Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pertussis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519008/

  Pertussis, a violent cough, also known as whooping cough or the cough of 100 days, was first described in the Paris epidemic of 1578. Bordetella pertussis, the causative organism, was discovered in 1906, and a vaccine was developed in the 1940s. Before the pertussis vaccine was developed, pertussis was a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality. […] The causative organisms of pertussis are Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis. Bordetella is spread by airborne droplets and is highly contagious. Pertussis often affects 100% of non-immune household contacts. Immunity wanes to 50% 12 years after completing a vaccination series. […] Humans are the sole reservoir for Bordetella, which is spread via aerosolized droplets produced during a cough. The organism is highly contagious, with most cases occurring during summer.

• #2 About Whooping Cough | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/about/index.html

  Whooping cough is a respiratory illness caused by a type of bacteria called Bordetella pertussis. The disease is only found in humans. […] The bacteria release toxins (poisons), which damage the cilia and cause airways to swell. […] The bacteria that cause whooping cough spread easily from person to person through the air. When a person with whooping cough sneezes or coughs, they release small particles with the bacteria in them. Other people can then breathe in the bacteria. […] Taking antibiotics early in the illness may shorten the amount of time someone’s contagious. […] People who’ve had whooping cough have some immunity to future whooping cough infections. However, getting sick with whooping cough doesn’t provide lifelong protection.

• #3 Whooping Cough (Pertussis): Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/primary-care/whooping-cough

  Whooping cough is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. […] A type of bacteria called Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough, which is also called pertussis. The bacteria spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The bacteria cause a persons airways to swell, leading to trouble breathing. Whooping cough is a very contagious respiratory infection.

• #4 Pertussis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/967268-overview

  Pertussis (whooping cough) is a respiratory tract infection characterized by a paroxysmal cough. The most common causative organism is Bordetella pertussis, though Bordetella parapertussis also has been associated with this condition in humans. […] Bordetella pertussis, a gram-negative pleomorphic bacillus, is the main causative organism for pertussis. (B parapertussis is less common than B pertussis and produces a clinical illness that is similar to, but milder than, that produced by B pertussis.) […] B pertussis spreads via aerosolized droplets produced by the cough of infected individuals, attaching to and damaging ciliated respiratory epithelium. […] Pertussis is highly contagious, developing in approximately 80-90% of susceptible individuals who are exposed to it. […] Transmission of pertussis can occur through direct face-to-face contact, through sharing of a confined space, or through contact with oral, nasal, or respiratory secretions from an infected source. […] Risk factors for pertussis include the following: Nonvaccination in children, Contact with an infected person, Epidemic exposure, Pregnancy.

• #5 Whooping cough : symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/whooping-cough

  Whooping cough is a highly contagious respiratory infection mainly caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It may also be caused by Bordetella parapertussis. […] The incidence of whooping cough has fallen considerably in countries that have introduced routine vaccination programs for young children. […] According to Sant publique France, there are thought to be 40 million cases and 300,000 deaths each year worldwide.

• #6 Medinfo: Whooping cough

  https://www.medinfo.com/conditions/whoopingcough.html

  Whooping cough really refers to infections caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, but an identical illness is produced by Bordetella parapertussis, Bordetella bronchiseptica and several types of adenovirus. […] Bordetella pertussis has an incubation period of 12 to 15 days but this may be as long as 20 days. It is spread by droplets from the respiratory tract, rarely it may also spread on clothes, toys, etc. The disease is most contagious during the cold-like initial phase (catarrhal phase).

• #7 Medinfo: Whooping cough

  https://www.medinfo.com/conditions/whoopingcough.html

  Whooping cough really refers to infections caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, but an identical illness is produced by Bordetella parapertussis, Bordetella bronchiseptica and several types of adenovirus. […] Bordetella pertussis has an incubation period of 12 to 15 days but this may be as long as 20 days. It is spread by droplets from the respiratory tract, rarely it may also spread on clothes, toys, etc. The disease is most contagious during the cold-like initial phase (catarrhal phase).

• #8 Whooping cough: causes, progression, treatment | gesund.bund.de

  https://gesund.bund.de/en/whooping-cough

  Whooping cough is an infectious disease caused by bacteria. […] Whooping cough is mainly caused by Bordetella pertussis bacteria and is highly contagious. […] Whooping cough is a disease that is mainly triggered by an infection with Bordetella pertussis bacteria. […] The main pathogen of whooping cough is the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. […] While an infection with the bacterium Bordetella parapertussis and the bacterium Bordetella holmesii can also lead to an illness, the symptoms are mostly milder and dont last as long. […] The bacteria are transmitted by air, for example when someone is talking, sneezing or coughing. […] Whooping cough is caused by droplets containing bacteria that are released into the air when people speak, sneeze or cough.

• #9 Pertussis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519008/

  Pertussis, a violent cough, also known as whooping cough or the cough of 100 days, was first described in the Paris epidemic of 1578. Bordetella pertussis, the causative organism, was discovered in 1906, and a vaccine was developed in the 1940s. Before the pertussis vaccine was developed, pertussis was a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality. […] The causative organisms of pertussis are Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis. Bordetella is spread by airborne droplets and is highly contagious. Pertussis often affects 100% of non-immune household contacts. Immunity wanes to 50% 12 years after completing a vaccination series. […] Humans are the sole reservoir for Bordetella, which is spread via aerosolized droplets produced during a cough. The organism is highly contagious, with most cases occurring during summer.

• #10 Pertussis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519008/

  Pertussis, a violent cough, also known as whooping cough or the cough of 100 days, was first described in the Paris epidemic of 1578. Bordetella pertussis, the causative organism, was discovered in 1906, and a vaccine was developed in the 1940s. Before the pertussis vaccine was developed, pertussis was a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality. […] The causative organisms of pertussis are Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis. Bordetella is spread by airborne droplets and is highly contagious. Pertussis often affects 100% of non-immune household contacts. Immunity wanes to 50% 12 years after completing a vaccination series. […] Humans are the sole reservoir for Bordetella, which is spread via aerosolized droplets produced during a cough. The organism is highly contagious, with most cases occurring during summer.

• #11 Pertussis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519008/

  Pertussis, a violent cough, also known as whooping cough or the cough of 100 days, was first described in the Paris epidemic of 1578. Bordetella pertussis, the causative organism, was discovered in 1906, and a vaccine was developed in the 1940s. Before the pertussis vaccine was developed, pertussis was a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality. […] The causative organisms of pertussis are Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis. Bordetella is spread by airborne droplets and is highly contagious. Pertussis often affects 100% of non-immune household contacts. Immunity wanes to 50% 12 years after completing a vaccination series. […] Humans are the sole reservoir for Bordetella, which is spread via aerosolized droplets produced during a cough. The organism is highly contagious, with most cases occurring during summer.

• #12 Five Things to Know About Whooping Cough | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/blog/whooping-cough

  Before a vaccine was introduced in the late 1940s, pertussis, more commonly known as whooping cough, was a leading cause of childhood illness and death in the United States. […] Since then, pertussis has again become increasingly common due to varied factors including improved diagnostic tests, more spread of the bacteria that causes pertussis, and waning immunity from current vaccines. […] The bacteria that cause whooping cough, Bordetella pertussis, is spread easily from person to person through coughing and sneezing. […] Pertussis complications can be severe, but there is a vaccine available. […] Vaccination is the best protection against pertussis. […] Individuals who are pregnant can provide short-term protection for their babies by getting a Tdap vaccine during the 27th through 36th week of each pregnancy.

• #13 Pertussis (Whooping Cough) | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/index.html

  Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, can cause serious illness in people of all ages but is most dangerous for babies. […] Pertussis remains one of the leading causes of vaccine-preventable deaths worldwide.

• #14 Whooping cough : symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/whooping-cough

  Whooping cough is a highly contagious respiratory infection mainly caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It may also be caused by Bordetella parapertussis. […] The incidence of whooping cough has fallen considerably in countries that have introduced routine vaccination programs for young children. […] According to Sant publique France, there are thought to be 40 million cases and 300,000 deaths each year worldwide.

• #15 Five Things to Know About Whooping Cough | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/blog/whooping-cough

  Before a vaccine was introduced in the late 1940s, pertussis, more commonly known as whooping cough, was a leading cause of childhood illness and death in the United States. […] Since then, pertussis has again become increasingly common due to varied factors including improved diagnostic tests, more spread of the bacteria that causes pertussis, and waning immunity from current vaccines. […] The bacteria that cause whooping cough, Bordetella pertussis, is spread easily from person to person through coughing and sneezing. […] Pertussis complications can be severe, but there is a vaccine available. […] Vaccination is the best protection against pertussis. […] Individuals who are pregnant can provide short-term protection for their babies by getting a Tdap vaccine during the 27th through 36th week of each pregnancy.

