Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pertussis Symptoms and Diagnosis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pertussis/symptoms-diagnosis

  Symptoms of pertussis start 7 to 10 days after being exposed and vary by age. […] After a week or two, children, teens and adults with pertussis may develop a harsh repetitive cough, sometimes accompanied by a whooping sound. […] How Is Pertussis Diagnosed? […] However, once the illness has progressed, your doctor may be able to make a diagnosis by simply taking a medical history, doing a physical exam and listening to your cough. […] To confirm a diagnosis, your doctor may want to run some tests. […] By taking a nose and throat swab, they can test for the Bordetella pertussis bacteria in culture or a more rapid polymerase chain reaction test. […] Your doctor may suggest a blood test to check your white blood cell count, which, if low, signals the presence of an infection. […] If your doctor is concerned about complications, like pneumonia, they may suggest an imaging test, such as a chest X-ray.

• #1 Pertussis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/682

  Pertussis (whooping cough) is an acute infectious disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. […] The diagnosis is confirmed by identification of B pertussis by culture or nucleic acid amplification from nasopharyngeal specimens, or by serology. […] Key diagnostic factors include cough, inspiratory whooping, coryza, and post-tussive vomiting. […] 1st investigations to order include culture of a nasopharyngeal aspirate or swab from the posterior nasopharynx, nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) of nasopharyngeal aspirate or posterior nasopharyngeal swab, serology, and FBC. […] Investigations to consider include chest radiograph and oral fluid testing.

• #1 BD

  https://lp.bd.com/202212-IDS23-EU_EN-BDMAX-respiratory_campaign_2-LP_LP-EN-01-MainLP.html

  People with whooping cough are most contagious for about 3 weeks after the cough begins, making timely and accurate diagnosis of this contagious disease imperative. […] The main challenge in the appropriate treatment of whooping cough is the existence of two other Bordetella species, Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella holmesii, which complicate diagnosis by causing a less severe pertussis-like disease. […] Diagnosis of whooping cough in adults poses even greater challenges. Atypical clinical characteristics of adult cases compared to the classical child symptoms occur in the paroxysmal stage where adult symptoms are far milder resulting in failure to diagnose: adults experience less violent paroxysmal coughing and inspiratory whooping. […] Delayed diagnosis increases the risk of delayed treatment and can lead to hospitalisation.

• #1 Laboratory Diagnosis of Pertussis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4575397/

  Here we review current approaches to the diagnosis of pertussis and discuss their limitations and strengths. […] In particular, we emphasize that the optimal diagnostic procedure depends on the stage of the disease, the age of the patient, and the vaccination status of the patient. […] Clinical case definitions of pertussis require the presence of one or more typical clinical symptoms, such as paroxysmal cough for at least 2 weeks, inspiratory whoop, posttussive emesis, and sometimes, depending on the case definition, apnea and/or cyanosis. […] The specificity of case definitions is negatively influenced by the time between infection and diagnosis, by previous vaccination or infection, and by increasing age of patients. […] Furthermore, the sensitivity of clinical diagnosis is low for adolescents and adults, due to the mitigated presentation of the disease.

• #1 Laboratory Testing for Pertussis | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/laboratories/index.html

  Clinical laboratories can provide diagnostic testing for pertussis. […] Culture is considered the gold standard. […] Other tests that can be performed include polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serology. […] Clinical laboratories commonly use several types of diagnostic tests to identify Bordetella pertussis: Culture, PCR, Serology. […] Gold standard for pertussis diagnosis. […] The only 100% specific method for identification. […] Better specificity than PCR. […] Takes up to 7 days to obtain results. […] Most rapid test available. […] Excellent sensitivity. […] PCR assays that include multiple target sequences allow for speciation among Bordetella species. […] Tests can vary in specificity. […] High sensitivity increases risk of false-positivity but best practices can reduce risk of inaccurate results.

• #1 Laboratory Testing for Pertussis | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/laboratories/index.html

  Can be performed much later in the course of disease than culture and PCR. […] Some commercially available tests have unproven or unknown clinical accuracy. […] Interpret PCR results with clinical symptoms and epidemiological information. […] In the setting of an outbreak, culture confirmation of at least one case should occur. […] Collect during first 2 weeks of illness following cough onset when viable bacteria are still present. […] Sensitivity decreases after the first 2 weeks, which increases risk of false-negative results. […] Use up to 3 to 4 weeks following cough onset. […] After fourth week of cough, amount of bacterial DNA in nasopharynx rapidly diminishes, increasing risk of a false-negative result. […] Use 2 to 8 weeks following cough onset for optimal results due to highest antibody titers.

• #1 Whooping cough – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/whooping-cough/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378978

  It may take time to find out if you have whooping cough. The symptoms can seem like those of other common illnesses, such as a common cold or the flu. […] Sometimes, healthcare professionals can determine that you have whooping cough by asking about your symptoms and doing a physical exam. […] But you may need medical tests such as: […] A nose or throat culture and test. Your healthcare professional takes a mucus sample from the back of the throat, where the nose and throat meet. The sample is checked for signs of whooping cough bacteria. […] Blood tests. A blood sample may be taken and sent to a lab. The lab checks for certain proteins called antibodies that the body makes to fight infections. This is a general test and not specific for whooping cough. […] A chest X-ray. This test may be recommended to check for signs of pneumonia due to whooping cough. […] Your healthcare professional gives you a physical exam and listens to your lungs. Questions your care professional may ask include: […] Have you been exposed to anyone with whooping cough?

