home, such as divorce or a lack of emotional support […] Trauma or adverse child experiences (ACEs), such as those caused by abuse, neglect, or loss of a loved one […] Low self-esteem, a lack of self-worth, or struggles with perfectionism […] Unrealistic expectations in academics, sports, or social life […] Co-occurring mental health conditions such as anxiety, PTSD, or eating disorders […] There is no single answer to what causes teen depression. Instead, it’s often a mix of various causes, each of which plays a potential role in whether—and how—depression develops.

• #73 Depression in childhood and adolescence – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_in_childhood_and_adolescence

  Children who develop major depression are more likely to have a family history of the disorder (often a parent who experienced depression at an early age) than patients with adolescent- or adult-onset depression. […] There is also a substantial comorbidity rate with depression in children with anxiety disorder, conduct disorder, and impaired social functioning. […] Depression is usually a response to life events such as relationship issues, financial problems, physical illness, bereavement, etc. […] Psychological makeup can also play a role in vulnerability to depression.

• #74 What Causes Teenagers Depression? – Paradigm TreatmentAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://paradigmtreatment.com/causes-adolescent-depression/

  Teens with chronic conditions or severe illnesses such as diabetes, cancer, or physical disabilities might be more prone to developing adolescent depression. […] Teens who have ADHD, a learning disability, or processing disorder such as autism can be prone to developing depression. […] Teens who use or abuse alcohol and other substances are more prone to adolescent depression. […] Many people think that simply being LGBTQ makes someone more prone to depression.

• #75 Patient education: Depression in children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-in-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  History of depression in a parent or sibling […] Family problems or conflict with a caregiver […] Exposure to early adversity (such as abuse, neglect, the loss of a loved one in early life) […] Problems with friends or school […] Gender dysphoria and/or identifying as gender nonconforming, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and/or questioning […] Negative outlook or poor coping skills […] Previous bouts of depression […] History of anxiety disorders, learning disabilities, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or significant defiance or conduct problems […] History of brain injury or low birth weight […] Chronic medical illness and/or chronic pain. […] Depression can also increase the risk of other disorders setting in, such as eating or substance abuse disorders. […] There is also evidence that major depression in adolescents is associated with an increased risk of early heart disease.

• #76 What Causes Teenagers Depression? – Paradigm TreatmentAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://paradigmtreatment.com/causes-adolescent-depression/

  Teens with chronic conditions or severe illnesses such as diabetes, cancer, or physical disabilities might be more prone to developing adolescent depression. […] Teens who have ADHD, a learning disability, or processing disorder such as autism can be prone to developing depression. […] Teens who use or abuse alcohol and other substances are more prone to adolescent depression. […] Many people think that simply being LGBTQ makes someone more prone to depression.

• #77 Top Causes of Depression and Anxiety in Teens | TurnbridgeFacebookLinkedInTwitterFacebookLinkedInTwitter

  https://www.turnbridge.com/news-events/latest-articles/causes-of-teen-depression-anxiety/

  Research shows that people with depression and anxiety are twice as likely to also suffer from a drug use disorder, compared to the general population. […] Depression and anxiety often stem from negative thought patterns. […] Teenagers who have struggled with learning disabilities may also be more likely to develop anxiety and/or depression. […] Social media has taken a hold on our adolescent population, and its affecting their mental health. […] Teenagers today are thought to have more concerns than some of the generations past. […] It’s easy for parents to think that teenagers don’t have a lot to worry about, or feel sad about, at such a young age. However, as mentioned, contemporary teens are facing more pressure and stress than in generations past. […] Teens who experience chronic stress are more likely to develop anxiety and depression. […] There are many causes of anxiety and depression in teenagers, and it is important to remember that every person is unique. Each teen will have different triggers, risk factors, and experiences associated with their disorder.

• #78 Antecedents of depression in children and adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6198600/

  Rapid urbanization, industrialization and acculturation have brought about a tremendous change in the Indian family system. […] Peers play a major role in the life of children and adolescents. […] Maintaining social contacts through social networking sites is associated with greater social connectedness and well-being. […] Subsequently, it has also been seen that children and adolescence indulging in excess use of Internet and social networking sites are more prone of developing mood symptoms and greater usage predicts increases in depressive symptoms. […] Several developmental pathways appear to conglomerate for depression during childhood and adolescence. […] Antecedents of childhood and adolescence depression can be targeted both to prevent and intervene depression in this population.

