Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Rising Rates of Adolescent Depression in the United States: Challenges and Opportunities in the 2020s

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8868033/

  Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a major public health concern. Many cases of depression onset during adolescence or even earlier. Critically, adolescent- (or earlier) onset depression tends to follow a recurrent course and is associated with more negative outcomes relative to adult-onset depression, including impairment in a range of important psychosocial domains that can persist into adulthood. Daly examined the prevalence of adolescent depression using the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) in the United States. A total of 167,783 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years were assessed annually using national surveys from 2009 to 2019. Rates of adolescent depression increased from 8.1% in 2009 to 15.8% in 2019, a relatively larger increase than reported in a previous examination in the NSDUH from 2005 to 2014. These findings are consistent with other recent cohort studies in the United States and the world in highlighting a potential adolescent mental health crisis. Adolescents have reported increasing stress, anxiety, depression, self-harm, and suicidality during the 2000s.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health

  Globally, one in seven 10-19-year-olds experiences a mental disorder, accounting for 15% of the global burden of disease in this age group. […] Depression, anxiety and behavioural disorders are among the leading causes of illness and disability among adolescents. […] Globally, it is estimated that one in seven (14%) of 10-19-year-olds experience mental health conditions, yet these remain largely unrecognized and untreated. […] Depression is estimated to occur among 1.4% of adolescents aged 10-14 years, and 3.5% of 15-19-year-olds. […] Suicide is the third leading cause of death in older adolescents and young adults (15-29 years). […] Risk factors for suicide are multifaceted, and include harmful use of alcohol, abuse in childhood, stigma against help-seeking, barriers to accessing care and access to means of suicide. […] WHO works on strategies, programmes and tools to assist governments in responding to the health needs of adolescents. […] More specifically, the efforts made through the Initiative are to promote mental health and prevent mental health conditions.

• #1 The Burden of adolescent depression and the impact of COVID-19 across 204 countries and regions from 1990 to 2021: results from the 2021 global burden of disease study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-84843-w

  Despite the increasing recognition of this issue, there has been limited comprehensive global analysis on the trends and burden of adolescent depression. […] The study reveals that while global trends in adolescent depression appear relatively stable, significant regional disparities emerge upon closer examination. […] The burden of depression is significantly higher in late adolescence (20-24 years) compared to other stages of adolescence. […] The analysis of GBD 2021 data reveals a significant discrepancy between the predicted values from the BAPC model, based on 1990-2019 data, and the actual reported values for adolescent depression in 2020 and 2021, both globally and across the five SDI regions. […] The pandemic has starkly highlighted global disparities in healthcare resource distribution, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where COVID-19 intensified pre-existing health inequalities. […] Decomposition analysis from 1990 to 2021 indicates that changes in epidemiological trends, rather than demographics, have primarily driven the overall increase in adolescent depression prevalence over time.

• #1 The Burden of adolescent depression and the impact of COVID-19 across 204 countries and regions from 1990 to 2021: results from the 2021 global burden of disease study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-84843-w

  This study aims to analyze the trends in the burden of depression among adolescents aged 10 to 24 years globally from 1990 to 2021, with a focus on the impact of COVID-19 on adolescent depression and health inequalities. […] The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted adolescent depression, with reported prevalence, incidence, and DALY rates in 2020 and 2021 far exceeding predicted values, and the burden of depression is expected to continue rising. […] Health inequalities between adolescents in high- and low-income regions have widened, particularly following the pandemic. […] The COVID-19 pandemic significantly exacerbated the burden of depression and intensified health inequalities. […] The urgency to study depression in adolescents stems from the potential long-term consequences of untreated depression.

• #1 Data and Statistics on Children’s Mental Health | Children’s Mental Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/children-mental-health/data-research/index.html

  Among US adolescents ages 12-17 in 2021-2022: 17% reported symptoms of depression in the past two weeks. […] Among US high school students in 2023: 40% reported persistent feelings of sadness or hopelessness in the past year. […] 20% reported seriously considering attempting suicide in the past year. […] 9% reporting attempting suicide in the past year. […] Many adolescents discuss mental health with health care providers, and receive treatment, but there are still gaps in treatment to support youth. […] 20% of adolescents ages 12-17 reported having unmet mental health care needs.