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-whooping-cough.aspx

  Results however are not much reliable after two weeks when the viable bacteria die off and go undetected on cultures. […] Test for routine blood parameters is essential to detect infection. […] There is a rise in white blood cell count. These white blood cells are those that help the body fight infections. […] A rise in these cells count means there is an underlying infection or inflammation. […] These are needed to detect pneumonia and accumulation of fluid in the lungs as a result of the disease. […] This is a more sophisticated test that is used for confirmation and detection of the exact strain or species of the bacteria Bordetella pertussis that is infecting the individual. […] PCR results need to be corroborated with clinical findings. […] The sample for PCR is taken from the nose and throat (Nasopharyngeal swab or suction sample) usually between 0 to 3 weeks of the onset of cough.

• #1 Diagnosis and Treatment of Pertussis in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/1115/p2100.html

  Diagnosis requires clinical suspicion and a clear sense of symptom evolution because confirmatory testing relies on appropriate timing. Nasopharyngeal culture is the preferred diagnostic test, but Bordetella pertussis is difficult to grow. This method is recommended for patients presenting within three weeks of the onset of cough. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing is more sensitive, but false-positive results may occur. Thus, PCR testing should be used in conjunction with culture when cough has been present for less than three weeks or when any symptoms have been present for four weeks. Antibody testing can involve acute and convalescent titers. Because pertussis usually is not in the differential early in the disease course, a titer obtained three weeks after the onset of cough may be confirmatory; however, the lack of widely available, rapid, and reliable tests limits this approach. Therefore, a combined approach is recommended. Early in the disease course, physicians should obtain a culture and perform PCR testing. From weeks three to four, PCR testing and serology should be performed; after four weeks, serology should be performed. […] Most adults diagnosed with pertussis have had a cough for at least three weeks, and the cough persists for at least three months in about one fourth of patients.

• #1 Laboratory Testing for Pertussis | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/laboratories/index.html

  Can be used up to 12 weeks following cough onset. […] CDC and the Food and Drug Administration developed a serologic assay that has been useful for confirming diagnosis, especially during suspected pertussis outbreaks. […] A properly obtained NP swab or aspirate is needed for optimal diagnostic results. […] The same specimen can be used both for culture and PCR. […] CDC only accepts various specimen types for B. pertussis testing from public health laboratories and other federal agencies. […] Specimens from private healthcare providers and institutions must be submitted to a public health department laboratory for appropriate processing.

• #1 Whooping Cough Tests: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/whooping-cough-diagnosis/

  A positive result means that you have whooping cough. […] A negative result may mean that you don’t have whooping cough, but it doesn’t rule it out. […] To make a diagnosis, your provider will use your test results, your symptoms, and whether or not it was likely that you were exposed to whooping cough. […] Blood testing for whooping cough antibodies is not recommended for diagnosing a whooping cough infection. […] Whooping cough is treated with antibiotic medicine. Antibiotics can make your infection less serious if you start treatment before your cough gets bad.

• #1 Clinical Overview of Pertussis | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Determining who has pertussis can be difficult. Whenever possible, healthcare providers should obtain a nasopharyngeal swab or aspirate from everyone with suspected pertussis for laboratory testing. […] Ideally, treat pertussis during the first 1 to 2 weeks before coughing paroxysms occur. Treatment is ineffective if started later in the course of illness.

• #1

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/whoopingcough/Pages/workers-diagnosis.aspx

  Diagnosis of whooping cough is suspected. […] Doctors must notify the public health unit once the diagnosis of whooping cough is suspected. […] If you suspect whooping cough on clinical grounds, ask the patient not to go near babies or pregnant women.

• #1 Laboratory Diagnosis of Pertussis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4575397/

  The resurgence of pertussis highlights the importance of standardized, sensitive, and specific laboratory diagnosis, the lack of which is responsible for the large differences observed in pertussis notifications between countries. […] Accurate laboratory diagnosis is also important for distinguishing between the several etiologic agents of pertussis-like diseases, which involve both viruses and bacteria. […] If pertussis is diagnosed in a timely manner, antibiotic treatment of the patient can mitigate the symptoms and prevent transmission. […] During an outbreak, timely diagnosis of pertussis allows prophylactic treatment of infants too young to be (fully) vaccinated, for whom pertussis is a severe, sometimes fatal disease. […] Finally, reliable diagnosis of pertussis is required to reveal trends in the (age-specific) disease incidence, which may point to changes in vaccine efficacy, waning immunity, and the emergence of vaccine-adapted strains.