• #79 Understanding the Causes of Depression in Teens

  https://missionprephealthcare.com/mental-health-resources/depression/causes-and-risk-factors/

  The sex assigned at birth may influence whether a teenager develops depression. Research shows that by mid-adolescence, females may be more likely to report depression and this continues up to middle age. […] The following are environmental risk factors for teen depression: Academic Pressure: The pressures associated with performing well in exams, choosing future careers, and getting into a good college can increase the risk of developing depression in teenagers. […] Issues such as problems in a teen’s family and social environment can cause them to be at higher risk of developing depression. […] Teens who are members of the LGBTQIA+ community may be more likely to experience depression. […] Low self-esteem can be caused by depression, but pre-existing low self-esteem in teenagers can also be a risk factor for developing depression. […] Pre-existing mental health conditions, such as anxiety and eating disorders, may increase a teenager’s risk of developing depression. […] Recent research has examined the effect of social media use on teenager’s mental health and found that it can increase the risk of depression.

• #80 Patient education: Depression in children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-in-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  History of depression in a parent or sibling […] Family problems or conflict with a caregiver […] Exposure to early adversity (such as abuse, neglect, the loss of a loved one in early life) […] Problems with friends or school […] Gender dysphoria and/or identifying as gender nonconforming, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and/or questioning […] Negative outlook or poor coping skills […] Previous bouts of depression […] History of anxiety disorders, learning disabilities, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or significant defiance or conduct problems […] History of brain injury or low birth weight […] Chronic medical illness and/or chronic pain. […] Depression can also increase the risk of other disorders setting in, such as eating or substance abuse disorders. […] There is also evidence that major depression in adolescents is associated with an increased risk of early heart disease.

• #81 Teenage Girl Depression | Charlie Health

  https://www.charliehealth.com/post/teenage-girl-depression

  Teenage girls are experiencing high rates of depression and struggling with their mental health. […] Teenage girl depression may be more common today than ever before. With the release of very concerning recent data, the CDC says that teen girls are reporting higher-than-ever levels of sadness and suicide risk. […] 57% of teen girls shared that they felt “persistently sad or hopeless” over the course of the research study – which is twice the rate that boys reported. […] On top of this, 30% of teen girls disclosed that they seriously considered suicide, which is 60% higher than reported 10 years ago. […] Some potential risk factors for depression and other mental health struggles in teenage girls include: […] Teens today spend a lot of time on social media – and while this allows them to connect with others in unique ways, excessive use may contribute to poor mental health. Various studies have found relationships between increased time spent on social media and increased risk of anxiety and depression symptoms.

• #82 Antecedents of depression in children and adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6198600/

  Cognitive vulnerability is an erroneous belief, cognitive bias, or pattern of thought that predisposes an individual to psychological problems. […] Studies have shown that adults and adolescents who have a cognitive vulnerability are more likely to develop depressive symptoms and disorders when they experience negative life events than are individuals who do not show this vulnerability. […] Family interactions in which there are conflicts, feelings of rejection, less expression of affect and more problems with communication have been related with childhood depression. […] Social and economic factors along with psychosocial and genetic factors, also play a role in developing symptoms of mental ill-health in adolescents. […] In today’s competitive society, one of the most commonly encountered stressors encountered by children and adolescents is stress due to studies.

• #83

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health

  Globally, one in seven 10-19-year-olds experiences a mental disorder, accounting for 15% of the global burden of disease in this age group. […] Depression, anxiety and behavioural disorders are among the leading causes of illness and disability among adolescents. […] Multiple factors affect mental health. The more risk factors adolescents are exposed to, the greater the potential impact on their mental health. Factors that can contribute to stress during adolescence include exposure to adversity, pressure to conform with peers and exploration of identity. […] Other important determinants include the quality of their home life and relationships with peers. Violence (especially sexual violence and bullying), harsh parenting and severe and socioeconomic problems are recognized risks to mental health.

• #84 What Causes Teen Depression, What Causes Teenage DepressionAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://theridgertc.com/what-causes-teen-depression/

  Stress around school expectations, grades, and plans for the future […] Screen time, social media use, and cyberbullying […] Struggles with friendships, social rejection, or bullying […] Conflicts at home, such as divorce or a lack of emotional support […] Trauma or adverse child experiences (ACEs), such as those caused by abuse, neglect, or loss of a loved one […] Low self-esteem, a lack of self-worth, or struggles with perfectionism […] Unrealistic expectations in academics, sports, or social life […] Co-occurring mental health conditions such as anxiety, PTSD, or eating disorders […] There is no single answer to what causes teen depression. Instead, it’s often a mix of various causes, each of which plays a potential role in whether—and how—depression develops.

