Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Whooping cough (pertussis) | Australian Centre for Disease Control

  https://www.cdc.gov.au/topics/whooping-cough-pertussis

  Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious respiratory disease. It spreads through respiratory droplets and can be serious, especially for babies. Getting vaccinated is the best protection. We monitor and report on pertussis in our community, including national case numbers and trends. […] Whooping cough can cause severe disease, and even death. People with whooping cough can be contagious for several weeks and spread the disease to others they have contact with. It is most serious for babies who are too young to be fully vaccinated, so protecting babies and pregnant people from infection is an important public health priority. […] In 2024, more than 57,000 cases of whooping cough were reported in Australia. This was the highest yearly number since we started recording whooping cough cases in 1991.

• #2 Pertussis – Whooping Cough | Disease Surveillance Epidemiology Program | MeCDC | Maine DHHS

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious-disease/epi/vaccine/pertussis.shtml

  Pertussis is a respiratory illness commonly known as whooping cough and caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. Pertussis can be very serious, especially in infants. […] Pertussis is a very contagious disease only found in humans and spreads easily from person-to-person. People with pertussis usually spread the disease to another person by coughing or sneezing or when spending a lot of time with someone who is sick with pertussis. […] Infected people are most contagious up to about two weeks after the cough begins. […] People of all ages can get pertussis, even people who are vaccinated or had pertussis in the past. Pertussis is most common in school-aged children and teenagers, but cases in adults also occur. […] Vaccination is the best way to prevent pertussis among babies, children, teens and adults.

• #3 Pertussis (Whooping Cough) | Utah Epidemiology

  https://epi.utah.gov/pertussis-whooping-cough/

  Whooping cough, also known as pertussis, is an illness that affects the nose, throat, and lungs. Whooping cough is caused by a bacteria called Bordetella pertussis. These bacteria make it hard to clear out mucus and saliva. […] Whooping cough is highly contagious and most harmful to infants and children. Most children get whooping cough from adults and not from other children. Children can suffer complications such as pneumonia and in rare cases, can die from whooping cough, especially children younger than 1 year old. […] It is very contagious during the first weeks of the illness and becomes less contagious by the end of 3 weeks. It spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks, which creates small droplets that contain the bacteria. Other people can become infected if they breathe in those droplets. […] The best way to prevent whooping cough is to get vaccinated. […] Information for public health departments: Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. […] Listserv message: Ongoing outbreaks of pertussis (whooping cough) throughout Utah.

• #4 Pertussis (whooping cough)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/pertussis-whooping-cough

  Pertussis can occur at any age, but the most commonly diagnosed age groups are infants under one year of age and adolescents between 10 and 20 years of age. […] An increasing number of adults are being diagnosed with pertussis. […] As a general rule, all people who have not completed their immunisation schedule are at risk of contracting the disease. […] The most effective protection against pertussis is full vaccination. […] The vaccination schedule differs from country to country, with some countries recommending booster doses at certain times, such as adolescence or pregnancy in women. […] ECDC reports: vaccine-preventable diseases on the rise in the EU/EEA. […] Pertussis – Annual Epidemiological Report for 2022. […] Pertussis – Annual Epidemiological Report for 2021.

• #5 Pertussis (whooping cough) | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/pertussis-whooping-cough

  Pertussis severity varies with age and immunisation status. Unimmunised infants who are too young to be fully immunised have the highest risk of hospitalisations and deaths. […] Between 2013 and 2018, the highest notification rates were in children aged 9–11 years, followed by children aged 3 years. Since the introduction of maternal pertussis vaccination during pregnancy in 2015, pertussis notification rates significantly decreased in infants <2 months of age and the 6–11 months age group. Although the incidence in infants <2 months of age has been progressively decreasing from 2015, hospitalisation rates remain highest for this age group. Notification rates are higher among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children compared to non-Indigenous children across all age groups <5 years. Among people ≥5 years of age, people aged ≥65 years have the highest rate of hospitalisation.

• #6

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/pertussis

  Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. In 2018, there were more than 151 000 cases of pertussis globally. […] Pertussis spreads easily from person to person mainly through droplets produced by coughing or sneezing. […] People with pertussis are most contagious up to about 3 weeks after the cough begins, and many children who contract the infection have coughing spells that last 4 to 8 weeks. […] The best way to prevent pertussis is through immunization. […] In 2018, 86% of the global target population had received the recommended three doses of DTP-containing vaccine during infancy. […] Based on local epidemiology, further booster doses may be warranted later in life. […] National programmes may consider vaccination of pregnant women with pertussis-containing vaccine as a strategy additional to routine primary infant pertussis vaccination in countries or settings with high or increasing infant morbidity/mortality from pertussis. […] Whooping cough is a worldwide infectious disease caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis.