• #16 Why Is Whooping Cough on the Rise? | The Brink | Boston University

  https://www.bu.edu/articles/2018/whooping-cough-on-the-rise/

  Cases of whooping cough are rising, despite record numbers of vaccinations. Whooping cough, caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis, is no longer a familiar condition to most Americans. The question is, why? Gill thinks its because the vaccine isnt working well or is not working in the way we anticipated. The second generation of vaccine turned out to have an unanticipated limitation, and that has been probably the main engine driving the resurgence. Gill and his colleagues suspect that the vaccine, while preventing symptoms from pertussis infections for some time, has little impact on preventing people from becoming colonized with the bacteria, meaning they are asymptomatic carriers of the disease and are still capable of infecting others. The Bordetella pertussis bacteria do their dirty work by infecting a persons upper airways and secreting a complex mixture of toxins, of which perhaps the most important and best studied is pertussis toxin. The original pertussis vaccines, introduced in the 1940s, were whole cell vaccines, crafted by killing whole bacteria with heat or chemicals. In response, scientists crafted a second-generation vaccine, one that contained only specific, and what were considered at the time to be critical, proteins from Bordetella pertussis. Researchers eventually found one cause: the acellular vaccines protection wears off after two to three years. The new vaccine prevents people from getting sick, which is good, but it doesnt prevent them from becoming infected and spreading the disease. This means that vaccinated people can still become carriers of the disease, spreading it to unvaccinated people like very small babies but also to people who have been vaccinated. Now scientists are starting to piece together why exactly this happens: the old and new vaccines stimulate a different immune response. Gill and his colleagues say that all these lines of evidence point to a need for a new vaccine.

• #17 15.3E: Whooping Cough – Biology LibreTexts

  https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Boundless)/15%3A_Diseases/15.03%3A_Bacterial_Diseases_of_the_Respiratory_System/15.3E%3A_Whooping_Cough

  Pertussis is caused by the bacteria, Bordetella pertussis, a gram-negative, aerobic coccobacillus capsulate of the genus Bordetella. […] Bordetella pertussis infects its host by colonizing lung epithelial cells. […] There does not appear to be a zoonotic reservoir for B. pertussis. Humans are its only host. […] Whooping cough is caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis, which infects the respiratory system. […] There is no zoonotic reservoir of Bordetella pertussis, meaning that humans appear to be the only host of this bacteria. […] Bordetella pertussis produces a number of virulence factors, notably Ptx, which inhibits the ability of phagocytes to respond to infections. This helps Bordetella pertussis spread throughout a host.

• #18 Whooping Cough: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Vaccine & Side Effects

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/whooping_cough_pertussis/article_em.htm

  Whooping cough is an infectious bacterial illness that affects the respiratory passages. […] The bacteria Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough. Humans are the only known reservoir for these bacteria. (That means it can only thrive and multiply in humans.) […] Whooping cough spreads by contact with droplets coughed out by someone with the disease or by contact with recently contaminated hard surfaces upon which the droplets landed. The B. pertussis bacteria thrive in the respiratory passages where they produce toxins that damage the tiny hairs (cilia) needed to remove particulate matter and cellular debris normally introduced into the airways with each breath. This results in increased inflammation of the respiratory passages and the typical dry cough that is the hallmark of the infection.

• #19 Whooping cough – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whooping_cough

  The bacterium Bordetella pertussis causes pertussis, which is spread easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person. […] Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is an airborne disease (through droplets) that spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person. […] The bacteria secrete several toxins. Tracheal cytotoxin (TCT), a fragment of peptidoglycan, kills ciliated epithelial cells in the airway and thereby inhibits the mechanism which clears the airways of mucus and debris. TCT may contribute to the cough characteristic of pertussis. […] Pertussis infection in these persons may be asymptomatic, or present as illness ranging from a mild cough to classic pertussis with persistent cough (i.e., lasting more than seven days).

• #20 Whooping Cough (Pertussis) Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15661-whooping-cough-pertussis

  Whooping cough is a highly contagious upper respiratory infection that affects babies, children and adults of all ages. […] The bacteria Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough. The bacteria damage the lining of your airways, causing them to swell. This swelling leads to thick mucus buildup and, in turn, severe coughing. […] Whooping cough spreads through respiratory droplets when you cough or sneeze. It usually takes five to 10 days for symptoms to start after exposure, but sometimes it’s as long as 21 days. […] Yes, it’s very contagious that means it spreads easily from person to person. You’re likely to get it from someone you live with, and kids often get it from their classmates.

• #21 Pertussis (whooping cough) | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

  https://www.health.gov.au/diseases/pertussis-whooping-cough

  Whooping cough is a bacterial infection caused by Bordetella pertussis. It spreads when an infected person coughs or sneezes and you breathe it in. The bacteria affect the lungs and airways, causing a person to cough violently and uncontrollably. This can make it hard for the infected person to breathe. […] Whooping cough is a serious disease because it can lead to pneumonia, brain damage and sometimes death. […] Whooping cough can be prevented with vaccination. If you’re eligible, you can get pertussis vaccines for free under the National Immunisation Program. […] Whooping cough is a nationally notifiable disease. […] We monitor cases through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS).

• #22 Whooping cough (pertussis) – symptoms, treatment and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/whooping-cough

  Whooping cough is a contagious illness caused by bacteria Bordetella pertussis. […] Bacteria called Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough. It can spread easily from an infected person through droplets when they cough or sneeze or by direct contact with someone that is infected with the bacteria. […] Whooping cough is contagious. About 9 in 10 people who are not vaccinated and have contact with a household member with whooping cough will catch the infection.

• #23 Whooping Cough (Pertussis) Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Vaccine

  https://www.medicinenet.com/pertussis/article.htm

  Whooping cough (pertussis) is an acute, highly contagious bacterial infection. […] A bacterium known as Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough infection. The bacteria attach to the lining of the airways in the upper respiratory system and release toxins that lead to inflammation and swelling. […] Most people acquire the bacteria by breathing in the bacteria that are present in droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. […] Whooping cough can infect anyone. Unimmunized or incompletely immunized young infants are particularly vulnerable to the infection and its complications, which can include pneumonia and seizures. […] The infection occurs worldwide, even in countries with well-developed vaccination programs. […] Adults may develop pertussis because the immunity from childhood vaccinations can wear off over time.

• #24 Whooping cough | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/whooping-cough

  A type of bacteria called Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough. […] When an infected person coughs or sneezes, tiny germ-filled droplets spray into the air. Anyone who happens to be nearby can breathe in the droplets. The bacteria that cause whooping cough also can spread when people are together for a long time. Or these germs can spread when people share breathing space, such as while holding a newborn on your chest.

• #25 Whooping Cough | Pertussis | Whooping Cough Symptoms | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/whoopingcough.html

  Whooping cough is caused by a type of bacteria called Bordetella pertussis. It spreads from person to person. People who have pertussis usually spread it through coughing, sneezing, or breathing very close to someone. It can also sometimes be spread by touching an infected surface and then touching your nose or mouth. […] The treatment for whooping cough is usually antibiotics. Early treatment is very important. It may make your infection less serious and can also help prevent spreading the disease to others. […] Vaccines are the best way to prevent whooping cough. There are two vaccines in the United States that can help prevent whooping cough: DTaP and Tdap. These vaccines also provide protection against tetanus and diphtheria.

• #26 Whooping Cough: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/whooping-cough-7508194

  Whooping cough, also known as pertussis, is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the Bordetella pertussis bacterium. […] Whooping cough is caused by the spread of the Bordetella pertussis bacterium. Its usually transmitted by sneezing, coughing, or breathing very close to a person with the infection. Sometimes, it can spread if you touch an infected surface and then rub your mouth, eyes, or nose.

• #27 Whooping Cough: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Vaccine & Side Effects

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/whooping_cough_pertussis/article_em.htm

  Initially thought to be a disease of childhood, studies have shown that adults are susceptible to whooping cough and account for up to 25% of cases. […] Whooping cough is highly contagious. Between 75%-100% of unimmunized household contacts of a person with pertussis will develop the disease. […] A related bacterium Bordetella parapertussis causes a similar but less severe cold-like infection called parapertussis.

• #28 Pertussis (Whooping Cough) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pertussis-whooping-cough

  Commonly referred to as whooping cough, pertussis is a very contagious disease that can affect people of all ages. It is caused by a bacterium called Bordetella pertussis thats found in the mouth, nose and throat of infected people. […] Pertussis is so contagious that 8 of 10 non-immune people will be infected when exposed to someone with the disease. […] While the pertussis vaccine is effective, protection against the disease fades over time. […] Unfortunately, pertussis epidemics continue to occur due to waning immunity after vaccination as well as falling vaccination rates. […] The best way to prevent whooping cough is by making sure your family is vaccinated. Children who are not vaccinated against the disease are eight times more likely to become infected than those who are vaccinated.

• #29 Pertussis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/967268-overview

  Pertussis (whooping cough) is a respiratory tract infection characterized by a paroxysmal cough. The most common causative organism is Bordetella pertussis, though Bordetella parapertussis also has been associated with this condition in humans. […] Bordetella pertussis, a gram-negative pleomorphic bacillus, is the main causative organism for pertussis. (B parapertussis is less common than B pertussis and produces a clinical illness that is similar to, but milder than, that produced by B pertussis.) […] B pertussis spreads via aerosolized droplets produced by the cough of infected individuals, attaching to and damaging ciliated respiratory epithelium. […] Pertussis is highly contagious, developing in approximately 80-90% of susceptible individuals who are exposed to it. […] Transmission of pertussis can occur through direct face-to-face contact, through sharing of a confined space, or through contact with oral, nasal, or respiratory secretions from an infected source. […] Risk factors for pertussis include the following: Nonvaccination in children, Contact with an infected person, Epidemic exposure, Pregnancy.