• #85 Depression in adolescence

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3488279/

  Like many other common health disorders, several risk factors interact to increase the risk of depression in a probabilistic way. […] Distal risks such as inherited factors and adversity in early life might directly and indirectly predispose to depression. […] However, consistent evidence is sparse as to whether such characteristics are risk factors, mediators, or consequences of depression. […] Off spring of parents who have depression face three to four times increased rates of depression compared with off spring of healthy parents. […] Inherited factors also play a part. […] Most twin studies show that depression becomes increasingly heritable from childhood (zero to low heritability) to late adolescence (modest heritability, around 30-50%). […] Much research has been done into the association between depression and environmental factors such as exposures to acute stressful events (eg, personal injury, bereavement) and chronic adversity (eg, maltreatment, family discord, bullying by peers, poverty, physical illness).

• #86 Depression in adolescence

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3488279/

  Stressful life events seem more strongly associated with first onset rather than recurrence of depression, […] and risk is considerably greater in girls, […] and in adolescents who have multiple negative life events than those exposed to one event. […] Inherited factors seem to contribute to depression in adolescents in two waysnot only by directly increasing risk, but also indirectly through gene-environment interplay, specifically by increasing sensitivity to adversity (gene-environment interaction) and by increasing the probability of exposure to risky environments (gene-environment correlation). […] Both inherited factors and psychosocial stressors can be thought of as distal risk factors, which determine the risk for depression by shaping more proximal biological mechanisms such as activity in underlying neural circuits and endocrine systems.

• #87 Antecedents of depression in children and adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6198600/

  Rapid urbanization, industrialization and acculturation have brought about a tremendous change in the Indian family system. […] Peers play a major role in the life of children and adolescents. […] Maintaining social contacts through social networking sites is associated with greater social connectedness and well-being. […] Subsequently, it has also been seen that children and adolescence indulging in excess use of Internet and social networking sites are more prone of developing mood symptoms and greater usage predicts increases in depressive symptoms. […] Several developmental pathways appear to conglomerate for depression during childhood and adolescence. […] Antecedents of childhood and adolescence depression can be targeted both to prevent and intervene depression in this population.

• #88 Depression in adolescence

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3488279/

  Unipolar depressive disorder in adolescence is common worldwide but often unrecognised. […] The strongest risk factors for depression in adolescents are a family history of depression and exposure to psychosocial stress. […] Inherited risks, developmental factors, sex hormones, and psychosocial adversity interact to increase risk through hormonal factors and associated perturbed neural pathways. […] Depression in adolescents is a major risk factor for suicide, the second-to-third leading cause of death in this age group, […] Depression also leads to serious social and educational impairments, […] and an increased rate of smoking, substance misuse, and obesity. […] Because of the clinically heterogeneous and diverse causes of the illness, to understand the pathogenesis of depression in adolescents is challenging.

• #89 Depression in adolescence

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3488279/

  Unipolar depressive disorder in adolescence is common worldwide but often unrecognised. […] The strongest risk factors for depression in adolescents are a family history of depression and exposure to psychosocial stress. […] Inherited risks, developmental factors, sex hormones, and psychosocial adversity interact to increase risk through hormonal factors and associated perturbed neural pathways. […] Depression in adolescents is a major risk factor for suicide, the second-to-third leading cause of death in this age group, […] Depression also leads to serious social and educational impairments, […] and an increased rate of smoking, substance misuse, and obesity. […] Because of the clinically heterogeneous and diverse causes of the illness, to understand the pathogenesis of depression in adolescents is challenging.

• #90 Teenage Girl Depression | Charlie Health

  https://www.charliehealth.com/post/teenage-girl-depression

  It is crucial for depression in teenage girls to be treated as soon as possible. […] Complications associated with depression in teenage girls include: Substance use, Self-harm, Suicidal ideation. […] Teenage suicide is an urgent public health matter, as the National Institute of Mental Health states that suicide is the second leading cause of death amongst adolescents ages 10 through 14, and the third leading cause of death amongst teens and young adults ages 15 through 24.