• #2 Laboratory Diagnosis of Pertussis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4575397/

  The resurgence of pertussis highlights the importance of standardized, sensitive, and specific laboratory diagnosis, the lack of which is responsible for the large differences observed in pertussis notifications between countries. […] Accurate laboratory diagnosis is also important for distinguishing between the several etiologic agents of pertussis-like diseases, which involve both viruses and bacteria. […] If pertussis is diagnosed in a timely manner, antibiotic treatment of the patient can mitigate the symptoms and prevent transmission. […] During an outbreak, timely diagnosis of pertussis allows prophylactic treatment of infants too young to be (fully) vaccinated, for whom pertussis is a severe, sometimes fatal disease. […] Finally, reliable diagnosis of pertussis is required to reveal trends in the (age-specific) disease incidence, which may point to changes in vaccine efficacy, waning immunity, and the emergence of vaccine-adapted strains.

• #2 Whooping Cough: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/children/whooping-cough-symptoms-treatment

  Whooping cough is dangerous for babies, especially those who are younger than 1 year old because it can keep them from getting the oxygen they need. This can cause: […] Because symptoms of whooping cough are a lot like those caused by a cold, the flu, or bronchitis, it can be hard to diagnose it early on. Your doctor may be able to tell that you have it by the sound of your cough, but tests can confirm it. […] A simple swab of the area where your nose and throat meet can be tested for the bacteria that causes whooping cough. […] A high white blood cell count is a sign that your body is fighting off an infection, but it doesn’t necessarily mean it’s whooping cough. […] An x-ray can show if you have inflammation or fluid in your lungs, which can be a sign of pneumonia. […] If you find out you have whooping cough early on, antibiotics can help cut down coughing and other symptoms. They can also help prevent the infection from spreading to others. But most people are diagnosed too late for antibiotics to work well.

• #2 Diagnosis and Treatment of Pertussis in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/1115/p2100.html

  Diagnosis requires clinical suspicion and a clear sense of symptom evolution because confirmatory testing relies on appropriate timing. Nasopharyngeal culture is the preferred diagnostic test, but Bordetella pertussis is difficult to grow. This method is recommended for patients presenting within three weeks of the onset of cough. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing is more sensitive, but false-positive results may occur. Thus, PCR testing should be used in conjunction with culture when cough has been present for less than three weeks or when any symptoms have been present for four weeks. Antibody testing can involve acute and convalescent titers. Because pertussis usually is not in the differential early in the disease course, a titer obtained three weeks after the onset of cough may be confirmatory; however, the lack of widely available, rapid, and reliable tests limits this approach. Therefore, a combined approach is recommended. Early in the disease course, physicians should obtain a culture and perform PCR testing. From weeks three to four, PCR testing and serology should be performed; after four weeks, serology should be performed. […] Most adults diagnosed with pertussis have had a cough for at least three weeks, and the cough persists for at least three months in about one fourth of patients.

• #2 Whooping cough in adults: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324530

  A doctor can diagnose whooping cough by looking at a persons medical history and current symptoms. […] Doctors might sometimes misdiagnose whooping cough as a common cold or another respiratory infection because whooping cough in adults does not typically cause severe symptoms. […] If an adult is experiencing a persistent cough, the doctor may recommend further medical tests to diagnose the problem. These tests might include a nasopharyngeal swab, which involves a doctor collecting a sample of mucus through the nose to analyze for B. pertussis bacteria.

• #2 Laboratory Testing for Pertussis | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/laboratories/index.html

  Clinical laboratories can provide diagnostic testing for pertussis. […] Culture is considered the gold standard. […] Other tests that can be performed include polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serology. […] Clinical laboratories commonly use several types of diagnostic tests to identify Bordetella pertussis: Culture, PCR, Serology. […] Gold standard for pertussis diagnosis. […] The only 100% specific method for identification. […] Better specificity than PCR. […] Takes up to 7 days to obtain results. […] Most rapid test available. […] Excellent sensitivity. […] PCR assays that include multiple target sequences allow for speciation among Bordetella species. […] Tests can vary in specificity. […] High sensitivity increases risk of false-positivity but best practices can reduce risk of inaccurate results.

• #2 Laboratory Diagnosis of Pertussis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4575397/

  Despite its low sensitivity compared to that of PCR, culture is the gold standard for pertussis diagnosis. […] The routine use of culture for diagnosis of pertussis has declined since the introduction of PCR methods. […] PCR assays have become an established method for detection and identification of causative agents of pertussis. […] Following the development of real-time multiplex PCR for detection of one or more related pathogens, the latest trend in PCR-based detection is the syndromic approach. […] The inclusion of internal controls in PCR assays offers a means to monitor the reliability of PCRs. […] The accuracy or trueness of the test is investigated by comparison of different methods or by comparison between measured Cq values and actual copy number estimates. […] It should be noted that a positive PCR result may not always be clinically relevant, as PCR does not distinguish between viable and nonviable bacteria.