• #7 Whooping cough – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whooping_cough

  Pertussis is endemic worldwide. More than 151,000 cases were reported globally in 2018. However not all cases are reported or correctly diagnosed, especially in developing countries. Pertussis is one of the leading causes of vaccine-preventable deaths worldwide. A study in 2017 estimated the global burden of the disease to be 24 million cases per year with 160,000 deaths among young children, with about 90% of all cases occurring in developing countries. […] Epidemics of the disease occur cyclically, every three to 5 years, both in areas with vaccination programs and those without. Over time, immunity declines in those who have either been vaccinated or have recovered from infection. In addition, infants are born who are susceptible to infection. An epidemic can occur once herd immunity decreases below a certain level. It is also possible that the bacterium is evolving to evade vaccine-induced immunity.

• #8 Whooping Cough (Pertussis) – NFID

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/whooping-cough/

  Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious and serious infection that spreads easily from person to person through coughing and sneezing. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are an estimated 24.1 million cases of whooping cough and about 160,700 deaths in children younger than age 5 years worldwide annually. […] In 2012, the most recent peak year, CDC reported 48,277 cases of pertussis in the US, but many more cases go undiagnosed and unreported. […] This serious infectious disease is on the rise in the US, across all age groups. […] Protection against whooping cough from early childhood vaccines wears off. Adolescents and adults are at risk for infection and need booster doses of vaccine throughout life to remain protected. […] Whooping cough causes coughing spells that can affect breathing, eating, and sleeping. The infection can even lead to cracked ribs and hospitalization. […] Adults and adolescents can spread whooping cough to young infants who have not had all their vaccines. Babies are at the greatest risk for serious complications, even death.

• #9 Whooping cough – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whooping_cough

  Pertussis is endemic worldwide. More than 151,000 cases were reported globally in 2018. However not all cases are reported or correctly diagnosed, especially in developing countries. Pertussis is one of the leading causes of vaccine-preventable deaths worldwide. A study in 2017 estimated the global burden of the disease to be 24 million cases per year with 160,000 deaths among young children, with about 90% of all cases occurring in developing countries. […] Epidemics of the disease occur cyclically, every three to 5 years, both in areas with vaccination programs and those without. Over time, immunity declines in those who have either been vaccinated or have recovered from infection. In addition, infants are born who are susceptible to infection. An epidemic can occur once herd immunity decreases below a certain level. It is also possible that the bacterium is evolving to evade vaccine-induced immunity.

• #10 Pertussis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519008/

  Reported pertussis cases are increasing in the United States and worldwide. […] The prevalence of pertussis in the United States sharply declined from 150,000 to 250,000 cases per year in the prevaccination era to 1010 cases reported in 1976. […] Since then, pertussis has risen, partially attributed to waning adolescent and adult immunity. […] Although pertussis largely remains a pediatric disease, with 38% of cases occurring in infants younger than 6 months and 71% of cases occurring in children younger than 5 years, adolescents and adults can also contract the disease and are likely contributing to the increasing number of both adult and pediatric cases seen over the past 3 decades. […] Worldwide, there are over 24 million cases annually, with more than 160,000 deaths. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported over 48,000 cases in the United States in 2012, the most recent year for which this data is available. […] Due to the difficulty in diagnosis, the CDC estimates are likely underreporting.

• #11 Whooping cough – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whooping_cough

  Pertussis is endemic worldwide. More than 151,000 cases were reported globally in 2018. However not all cases are reported or correctly diagnosed, especially in developing countries. Pertussis is one of the leading causes of vaccine-preventable deaths worldwide. A study in 2017 estimated the global burden of the disease to be 24 million cases per year with 160,000 deaths among young children, with about 90% of all cases occurring in developing countries. […] Epidemics of the disease occur cyclically, every three to 5 years, both in areas with vaccination programs and those without. Over time, immunity declines in those who have either been vaccinated or have recovered from infection. In addition, infants are born who are susceptible to infection. An epidemic can occur once herd immunity decreases below a certain level. It is also possible that the bacterium is evolving to evade vaccine-induced immunity.

• #12 Pertussis (whooping cough) surveillance and epidemiology – Public Health Wales

  https://phw.nhs.wales/topics/immunisation-and-vaccines/immunisation-surveillance/pertussis-whooping-cough-surveillance-and-epidemiology/

  Pertussis incidence typically has a cyclical pattern with peaks in cases every three to four years. The peak prior to 2012 in England and Wales was in 2008, with 902 laboratory confirmed cases (PHE, 2013). In 2012, there was a significant increase in the number of pertussis cases reported in the UK (Kmietowicz, 2012), USA (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015), New Zealand (Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, 2012) and Australia (Government of Western Australia, 2012). […] During 2013 and 2014 the number of confirmed pertussis cases in Wales decreased before rising again in 2015 and 2016. During 2017 and 2018 the number of confirmed cases decreased to 171 and 112 respectively before increasing again in 2019 to 182 confirmed cases. Most cases are in adults. Laboratory confirmations of pertussis in infants aged under one by year have fallen steadily since 2015, especially in infants under 3 months of age.