• #91 Depression in adolescence

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3488279/

  Unipolar depressive disorder in adolescence is common worldwide but often unrecognised. […] The strongest risk factors for depression in adolescents are a family history of depression and exposure to psychosocial stress. […] Inherited risks, developmental factors, sex hormones, and psychosocial adversity interact to increase risk through hormonal factors and associated perturbed neural pathways. […] Depression in adolescents is a major risk factor for suicide, the second-to-third leading cause of death in this age group, […] Depression also leads to serious social and educational impairments, […] and an increased rate of smoking, substance misuse, and obesity. […] Because of the clinically heterogeneous and diverse causes of the illness, to understand the pathogenesis of depression in adolescents is challenging.

• #92 Signs, Symptoms & Effects of Depression in Adolescents | Village Behavioral Health

  https://www.villagebh.com/depression/symptoms-signs-effects/

  Teen depression may be linked to a feeling of learned helplessness; that these teens are helpless to find solutions to the challenges in life. This behavior may be learned though modeling by a parent or caregiver. […] The long-term effects of untreated teenage depression include: Low self-esteem, Alcoholism and substance abuse, Academic problems and failure, Difficulties with family conflicts and other relationships, Social isolation, Involvement in the legal system, Self-harming behaviors, Suicide.

• #93 Antecedents of depression in children and adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6198600/

  There are several factors that contribute to or influence the occurrence of depression among children and adolescents, which could be considered as antecedents. […] The reason for studying antecedents is important because of these salient points listed below: One of the most well-documented facts about depressive mood, syndromes, and disorders is that they often cooccur with other symptoms and disorders. […] Risk of suicide-A high proportion of suicide attempters are depressed, at least after the attempt. […] High rates of academic decline and problematic behaviors at school. […] Deficits in interpersonal functioning are thought to produce poor relationships between parent and child as well as between romantic partners. […] More somatization and abnormal illness behavior can also develop in depressed child/adolescent.

• #94 Antecedents of depression in children and adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6198600/

  There are several factors that contribute to or influence the occurrence of depression among children and adolescents, which could be considered as antecedents. […] The reason for studying antecedents is important because of these salient points listed below: One of the most well-documented facts about depressive mood, syndromes, and disorders is that they often cooccur with other symptoms and disorders. […] Risk of suicide-A high proportion of suicide attempters are depressed, at least after the attempt. […] High rates of academic decline and problematic behaviors at school. […] Deficits in interpersonal functioning are thought to produce poor relationships between parent and child as well as between romantic partners. […] More somatization and abnormal illness behavior can also develop in depressed child/adolescent.

• #95 Signs, Symptoms & Effects of Depression in Adolescents | Village Behavioral Health

  https://www.villagebh.com/depression/symptoms-signs-effects/

  Teen depression may be linked to a feeling of learned helplessness; that these teens are helpless to find solutions to the challenges in life. This behavior may be learned though modeling by a parent or caregiver. […] The long-term effects of untreated teenage depression include: Low self-esteem, Alcoholism and substance abuse, Academic problems and failure, Difficulties with family conflicts and other relationships, Social isolation, Involvement in the legal system, Self-harming behaviors, Suicide.

• #96 Antecedents of depression in children and adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6198600/

  There are several factors that contribute to or influence the occurrence of depression among children and adolescents, which could be considered as antecedents. […] The reason for studying antecedents is important because of these salient points listed below: One of the most well-documented facts about depressive mood, syndromes, and disorders is that they often cooccur with other symptoms and disorders. […] Risk of suicide-A high proportion of suicide attempters are depressed, at least after the attempt. […] High rates of academic decline and problematic behaviors at school. […] Deficits in interpersonal functioning are thought to produce poor relationships between parent and child as well as between romantic partners. […] More somatization and abnormal illness behavior can also develop in depressed child/adolescent.

• #97 Antecedents of depression in children and adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6198600/

  Immature development of personality and self-esteem along with poor coping skills. […] The biological changes that occur in childhood and in puberty as well as the changes in the socioenvironmental milieu (related to the move from elementary to secondary school) play a significant role in one’s psychological make-up. […] The genetic loading for childhood and adolescent depression has been found to be higher than that of adult-onset depression. […] The promoter activity of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene has been in the limelight recently in the molecular genetics studies on depression. […] Research on the biomarkers in depressed adults had demonstrated that there is evidence of increased cortisol levels and decreased brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) levels. […] It has been postulated that the dimensions of temperament may have a predictive specificity for later psychopathology.