• #2 Managing Pertussis: Think, Test, Treat andamp; Stop Transmission – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/pertussis/hcp/managepert.html

  THINK of pertussis in anyone with the following symptoms, regardless of vaccination history. […] TEST for pertussis. […] Do not test if symptoms are not present. It is unlikely that B. pertussis can be recovered through testing if the patient is not experiencing symptoms. […] Most reference laboratories provide PCR testing for individuals with suspect pertussis. […] PCR will detect non-viable organisms present, even in persons who have been treated with antimicrobials; however, false negatives can occur and are more common later in the illness. […] IgG Serology (results can take up to a week) In general, specimens are best collected at 2-3 weeks or later after onset of cough. […] Culture (results can take up to 10 days) Best if collected within first 2-3 weeks of cough. Recovering the organism is unlikely beyond 3 weeks of cough or in patients who have received antimicrobials. […] Use Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, or Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole for treatment. […] If 21 days have already elapsed since cough onset, treatment is not recommended, as it will not improve outcome. […] Laboratory confirmed and clinically diagnosed cases are reportable.

• #2 Bordetella pertussis – Whooping Cough | Choose the Right Test

  https://arupconsult.com/content/bordetella-pertussis

  Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is an acute infectious disease caused by the Bordetella pertussis bacterium. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of pertussis are extremely important to limit disease spread. Recommended laboratory testing for pertussis diagnosis includes culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. […] Laboratory testing is extremely important for the diagnosis and surveillance of pertussis. However, when pertussis is strongly suspected, prophylaxis should be provided to household and other close contacts at high risk without waiting for laboratory confirmation. […] PCR is a highly sensitive CDC-recommended laboratory test that is especially useful for the timely diagnosis of pertussis. […] Bacterial culture is a highly specific CDC-recommended laboratory test and is considered the gold standard for pertussis diagnosis because it enables strain identification and antimicrobial resistance testing. […] Routine serologic testing is not recommended by the CDC to diagnose pertussis, as recent vaccination, previous infection, and cross-reactivity with other Bordetella species can contribute to inaccurate results.

• #2 Laboratory Testing for Pertussis | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/laboratories/index.html

  Can be performed much later in the course of disease than culture and PCR. […] Some commercially available tests have unproven or unknown clinical accuracy. […] Interpret PCR results with clinical symptoms and epidemiological information. […] In the setting of an outbreak, culture confirmation of at least one case should occur. […] Collect during first 2 weeks of illness following cough onset when viable bacteria are still present. […] Sensitivity decreases after the first 2 weeks, which increases risk of false-negative results. […] Use up to 3 to 4 weeks following cough onset. […] After fourth week of cough, amount of bacterial DNA in nasopharynx rapidly diminishes, increasing risk of a false-negative result. […] Use 2 to 8 weeks following cough onset for optimal results due to highest antibody titers.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-whooping-cough.aspx

  Results may be accurate up to 4 weeks of cough in infants or unvaccinated individuals. Thereafter the chances of accurate diagnosis decreases and the bacteria is eliminated. […] Serological assays are used to diagnose the rise of these antibodies to predict the course of the disease. […] Blood is taken between 2 to 8 weeks of cough onset. At this time the titers of antibodies peak. […] Serology tests may yield positive results up to 12 weeks after cough onset. […] Results may be difficult to interpret in vaccinated or adult patients since they may have a baseline antibody level from their shots or earlier infections.

• #2 Whooping cough diagnosis

  https://whoopingcough.net/laboratory-diagnosis/

  Sometimes it is acceptable to diagnose whooping cough using the WHO clinical definition which is three weeks of paroxysmal coughing. This a very poor way of diagnosing whooping cough because other infections can cause a paroxysmal cough, and pertussis does not always cause these precise symptoms but can cause just an ordinary cough or be asymptomatic. […] There are 3 different tests. Culture, antibody detection, and PCR are all used in the diagnosis of whooping cough. […] PCR is good in the first 3 weeks. Antibody tests are good after 2 weeks. Culture is good in the first 3 weeks but only with meticulous technique. […] In many developed countries a PCR test on a throat or nasal swab is now standard (in Australia and the USA for example, and now available in UK primary care). […] A blood sample taken after a minimum of two weeks of illness is used. By measuring IgG antibodies to pertussis toxin it is possible to say whether it is likely the patient has had pertussis infection with 90% accuracy, provided there has been no pertussis immunization in the previous 12 months.

• #2 Whooping Cough (Pertussis): Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/primary-care/whooping-cough/treatment

  How Is Whooping Cough Diagnosed? Diagnosis To determine whether you or your child has whooping cough, the doctor will ask about symptoms and do a physical exam. The doctor also will want to know if you have been exposed to anyone with pertussis. In the first few weeks of infection, whooping cough symptoms are similar to those of a cold. […] The doctor may order these tests to help diagnose whooping cough: Nose or throat culture. The doctor will collect mucus on a swab, so it can be tested for the bacteria (Bordetella pertussis) that cause whooping cough. […] Blood test. A sample of blood may be drawn and sent to a laboratory to check the level of white blood cells. A high white blood cell count does not diagnose pertussis specifically, but is a general sign of infection. […] Chest X-ray. This test checks the lungs for signs of pneumonia, which can be a complication of whooping cough.