• #13 Whooping cough – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whooping_cough

  Pertussis is endemic worldwide. More than 151,000 cases were reported globally in 2018. However not all cases are reported or correctly diagnosed, especially in developing countries. Pertussis is one of the leading causes of vaccine-preventable deaths worldwide. A study in 2017 estimated the global burden of the disease to be 24 million cases per year with 160,000 deaths among young children, with about 90% of all cases occurring in developing countries. […] Epidemics of the disease occur cyclically, every three to 5 years, both in areas with vaccination programs and those without. Over time, immunity declines in those who have either been vaccinated or have recovered from infection. In addition, infants are born who are susceptible to infection. An epidemic can occur once herd immunity decreases below a certain level. It is also possible that the bacterium is evolving to evade vaccine-induced immunity.

• #14 Whooping cough – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whooping_cough

  Before vaccines, an average of 178,171 cases was reported in the U.S., with peaks reported every two to five years; more than 93% of reported cases occurred in children under 10 years of age. With the widespread introduction of the DTP combined vaccine (diphtheria tetanus and pertussis) in the 1940s, pertussis incidence fell dramatically to approximately 1,000 by 1976, when they fluctuated between 1,000 and 30,000 annually. […] According to the 2024 CDC, reports that cases of whooping cough have reached their highest levels since 2014. This year, there have been over 16,000 cases, marking a fourfold increase compared to last year’s total of more than 3,700 cases. The CDC has also confirmed two deaths related to the illness. The United States is seeing a return to pre-pandemic trends, where annual cases typically exceed 10,000.

• #15 Whooping cough – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whooping_cough

  Before vaccines, an average of 178,171 cases was reported in the U.S., with peaks reported every two to five years; more than 93% of reported cases occurred in children under 10 years of age. With the widespread introduction of the DTP combined vaccine (diphtheria tetanus and pertussis) in the 1940s, pertussis incidence fell dramatically to approximately 1,000 by 1976, when they fluctuated between 1,000 and 30,000 annually. […] According to the 2024 CDC, reports that cases of whooping cough have reached their highest levels since 2014. This year, there have been over 16,000 cases, marking a fourfold increase compared to last year’s total of more than 3,700 cases. The CDC has also confirmed two deaths related to the illness. The United States is seeing a return to pre-pandemic trends, where annual cases typically exceed 10,000.

• #16 Whooping cough cases rise in 2024: Symptoms, vaccine, data

  https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2024/10/14/whooping-cough-cases-symptoms-vaccine/75669535007/

  Whooping cough cases have jumped sharply year over year but remain in line with pre-pandemic numbers, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced Thursday. […] The CDC, which tracks whooping cough cases using a national surveillance system, noted that more than five times as many whooping cough cases have been reported this year as of Oct. 5, compared to the same time frame in 2023. […] The CDC’s update comes after some state and local health officials issued notices about increased cases earlier this year. […] The CDC thinks the increase in cases may be linked to: more healthcare providers recognizing and diagnosing the illness, more access to laboratory diagnostics, more surveillance and reporting to public health departments, waning immunity from vaccines. […] According to the CDC, whooping cough cases were lower during and after the COVID-19 pandemic but the nation is seeing an uptick in cases.

• #17

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pertussis-epidemiology-in-england-2024/confirmed-cases-of-pertussis-in-england-by-month

  In England, provisionally there were 14,894 laboratory confirmed cases of pertussis reported to the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) between January and December 2024 with 554 cases in January 2024 increasing by month to 3,034 in May and then decreasing by month to 179 in December. […] There have been 11 reported deaths in infants who developed pertussis between January and December 2024. […] Whilst monthly case numbers in 2024 have fallen since May, pertussis activity remains high and continues to be closely monitored. […] The recent increase in pertussis cases has been observed across all age groups and in every region in England. […] Total confirmed cases in November and December 2024 were similar to those observed in the same month in the years preceding the COVID-19 pandemic and lower than those in the last outbreak year in 2012.

• #18 Whooping cough (pertussis) | Australian Centre for Disease Control

  https://www.cdc.gov.au/topics/whooping-cough-pertussis

  Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious respiratory disease. It spreads through respiratory droplets and can be serious, especially for babies. Getting vaccinated is the best protection. We monitor and report on pertussis in our community, including national case numbers and trends. […] Whooping cough can cause severe disease, and even death. People with whooping cough can be contagious for several weeks and spread the disease to others they have contact with. It is most serious for babies who are too young to be fully vaccinated, so protecting babies and pregnant people from infection is an important public health priority. […] In 2024, more than 57,000 cases of whooping cough were reported in Australia. This was the highest yearly number since we started recording whooping cough cases in 1991.