• #1

  https://www.healio.com/news/primary-care/20220225/depression-common-among-adolescents-even-before-pandemic-report-finds

  Depression was common among adolescents even before the COVID-19 pandemic struck, affecting around one in every five, according to 6 years of surveillance data published this week in MMWR. […] From 2013 to 2019, depression was common among children and adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, with 20.9% reporting a major depressive episode, one in three (36.7%) reporting feeling sad or hopeless and nearly one in five (18.8%) reporting that they seriously considered suicide. […] Although no comprehensive surveillance system for children’s mental health exists and no single indicator can be used to define the mental health of children or to identify the overall number of children with mental disorders, these data confirm that mental disorders among children continue to be a substantial public health concern, they wrote.

• #1 Depression: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/914192-overview

  According to the National Institute of Mental Health, in 2021, an estimated 21.0 million adults (8.3%) in the United States had at least one major depressive episode. Adult females had a higher prevalence of depressive episodes than adult males (10.3% vs 6.2%). Individuals aged 18-25 had the highest prevalence of major depressive episodes at 18.6%. Among adolescents in the United States, an estimated 5.0 million (20.1%) aged 12-17 had at least one major depressive episode in 2021. The prevalence of major depressive episode was higher among adolescent females (29.2%) compared to adolescent males (11.5%). […] According to the CDC, in 2016-2019, 4.4% (2.7 million) children aged 3-17 years were diagnosed with depression. The incidence of depression was 0.9% in preschool-aged children, 1.9% in school-aged children, and 4.7% in adolescents in a study by Kashani and Sherman. In another study, more than 22% of female high school students and more than 11% of male high school students reported 1 current or lifetime episode of unipolar depression.

• #1 Nearly One in Ten Americans Reports Having Depression | Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/news/nearly-one-ten-americans-reports-having-depression

  In 2020, past 12-month depression was prevalent among nearly one in ten Americans and almost one in five adolescents and young adults. […] Major depression is the most common mental disorder in the U.S. and is the strongest risk factor for suicide behavior. […] Our study updates the depression prevalence estimates for the U.S. population through the year 2020 and confirms escalating increases in depression from 2015 through 2019, reflecting a public health crisis that was intensifying in the U.S. even before the onset of the pandemic. […] In 2020, 9 percent of Americans aged 12 or older experienced a past-year major depressive episode. Depression was more common among young adults aged 18 to 25 years at slightly more than 17 percent, and adolescents aged 12 to 17 years (17 percent). […] The elevated level and concentration of untreated depression among adolescents and young adults are especially problematic because untreated depression early in life is predictive of an increased risk of subsequent additional mental health problems.

• #1 JMIR Formative Research – Measuring Population-Level Adolescent Mental Health Using a Single-Item Indicator of Experiences of Sadness and Hopelessness: Cross-Sectional Study

  https://formative.jmir.org/2024/1/e54288

  Population-level monitoring of adolescent mental health is a critical public health activity used to help define local, state, and federal priorities. […] In 2021, 42% of high school students reported having felt sad or hopeless for 2 weeks or more during the past 12 months. […] The high prevalence of US high school students with this experience has been highlighted in recent studies and media reports. […] One such measure of poor adolescent mental health that has received growing attention in recent studies and media reports is a single-item measure of experiences of sadness or hopelessness. […] Since 1999, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) YRBSS has included this single-item measure. […] In 2021, 42% of high school students reported having felt sad or hopeless for 2 weeks or more during the past 12 months, and the prevalence of this experience significantly increased from 2011 to 2021.

• #1 Rising Rates of Adolescent Depression in the United States: Challenges and Opportunities in the 2020s

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8868033/

  Daly’s timely study provides descriptive information on rates of adolescent depression during the 2010s. It also raises important questions, namely why rates of adolescent depression are increasing and the potential influences of sex and race/ethnicity on adolescent depression. These critical questions must now be addressed to promote adaptive adolescent development by identifying those adolescents at greatest risk for depression and to understand the individual difference and contextual factors that contribute to its development and the mechanisms by which this occurs. […] Daly found that rates of depression increased from 2009 to 2019 among both girls and boys, but the percentage change was larger for girls (12.0%) than boys (3.7%), so that the sex difference in adolescent depression increased over time. However, although an extensive body of research has been conducted to understand this finding, and a number of potential explanations have been proposed, we have yet to fully explain this sex difference or identify causal mechanisms. Notably, Daly also found that rates of depression increased from 2009 to 2019 among adolescents in all racial/ethnic categories assessed, though the percentage change among adolescents who identified as Black (4.1%) was relatively smaller than that among adolescents who identified as White (7.5%), Hispanic (9.7%), or other race/ethnicity (9.2%).