• #2 Pertussis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519008/

  Testing for pertussis is not readily available in the emergency department. Nasopharyngeal culture and polymerase chain reaction may yield laboratory confirmation. Still, the fastidious and slow-growing Bordetella organisms require specialized media, and cultures are typically not positive for 3 to 7 days. In adults, by the time the diagnosis is suspected, cultures are typically negative (96%), and overall culture sensitivity is only 20% to 40%. Polymerase chain reaction is more sensitive and specific than culture, but testing is not widely available. […] In the emergency department, pertussis should be considered in patients with prolonged cough, especially in paroxysms or with whoops or post-tussive emesis. During the late catarrhal and early paroxysmal phases, leukocytosis (often 25,000 to 60,000 per mL) with lymphocytosis may raise suspicion for pertussis. In a study of 100 infants less than 120 days old and admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit, there was a significantly higher leukocytosis in the 5 fatal cases. Unfortunately, leukocytosis may be the only laboratory finding useful in the emergency department. Chest x-ray findings are nonspecific and may show peribronchial thickening, atelectasis, or infiltrates. Though not often seen, the classic association is a shaggy right heart border.

• #2 Laboratory Diagnosis of Pertussis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4575397/

  The gold standard of B. pertussis laboratory diagnosis is culture, and the sensitivity of culture depends on the stage of disease in which the sample is taken, the vaccination status of the patient, the age of the patient, and culture methods. […] PCR is much more sensitive than culture for detecting B. pertussis. […] The sensitivity of culture compared to PCR ranges from 26% to 85%. […] In summary, on the time scale of different stages of B. pertussis infection, different diagnostic methods should be employed.

• #2 What is Whooping Cough (Pertussis)? Which Test Kits Are Used to Diagnose Whooping Cough (Pertussis)? – Vitrosens Biotechnology – Human and Animal Health Rapid Test Kits

  https://vitrosens.com/what-is-whooping-cough-pertussis-which-test-kits-are-used-to-diagnose-whooping-cough/

  Diagnosing whooping cough (pertussis) typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and an assessment of the patients medical history. Here are the key methods used for the diagnosis of whooping cough: […] Symptoms Assessment: The healthcare provider will carefully evaluate the patients symptoms, including prolonged coughing fits, the distinctive whooping sound, and post-coughing vomiting. […] Medical History: A thorough review of the patients medical history, including recent exposure to individuals with cough illness, can provide important clues for diagnosis. […] PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): This molecular test detects the genetic material of the Bordetella pertussis bacteria. A sample is usually collected from the back of the throat using a swab. […] Culture: A culture of respiratory secretions, collected through a nasopharyngeal swab, can be used to grow and identify the bacteria. However, culture results take longer compared to PCR.

• #2 Whooping Cough (Pertussis) Tests – Testing.com

  https://www.testing.com/tests/whooping-cough-pertussis-tests/

  Whooping cough tests may be ordered when you have signs and symptoms that suggest a pertussis infection. […] A positive PCR test means that genetic material (i.e., DNA) from B. pertussis was detected in your specimen, indicating that you have been infected. […] A positive culture is diagnostic for whooping cough. […] Both culture and PCR tests are less likely to be positive as the illness progresses. […] Blood testing is not typically recommended for the diagnosis of active whooping cough and is most useful after approximately 3-4 weeks of symptoms. […] Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) is a testing method that is no longer recommended or routinely available in clinical laboratories to detect whooping cough.

• #2 BD

  https://lp.bd.com/202212-IDS23-EU_EN-BDMAX-respiratory_campaign_2-LP_LP-EN-01-MainLP.html

  Reliable detection and differentiation are key to help optimise patient outcomes. […] Nucleic acid amplification tests, including PCR and real-time PCR, are key to help ensure a reliable and rapid diagnosis, and in overcoming limitations of culture and serological methods for the diagnosis of Bordetella infections. […] Due to the contagious nature of whooping cough, it is critical that your laboratory provides reliable test results so not to delay appropriate treatment or prophylaxis of contacts. Immediate treatment is particularly important for unvaccinated infants as pertussis might present as a life-threatening disease.

• #2 Whooping Cough (Pertussis) Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15661-whooping-cough-pertussis

  Healthcare providers diagnose whooping cough by: […] Collecting a mucus sample (nasopharyngeal swab) to send to a lab for testing. […] Providers treat whooping cough with antibiotics like azithromycin, clarithromycin or erythromycin. […] The sooner you start taking antibiotics, the more they can help you. […] Antibiotics won’t stop you from getting coughing fits or help the cough go away. But they keep you from spreading the infection to others. […] Tell your provider if you were around anyone who had whooping cough or a chronic cough. This information will help your provider make a diagnosis.

• #2 Pertussis (whooping cough) | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

  https://www.health.gov.au/diseases/pertussis-whooping-cough

  Whooping cough is a serious disease because it can lead to pneumonia, brain damage and sometimes death. […] Whooping cough can be prevented with vaccination. If you’re eligible, you can get pertussis vaccines for free under the National Immunisation Program. […] For information about symptoms, diagnosis and treatment, see healthdirect’s whooping cough page. […] Whooping cough is a nationally notifiable disease. […] We monitor cases through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS).