• #30 Whooping Cough (Pertussis) Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15661-whooping-cough-pertussis

  Whooping cough is a highly contagious upper respiratory infection that affects babies, children and adults of all ages. […] The bacteria Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough. The bacteria damage the lining of your airways, causing them to swell. This swelling leads to thick mucus buildup and, in turn, severe coughing. […] Whooping cough spreads through respiratory droplets when you cough or sneeze. It usually takes five to 10 days for symptoms to start after exposure, but sometimes it’s as long as 21 days. […] Yes, it’s very contagious that means it spreads easily from person to person. You’re likely to get it from someone you live with, and kids often get it from their classmates.

• #31 Whooping Cough (Pertussis)

  https://ixbapi.healthwise.net/KnowledgeContent/hw65653?hw.format=rhtml&hw.key=ATEJB4TJ6H5QQ2HWHDOOFJBZHRX5W3SOSLXLIGLAAWK76MV4SCFOOQRR65T3THTFCEZFNUYQSF5MU4CDM6RJY3SZDPGTCOVXNT4HSQYMBNXSYM6YE4POBYTNNDXRDL4IC

  Whooping cough is caused by bacteria that infect the top of the throat (pharynx). The bacteria irritate the throat, which causes coughing. […] When someone with whooping cough coughs, sneezes, or laughs, tiny drops of fluid holding the bacteria are put into the air. The bacteria can infect others when people breathe in the drops or get them on their hands and touch their mouth or nose. After the bacteria infect someone, symptoms usually appear about 5 to 10 days later. Sometimes it may be up to 3 weeks before symptoms appear.

• #32

  https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/community_epidemiology/dc/pertussis.html

  Whooping cough, or Pertussis, is a respiratory illness caused by a bacteria called Bordetella pertussis. […] The bacteria that causes whooping cough spreads easily from person-to-person through the air. […] It usually takes 5-10 days for symptoms to appear after exposure to the bacteria that cause whooping cough.

• #33 Whooping cough | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/whooping-cough/

  Whooping cough, also called pertussis, is a highly contagious bacterial infection of the lungs and airways. […] Whooping cough can affect people of any age, including: babies and young children young babies under 6 months of age are at a particularly increased risk of complications of whooping cough […] A person with whooping cough is infectious from about 6 days after they were infected when they just have cold-like symptoms until three weeks after the coughing bouts start. […] People diagnosed during the first 3 weeks of infection may be prescribed antibiotics to take at home. These will help stop the infection spreading to others, but may not reduce the symptoms. […] These vaccines dont offer lifelong protection from whooping cough, but they can help stop children getting it when theyre young and more vulnerable to the effects of the infection.

• #34

  http://www.bccdc.ca/health-info/diseases-conditions/whooping-cough-pertussis

  Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a very contagious (easy to catch) disease of the respiratory tract. It is caused by a bacterium (germ) found in the mouth, nose and throat of a person who is infected. […] The germ is spread when a person with pertussis coughs or sneezes the germ into the air, where other people can breathe it in. […] A person who is infected can give it to others in the early stages of illness, before the really bad coughing spells start. Older children and adults can give pertussis to young babies without knowing it. […] A person who has pertussis and does not get it treated can spread the germs to others for up to 3 weeks after the coughing spells start.

• #35 About Whooping Cough | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/about/index.html

  Whooping cough is a respiratory illness caused by a type of bacteria called Bordetella pertussis. The disease is only found in humans. […] The bacteria release toxins (poisons), which damage the cilia and cause airways to swell. […] The bacteria that cause whooping cough spread easily from person to person through the air. When a person with whooping cough sneezes or coughs, they release small particles with the bacteria in them. Other people can then breathe in the bacteria. […] Taking antibiotics early in the illness may shorten the amount of time someone’s contagious. […] People who’ve had whooping cough have some immunity to future whooping cough infections. However, getting sick with whooping cough doesn’t provide lifelong protection.

• #36

  http://www.bccdc.ca/health-info/diseases-conditions/whooping-cough-pertussis

  Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a very contagious (easy to catch) disease of the respiratory tract. It is caused by a bacterium (germ) found in the mouth, nose and throat of a person who is infected. […] The germ is spread when a person with pertussis coughs or sneezes the germ into the air, where other people can breathe it in. […] A person who is infected can give it to others in the early stages of illness, before the really bad coughing spells start. Older children and adults can give pertussis to young babies without knowing it. […] A person who has pertussis and does not get it treated can spread the germs to others for up to 3 weeks after the coughing spells start.

• #37 Whooping Cough (Pertussis) in Adults | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/w/whooping-cough-pertussis-in-adults.html

  Whooping cough is caused by bacteria (Bordetella pertussis). The bacteria attach to tiny, hair-like extensions, called cilia, that are part of the upper respiratory system. […] The bacteria then release poisons (toxins). These toxins damage the cilia, cause airways to swell, and result in coughing spells that end with a whooping sound as air is breathed in.

• #38 Whooping Cough (Pertussis) in Adults | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/health-information/health-and-wellness-library/article/diseases-and-conditions/whooping-cough-pertussis-in-adults

  Whooping cough is caused by bacteria (Bordetella pertussis). […] The bacteria attach to tiny, hair-like extensions, called cilia, that are part of the upper respiratory system. […] The bacteria then release poisons (toxins).

• #39 Whooping Cough: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Vaccine & Side Effects

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/whooping_cough_pertussis/article_em.htm

  Whooping cough is an infectious bacterial illness that affects the respiratory passages. […] The bacteria Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough. Humans are the only known reservoir for these bacteria. (That means it can only thrive and multiply in humans.) […] Whooping cough spreads by contact with droplets coughed out by someone with the disease or by contact with recently contaminated hard surfaces upon which the droplets landed. The B. pertussis bacteria thrive in the respiratory passages where they produce toxins that damage the tiny hairs (cilia) needed to remove particulate matter and cellular debris normally introduced into the airways with each breath. This results in increased inflammation of the respiratory passages and the typical dry cough that is the hallmark of the infection.

• #40 Pertussis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/967268-overview

  Pertussis (whooping cough) is a respiratory tract infection characterized by a paroxysmal cough. The most common causative organism is Bordetella pertussis, though Bordetella parapertussis also has been associated with this condition in humans. […] Bordetella pertussis, a gram-negative pleomorphic bacillus, is the main causative organism for pertussis. (B parapertussis is less common than B pertussis and produces a clinical illness that is similar to, but milder than, that produced by B pertussis.) […] B pertussis spreads via aerosolized droplets produced by the cough of infected individuals, attaching to and damaging ciliated respiratory epithelium. […] Pertussis is highly contagious, developing in approximately 80-90% of susceptible individuals who are exposed to it. […] Transmission of pertussis can occur through direct face-to-face contact, through sharing of a confined space, or through contact with oral, nasal, or respiratory secretions from an infected source. […] Risk factors for pertussis include the following: Nonvaccination in children, Contact with an infected person, Epidemic exposure, Pregnancy.

• #41 About Whooping Cough | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/about/index.html

  Whooping cough is a respiratory illness caused by a type of bacteria called Bordetella pertussis. The disease is only found in humans. […] The bacteria release toxins (poisons), which damage the cilia and cause airways to swell. […] The bacteria that cause whooping cough spread easily from person to person through the air. When a person with whooping cough sneezes or coughs, they release small particles with the bacteria in them. Other people can then breathe in the bacteria. […] Taking antibiotics early in the illness may shorten the amount of time someone’s contagious. […] People who’ve had whooping cough have some immunity to future whooping cough infections. However, getting sick with whooping cough doesn’t provide lifelong protection.

• #42 Whooping cough – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whooping_cough

  The bacterium Bordetella pertussis causes pertussis, which is spread easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person. […] Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is an airborne disease (through droplets) that spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person. […] The bacteria secrete several toxins. Tracheal cytotoxin (TCT), a fragment of peptidoglycan, kills ciliated epithelial cells in the airway and thereby inhibits the mechanism which clears the airways of mucus and debris. TCT may contribute to the cough characteristic of pertussis. […] Pertussis infection in these persons may be asymptomatic, or present as illness ranging from a mild cough to classic pertussis with persistent cough (i.e., lasting more than seven days).

• #43 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-whooping-cough.aspx

  Whooping cough is a highly infectious disease caused by bacteria: Bordetella Pertussis. […] The inflammation is brought about by various factors like pertussis toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin, tracheal cytotoxin, dermonecrotic toxin, tracheal colonization factor, serum resistance factor etc. […] These lead to a deeper damage and cause the symptoms of the condition to persist much longer than the actual existence of the infecting organism.

• #44 Whooping cough – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whooping_cough

  The bacterium Bordetella pertussis causes pertussis, which is spread easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person. […] Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is an airborne disease (through droplets) that spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person. […] The bacteria secrete several toxins. Tracheal cytotoxin (TCT), a fragment of peptidoglycan, kills ciliated epithelial cells in the airway and thereby inhibits the mechanism which clears the airways of mucus and debris. TCT may contribute to the cough characteristic of pertussis. […] Pertussis infection in these persons may be asymptomatic, or present as illness ranging from a mild cough to classic pertussis with persistent cough (i.e., lasting more than seven days).

• #45 Whooping Cough (Pertussis) in Adults | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/w/whooping-cough-pertussis-in-adults.html

  Whooping cough is caused by bacteria (Bordetella pertussis). The bacteria attach to tiny, hair-like extensions, called cilia, that are part of the upper respiratory system. […] The bacteria then release poisons (toxins). These toxins damage the cilia, cause airways to swell, and result in coughing spells that end with a whooping sound as air is breathed in.