• #1 Recent Trends in Mental Health and Substance Use Concerns Among Adolescents | KFF

  https://www.kff.org/mental-health/issue-brief/recent-trends-in-mental-health-and-substance-use-concerns-among-adolescents/

  In 2021, 42% of adolescents reported feelings of sadness and hopelessness which can be indicative of depressive disorder up from 28% in 2011. […] In 2021 and 2022, 21% of adolescents reported experiencing symptoms of anxiety in the past two weeks and 17% reported experiencing symptoms of depression. […] Approximately one in five adolescents reported experiencing symptoms of anxiety or depression. […] Female adolescents were more likely than their male peers to report anxiety (31% vs. 12%) and depression (25% vs. 10%) in 2021 and 2022. […] In 2021 and 2022, LGBT+ adolescents were more likely than their non-LGBT+ peers to report anxiety (43% vs. 14%) and depression (37% vs. 11%). […] In 2022, 20% of adolescents experienced a major depressive episode in the past year, with no significant differences across racial and ethnic groups.

• #1 Teen dislike of physical appearance strong predictor of depression in early adulthood | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/12/201207195131.htm

  Teens who are unhappy with their physical appearance are at significantly heightened risk of depression by the time they reach early adulthood, reveals the first UK study of its kind, published online in the Journal of Epidemiology Community Health. […] The size of the increased risk ranges from 50% to 285%, the findings show, with boys more likely to experience severe depression than girls. […] Dislike of one’s physical appearance, formally known as body dissatisfaction, affects up to 61% of teens worldwide. […] Analysis of the data revealed that body dissatisfaction at the age of 14 predicted depressive episodes of all degrees of severity among the girls, and mild and severe depressive episodes among the boys by the time they were 18 years old. […] Each increase in the body dissatisfaction scale at the age of 14 among the boys was associated with a heightened risk of experiencing at least one mild (50%) and/or severe (285%) depressive episode at the age of 18. […] These findings demonstrate that body dissatisfaction should be considered as a public health issue of pressing concern.

• #1 Rising Rates of Adolescent Depression in the United States: Challenges and Opportunities in the 2020s

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8868033/

  There is evidence of differences in rates of adolescent depression across racial/ethnic identities, though these findings are nuanced. Of note, adolescents who are racial/ethnic minorities are less likely to receive treatment for depression. An extensive, and growing, body of research has been conducted to try to understand racial/ethnic differences in adolescent depression and well-being more broadly, and a number of potential explanations have been proposed as increasing risk for or protecting against depression, but we have yet to fully explain racial/ethnic group differences in adolescent depression or identify causal mechanisms. […] Identifying those adolescents at greatest risk for developing depression is critical for promoting adaptive adolescent development, and Daly highlights sex and race/ethnicity as potential indicators of risk. However, this is not to say that sex or race/ethnicity confer causal risk for depression. Instead, it is likely that sex and race/ethnicity index other individual difference and contextual mechanistic risk factors, and study designs able to get at causes and risk mechanisms are necessary to understand these processes.

• #1 Depression among adolescents. A hidden problem for public health and clinical practice | Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-boletin-medico-del-hospital-infantil-201-articulo-depression-among-adolescents-a-hidden-X2444340915346126

  La depresin constituye un grave problema de salud pblica que requiere mayor y mejor atencin. […] En el presente ensayo revisamos el panorama epidemiolgico de la depresin en adolescentes de Mxico y discutimos algunas estrategias para su deteccin temprana i atencin oportuna. […] La sintomatologa depresiva es prevalente en jvenes y adultos en Mxico, como en muchos otros pases, con una mayor proporcin de casos entre las mujeres. […] Los jvenes en condiciones socio-urbanas ms conflictivas muestran tasas ms elevadas de depresin. […] El estigma hacia la depresin en los hombres puede conducir a que se intente enmascarar los sntomas mediante conductas de alto riesgo. […] Las tasas de suicidio consumado en varones son ms altas en la mayora de los pases del mundo, y Mxico no es la excepcin.