• #19

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/newsgp/clinical/whooping-cough-epidemic-reaches-record-numbers

  GPs are urged to ensure patients have had their vaccine, as staggeringly high cases soar to a record-breaking 41,772 so far this year. […] A whooping cough epidemic of unprecedented proportions is spreading through Australia, with more than 45,000 cases expected to be diagnosed by the end of the year. According to data from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, notifications of pertussis have reached their highest point since a vaccine was developed. […] According to the IFAs latest report card, released on Friday, the major spike is in school-aged children, with 40% of cases recorded in 10- to 14-year-olds. […] Whooping cough can be deadly for infants and can lead to severe illness in older children and adults especially those with asthma, who are four times more likely to be infected and have a higher chance of being admitted to hospital, she said.

• #20 Whooping cough (pertussis) – AGES

  https://www.ages.at/en/human/disease/pathogens-from-a-to-z/whooping-cough-pertussis

  Pertussis, whooping cough, is a highly contagious infectious disease of the respiratory tract. It is notifiable in Austria and is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. […] Pertussis is a widespread disease worldwide. It occurs all year round, but the number of cases is higher in autumn and winter than in the rest of the year. […] The transmission is a droplet infection, the pathogen is passed on through the air when coughing or sneezing. Pertussis is highly contagious, particularly in the first two weeks, and the risk of infection can last until the fifth week after the onset of the disease. […] Pertussis cases were on the rise in Austria before the COVID-19 pandemic. There was an increase in complications in adults and long-term courses. While 579 cases were reported nationwide in 2015, there were already 2,233 in 2019. The low figures in previous years are due to the effects of the pandemic and the measures taken to contain it. In 2023, 2,791 cases were reported. 15,465 cases of pertussis were reported in 2024. In 2025, 982 cases have been reported so far (as of 14 April 2025).

• #21 Bordetella Pertussis Epidemiology Program

  https://www.nmhealth.org/about/erd/ideb/pep/

  Pertussis, or whooping cough, is on the rise in New Mexico. Anyone can get pertussis and, in fact, increases in disease are occurring in all age groups. But babies who get pertussis are the group at greatest risk of complications, including pneumonia, seizures, brain damage and death. […] Cases of whooping cough (pertussis) are on the rise and young infants are the most vulnerable to severe disease and possible complications. Many are hospitalized every year and some have died. […] Pertussis remains a major health problem among children worldwide, with an estimated 160,700 deaths resulting from the disease in 2014 (World Health Organization estimate). […] Pertussis is nationally notifiable and cases should be reported to the appropriate health department. Pertussis cases are reported by states to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Although many pertussis cases are not diagnosed and therefore not reported, the surveillance system is useful for monitoring epidemiologic trends.

• #22 Pertussis (Whooping Cough) | Health Knowledge

  https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/disease-causation-diagnostic/2b-epidemiology-diseases-phs/infectious-diseases/pertussis

  Epidemiology […] Endemic worldwide. […] Pertussis is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries, where an estimated 50 million cases and 300,000 deaths occur each year. […] In the UK notifications have declined significantly since the introduction of pertussis immunization with 594 cases reported in 2005. […] […] […] Period of Communicability […] Persons with pertussis are highly infectious during the catarrhal stage and during the first 2 weeks of the paroxysmal stage. A case is normally not infectious 3 weeks after the onset of the paroxysmal stage, though in up to 20% of cases infectivity may persist for up to 6 weeks. […] […] […] Prevention and control […] Maintain high immunization coverage. […] In the UK accellular pertussis vaccine is given in the primary course with diphtheria, tetanus, polio and Hib (as DtaP/IPV/Hib), given at aged 2,3, 4 months of age. A further booster dose is given with the preschool boosters between the ages of 3 and 5. […] Antibiotic prophylaxis may be of value for unvaccinated household contacts of cases, particularly in infants 6 months of age, if given within 21 days of onset of the first case.

• #23 Pertussis Surveillance and Trends | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/surveillance/index.html

  CDC tracks pertussis cases using a national surveillance system. […] CDC works with several states on enhanced pertussis surveillance. […] Cases have increased over the last few decades but remain low. […] Experts believe that much of the disease goes unrecognized and unreported. […] Reports of pertussis cases were lower than usual over the past few years, during and following the COVID-19 pandemic. […] In 2024, reported cases of pertussis increased across the United States, indicating a return to more typical trends. […] The number of reported cases in 2024 was higher than what was seen in 2019, prior to the pandemic. […] Local and state health departments are familiar with these patterns. […] State health departments then report pertussis cases to CDC through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS).

• #24 Whooping cough (pertussis) | Australian Centre for Disease Control

  https://www.cdc.gov.au/topics/whooping-cough-pertussis

  Because of these major impacts we monitor and report on cases in Australia. […] Whooping cough (pertussis) is a nationally notifiable disease – these are diseases that present a risk to public health. Health authorities in each state and territory report new confirmed and probable cases to us daily through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. This is part of our surveillance activities, which help us monitor case numbers around the country and understand disease patterns. We analyse this data, and report on whooping cough case numbers through our data visualisation tool, where you can filter and search the latest information.