• #98 Signs, Symptoms & Effects of Depression in Adolescents | Village Behavioral Health

  https://www.villagebh.com/depression/symptoms-signs-effects/

  Teen depression may be linked to a feeling of learned helplessness; that these teens are helpless to find solutions to the challenges in life. This behavior may be learned though modeling by a parent or caregiver. […] The long-term effects of untreated teenage depression include: Low self-esteem, Alcoholism and substance abuse, Academic problems and failure, Difficulties with family conflicts and other relationships, Social isolation, Involvement in the legal system, Self-harming behaviors, Suicide.

• #99 Teen Depression: Causes, Symptoms, Heredity, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/depression/teen-depression

  There are multiple reasons why a teenager might become depressed. For example, teens can develop feelings of worthlessness and inadequacy over their grades. School performance, social status with peers, sexual orientation, or family life can each have a major effect on how a teen feels. Sometimes, teen depression may result from environmental stress. But whatever the cause, when being with friends or family — or doing things that the teen usually enjoys — don’t help to improve their sadness or sense of isolation, there’s a good chance that they have teen depression. […] Yes. Depression, which usually starts between the ages of 15 and 30, sometimes can run in families. In fact, teen depression may be more common among adolescents who have a family history of depression. […] Teen depression tends to come and go in episodes. Once a teenager has one bout of depression, they are likely to get depressed again at some point. The consequence of letting teen depression go untreated can be extremely serious and even deadly.

• #100 Antecedents of depression in children and adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6198600/

  Depression in children and adolescents is a growing health problem in the 21st century. […] It is important to identify the antecedents of depression in this vulnerable group of individuals so as to develop specific and effective preventable techniques and strategies. […] Antecedents identified in childhood and adolescent depression were categorized into biological factors, temperament, cognitive vulnerability, family factors, sociodemographic factors, academic factors, changing social milieu, school factors, and peer group influence along with the emergence of the recent problem of excessive social networking use. […] Biological and psychosocial factors are equally important in the development of depression in this age group. […] Antecedents of childhood and adolescence depression can be targeted both to prevent and intervene depression in this population.

• #101 Depression in Teens | Mental Health America

  https://www.mhanational.org/depression-teens-0

  It’s not unusual for young people to experience “the blues” or feel “down in the dumps” occasionally. Adolescence is always an unsettling time, with the many physical, emotional, psychological and social changes that accompany this stage of life. […] But sometimes, despite everyone’s best efforts, teens become depressed. Many factors can contribute to depression. Studies show that some depressed people have too much or too little of certain brain chemicals. Also, a family history of depression may increase the risk for developing depression. Other factors that can contribute to depression are difficult life events (such as death or divorce), side-effects from some medications and negative thought patterns. […] Adolescent depression is increasing at an alarming rate. Recent surveys indicate that as many as one in five teens suffers from clinical depression. This is a serious problem that calls for prompt, appropriate treatment.

• #102

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health

  Some adolescents are at greater risk of mental health conditions due to their living conditions, stigma, discrimination or exclusion, or lack of access to quality support and services. […] Depression is estimated to occur among 1.4% of adolescents aged 10-14 years, and 3.5% of 15-19-year-olds. […] Depression can lead to suicide. […] Risk factors for suicide are multifaceted, and include harmful use of alcohol, abuse in childhood, stigma against help-seeking, barriers to accessing care and access to means of suicide. […] Mental health promotion and prevention interventions aim to strengthen an individual’s capacity to regulate emotions, enhance alternatives to risk-taking behaviours, build resilience for managing difficult situations and adversity, and promote supportive social environments and social networks. […] It is crucial to address the needs of adolescents with mental health conditions.

• #103 Teenage Depression Treatment – SunCloud Health

  https://suncloudhealth.com/adolescent-treatment-programs/teenage-depression-treatment/

  Common underlying causes of depression in teens include bullying, academic pressure, family dysfunction, and past trauma. […] Teen depression can often also go hand in hand with teen anxiety and PTSD. […] Major Depressive Disorder is a type of mood disorder characterized by a persistently low mood or sadness, decreased interest in activities previously enjoyed, and depressive episodes. […] 17% of adolescents ages 12 to 17 have had one or more major depression episodes, with 12% of those experiencing MDD resulting in severe impairment. […] Less than half of those with Major Depressive Disorder receive treatment. […] There are currently two antidepressant drugs to treat clinical depression in teens approved by the FDA: fluoxetine (Prozac) and escitalopram (Lexapro). […] There are a number of experiences that may cause, trigger, or exacerbate a persistent depressive disorder, of which teenagers are particularly vulnerable to exposure.

• #104

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