• #1 Social differences in diagnosed depression among adolescents in a Swedish population based cohort | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-018-1765-0

  Population based research regarding social differences in diagnosed depression in adolescence is sparse. […] The prevalence of adolescents treated for depression in Sweden has increased during the past two decades, and is more common among females. […] The risk of diagnosed depression was higher for adolescents with parents with low education (HR=1.1, CI=1.01.2) and medium education (HR=1.1, CI=1.11.2) compared to high as well as for those with lower household income (for example, medium low, HR=1.2, CI=1.11.3) and for those with parents who received an unemployment benefit (HR=1.3, CI=1.21.4). […] Social differences were found but the magnitude was modest and gender differences small. […] The findings from this population based cohort study from Sweden expand upon and handle some methodological shortcomings of previous research. In the current study it was shown that 3.8% of 1317 year old adolescents received a diagnosis of depression during a follow-up period of 5 years.

• #1 Does Social Media Use Cause Depression? – Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/article/is-social-media-use-causing-depression/

  Studies show that depression among teenagers and young adults has gotten more common over the past decade. Social media use has also increased during the same time. […] In several studies, teenage and young adult users who spend the most time on Instagram, Facebook and other platforms were shown to have a substantially (from 13 to 66 percent) higher rate of reported depression than those who spent the least time. […] A 2017 study of over half a million eighth through 12th graders found that the number exhibiting high levels of depressive symptoms increased by 33 percent between 2010 and 2015. In the same period, the suicide rate for girls in that age group increased by 65 percent. […] Over that same time period there was a sharp spike in reports of students seeking help at college and university counseling centers, principally for depression and anxiety. Visits jumped 30 percent between 2010 and 2015, and they’ve continued to rise since the pandemic.

• #1 Teens with anxiety and depression spend more time on social media

  https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-01359-7

  Sixteen per cent of respondents had at least one mental-health condition. Of those, 8% had internalizing conditions, such as depression and anxiety characterized by negative emotions towards the self and 3% had externalizing conditions, such as ADHD, characterized by negative emotions towards others. […] The analysis found that young people with mental-health conditions spent more time on social media overall, and those with internalizing conditions were more likely to compare themselves with others online than were those with externalizing conditions or no mental-health condition.

• #1 Patient education: Depression in children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-in-children-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics

  People often think of depression as an adult problem, not something that affects children, but children – especially adolescents – commonly suffer from depression. […] In children and adolescents, depression can adversely affect school performance, relationships with parents and peers, and other everyday functions. What’s more, depressed adolescents are more likely to engage in risky behaviors such as promiscuity or drug use. […] Up to 70 percent of depressed children and adolescents have at least one other psychiatric disorder and many have two or more. […] There is also evidence that major depression in adolescents is associated with an increased risk of early heart disease. […] Studies indicate that in children who are being treated for depression, the condition can last roughly 8 to 13 months. After recovery, somewhere between 30 and 70 percent of children tend to relapse. In adolescents, the numbers are little different. For them, depression might last 4 to 9 months, and 20 to 50 percent might relapse. […] If a parent observes a change in the child’s mood along with a change in functioning (for example, performance in school or interactions with friends or family), the parent should contact a health care provider as soon as possible.

• #1 Youth depression tied to higher risk of 66 diseases and premature death | Karolinska Institutet

  https://news.ki.se/youth-depression-tied-to-higher-risk-of-66-diseases-and-premature-death

  Depressed children and teenagers have an increased risk of suffering from premature death and a wide range of illnesses later in life. […] Our study shows that children and teenagers diagnosed with depression have a significantly higher risk of premature death, self-harm, and suffering from other diseases later in life says Sarah E. Bergen, senior researcher at the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, and corresponding author of the study. […] Previous studies have linked depression in adolescents to an increased risk of several adverse outcomes, including atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease and premature death. […] The study found that children and teenagers with depression had a higher risk of being diagnosed with 66 out of 69 examined medical conditions, including sleep disorders, type 2 diabetes, viral hepatitis, and kidney and liver diseases.

• #1 Data shows severe depression is most prevalent among teens | 93.1 Coast Country

  https://931coast.com/data-shows-severe-depression-is-most-prevalent-among-teens/

  Concerns about social media’s impact on teen mental health have escalated to a public health crisis. […] A 2023 report from the APA found that climate change poses a particular threat to children and youth. […] The APA explains that many teens and youth also faced additional challenges that could contribute to the development of depression, such as a parent or caregiver losing their job and emotional or physical abuse at home. […] Over a quarter of teens (26.1%) who have experienced a major depressive episode have used illegal drugs, compared with 11.5% drug use among those who had not, according to the NSDUH report. […] The CDC is also investigating ways to help youth and their families obtain mental health care and find better ways to identify teens who need help.