• #25 Pertussis Surveillance and Trends | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/surveillance/index.html

  NNDSS is useful for monitoring epidemiologic trends in disease over time. […] CDC partners with seven states participating in the Emerging Infections Program network to conduct enhanced pertussis surveillance (EPS). […] This additional information goes beyond what CDC receives through NNDSS. […] Several factors have likely contributed to the increase in reported cases, including improved recognition of pertussis by healthcare providers, greater access to and use of laboratory diagnostics, increased surveillance and reporting to public health departments, and waning immunity from acellular pertussis vaccines. […] Infants under one year old are at greatest risk for serious disease and death because their immune systems are still developing. […] This age group continues to have the highest reported rate of pertussis.

• #26 Tracking Pertussis and Evaluating Control Measures through Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance, Emerging Infections Program, United States

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550149/

  Although NNDSS has been essential for monitoring the national burden of pertussis and age-related trends in disease over time, data are of insufficient detail and consistency to answer reliably the many urgent questions relevant to public health. […] In 2011, Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance (EPS) was undertaken by 6 states within the Emerging Infections Program (EIP), a collaborative network between CDC and state and local health departments, academic institutions and laboratories that serves as a national resource for surveillance, prevention, and control of emerging infectious diseases. […] The principal objectives of EPS are to determine overall and age-specific incidence and epidemiologic characteristics of pertussis, to characterize the molecular epidemiology of circulating B. pertussis strains, to monitor the effects of pertussis vaccines, and to provide a platform for conducting special studies, including critical and timely evaluations of pertussis prevention and control strategies. […] Overall and age-specific incidence rates have tracked 1.5-3.3 times as high among EPS sites as national NNDSS rates. […] Since its inception, data collected through the EPS system have maintained a higher level of completeness than surveillance data reported through NNDSS.

• #27 WHO EMRO | Disease surveillance | Pertussis | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/pertussis/disease-surveillance.html

  Surveillance of pertussis consists of a routine monthly report of aggregated data on clinical cases in countries with DPT3 coverage less than 90%. Reported data should be stratified by age. In countries with DPT3 coverage equal to or higher than 90%, case-based surveillance is recommended. Immediate investigation of all pertussis outbreaks with collection of case-based data is also recommended. In addition, sentinel surveillance is recommended in a few major hospitals to collect more in-depth information than that obtained through routine surveillance.

• #28 WHO EMRO | Disease surveillance | Pertussis | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/pertussis/disease-surveillance.html

  A clinically-confirmed case is diagnosed as pertussis by a physician of a person with a cough lasting at least two weeks with at least one of the following symptoms: paroxysms (i.e. fits) of coughing; inspiratory whooping; post-tussive vomiting (i.e. vomiting immediately after coughing) without another apparent cause. The case is not laboratory-confirmed. […] A laboratory-confirmed case meets the clinical case definition and is laboratory-confirmed by isolation of Bordetella pertussis or detection of genomic sequences by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or positive paired serology. […] Laboratory confirmation is not readily available in most countries. Therefore, disease surveillance is based mainly on clinical diagnosis of cases. Monitoring the number of infants who have received the third dose of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine (DPT3) is important.

• #29 WHO EMRO | Disease surveillance | Pertussis | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/pertussis/disease-surveillance.html

  A clinically-confirmed case is diagnosed as pertussis by a physician of a person with a cough lasting at least two weeks with at least one of the following symptoms: paroxysms (i.e. fits) of coughing; inspiratory whooping; post-tussive vomiting (i.e. vomiting immediately after coughing) without another apparent cause. The case is not laboratory-confirmed. […] A laboratory-confirmed case meets the clinical case definition and is laboratory-confirmed by isolation of Bordetella pertussis or detection of genomic sequences by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or positive paired serology. […] Laboratory confirmation is not readily available in most countries. Therefore, disease surveillance is based mainly on clinical diagnosis of cases. Monitoring the number of infants who have received the third dose of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine (DPT3) is important.

• #30 WHO EMRO | Disease surveillance | Pertussis | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/pertussis/disease-surveillance.html

  A clinically-confirmed case is diagnosed as pertussis by a physician of a person with a cough lasting at least two weeks with at least one of the following symptoms: paroxysms (i.e. fits) of coughing; inspiratory whooping; post-tussive vomiting (i.e. vomiting immediately after coughing) without another apparent cause. The case is not laboratory-confirmed. […] A laboratory-confirmed case meets the clinical case definition and is laboratory-confirmed by isolation of Bordetella pertussis or detection of genomic sequences by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or positive paired serology. […] Laboratory confirmation is not readily available in most countries. Therefore, disease surveillance is based mainly on clinical diagnosis of cases. Monitoring the number of infants who have received the third dose of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine (DPT3) is important.