• #46 What Causes the Cough in Whooping Cough?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9239215/

  What causes the cough in whooping cough (pertussis) has been a longstanding question in the field but has been difficult to answer because of the perceived lack of convenient small animal models. […] In elegant studies, they found that the bacterial factors pertussis toxin, lipooligosaccharide, and Vag8 function cooperatively to produce cough. […] The feasibility of this idea was reinforced by the recent finding that a single glycolipid component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, sulfolipid-1, can induce cough in experimentally infected guinea pigs. […] However, no such B. pertussis factor has been identified to date. […] They showed that one of these components is pertussis toxin (PTx), a secreted protein toxin that inhibits signaling through Gi-linked G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in mammalian cells.

• #47 Whooping cough – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whooping_cough

  The bacterium Bordetella pertussis causes pertussis, which is spread easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person. […] Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is an airborne disease (through droplets) that spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person. […] The bacteria secrete several toxins. Tracheal cytotoxin (TCT), a fragment of peptidoglycan, kills ciliated epithelial cells in the airway and thereby inhibits the mechanism which clears the airways of mucus and debris. TCT may contribute to the cough characteristic of pertussis. […] Pertussis infection in these persons may be asymptomatic, or present as illness ranging from a mild cough to classic pertussis with persistent cough (i.e., lasting more than seven days).

• #48 What Causes the Cough in Whooping Cough?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9239215/

  What causes the cough in whooping cough (pertussis) has been a longstanding question in the field but has been difficult to answer because of the perceived lack of convenient small animal models. […] In elegant studies, they found that the bacterial factors pertussis toxin, lipooligosaccharide, and Vag8 function cooperatively to produce cough. […] The feasibility of this idea was reinforced by the recent finding that a single glycolipid component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, sulfolipid-1, can induce cough in experimentally infected guinea pigs. […] However, no such B. pertussis factor has been identified to date. […] They showed that one of these components is pertussis toxin (PTx), a secreted protein toxin that inhibits signaling through Gi-linked G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in mammalian cells.

• #49 What Causes the Cough in Whooping Cough?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9239215/

  However, PTx alone was not sufficient to induce cough, and they identified two additional B. pertussis factors, Vag8 and lipooligosaccharide (LOS), that in combination with PTx could induce cough in mice to the same extent as the bacterial lysate. […] The authors show that Bdk levels in the airways rise during B. pertussis infection or treatment with the three components, but this increase (and the number of coughs) is attenuated in TLR4 knockout mice, indicating a mechanism by which LOS may contribute to cough. […] The role of TRPV1 in pertussis cough responses, which the authors confirmed with knockout mice, is novel and exciting. […] They showed that Bdk inhibits desensitization of TRPV1 activation by a second capsaicin treatment and that PTx further exacerbates this effect, amplifying responses to capsaicin.

• #50 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-whooping-cough.aspx

  Whooping cough is a highly infectious disease caused by bacteria: Bordetella Pertussis. […] The inflammation is brought about by various factors like pertussis toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin, tracheal cytotoxin, dermonecrotic toxin, tracheal colonization factor, serum resistance factor etc. […] These lead to a deeper damage and cause the symptoms of the condition to persist much longer than the actual existence of the infecting organism.

• #51 What Causes the Cough in Whooping Cough?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9239215/

  What causes the cough in whooping cough (pertussis) has been a longstanding question in the field but has been difficult to answer because of the perceived lack of convenient small animal models. […] In elegant studies, they found that the bacterial factors pertussis toxin, lipooligosaccharide, and Vag8 function cooperatively to produce cough. […] The feasibility of this idea was reinforced by the recent finding that a single glycolipid component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, sulfolipid-1, can induce cough in experimentally infected guinea pigs. […] However, no such B. pertussis factor has been identified to date. […] They showed that one of these components is pertussis toxin (PTx), a secreted protein toxin that inhibits signaling through Gi-linked G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in mammalian cells.

• #52 What Causes the Cough in Whooping Cough?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9239215/

  However, PTx alone was not sufficient to induce cough, and they identified two additional B. pertussis factors, Vag8 and lipooligosaccharide (LOS), that in combination with PTx could induce cough in mice to the same extent as the bacterial lysate. […] The authors show that Bdk levels in the airways rise during B. pertussis infection or treatment with the three components, but this increase (and the number of coughs) is attenuated in TLR4 knockout mice, indicating a mechanism by which LOS may contribute to cough. […] The role of TRPV1 in pertussis cough responses, which the authors confirmed with knockout mice, is novel and exciting. […] They showed that Bdk inhibits desensitization of TRPV1 activation by a second capsaicin treatment and that PTx further exacerbates this effect, amplifying responses to capsaicin.

• #53 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-whooping-cough.aspx

  Whooping cough is a highly infectious disease caused by bacteria: Bordetella Pertussis. […] The inflammation is brought about by various factors like pertussis toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin, tracheal cytotoxin, dermonecrotic toxin, tracheal colonization factor, serum resistance factor etc. […] These lead to a deeper damage and cause the symptoms of the condition to persist much longer than the actual existence of the infecting organism.

• #54 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-whooping-cough.aspx

  Whooping cough is a highly infectious disease caused by bacteria: Bordetella Pertussis. […] The inflammation is brought about by various factors like pertussis toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin, tracheal cytotoxin, dermonecrotic toxin, tracheal colonization factor, serum resistance factor etc. […] These lead to a deeper damage and cause the symptoms of the condition to persist much longer than the actual existence of the infecting organism.

• #55 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-whooping-cough.aspx

  Whooping cough is a highly infectious disease caused by bacteria: Bordetella Pertussis. […] The inflammation is brought about by various factors like pertussis toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin, tracheal cytotoxin, dermonecrotic toxin, tracheal colonization factor, serum resistance factor etc. […] These lead to a deeper damage and cause the symptoms of the condition to persist much longer than the actual existence of the infecting organism.

• #56 What Causes the Cough in Whooping Cough?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9239215/

  What causes the cough in whooping cough (pertussis) has been a longstanding question in the field but has been difficult to answer because of the perceived lack of convenient small animal models. […] In elegant studies, they found that the bacterial factors pertussis toxin, lipooligosaccharide, and Vag8 function cooperatively to produce cough. […] The feasibility of this idea was reinforced by the recent finding that a single glycolipid component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, sulfolipid-1, can induce cough in experimentally infected guinea pigs. […] However, no such B. pertussis factor has been identified to date. […] They showed that one of these components is pertussis toxin (PTx), a secreted protein toxin that inhibits signaling through Gi-linked G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in mammalian cells.

• #57 What Causes the Cough in Whooping Cough?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9239215/

  However, PTx alone was not sufficient to induce cough, and they identified two additional B. pertussis factors, Vag8 and lipooligosaccharide (LOS), that in combination with PTx could induce cough in mice to the same extent as the bacterial lysate. […] The authors show that Bdk levels in the airways rise during B. pertussis infection or treatment with the three components, but this increase (and the number of coughs) is attenuated in TLR4 knockout mice, indicating a mechanism by which LOS may contribute to cough. […] The role of TRPV1 in pertussis cough responses, which the authors confirmed with knockout mice, is novel and exciting. […] They showed that Bdk inhibits desensitization of TRPV1 activation by a second capsaicin treatment and that PTx further exacerbates this effect, amplifying responses to capsaicin.

• #58 What Causes the Cough in Whooping Cough?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9239215/

  However, PTx alone was not sufficient to induce cough, and they identified two additional B. pertussis factors, Vag8 and lipooligosaccharide (LOS), that in combination with PTx could induce cough in mice to the same extent as the bacterial lysate. […] The authors show that Bdk levels in the airways rise during B. pertussis infection or treatment with the three components, but this increase (and the number of coughs) is attenuated in TLR4 knockout mice, indicating a mechanism by which LOS may contribute to cough. […] The role of TRPV1 in pertussis cough responses, which the authors confirmed with knockout mice, is novel and exciting. […] They showed that Bdk inhibits desensitization of TRPV1 activation by a second capsaicin treatment and that PTx further exacerbates this effect, amplifying responses to capsaicin.

• #59 What Causes the Cough in Whooping Cough?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9239215/

  Two inherent mechanisms to suppress cough responses once started—that is Bdk signaling through Gi-linked B2 receptors and noradrenaline signaling through the Gi-linked 2-adrenergic receptor—are both blocked by PTx. […] The current study reveals some candidate therapeutic targets from the analysis of host molecules and signaling pathways involved in the production and modulation of cough in response to B. pertussis infection. […] A leading candidate is the TRPV1 ion channel, identified in the current study as important for the generation of pertussis cough and previously linked with cough responses to other stimuli. […] Targeting these molecules would presumably overcome the effects of PTx, since each is downstream from PTx modification of G proteins.

• #60 What Causes the Cough in Whooping Cough?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9239215/

  Two inherent mechanisms to suppress cough responses once started—that is Bdk signaling through Gi-linked B2 receptors and noradrenaline signaling through the Gi-linked 2-adrenergic receptor—are both blocked by PTx. […] The current study reveals some candidate therapeutic targets from the analysis of host molecules and signaling pathways involved in the production and modulation of cough in response to B. pertussis infection. […] A leading candidate is the TRPV1 ion channel, identified in the current study as important for the generation of pertussis cough and previously linked with cough responses to other stimuli. […] Targeting these molecules would presumably overcome the effects of PTx, since each is downstream from PTx modification of G proteins.