• #2 Pertussis Workup: Approach Considerations, Blood Work, Cultures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/967268-workup

  The gold standard for diagnosis of pertussis is isolation of B pertussis in culture. However, laboratory confirmation of pertussis is difficult and delayed. Therefore, clinicians need to make the diagnosis of pertussis presumptively in patients with a history of intense paroxysmal coughing with or without whooping, color changes, posttussive vomiting, incomplete or absent pertussis vaccination, and a finding of lymphocytosis on laboratory examination. […] A clinical case of pertussis is defined as one of the following: An acute coughing illness that lasts at least 14 days in a person with at least one characteristic pertussis symptom (ie, paroxysmal cough, posttussive vomiting, or inspiratory whoop) […] A cough that lasts at least 14 days in an outbreak setting. […] A confirmed case is defined as one of the following: Any cough illness in which B pertussis is isolated and cultured

• #2 Whooping Cough: Early Diagnosis Key to Containing Contagious Illness | Manipal TRUtest

  https://www.manipaltrutest.com/blogs/whooping-cough-early-diagnosis-key-to-containing-contagious-illness?srsltid=AfmBOopsf3DDFzyJ8Mnge-fPaj4KmSjRIGF7D4vN0otzbc7T39ZOTZH_

  Whooping cough, also called pertussis, is very contagious. […] Early stages look like a common cold, which makes diagnosis hard. […] Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to stop the spread. […] Diagnosing whooping cough can be hard for doctors. Symptoms overlap with other illnesses. Many people with whooping cough get misdiagnosed. This delay is risky, especially for infants. […] Doctors use several methods to diagnose whooping cough. They discuss symptoms, like the length and severity of the cough. They check for the whooping sound and any vomiting or breathing problems. They review your medical history and vaccination status. They also ask about recent contact with someone who has a whooping cough. […] Several tests can confirm whooping cough. A mucus sample from the throat or swabs from the nose can test for bacteria. Blood tests can check for infection signs and antibody levels. Chest X-rays are sometimes used but are not specific for whooping cough. […] If you have symptoms of whooping cough, see a doctor. Early diagnosis and antibiotic treatment help reduce symptoms. They also help control the spread of the infection.

• #3 Bordetella pertussis – Whooping Cough | Choose the Right Test

  https://arupconsult.com/content/bordetella-pertussis

  Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is an acute infectious disease caused by the Bordetella pertussis bacterium. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of pertussis are extremely important to limit disease spread. Recommended laboratory testing for pertussis diagnosis includes culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. […] Laboratory testing is extremely important for the diagnosis and surveillance of pertussis. However, when pertussis is strongly suspected, prophylaxis should be provided to household and other close contacts at high risk without waiting for laboratory confirmation. […] PCR is a highly sensitive CDC-recommended laboratory test that is especially useful for the timely diagnosis of pertussis. […] Bacterial culture is a highly specific CDC-recommended laboratory test and is considered the gold standard for pertussis diagnosis because it enables strain identification and antimicrobial resistance testing. […] Routine serologic testing is not recommended by the CDC to diagnose pertussis, as recent vaccination, previous infection, and cross-reactivity with other Bordetella species can contribute to inaccurate results.

• #3 Laboratory Diagnosis of Pertussis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4575397/

  Here we review current approaches to the diagnosis of pertussis and discuss their limitations and strengths. […] In particular, we emphasize that the optimal diagnostic procedure depends on the stage of the disease, the age of the patient, and the vaccination status of the patient. […] Clinical case definitions of pertussis require the presence of one or more typical clinical symptoms, such as paroxysmal cough for at least 2 weeks, inspiratory whoop, posttussive emesis, and sometimes, depending on the case definition, apnea and/or cyanosis. […] The specificity of case definitions is negatively influenced by the time between infection and diagnosis, by previous vaccination or infection, and by increasing age of patients. […] Furthermore, the sensitivity of clinical diagnosis is low for adolescents and adults, due to the mitigated presentation of the disease.

• #3 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-whooping-cough.aspx

  Whooping cough or Pertussis is difficult to diagnose in the initial phases. This is because the initial signs and symptoms mimic a cold or flu or bronchitis. […] Over a week or so the features of characteristic coughing bouts with vomiting appear making diagnosing the disease clinically easier. […] Diagnosis begins with taking a detailed history of the symptoms and exposure to the disease. Physical examination follows to check on the signs and symptoms. […] There are several laboratory tests used to diagnose the condition including bacterial culture, blood tests and so forth. […] A swab is taken from the nose or throat usually during the first two weeks of the infection. Alternatively a suction sample of the mucus is taken from the throat. […] The sample is checked under the microscope for the bacteria. This is considered the gold standard for diagnosis because it gives 100% accurate results.

• #3 Whooping Cough – Diagnosis and treatment – Dr. Paul

  https://www.drpaul.com/childhood-illness-and-conditions/whooping-cough/

  Making the diagnosis […] Confirming Pertussis is often not easy. Sometimes the diagnosis can be made by a nasal swab test. However, even if the test is negative it does not rule out whooping cough. In most cases, the diagnosis is made based on the presence of the very characteristic cough episodes.