• #31 Bordetella pertussis – Whooping Cough | Choose the Right Test

  https://arupconsult.com/content/bordetella-pertussis

  Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is an acute infectious disease caused by the Bordetella pertussis bacterium. […] In addition, although serologic testing is not confirmatory for the purpose of reporting, it may help to identify late-stage pertussis. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of pertussis (whooping cough) limit its spread to other susceptible people. Laboratory testing enables the collection of accurate surveillance data to assess the impact of pertussis and monitor epidemiologic changes over time. […] Laboratory testing is extremely important for the diagnosis and surveillance of pertussis. […] The sensitivity of PCR, culture, and serologic testing is heavily impacted by the time from illness (ie, cough) onset. […] PCR is a highly sensitive CDC-recommended laboratory test that is especially useful for the timely diagnosis of pertussis.

• #32 Bordetella pertussis – Whooping Cough | Choose the Right Test

  https://arupconsult.com/content/bordetella-pertussis

  Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is an acute infectious disease caused by the Bordetella pertussis bacterium. […] In addition, although serologic testing is not confirmatory for the purpose of reporting, it may help to identify late-stage pertussis. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of pertussis (whooping cough) limit its spread to other susceptible people. Laboratory testing enables the collection of accurate surveillance data to assess the impact of pertussis and monitor epidemiologic changes over time. […] Laboratory testing is extremely important for the diagnosis and surveillance of pertussis. […] The sensitivity of PCR, culture, and serologic testing is heavily impacted by the time from illness (ie, cough) onset. […] PCR is a highly sensitive CDC-recommended laboratory test that is especially useful for the timely diagnosis of pertussis.

• #33 Increase in Pertussis Cases | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/news-alerts/increase-pertussis-cases

  According to provisional Texas Department of State Health Services data, more than half of 2024 cases (53%) have occurred in persons with one or more doses of pertussis vaccine and 33% have had five or more doses. […] Several Texas laws (Health Safety Code Chapters 81 and 84) require specific information regarding notifiable conditions be provided to DSHS. Health care providers, hospitals, laboratories, schools, childcare facilities and others are required to report patients who are suspected of having pertussis within one work day (Texas Administrative Code, Title 25, Chapter 97, Subchapter A). […] Pertussis reports should be made to your local health department (contacts by county at www.dshs.texas.gov/idcu/investigation/conditions/contacts). […] Culture and PCR assay are the preferred methods of pertussis testing. PCR assays are quick and widely available at hospital and commercial laboratories. […] Active screening for symptomatic patients with suspected pertussis can be considered during outbreaks in settings such as schools, daycare centers, and hospitals.

• #34 Bordetella pertussis – Whooping Cough | Choose the Right Test

  https://arupconsult.com/content/bordetella-pertussis

  Bacterial culture is a highly specific CDC-recommended laboratory test and is considered the gold standard for pertussis diagnosis because it enables strain identification and antimicrobial resistance testing. […] Routine serologic testing is not recommended by the CDC to diagnose pertussis, as recent vaccination, previous infection, and cross-reactivity with other Bordetella species can contribute to inaccurate results.

• #35 Bordetella pertussis – Whooping Cough | Choose the Right Test

  https://arupconsult.com/content/bordetella-pertussis

  Bacterial culture is a highly specific CDC-recommended laboratory test and is considered the gold standard for pertussis diagnosis because it enables strain identification and antimicrobial resistance testing. […] Routine serologic testing is not recommended by the CDC to diagnose pertussis, as recent vaccination, previous infection, and cross-reactivity with other Bordetella species can contribute to inaccurate results.

• #36 Pertussis Surveillance and Trends | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/surveillance/index.html

  NNDSS is useful for monitoring epidemiologic trends in disease over time. […] CDC partners with seven states participating in the Emerging Infections Program network to conduct enhanced pertussis surveillance (EPS). […] This additional information goes beyond what CDC receives through NNDSS. […] Several factors have likely contributed to the increase in reported cases, including improved recognition of pertussis by healthcare providers, greater access to and use of laboratory diagnostics, increased surveillance and reporting to public health departments, and waning immunity from acellular pertussis vaccines. […] Infants under one year old are at greatest risk for serious disease and death because their immune systems are still developing. […] This age group continues to have the highest reported rate of pertussis.

• #37 Pertussis Surveillance and Trends | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/surveillance/index.html

  CDC tracks pertussis cases using a national surveillance system. […] CDC works with several states on enhanced pertussis surveillance. […] Cases have increased over the last few decades but remain low. […] Experts believe that much of the disease goes unrecognized and unreported. […] Reports of pertussis cases were lower than usual over the past few years, during and following the COVID-19 pandemic. […] In 2024, reported cases of pertussis increased across the United States, indicating a return to more typical trends. […] The number of reported cases in 2024 was higher than what was seen in 2019, prior to the pandemic. […] Local and state health departments are familiar with these patterns. […] State health departments then report pertussis cases to CDC through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS).