• #61 Whooping Cough Symptoms | About Whooping Cough

  https://www.aboutwhoopingcough.com/whooping-cough-symptoms/

  Whooping cough is a highly contagious disease caused by Bordetella pertussis, bacteria that affect the lungs and airways. […] Whooping cough is highly contagious, and some people who spread whooping cough may not even know they have it. The bacteria that cause whooping cough spread easily through coughing or sneezing while in close contact with others, especially within households. […] Whooping cough can cause severe illness in babies. […] In its early stages, whooping cough symptoms can resemble those of a cold. However, whooping cough worsens with time, with symptoms that may become more serious. […] Whooping cough has three stages.

• #62 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-whooping-cough.aspx

  Whooping cough is a highly infectious disease caused by bacteria: Bordetella Pertussis. […] The inflammation is brought about by various factors like pertussis toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin, tracheal cytotoxin, dermonecrotic toxin, tracheal colonization factor, serum resistance factor etc. […] These lead to a deeper damage and cause the symptoms of the condition to persist much longer than the actual existence of the infecting organism.

• #63 Whooping Cough: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://patient.info/infections/whooping-cough

  Whooping cough is a highly contagious infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. […] The bacterium attaches to cells which line the airways. It then multiplies and causes the symptoms. […] Bordetella pertussis bacterium affects the lining of the airways to cause the cough to continue for a long time after the bacteria have gone.

• #64 Whooping Cough (Pertussis) Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Vaccine

  https://www.medicinenet.com/pertussis/article.htm

  Whooping cough (pertussis) is an acute, highly contagious bacterial infection. […] A bacterium known as Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough infection. The bacteria attach to the lining of the airways in the upper respiratory system and release toxins that lead to inflammation and swelling. […] Most people acquire the bacteria by breathing in the bacteria that are present in droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. […] Whooping cough can infect anyone. Unimmunized or incompletely immunized young infants are particularly vulnerable to the infection and its complications, which can include pneumonia and seizures. […] The infection occurs worldwide, even in countries with well-developed vaccination programs. […] Adults may develop pertussis because the immunity from childhood vaccinations can wear off over time.

• #65 Whooping Cough: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/children/whooping-cough-symptoms-treatment

  Anyone can get whooping cough, including adults. In adults, whooping cough usually occurs in those who haven’t received the vaccine or whose immunity has worn off. They also tend to have milder symptoms than children, especially those adults who’ve received the vaccine. […] Whooping cough can cause anyone at any age to get sick. The vaccine you received as a child wears off, so older children and adults who haven’t gotten the vaccine since childhood are at risk of whooping cough. Also, because babies do not receive the vaccine until they are 2 months old, they are at risk from birth until they are vaccinated.

• #66 Pertussis (Whooping Cough) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pertussis-whooping-cough

  Commonly referred to as whooping cough, pertussis is a very contagious disease that can affect people of all ages. It is caused by a bacterium called Bordetella pertussis thats found in the mouth, nose and throat of infected people. […] Pertussis is so contagious that 8 of 10 non-immune people will be infected when exposed to someone with the disease. […] While the pertussis vaccine is effective, protection against the disease fades over time. […] Unfortunately, pertussis epidemics continue to occur due to waning immunity after vaccination as well as falling vaccination rates. […] The best way to prevent whooping cough is by making sure your family is vaccinated. Children who are not vaccinated against the disease are eight times more likely to become infected than those who are vaccinated.

• #67 Pertussis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/967268-overview

  Pertussis (whooping cough) is a respiratory tract infection characterized by a paroxysmal cough. The most common causative organism is Bordetella pertussis, though Bordetella parapertussis also has been associated with this condition in humans. […] Bordetella pertussis, a gram-negative pleomorphic bacillus, is the main causative organism for pertussis. (B parapertussis is less common than B pertussis and produces a clinical illness that is similar to, but milder than, that produced by B pertussis.) […] B pertussis spreads via aerosolized droplets produced by the cough of infected individuals, attaching to and damaging ciliated respiratory epithelium. […] Pertussis is highly contagious, developing in approximately 80-90% of susceptible individuals who are exposed to it. […] Transmission of pertussis can occur through direct face-to-face contact, through sharing of a confined space, or through contact with oral, nasal, or respiratory secretions from an infected source. […] Risk factors for pertussis include the following: Nonvaccination in children, Contact with an infected person, Epidemic exposure, Pregnancy.

• #68 Whooping Cough (Pertussis) | Infectious Diseases

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/whooping-cough

  Whooping cough is a contagious bacterial infection that causes severe coughing fits. […] A bacteria called Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough. The infection spreads from person to person in respiratory droplets and saliva. You can get whooping cough if an infected person coughs or sneezes and you breathe in the bacteria. You can also get it if an infected person kisses you. […] People who dont get the pertussis vaccine, or who havent received all their vaccine doses, are most at risk. Other factors that increase risk include: […] Children 6 and younger who havent received all five vaccinations are more at risk. The risk is highest for newborns, who dont get the first vaccine dose until theyre 2 months old.

• #69 Whooping Cough: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/children/whooping-cough-symptoms-treatment

  Anyone can get whooping cough, including adults. In adults, whooping cough usually occurs in those who haven’t received the vaccine or whose immunity has worn off. They also tend to have milder symptoms than children, especially those adults who’ve received the vaccine. […] Whooping cough can cause anyone at any age to get sick. The vaccine you received as a child wears off, so older children and adults who haven’t gotten the vaccine since childhood are at risk of whooping cough. Also, because babies do not receive the vaccine until they are 2 months old, they are at risk from birth until they are vaccinated.

• #70 Whooping Cough (Pertussis) | Infectious Diseases

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/whooping-cough

  Whooping cough is a contagious bacterial infection that causes severe coughing fits. […] A bacteria called Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough. The infection spreads from person to person in respiratory droplets and saliva. You can get whooping cough if an infected person coughs or sneezes and you breathe in the bacteria. You can also get it if an infected person kisses you. […] People who dont get the pertussis vaccine, or who havent received all their vaccine doses, are most at risk. Other factors that increase risk include: […] Children 6 and younger who havent received all five vaccinations are more at risk. The risk is highest for newborns, who dont get the first vaccine dose until theyre 2 months old.

• #71 Whooping Cough (Pertussis) Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Vaccine

  https://www.medicinenet.com/pertussis/article.htm

  Whooping cough (pertussis) is an acute, highly contagious bacterial infection. […] A bacterium known as Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough infection. The bacteria attach to the lining of the airways in the upper respiratory system and release toxins that lead to inflammation and swelling. […] Most people acquire the bacteria by breathing in the bacteria that are present in droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. […] Whooping cough can infect anyone. Unimmunized or incompletely immunized young infants are particularly vulnerable to the infection and its complications, which can include pneumonia and seizures. […] The infection occurs worldwide, even in countries with well-developed vaccination programs. […] Adults may develop pertussis because the immunity from childhood vaccinations can wear off over time.

• #72 Whooping Cough: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/children/whooping-cough-symptoms-treatment

  Anyone can get whooping cough, including adults. In adults, whooping cough usually occurs in those who haven’t received the vaccine or whose immunity has worn off. They also tend to have milder symptoms than children, especially those adults who’ve received the vaccine. […] Whooping cough can cause anyone at any age to get sick. The vaccine you received as a child wears off, so older children and adults who haven’t gotten the vaccine since childhood are at risk of whooping cough. Also, because babies do not receive the vaccine until they are 2 months old, they are at risk from birth until they are vaccinated.

• #73 Pertussis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519008/

  Pertussis, a violent cough, also known as whooping cough or the cough of 100 days, was first described in the Paris epidemic of 1578. Bordetella pertussis, the causative organism, was discovered in 1906, and a vaccine was developed in the 1940s. Before the pertussis vaccine was developed, pertussis was a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality. […] The causative organisms of pertussis are Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis. Bordetella is spread by airborne droplets and is highly contagious. Pertussis often affects 100% of non-immune household contacts. Immunity wanes to 50% 12 years after completing a vaccination series. […] Humans are the sole reservoir for Bordetella, which is spread via aerosolized droplets produced during a cough. The organism is highly contagious, with most cases occurring during summer.

• #74 Why Is Whooping Cough on the Rise? | The Brink | Boston University

  https://www.bu.edu/articles/2018/whooping-cough-on-the-rise/

  Cases of whooping cough are rising, despite record numbers of vaccinations. Whooping cough, caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis, is no longer a familiar condition to most Americans. The question is, why? Gill thinks its because the vaccine isnt working well or is not working in the way we anticipated. The second generation of vaccine turned out to have an unanticipated limitation, and that has been probably the main engine driving the resurgence. Gill and his colleagues suspect that the vaccine, while preventing symptoms from pertussis infections for some time, has little impact on preventing people from becoming colonized with the bacteria, meaning they are asymptomatic carriers of the disease and are still capable of infecting others. The Bordetella pertussis bacteria do their dirty work by infecting a persons upper airways and secreting a complex mixture of toxins, of which perhaps the most important and best studied is pertussis toxin. The original pertussis vaccines, introduced in the 1940s, were whole cell vaccines, crafted by killing whole bacteria with heat or chemicals. In response, scientists crafted a second-generation vaccine, one that contained only specific, and what were considered at the time to be critical, proteins from Bordetella pertussis. Researchers eventually found one cause: the acellular vaccines protection wears off after two to three years. The new vaccine prevents people from getting sick, which is good, but it doesnt prevent them from becoming infected and spreading the disease. This means that vaccinated people can still become carriers of the disease, spreading it to unvaccinated people like very small babies but also to people who have been vaccinated. Now scientists are starting to piece together why exactly this happens: the old and new vaccines stimulate a different immune response. Gill and his colleagues say that all these lines of evidence point to a need for a new vaccine.