• #3 Pertussis Workup: Approach Considerations, Blood Work, Cultures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/967268-workup

  Culture findings may be negative in patients who were previously immunized, have received antimicrobial therapy, or have been coughing for more than 3 weeks. A negative culture finding does not exclude the diagnosis of pertussis. […] PCR assays and antigen detection increasingly are used to assist in diagnosing pertussis. Advantages include greater sensitivity, more rapidly available results, and use later in the disease course or after antimicrobial therapy because the tests do not rely on the isolation of viable organisms. […] Their use is limited by lack of standardization and incomplete understanding of the correlation between test results and the course of the illness. […] A PCR assay may reveal 10 organisms per swab sample, and its sensitivity may be greater than that of culturing. […] However, false-positive results have been a problem, with some reports of more than 50%.

• #3 Laboratory Diagnosis of Pertussis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4575397/

  Despite its low sensitivity compared to that of PCR, culture is the gold standard for pertussis diagnosis. […] The routine use of culture for diagnosis of pertussis has declined since the introduction of PCR methods. […] PCR assays have become an established method for detection and identification of causative agents of pertussis. […] Following the development of real-time multiplex PCR for detection of one or more related pathogens, the latest trend in PCR-based detection is the syndromic approach. […] The inclusion of internal controls in PCR assays offers a means to monitor the reliability of PCRs. […] The accuracy or trueness of the test is investigated by comparison of different methods or by comparison between measured Cq values and actual copy number estimates. […] It should be noted that a positive PCR result may not always be clinically relevant, as PCR does not distinguish between viable and nonviable bacteria.

• #3

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/whoopingcough/Pages/workers-investigations.aspx

  Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the preferred test. PCR is useful for diagnosis early in the course of the disease. It is more sensitive than culture, and may remain positive for a longer period (up to 4 to 5 weeks) after the onset of symptoms and for some time after starting treatment. The test can be performed on throat swabs, nasopharyngeal swabs or nasopharyngeal aspirates. […] Pertussis serology provides suggestive evidence of infection when there is a compatible clinical presentation and no history of recent pertussis vaccination. Positive result is indicated by any of the following: seroconversion or a fourfold or greater rise in Bordetella pertussis titre, a single high IgA titre to whole Bordetella pertussis cells, detection of B. pertussis antigen by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). […] Serology is not as useful for detecting early infection as PCR. By using PCR to detect earlier cases, you have more opportunity to treat infectious patients and prevent them transmitting infection to others.

• #3 Whooping cough diagnosis

  https://whoopingcough.net/laboratory-diagnosis/

  This antibody is usually measured as International Units (IU), and a level over 70 IU can be taken as very strong evidence of recent infection. […] The test will be falsely negative in 10% of pertussis infections. […] Oral fluid obtained by using a special sponge kit can be tested for pertussis toxin antibodies in the same way. […] Antibody tests can be done late in the illness and still show positive which is a big advantage. […] In the United Kingdom a blood specimen from suspected cases should be sent to the local NHS laboratory requesting pertussis antibodies. Results are obtained in 1-2 weeks. […] PCR is a more successful way of detecting the organism. It is best done in the first three weeks of symptoms. […] A negative PCR does not rule out pertussis especially if taken in the later stages.

• #3 Pertussis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519008/

  Testing for pertussis is not readily available in the emergency department. Nasopharyngeal culture and polymerase chain reaction may yield laboratory confirmation. Still, the fastidious and slow-growing Bordetella organisms require specialized media, and cultures are typically not positive for 3 to 7 days. In adults, by the time the diagnosis is suspected, cultures are typically negative (96%), and overall culture sensitivity is only 20% to 40%. Polymerase chain reaction is more sensitive and specific than culture, but testing is not widely available. […] In the emergency department, pertussis should be considered in patients with prolonged cough, especially in paroxysms or with whoops or post-tussive emesis. During the late catarrhal and early paroxysmal phases, leukocytosis (often 25,000 to 60,000 per mL) with lymphocytosis may raise suspicion for pertussis. In a study of 100 infants less than 120 days old and admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit, there was a significantly higher leukocytosis in the 5 fatal cases. Unfortunately, leukocytosis may be the only laboratory finding useful in the emergency department. Chest x-ray findings are nonspecific and may show peribronchial thickening, atelectasis, or infiltrates. Though not often seen, the classic association is a shaggy right heart border.

• #3 Whooping Cough: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/whooping-cough-pro

  Notification should occur when whooping cough (pertussis) is suspected on purely clinical grounds. […] Whooping cough is a notifiable disease. Therefore, if clinical features raise suspicion, a notification form should be completed within three days and sent to the local Health Protection Team (HPT). […] The choice of diagnostic test depends on the duration of symptoms: For less than two 2 weeks from cough onset: PCR and/or culture. Between 2 and 3 weeks from cough onset: PCR and/or culture, and/or either oral fluid kit (if aged 2 to under 17 years) or serology. More than 3 weeks from cough onset: either oral fluid kit (if aged 2 to under 17 years) or serology. […] Oral fluid testing. This is recommended in people aged 2-16 who have had cough with features of whooping cough for more than two weeks, and not received a vaccine in the preceding year. It is tested for anti-pertussis toxin immunoglobulin G (IgG).