• #1 Adolescent depression and subsequent earnings across early to middle adulthood: a 25-year longitudinal cohort study | Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-psychiatric-sciences/article/adolescent-depression-and-subsequent-earnings-across-early-to-middle-adulthood-a-25year-longitudinal-cohort-study/95B3049BF1120991F9DC3B3B772FA3D8

  Earnings across early to middle adulthood were lower for participants with a history of a PDD in adolescence than for their non-depressed peers, with an adjusted ratio of mean earnings of 0.85 (0.770.95) for females and 0.76 (0.600.95) for males. […] The association of adolescent depression with earnings in adulthood was analysed using generalised estimating equations. […] Our findings suggest that future earnings of adolescents with depressive disorders are contingent on the duration and natural long-term course of early-onset depression, emphasising the need for timely and effective interventions to avoid loss of human capital. […] Early-onset depression is common worldwide, with an estimated life-time prevalence of 15% in late adolescence and a strong female preponderance. […] Depression in adolescence is linked to recurring episodes and other mental health conditions in adulthood, with a particularly poor prognosis reported for persistent depressive disorder (PDD).

• #1 Teen Depression: Statistics, Symptoms, Test, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/teen_depression/article.htm

  Teen depression is common during the teenage years, affecting about 20% of adolescents by the time they reach adulthood. Other statistics about teen depression include that more than 8% of adolescents suffer from depression that lasts a year or more. […] Depression occurs at a rate of about 2% during childhood and from 4%-7% during adolescence. This mental illness is a leading cause of health impairment (morbidity) and death (mortality). […] About 3,000 youth die by suicide each year in the United States, making it the third leading cause of death in youth ages 10-24. […] Teen depression is a risk factor for developing a number of other mental health symptoms and disorders. […] Adolescent depression is associated with a number of potentially negative outcomes, including problems at school, work, in their relationships, and with drugs. […] Clinical depression is the leading cause of disability in the United States in people over 5 years of age.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-021-02056-2

  Depression at all ages is recognized as a global public health concern, but less is known about the welfare burden following early-life depression. […] This study aimed to (1) estimate the magnitude of associations between depression in adolescence and social transfer payments in adulthood; and (2) address the impact of major comorbid psychopathology on these associations. […] Adolescent depression was associated with all forms of social transfer payments. […] The estimated overall payment per person and year was 938 USD (95% CI 5511326) over and above the amount received by nondepressed controls. […] Adolescent depression is associated with considerable public expenditures across early-to-middle adulthood, especially for those exposed to chronic/persistent depression and psychiatric comorbidities.

• #1 Mental Health Surveillance Among Children — United States, 2013–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/su/su7102a1.htm

  Mental health surveillance of children is crucial for understanding the prevalence of mental disorders and informing public health strategies. Public health surveillance of children’s mental health can be used to monitor trends in prevalence across populations, increase knowledge about demographic and geographic differences, and support decision-making about prevention and intervention. The 2013-2019 data from these data systems show that mental disorders begin in early childhood and affect children with a range of sociodemographic characteristics. During this period, the most prevalent disorders diagnosed among U.S. children and adolescents aged 3-17 years were attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and anxiety, each affecting approximately one in 11 (9.4%-9.8%) children. Among children and adolescents aged 12-17 years, one fifth (20.9%) had ever experienced a major depressive episode. Among high school students in 2019, 36.7% reported persistently feeling sad or hopeless in the past year, and 18.8% had seriously considered attempting suicide. Approximately seven in 100,000 persons aged 10-19 years died by suicide in 2018 and 2019. These findings can be used by public health professionals, health care providers, state health officials, policymakers, and educators to understand the prevalence of specific mental disorders and other indicators of mental health and the challenges related to mental health surveillance.

• #1 Mental Health Surveillance Among Children — United States, 2013–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/su/su7102a1.htm

  Although no comprehensive surveillance system for children’s mental health exists and no single indicator can be used to define the mental health of children or to identify the overall number of children with mental disorders, these data confirm that mental disorders among children continue to be a substantial public health concern.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01537606

  The existence of depression in children and adolescents is well established, but debate remains about the phenomenology of the depressive syndrome in the young. […] A widely used self-report depression symptom scale, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale, was administered to convenient (and not necessarily representative) samples of high school and college students. […] The results of the analyses suggest that the CES-D Scale is acceptable and reliable in all the groups studied. […] The scores of the junior high school group may be inflated by an excess of transient symptoms and should be interpreted with caution, but the scale seems to be very suitable for the high school and older groups. […] Epidemiology of adolescent depression.