• #75 Pertussis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/967268-overview

  Pertussis (whooping cough) is a respiratory tract infection characterized by a paroxysmal cough. The most common causative organism is Bordetella pertussis, though Bordetella parapertussis also has been associated with this condition in humans. […] Bordetella pertussis, a gram-negative pleomorphic bacillus, is the main causative organism for pertussis. (B parapertussis is less common than B pertussis and produces a clinical illness that is similar to, but milder than, that produced by B pertussis.) […] B pertussis spreads via aerosolized droplets produced by the cough of infected individuals, attaching to and damaging ciliated respiratory epithelium. […] Pertussis is highly contagious, developing in approximately 80-90% of susceptible individuals who are exposed to it. […] Transmission of pertussis can occur through direct face-to-face contact, through sharing of a confined space, or through contact with oral, nasal, or respiratory secretions from an infected source. […] Risk factors for pertussis include the following: Nonvaccination in children, Contact with an infected person, Epidemic exposure, Pregnancy.

• #76 Pertussis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/967268-overview

  Pertussis (whooping cough) is a respiratory tract infection characterized by a paroxysmal cough. The most common causative organism is Bordetella pertussis, though Bordetella parapertussis also has been associated with this condition in humans. […] Bordetella pertussis, a gram-negative pleomorphic bacillus, is the main causative organism for pertussis. (B parapertussis is less common than B pertussis and produces a clinical illness that is similar to, but milder than, that produced by B pertussis.) […] B pertussis spreads via aerosolized droplets produced by the cough of infected individuals, attaching to and damaging ciliated respiratory epithelium. […] Pertussis is highly contagious, developing in approximately 80-90% of susceptible individuals who are exposed to it. […] Transmission of pertussis can occur through direct face-to-face contact, through sharing of a confined space, or through contact with oral, nasal, or respiratory secretions from an infected source. […] Risk factors for pertussis include the following: Nonvaccination in children, Contact with an infected person, Epidemic exposure, Pregnancy.

• #77 Pertussis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/967268-overview

  Pertussis (whooping cough) is a respiratory tract infection characterized by a paroxysmal cough. The most common causative organism is Bordetella pertussis, though Bordetella parapertussis also has been associated with this condition in humans. […] Bordetella pertussis, a gram-negative pleomorphic bacillus, is the main causative organism for pertussis. (B parapertussis is less common than B pertussis and produces a clinical illness that is similar to, but milder than, that produced by B pertussis.) […] B pertussis spreads via aerosolized droplets produced by the cough of infected individuals, attaching to and damaging ciliated respiratory epithelium. […] Pertussis is highly contagious, developing in approximately 80-90% of susceptible individuals who are exposed to it. […] Transmission of pertussis can occur through direct face-to-face contact, through sharing of a confined space, or through contact with oral, nasal, or respiratory secretions from an infected source. […] Risk factors for pertussis include the following: Nonvaccination in children, Contact with an infected person, Epidemic exposure, Pregnancy.

• #78 Whooping Cough: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/children/whooping-cough-symptoms-treatment

  Whooping cough (also known as pertussis) is a bacterial infection that affects your respiratory tract, especially your nose and throat. It spreads easily, but vaccines such as DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis) for infants and children and Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis) for older children and adults can help prevent it. […] A type of bacteria called Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough. If a person with whooping cough sneezes, laughs, or coughs, small droplets that contain this bacteria may fly through the air. You might get sick if you breathe in the droplets. […] When the bacteria get into your airways, they attach to the tiny hairs in the linings of the lungs. The bacteria cause swelling and inflammation, which lead to a dry, long-lasting cough and other cold-like symptoms.

• #79 Whooping Cough (Pertussis) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/whooping-cough.html

  Whooping cough (pertussis) is a contagious infection of the respiratory system caused by Bordetella pertussis bacteria. […] Whooping cough can make some people very sick. Babies younger than 1 years old and people with medical conditions that affect the immune or respiratory systems are most at risk for getting really sick from the illness. […] Whooping cough can be prevented with the pertussis vaccine, which is part of the DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis) immunization. […] Getting the vaccine is especially important for people who have close contact with infants. That’s because babies can have severe and even life-threatening problems from whooping cough.

• #80 Whooping cough (Pertussis) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/whooping-cough

  Whooping cough, also known as pertussis, is a serious and highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. […] Whooping cough is particularly dangerous for babies less than 6 months of age. […] Older children and adults who have not received a recent whooping cough vaccination are also at risk of infection. […] Whooping cough is highly contagious. It is spread when a person breathes in the bacteria that has been coughed or sneezed into the air by an infectious person. […] Babies less than 6 months of age are at greatest risk of severe disease, hospitalisation, and death. These infants are too young to be fully immunised. […] Immunisation is a safe and effective way to protect you from serious disease caused by whooping cough. […] Whooping cough (pertussis) vaccines provide good protection from infection but immunity fades, which means that additional doses (boosters) are recommended. […] Preventive antibiotics may be recommended for some people who are exposed to whooping cough and have close contact with babies under 6 months of age or women in the last month of pregnancy.

• #81 Five Things to Know About Whooping Cough | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/blog/whooping-cough

  Before a vaccine was introduced in the late 1940s, pertussis, more commonly known as whooping cough, was a leading cause of childhood illness and death in the United States. […] Since then, pertussis has again become increasingly common due to varied factors including improved diagnostic tests, more spread of the bacteria that causes pertussis, and waning immunity from current vaccines. […] The bacteria that cause whooping cough, Bordetella pertussis, is spread easily from person to person through coughing and sneezing. […] Pertussis complications can be severe, but there is a vaccine available. […] Vaccination is the best protection against pertussis. […] Individuals who are pregnant can provide short-term protection for their babies by getting a Tdap vaccine during the 27th through 36th week of each pregnancy.

• #82 Why Is Whooping Cough on the Rise? | The Brink | Boston University

  https://www.bu.edu/articles/2018/whooping-cough-on-the-rise/

  Cases of whooping cough are rising, despite record numbers of vaccinations. Whooping cough, caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis, is no longer a familiar condition to most Americans. The question is, why? Gill thinks its because the vaccine isnt working well or is not working in the way we anticipated. The second generation of vaccine turned out to have an unanticipated limitation, and that has been probably the main engine driving the resurgence. Gill and his colleagues suspect that the vaccine, while preventing symptoms from pertussis infections for some time, has little impact on preventing people from becoming colonized with the bacteria, meaning they are asymptomatic carriers of the disease and are still capable of infecting others. The Bordetella pertussis bacteria do their dirty work by infecting a persons upper airways and secreting a complex mixture of toxins, of which perhaps the most important and best studied is pertussis toxin. The original pertussis vaccines, introduced in the 1940s, were whole cell vaccines, crafted by killing whole bacteria with heat or chemicals. In response, scientists crafted a second-generation vaccine, one that contained only specific, and what were considered at the time to be critical, proteins from Bordetella pertussis. Researchers eventually found one cause: the acellular vaccines protection wears off after two to three years. The new vaccine prevents people from getting sick, which is good, but it doesnt prevent them from becoming infected and spreading the disease. This means that vaccinated people can still become carriers of the disease, spreading it to unvaccinated people like very small babies but also to people who have been vaccinated. Now scientists are starting to piece together why exactly this happens: the old and new vaccines stimulate a different immune response. Gill and his colleagues say that all these lines of evidence point to a need for a new vaccine.

• #83 Whooping cough is surging. Here’s what you should know. – Northwestern Now

  https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2024/10/whooping-cough-is-not-only-a-pediatric-disease-vaccine-does-not-protect-for-life/

  Whooping cough, also known as pertussis, is not only a pediatric disease, says Northwestern University pediatric infectious disease expert Dr. Tina Tan. […] Adolescents and adults serve as a major source of transmission in the community because many physicians that care for adults continue to believe that pertussis is only a pediatric disease, said Tan. […] They also believe that if a person has had the disease or received vaccines as a child that they are protected for life, which is completely not true, she said. […] The organism that causes whooping cough, gram negative bacteria Bordetella pertussis, was circulating in the community but the protective measures prevented spread much like what was seen with other respiratory pathogens. […] The decrease in routine vaccination rates in all age groups also contributes to the amount of disease as there are now more susceptible individuals of all ages.

• #84 Five Things to Know About Whooping Cough | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/blog/whooping-cough

  Before a vaccine was introduced in the late 1940s, pertussis, more commonly known as whooping cough, was a leading cause of childhood illness and death in the United States. […] Since then, pertussis has again become increasingly common due to varied factors including improved diagnostic tests, more spread of the bacteria that causes pertussis, and waning immunity from current vaccines. […] The bacteria that cause whooping cough, Bordetella pertussis, is spread easily from person to person through coughing and sneezing. […] Pertussis complications can be severe, but there is a vaccine available. […] Vaccination is the best protection against pertussis. […] Individuals who are pregnant can provide short-term protection for their babies by getting a Tdap vaccine during the 27th through 36th week of each pregnancy.