• #3 Managing Pertussis: Think, Test, Treat andamp; Stop Transmission – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/pertussis/hcp/managepert.html

  THINK of pertussis in anyone with the following symptoms, regardless of vaccination history. […] TEST for pertussis. […] Do not test if symptoms are not present. It is unlikely that B. pertussis can be recovered through testing if the patient is not experiencing symptoms. […] Most reference laboratories provide PCR testing for individuals with suspect pertussis. […] PCR will detect non-viable organisms present, even in persons who have been treated with antimicrobials; however, false negatives can occur and are more common later in the illness. […] IgG Serology (results can take up to a week) In general, specimens are best collected at 2-3 weeks or later after onset of cough. […] Culture (results can take up to 10 days) Best if collected within first 2-3 weeks of cough. Recovering the organism is unlikely beyond 3 weeks of cough or in patients who have received antimicrobials. […] Use Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, or Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole for treatment. […] If 21 days have already elapsed since cough onset, treatment is not recommended, as it will not improve outcome. […] Laboratory confirmed and clinically diagnosed cases are reportable.

• #3 Pertussis Laboratory Testing – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/pertussis/hcp/labfacts.html

  Culture has excellent specificity, so it is very useful for confirming pertussis diagnosis when an outbreak is suspected. […] A negative culture result does not rule out pertussis infection. […] PCR is a rapid test and has excellent sensitivity. […] Results should be interpreted along with the clinical symptoms and epidemiological information. […] A single-point IgG serology assay is available. […] Because of low sensitivity and variable specificity, DFA is not considered reliable for disease confirmation of B. pertussis.

• #3 Laboratory Diagnosis of Pertussis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4575397/

  The resurgence of pertussis highlights the importance of standardized, sensitive, and specific laboratory diagnosis, the lack of which is responsible for the large differences observed in pertussis notifications between countries. […] Accurate laboratory diagnosis is also important for distinguishing between the several etiologic agents of pertussis-like diseases, which involve both viruses and bacteria. […] If pertussis is diagnosed in a timely manner, antibiotic treatment of the patient can mitigate the symptoms and prevent transmission. […] During an outbreak, timely diagnosis of pertussis allows prophylactic treatment of infants too young to be (fully) vaccinated, for whom pertussis is a severe, sometimes fatal disease. […] Finally, reliable diagnosis of pertussis is required to reveal trends in the (age-specific) disease incidence, which may point to changes in vaccine efficacy, waning immunity, and the emergence of vaccine-adapted strains.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12519-024-00848-5

  Pertussis resurgence has been reported worldwide in the past two decades. […] For better pertussis prevention, diagnosis, and management, we called up an expert panel to develop this expert consensus to provide new concepts in diagnosis and treatment for clinical practice. […] This consensus also described the diagnostic criteria for pertussis, high-risk cases, and severe pertussis. […] To further standardize the clinical diagnosis and treatment of pertussis, the expert group collected clinical evidence, summarized clinical experience, evaluated preliminary recommendations or guidelines, and then organized open-ended discussions to form the recommendations. […] A comprehensive analysis of the epidemiological background, clinical presentation, and laboratory test results is needed for the diagnosis of pertussis.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12519-024-00848-5

  The presence of any of the following clinical characteristics may indicate a clinical diagnosis of pertussis. […] Confirmatory diagnosis is frequently alluded to as a laboratory diagnosis. […] Patients present with either typical or atypical clinical manifestations of pertussis coupled with the presence of one or more of the following etiological evidence can be diagnosed. […] Early etiological diagnosis in children with pertussis can help initiate targeted antimicrobial therapy as soon as possible, reducing coughing symptoms, shortening the duration of the illness, and decreasing complications. […] This expert consensus provides a comprehensive guidance and a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of pertussis in children.

• #4 Pertussis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/967268-overview

  The diagnosis of pertussis is made by isolation of B pertussis in culture. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test also can be performed. […] The culture specimen should be obtained during the first 2 weeks of cough by using deep nasopharyngeal aspiration. […] For PCR testing, nasopharyngeal specimens should be taken at 0-3 weeks following cough onset. […] The CDC recommends a combination of culture and PCR assay if a patient has a cough lasting longer than 3 weeks. […] Early serial monitoring of white blood cell (WBC) counts is warranted.

• #4 Whooping Cough: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/whooping-cough-pro

  Serology testing. Blood tests for anti-pertussis toxin IgG are recommended in those over 17 years of age or under 2 years of age who have had the cough for more than two weeks. […] Culture or PCR of nasopharyngeal swabs/pernasal swabs/nasopharyngeal aspirates. A pernasal swab is inserted through a nostril and advanced along the floor of the nose until it reaches the nasopharynx. […] Hospital admission is required for any infant aged 6 months who is acutely unwell, or at any age if there are respiratory difficulties or significant complications. […] Although this is a bacterial disease, antibiotics do not alter the clinical course once the disease is established. However, macrolide antibiotics may curtail the period of infectivity. Antibiotics should therefore be given as soon as possible after the onset of illness in order to eradicate the organism and limit ongoing transmission.

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