• #1 Depression | Mental Health America

  https://mhanational.org/conditions/depression/

  15% of youth (3.7 million) ages 12-17 are affected by major depression. […] Depression is never a “normal” part of life, no matter what your demographics or health situation. […] While most individuals with depression have a full remission of the disorder with effective treatment, only about a third (35%) of those suffering from severe depression seek treatment from a mental health professional.

• #1 Recent Trends in Mental Health and Substance Use Concerns Among Adolescents | KFF

  https://www.kff.org/mental-health/issue-brief/recent-trends-in-mental-health-and-substance-use-concerns-among-adolescents/

  Mental health and substance use issues can often co-occur among adolescents. […] In the past decade, CDC data show that adolescent deaths due to suicide increased and peaked in 2018 before slowing and declining by 2022. […] Suicide remains the second leading cause of death among adolescents. […] The rate of suicide deaths is increasing faster among adolescents of color compared to their White peers. […] Among adolescents, male suicide rates are more than double the rates among females. […] LGBQ+ adolescents are more likely to experience suicidal thoughts compared to their heterosexual peers. […] Among all adolescents, 20% reported receiving mental health therapy or counseling and 14% reported taking prescription medication for mental health in the past year. […] Although some adolescents received mental health care, 20% reported not receiving the mental health therapy they needed because of cost, fear of what others would think, and/or they did not know how to get help. […] Many adolescents report negative experiences that can impact their mental health and well-being, including bullying (34%) and, specifically, electronic bullying (11%). […] Gun violence continues to rise and may lead to negative mental health impacts among children and adolescents.

• #1 Promoting Healthy Mental Development: A Bright Futures Online Curriculum

  https://www.brightfutures.org/development/adolescence/depression.html

  Depression is a relatively common mental health problem among teens. […] A recent Institute of Medicine report states that the first symptoms of depression and other mental health disorders typically occur two to four years before the onset of a full-blown disorder. Early detection of these symptoms creates a window of opportunity when preventive measures might make a difference or possibly prevent specific disorders in at-risk groups. […] The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) now recommends screening all teens ages 12-18 for major depressive disorder when systems are in place to ensure accurate diagnosis, psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral or interpersonal), and follow-up. […] Depressed teens often do not realize that they need help or that help is available. […] Sadness and crying that last for two weeks or more may be symptoms of depression.

• #1 Screening for depression in children and adolescents in primary care or non-mental health settings: a systematic review update | Systematic Reviews | Full Text

  https://systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13643-023-02447-3

  The transition from childhood to adolescence is associated with an increase in rates of some psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder, a debilitating mood disorder. […] The findings of this review indicate a lack of available evidence regarding the potential benefits and harms of screening for depression in children and adolescents. […] The burden of depression is high among children and adolescents. […] A 2018 systematic review found that adolescents who suffer from depression have around 2.5 times the odds of developing depression in adulthood compared with adolescents without depression. […] These findings emphasize the urgent need for high-quality clinical trials that can provide direct evidence on the benefits and harms of depression screening among children and adolescents.

• #1 JMIR Mental Health – Identifying Adolescent Depression and Anxiety Through Real-World Data and Social Determinants of Health: Machine Learning Model Development and Validation

  https://mental.jmir.org/2025/1/e66665

  The results emphasize the significant impact of various factors on adolescents mental health. […] Our study differs from previous research that has primarily relied on questionnaires and neuroimaging data as model outcomes by using EHR data, which, though common, is less frequently applied in adolescent mental health research. […] While our study focuses on data from Florida, USA, it is important to recognize that the prevalence and predictors of depression and anxiety among adolescents vary across different regions and countries. […] Future research should focus on incorporating longitudinal data to better understand the progression of mental health conditions over time. […] This study emphasized the potential of ML in the early detection of depression and anxiety in adolescents using EHRs.