• #38 Department of Health | Communicable Disease Service | Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

  https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/pertussis.shtml

  Health care providers, administrators, and clinical laboratory directors should report confirmed or suspect cases immediately to their Local Health Department by telephone. […] Pertussis is an endemic disease in the United States (US), with peaks in reported disease every 3 to 5 years and frequent outbreaks. […] Across the US, the number of pertussis cases were lower than usual over the past few years, during and following the COVID-19 pandemic due to mitigation practices (e.g., good hygiene, distancing, masking). […] However, cases are beginning to return to pre-pandemic patterns. […] Preliminary data show that more than three times as many cases have been reported in the US as of early August, compared to the same time in 2023, which is higher than what was seen at the same time in 2019, prior to the pandemic.

• #39 Department of Health | Communicable Disease Service | Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

  https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/pertussis.shtml

  Health care providers, administrators, and clinical laboratory directors should report confirmed or suspect cases immediately to their Local Health Department by telephone. […] Pertussis is an endemic disease in the United States (US), with peaks in reported disease every 3 to 5 years and frequent outbreaks. […] Across the US, the number of pertussis cases were lower than usual over the past few years, during and following the COVID-19 pandemic due to mitigation practices (e.g., good hygiene, distancing, masking). […] However, cases are beginning to return to pre-pandemic patterns. […] Preliminary data show that more than three times as many cases have been reported in the US as of early August, compared to the same time in 2023, which is higher than what was seen at the same time in 2019, prior to the pandemic.

• #40 Pertussis Surveillance and Trends | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/surveillance/index.html

  CDC tracks pertussis cases using a national surveillance system. […] CDC works with several states on enhanced pertussis surveillance. […] Cases have increased over the last few decades but remain low. […] Experts believe that much of the disease goes unrecognized and unreported. […] Reports of pertussis cases were lower than usual over the past few years, during and following the COVID-19 pandemic. […] In 2024, reported cases of pertussis increased across the United States, indicating a return to more typical trends. […] The number of reported cases in 2024 was higher than what was seen in 2019, prior to the pandemic. […] Local and state health departments are familiar with these patterns. […] State health departments then report pertussis cases to CDC through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS).

• #41 Whooping Cough (Pertussis) | Vermont Department of Health

  https://www.healthvermont.gov/disease-control/other-reportable-diseases/whooping-cough-pertussis

  Whooping cough, also known as pertussis, is a very contagious respiratory disease caused. It is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. […] Whooping cough is very contagious. The bacteria spreads easily from person-to-person through the air in respiratory droplets when someone who is infected coughs or sneezes. People can be contagious for weeks, and can unknowingly spread the bacteria. […] An outbreak of whooping cough (pertussis) has been identified in the Brattleboro area in Windham County. Providers are encouraged to consider whooping cough when assessing people with cough illness. […] During the COVID-19 pandemic, cases of pertussis decreased nationally. However, CDC now reports that pertussis cases are beginning to return to pre-pandemic patterns.

• #42 Pertussis Surveillance and Trends | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/surveillance/index.html

  NNDSS is useful for monitoring epidemiologic trends in disease over time. […] CDC partners with seven states participating in the Emerging Infections Program network to conduct enhanced pertussis surveillance (EPS). […] This additional information goes beyond what CDC receives through NNDSS. […] Several factors have likely contributed to the increase in reported cases, including improved recognition of pertussis by healthcare providers, greater access to and use of laboratory diagnostics, increased surveillance and reporting to public health departments, and waning immunity from acellular pertussis vaccines. […] Infants under one year old are at greatest risk for serious disease and death because their immune systems are still developing. […] This age group continues to have the highest reported rate of pertussis.

• #43 Pertussis (Whooping Cough) | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/vaccine-preventable-diseases/pertussis-whooping-cough

  Pertussis cases in Texas and the United States have been increasing. […] There are several important factors leading to the increased reporting of pertussis cases including waning immunity in adults and adolescents. […] Some of these include heightened awareness of the disease among clinicians, school nurses, parents, and the general public, better laboratory testing methodologies, and enhanced disease surveillance capabilities. […] Suspect cases of pertussis are required to be reported within 1 workday to the local or regional health department or the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS), Infectious Disease Control Unit (IDCU) at 800-252-8239 or 512-776-7676.

• #44 Pertussis Surveillance and Trends | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/surveillance/index.html

  NNDSS is useful for monitoring epidemiologic trends in disease over time. […] CDC partners with seven states participating in the Emerging Infections Program network to conduct enhanced pertussis surveillance (EPS). […] This additional information goes beyond what CDC receives through NNDSS. […] Several factors have likely contributed to the increase in reported cases, including improved recognition of pertussis by healthcare providers, greater access to and use of laboratory diagnostics, increased surveillance and reporting to public health departments, and waning immunity from acellular pertussis vaccines. […] Infants under one year old are at greatest risk for serious disease and death because their immune systems are still developing. […] This age group continues to have the highest reported rate of pertussis.