• #85 Why Is Whooping Cough on the Rise? | The Brink | Boston University

  https://www.bu.edu/articles/2018/whooping-cough-on-the-rise/

  Cases of whooping cough are rising, despite record numbers of vaccinations. Whooping cough, caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis, is no longer a familiar condition to most Americans. The question is, why? Gill thinks its because the vaccine isnt working well or is not working in the way we anticipated. The second generation of vaccine turned out to have an unanticipated limitation, and that has been probably the main engine driving the resurgence. Gill and his colleagues suspect that the vaccine, while preventing symptoms from pertussis infections for some time, has little impact on preventing people from becoming colonized with the bacteria, meaning they are asymptomatic carriers of the disease and are still capable of infecting others. The Bordetella pertussis bacteria do their dirty work by infecting a persons upper airways and secreting a complex mixture of toxins, of which perhaps the most important and best studied is pertussis toxin. The original pertussis vaccines, introduced in the 1940s, were whole cell vaccines, crafted by killing whole bacteria with heat or chemicals. In response, scientists crafted a second-generation vaccine, one that contained only specific, and what were considered at the time to be critical, proteins from Bordetella pertussis. Researchers eventually found one cause: the acellular vaccines protection wears off after two to three years. The new vaccine prevents people from getting sick, which is good, but it doesnt prevent them from becoming infected and spreading the disease. This means that vaccinated people can still become carriers of the disease, spreading it to unvaccinated people like very small babies but also to people who have been vaccinated. Now scientists are starting to piece together why exactly this happens: the old and new vaccines stimulate a different immune response. Gill and his colleagues say that all these lines of evidence point to a need for a new vaccine.

• #86 CDC: Whooping cough causes at decade-level high

  https://www.ems1.com/public-health/cdc-whooping-cough-causes-at-decade-level-high

  Whooping cough is at its highest level in a decade for this time of year, U.S. health officials reported Thursday. […] Whooping cough, also called pertussis, usually starts out like a cold, with a runny nose and other common symptoms, before turning into a prolonged cough. It is treated with antibiotics. Whooping cough used to be very common until a vaccine was introduced in the 1950s, which is now part of routine childhood vaccinations. […] Whooping cough is usually seen mostly in infants and young children, who can develop serious complications. […] But public health workers say outbreaks this year are hitting older kids and teens. […] Pertussis is worth preventing, Bryant said. The good news is that we have safe and effective vaccines.

• #87 Whooping cough: Symptoms, causes and how it’s treated | HealthPartners Blog

  https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/whooping-cough/

  Whooping cough is caused by the Bordetella pertussis bacteria. […] Research has shown the bacteria that causes whooping cough has changed, causing past vaccination protections to wane which is why its so important to stay up-to-date with your vaccinations.

• #88 Whooping cough is surging. Here’s what you should know. – Northwestern Now

  https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2024/10/whooping-cough-is-not-only-a-pediatric-disease-vaccine-does-not-protect-for-life/

  Whooping cough, also known as pertussis, is not only a pediatric disease, says Northwestern University pediatric infectious disease expert Dr. Tina Tan. […] Adolescents and adults serve as a major source of transmission in the community because many physicians that care for adults continue to believe that pertussis is only a pediatric disease, said Tan. […] They also believe that if a person has had the disease or received vaccines as a child that they are protected for life, which is completely not true, she said. […] The organism that causes whooping cough, gram negative bacteria Bordetella pertussis, was circulating in the community but the protective measures prevented spread much like what was seen with other respiratory pathogens. […] The decrease in routine vaccination rates in all age groups also contributes to the amount of disease as there are now more susceptible individuals of all ages.

• #89 Whooping cough is surging. Here’s what you should know. – Northwestern Now

  https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2024/10/whooping-cough-is-not-only-a-pediatric-disease-vaccine-does-not-protect-for-life/

  Whooping cough, also known as pertussis, is not only a pediatric disease, says Northwestern University pediatric infectious disease expert Dr. Tina Tan. […] Adolescents and adults serve as a major source of transmission in the community because many physicians that care for adults continue to believe that pertussis is only a pediatric disease, said Tan. […] They also believe that if a person has had the disease or received vaccines as a child that they are protected for life, which is completely not true, she said. […] The organism that causes whooping cough, gram negative bacteria Bordetella pertussis, was circulating in the community but the protective measures prevented spread much like what was seen with other respiratory pathogens. […] The decrease in routine vaccination rates in all age groups also contributes to the amount of disease as there are now more susceptible individuals of all ages.

• #90 Whooping cough: View Causes, Symptoms and Treatments | 1mg

  https://www.1mg.com/diseases/whooping-cough-921?srsltid=AfmBOoq7GjGM4b9UN4tS8Svq-4_2uXzfKr86F3G7hCgiLiPvQaa6k8Tw

  Whooping cough is a bacterial infection caused by Bordetella pertussis hence, also known as pertussis. […] It is a highly infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another through close contact. […] Once inside the body, the bacteria attaches to cilia (hair like extensions) that are present in the upper respiratory system. […] Post attachment, the bacteria releases toxins which damages the cilia and causes the airway to swell and discomfort in breathing. […] High incidence rates have been observed in young children due to low vaccination coverage. […] Coughing adults and adolescents are the major reservoir of B. pertussis and are the usual sources of infection in infants and children.

• #91 CDC: Whooping cough causes at decade-level high

  https://www.ems1.com/public-health/cdc-whooping-cough-causes-at-decade-level-high

  Whooping cough is at its highest level in a decade for this time of year, U.S. health officials reported Thursday. […] Whooping cough, also called pertussis, usually starts out like a cold, with a runny nose and other common symptoms, before turning into a prolonged cough. It is treated with antibiotics. Whooping cough used to be very common until a vaccine was introduced in the 1950s, which is now part of routine childhood vaccinations. […] Whooping cough is usually seen mostly in infants and young children, who can develop serious complications. […] But public health workers say outbreaks this year are hitting older kids and teens. […] Pertussis is worth preventing, Bryant said. The good news is that we have safe and effective vaccines.

• #92 Why Is Whooping Cough on the Rise? | The Brink | Boston University

  https://www.bu.edu/articles/2018/whooping-cough-on-the-rise/

  Cases of whooping cough are rising, despite record numbers of vaccinations. Whooping cough, caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis, is no longer a familiar condition to most Americans. The question is, why? Gill thinks its because the vaccine isnt working well or is not working in the way we anticipated. The second generation of vaccine turned out to have an unanticipated limitation, and that has been probably the main engine driving the resurgence. Gill and his colleagues suspect that the vaccine, while preventing symptoms from pertussis infections for some time, has little impact on preventing people from becoming colonized with the bacteria, meaning they are asymptomatic carriers of the disease and are still capable of infecting others. The Bordetella pertussis bacteria do their dirty work by infecting a persons upper airways and secreting a complex mixture of toxins, of which perhaps the most important and best studied is pertussis toxin. The original pertussis vaccines, introduced in the 1940s, were whole cell vaccines, crafted by killing whole bacteria with heat or chemicals. In response, scientists crafted a second-generation vaccine, one that contained only specific, and what were considered at the time to be critical, proteins from Bordetella pertussis. Researchers eventually found one cause: the acellular vaccines protection wears off after two to three years. The new vaccine prevents people from getting sick, which is good, but it doesnt prevent them from becoming infected and spreading the disease. This means that vaccinated people can still become carriers of the disease, spreading it to unvaccinated people like very small babies but also to people who have been vaccinated. Now scientists are starting to piece together why exactly this happens: the old and new vaccines stimulate a different immune response. Gill and his colleagues say that all these lines of evidence point to a need for a new vaccine.

• #93 Whooping cough: View Causes, Symptoms and Treatments | 1mg

  https://www.1mg.com/diseases/whooping-cough-921?srsltid=AfmBOoq7GjGM4b9UN4tS8Svq-4_2uXzfKr86F3G7hCgiLiPvQaa6k8Tw

  Whooping cough is a bacterial infection caused by Bordetella pertussis hence, also known as pertussis. […] It is a highly infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another through close contact. […] Once inside the body, the bacteria attaches to cilia (hair like extensions) that are present in the upper respiratory system. […] Post attachment, the bacteria releases toxins which damages the cilia and causes the airway to swell and discomfort in breathing. […] High incidence rates have been observed in young children due to low vaccination coverage. […] Coughing adults and adolescents are the major reservoir of B. pertussis and are the usual sources of infection in infants and children.

• #94 Whooping Cough (Pertussis) – NFID

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/whooping-cough/

  Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious and serious infection that spreads easily from person to person through coughing and sneezing. […] It is spread through large respiratory droplets containing the bacteria, which produce toxins. […] Whooping cough causes coughing spells that can affect breathing, eating, and sleeping. The infection can even lead to cracked ribs and hospitalization. […] Adults and adolescents can spread whooping cough to young infants who have not had all their vaccines. Babies are at the greatest risk for serious complications, even death.