• #1 JMIR Mental Health – Identifying Adolescent Depression and Anxiety Through Real-World Data and Social Determinants of Health: Machine Learning Model Development and Validation

  https://mental.jmir.org/2025/1/e66665

  Background: The prevalence of adolescent mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety has significantly increased. […] The United States is experiencing a national health emergency as rates of childhood and adolescent mental health conditions, including depression and anxiety, doubled during the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Previous research has shown that SDoH are significantly associated with adolescent mental health outcomes. […] Despite this established association between SDoH and adolescent mental health, further research is needed to develop and improve ML models that effectively incorporate these SDoH factors. […] Our study findings show that incorporating SDoH features, or ADI did not improve the predictive accuracy of the ML models for depression, anxiety, or a combination of both.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health

  Globally, one in seven 10-19-year-olds experiences a mental disorder, accounting for 15% of the global burden of disease in this age group. […] Depression, anxiety and behavioural disorders are among the leading causes of illness and disability among adolescents. […] Globally, it is estimated that one in seven (14%) of 10-19-year-olds experience mental health conditions, yet these remain largely unrecognized and untreated. […] Depression is estimated to occur among 1.4% of adolescents aged 10-14 years, and 3.5% of 15-19-year-olds. […] Suicide is the third leading cause of death in older adolescents and young adults (15-29 years). […] Risk factors for suicide are multifaceted, and include harmful use of alcohol, abuse in childhood, stigma against help-seeking, barriers to accessing care and access to means of suicide. […] WHO works on strategies, programmes and tools to assist governments in responding to the health needs of adolescents. […] More specifically, the efforts made through the Initiative are to promote mental health and prevent mental health conditions.

• #2 Youth depression tied to higher risk of 66 diseases and premature death | Karolinska Institutet

  https://news.ki.se/youth-depression-tied-to-higher-risk-of-66-diseases-and-premature-death

  They also had a significantly higher risk of injuries, especially injuries inflicted by self-harm, and an almost six-fold higher risk of premature death. […] Part of the association may be explained by other co-existing psychiatric conditions, especially substance use disorder and anxiety, which have previously been linked to risk increases for certain medical outcomes. […] We need more research to understand the causality between depression and other diseases, says Marica Leone, PhD candidate at the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics at Karolinska Institutet, and first author of the study. Currenty, we cannot say whether depression leads to an increased risk of negative health effects or whether there are other underlying factors that lead to increased risks for both depression and the diseases examined in this study.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-021-02056-2

  This finding suggests that the clinical heterogeneity of early-life depression needs to be considered from a longer-term societal perspective. […] The results presented herein advance our knowledge about the long-term societal consequences of this common mental disorder, including the impact of episode duration and early comorbid psychopathology. […] First, this study provides evidence of robust associations between adolescent depression and several domains of social transfer payments across early-to-middle adulthood, with average payments associated with adolescent depression amounting to a total of around 1000 USD per year for each affected individual. […] There is growing concern that granting long-term benefits to young people with mental illness may trap them in inactivity and poverty, further perpetuating the sequela of welfare dependency. […] The welfare burden of adolescent depressive disorders amounts to considerable public expenditures across early-to-middle adulthood, most notably for those presenting with early chronic/persistent depression or comorbid psychopathology.

• #2 JMIR Formative Research – Measuring Population-Level Adolescent Mental Health Using a Single-Item Indicator of Experiences of Sadness and Hopelessness: Cross-Sectional Study

  https://formative.jmir.org/2024/1/e54288

  The associations between having felt sad or hopeless for 2 weeks or more and moderate to severe depressive symptoms, frequent mental distress, and functional limitation due to poor mental health suggest the single-item indicator may represent relevant symptoms associated with poor mental health and be associated with unmet health needs. […] Findings from this study support the value of this item for use in population studies of adolescents and can enhance understanding of results of the YRBSS moving forward.

• #2 JMIR Mental Health – Identifying Adolescent Depression and Anxiety Through Real-World Data and Social Determinants of Health: Machine Learning Model Development and Validation

  https://mental.jmir.org/2025/1/e66665

  The results emphasize the significant impact of various factors on adolescents mental health. […] Our study differs from previous research that has primarily relied on questionnaires and neuroimaging data as model outcomes by using EHR data, which, though common, is less frequently applied in adolescent mental health research. […] While our study focuses on data from Florida, USA, it is important to recognize that the prevalence and predictors of depression and anxiety among adolescents vary across different regions and countries. […] Future research should focus on incorporating longitudinal data to better understand the progression of mental health conditions over time. […] This study emphasized the potential of ML in the early detection of depression and anxiety in adolescents using EHRs.

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