• #95 Why Is Whooping Cough on the Rise? | The Brink | Boston University

  https://www.bu.edu/articles/2018/whooping-cough-on-the-rise/

  Cases of whooping cough are rising, despite record numbers of vaccinations. Whooping cough, caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis, is no longer a familiar condition to most Americans. The question is, why? Gill thinks its because the vaccine isnt working well or is not working in the way we anticipated. The second generation of vaccine turned out to have an unanticipated limitation, and that has been probably the main engine driving the resurgence. Gill and his colleagues suspect that the vaccine, while preventing symptoms from pertussis infections for some time, has little impact on preventing people from becoming colonized with the bacteria, meaning they are asymptomatic carriers of the disease and are still capable of infecting others. The Bordetella pertussis bacteria do their dirty work by infecting a persons upper airways and secreting a complex mixture of toxins, of which perhaps the most important and best studied is pertussis toxin. The original pertussis vaccines, introduced in the 1940s, were whole cell vaccines, crafted by killing whole bacteria with heat or chemicals. In response, scientists crafted a second-generation vaccine, one that contained only specific, and what were considered at the time to be critical, proteins from Bordetella pertussis. Researchers eventually found one cause: the acellular vaccines protection wears off after two to three years. The new vaccine prevents people from getting sick, which is good, but it doesnt prevent them from becoming infected and spreading the disease. This means that vaccinated people can still become carriers of the disease, spreading it to unvaccinated people like very small babies but also to people who have been vaccinated. Now scientists are starting to piece together why exactly this happens: the old and new vaccines stimulate a different immune response. Gill and his colleagues say that all these lines of evidence point to a need for a new vaccine.

• #96 Why Is Whooping Cough on the Rise? | The Brink | Boston University

  https://www.bu.edu/articles/2018/whooping-cough-on-the-rise/

  Cases of whooping cough are rising, despite record numbers of vaccinations. Whooping cough, caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis, is no longer a familiar condition to most Americans. The question is, why? Gill thinks its because the vaccine isnt working well or is not working in the way we anticipated. The second generation of vaccine turned out to have an unanticipated limitation, and that has been probably the main engine driving the resurgence. Gill and his colleagues suspect that the vaccine, while preventing symptoms from pertussis infections for some time, has little impact on preventing people from becoming colonized with the bacteria, meaning they are asymptomatic carriers of the disease and are still capable of infecting others. The Bordetella pertussis bacteria do their dirty work by infecting a persons upper airways and secreting a complex mixture of toxins, of which perhaps the most important and best studied is pertussis toxin. The original pertussis vaccines, introduced in the 1940s, were whole cell vaccines, crafted by killing whole bacteria with heat or chemicals. In response, scientists crafted a second-generation vaccine, one that contained only specific, and what were considered at the time to be critical, proteins from Bordetella pertussis. Researchers eventually found one cause: the acellular vaccines protection wears off after two to three years. The new vaccine prevents people from getting sick, which is good, but it doesnt prevent them from becoming infected and spreading the disease. This means that vaccinated people can still become carriers of the disease, spreading it to unvaccinated people like very small babies but also to people who have been vaccinated. Now scientists are starting to piece together why exactly this happens: the old and new vaccines stimulate a different immune response. Gill and his colleagues say that all these lines of evidence point to a need for a new vaccine.

• #97 Why Is Whooping Cough on the Rise? | The Brink | Boston University

  https://www.bu.edu/articles/2018/whooping-cough-on-the-rise/

  Cases of whooping cough are rising, despite record numbers of vaccinations. Whooping cough, caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis, is no longer a familiar condition to most Americans. The question is, why? Gill thinks its because the vaccine isnt working well or is not working in the way we anticipated. The second generation of vaccine turned out to have an unanticipated limitation, and that has been probably the main engine driving the resurgence. Gill and his colleagues suspect that the vaccine, while preventing symptoms from pertussis infections for some time, has little impact on preventing people from becoming colonized with the bacteria, meaning they are asymptomatic carriers of the disease and are still capable of infecting others. The Bordetella pertussis bacteria do their dirty work by infecting a persons upper airways and secreting a complex mixture of toxins, of which perhaps the most important and best studied is pertussis toxin. The original pertussis vaccines, introduced in the 1940s, were whole cell vaccines, crafted by killing whole bacteria with heat or chemicals. In response, scientists crafted a second-generation vaccine, one that contained only specific, and what were considered at the time to be critical, proteins from Bordetella pertussis. Researchers eventually found one cause: the acellular vaccines protection wears off after two to three years. The new vaccine prevents people from getting sick, which is good, but it doesnt prevent them from becoming infected and spreading the disease. This means that vaccinated people can still become carriers of the disease, spreading it to unvaccinated people like very small babies but also to people who have been vaccinated. Now scientists are starting to piece together why exactly this happens: the old and new vaccines stimulate a different immune response. Gill and his colleagues say that all these lines of evidence point to a need for a new vaccine.

• #98 Whooping Cough (Pertussis) Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15661-whooping-cough-pertussis

  Whooping cough is a highly contagious upper respiratory infection that affects babies, children and adults of all ages. […] The bacteria Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough. The bacteria damage the lining of your airways, causing them to swell. This swelling leads to thick mucus buildup and, in turn, severe coughing. […] Whooping cough spreads through respiratory droplets when you cough or sneeze. It usually takes five to 10 days for symptoms to start after exposure, but sometimes it’s as long as 21 days. […] Yes, it’s very contagious that means it spreads easily from person to person. You’re likely to get it from someone you live with, and kids often get it from their classmates.

• #99 Whooping cough: Symptoms, causes, and vaccines

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/257706

  Whooping cough, also known as pertussis, is an extremely contagious disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. […] Whooping cough is a bacterial infection caused by Bordetella pertussis. Infection occurs in the lining of the airways, principally in the trachea (the windpipe) as well as the bronchi (airways that branch off from the trachea to the lungs). […] As soon as Bordetella pertussis reaches the lining of the airways, it multiplies and paralyzes mucus-clearing components of the lining, causing an accumulation of mucus. […] As inflammation of the airways gets worse (they swell up), they become narrower, which makes it harder to breathe and causes the whoop when the patient tries to get their breath back after a bout of coughing.

• #100 Pertussis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519008/

  Pertussis, a violent cough, also known as whooping cough or the cough of 100 days, was first described in the Paris epidemic of 1578. Bordetella pertussis, the causative organism, was discovered in 1906, and a vaccine was developed in the 1940s. Before the pertussis vaccine was developed, pertussis was a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality. […] The causative organisms of pertussis are Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis. Bordetella is spread by airborne droplets and is highly contagious. Pertussis often affects 100% of non-immune household contacts. Immunity wanes to 50% 12 years after completing a vaccination series. […] Humans are the sole reservoir for Bordetella, which is spread via aerosolized droplets produced during a cough. The organism is highly contagious, with most cases occurring during summer.

• #101 Pertussis (Whooping Cough) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pertussis-whooping-cough

  Commonly referred to as whooping cough, pertussis is a very contagious disease that can affect people of all ages. It is caused by a bacterium called Bordetella pertussis thats found in the mouth, nose and throat of infected people. […] Pertussis is so contagious that 8 of 10 non-immune people will be infected when exposed to someone with the disease. […] While the pertussis vaccine is effective, protection against the disease fades over time. […] Unfortunately, pertussis epidemics continue to occur due to waning immunity after vaccination as well as falling vaccination rates. […] The best way to prevent whooping cough is by making sure your family is vaccinated. Children who are not vaccinated against the disease are eight times more likely to become infected than those who are vaccinated.

• #102 What Causes the Cough in Whooping Cough?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9239215/

  What causes the cough in whooping cough (pertussis) has been a longstanding question in the field but has been difficult to answer because of the perceived lack of convenient small animal models. […] In elegant studies, they found that the bacterial factors pertussis toxin, lipooligosaccharide, and Vag8 function cooperatively to produce cough. […] The feasibility of this idea was reinforced by the recent finding that a single glycolipid component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, sulfolipid-1, can induce cough in experimentally infected guinea pigs. […] However, no such B. pertussis factor has been identified to date. […] They showed that one of these components is pertussis toxin (PTx), a secreted protein toxin that inhibits signaling through Gi-linked G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in mammalian cells.

• #103 What Causes the Cough in Whooping Cough?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9239215/

  However, PTx alone was not sufficient to induce cough, and they identified two additional B. pertussis factors, Vag8 and lipooligosaccharide (LOS), that in combination with PTx could induce cough in mice to the same extent as the bacterial lysate. […] The authors show that Bdk levels in the airways rise during B. pertussis infection or treatment with the three components, but this increase (and the number of coughs) is attenuated in TLR4 knockout mice, indicating a mechanism by which LOS may contribute to cough. […] The role of TRPV1 in pertussis cough responses, which the authors confirmed with knockout mice, is novel and exciting. […] They showed that Bdk inhibits desensitization of TRPV1 activation by a second capsaicin treatment and that PTx further exacerbates this effect, amplifying responses to capsaicin.

• #104 What Causes the Cough in Whooping Cough?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9239215/

  Two inherent mechanisms to suppress cough responses once started—that is Bdk signaling through Gi-linked B2 receptors and noradrenaline signaling through the Gi-linked 2-adrenergic receptor—are both blocked by PTx. […] The current study reveals some candidate therapeutic targets from the analysis of host molecules and signaling pathways involved in the production and modulation of cough in response to B. pertussis infection. […] A leading candidate is the TRPV1 ion channel, identified in the current study as important for the generation of pertussis cough and previously linked with cough responses to other stimuli. […] Targeting these molecules would presumably overcome the effects of PTx, since each is downstream from PTx modification of G proteins.

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