• #45 Pertussis (Whooping Cough) | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/vaccine-preventable-diseases/pertussis-whooping-cough

  Pertussis cases in Texas and the United States have been increasing. […] There are several important factors leading to the increased reporting of pertussis cases including waning immunity in adults and adolescents. […] Some of these include heightened awareness of the disease among clinicians, school nurses, parents, and the general public, better laboratory testing methodologies, and enhanced disease surveillance capabilities. […] Suspect cases of pertussis are required to be reported within 1 workday to the local or regional health department or the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS), Infectious Disease Control Unit (IDCU) at 800-252-8239 or 512-776-7676.

• #46 Pertussis Surveillance and Trends | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/surveillance/index.html

  NNDSS is useful for monitoring epidemiologic trends in disease over time. […] CDC partners with seven states participating in the Emerging Infections Program network to conduct enhanced pertussis surveillance (EPS). […] This additional information goes beyond what CDC receives through NNDSS. […] Several factors have likely contributed to the increase in reported cases, including improved recognition of pertussis by healthcare providers, greater access to and use of laboratory diagnostics, increased surveillance and reporting to public health departments, and waning immunity from acellular pertussis vaccines. […] Infants under one year old are at greatest risk for serious disease and death because their immune systems are still developing. […] This age group continues to have the highest reported rate of pertussis.

• #47 Pertussis (Whooping Cough) | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/vaccine-preventable-diseases/pertussis-whooping-cough

  Pertussis cases in Texas and the United States have been increasing. […] There are several important factors leading to the increased reporting of pertussis cases including waning immunity in adults and adolescents. […] Some of these include heightened awareness of the disease among clinicians, school nurses, parents, and the general public, better laboratory testing methodologies, and enhanced disease surveillance capabilities. […] Suspect cases of pertussis are required to be reported within 1 workday to the local or regional health department or the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS), Infectious Disease Control Unit (IDCU) at 800-252-8239 or 512-776-7676.

• #48 Pertussis Surveillance and Trends | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/surveillance/index.html

  NNDSS is useful for monitoring epidemiologic trends in disease over time. […] CDC partners with seven states participating in the Emerging Infections Program network to conduct enhanced pertussis surveillance (EPS). […] This additional information goes beyond what CDC receives through NNDSS. […] Several factors have likely contributed to the increase in reported cases, including improved recognition of pertussis by healthcare providers, greater access to and use of laboratory diagnostics, increased surveillance and reporting to public health departments, and waning immunity from acellular pertussis vaccines. […] Infants under one year old are at greatest risk for serious disease and death because their immune systems are still developing. […] This age group continues to have the highest reported rate of pertussis.

• #49 Pertussis (Whooping Cough) | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/vaccine-preventable-diseases/pertussis-whooping-cough

  Pertussis cases in Texas and the United States have been increasing. […] There are several important factors leading to the increased reporting of pertussis cases including waning immunity in adults and adolescents. […] Some of these include heightened awareness of the disease among clinicians, school nurses, parents, and the general public, better laboratory testing methodologies, and enhanced disease surveillance capabilities. […] Suspect cases of pertussis are required to be reported within 1 workday to the local or regional health department or the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS), Infectious Disease Control Unit (IDCU) at 800-252-8239 or 512-776-7676.

• #50 U.S. whooping cough outbreak is the worst in a decade : NPR

  https://www.npr.org/2024/10/10/nx-s1-5127422/whooping-cough-outbreak-u-s-seattle

  Whooping cough is spreading nationwide at the highest levels since 2014. There have been more than 16,000 cases this year more than four times as many compared to the same time last year and two confirmed deaths. And experts are concerned that the outbreak could worsen in the fall and winter months. […] King County, where Seattle is, has seen more this year than any year since 2015 and the year isnt even over yet, Chow said. He said the county is still seeing new cases of whooping cough every week. […] Experts say there are a number of possible explanations for the size of the current outbreak. […] Also, people got behind on their vaccines during the pandemic, and they havent caught up. […] Even before the pandemic, only about half of pregnant women got the pertussis vaccine. Now, that number is even lower. […] In King County, of the 12 babies who have been seen with whooping cough this year, none of their mothers got the shot during pregnancy.

• #51 Pertussis Surveillance and Trends | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/surveillance/index.html

  NNDSS is useful for monitoring epidemiologic trends in disease over time. […] CDC partners with seven states participating in the Emerging Infections Program network to conduct enhanced pertussis surveillance (EPS). […] This additional information goes beyond what CDC receives through NNDSS. […] Several factors have likely contributed to the increase in reported cases, including improved recognition of pertussis by healthcare providers, greater access to and use of laboratory diagnostics, increased surveillance and reporting to public health departments, and waning immunity from acellular pertussis vaccines. […] Infants under one year old are at greatest risk for serious disease and death because their immune systems are still developing. […] This age group continues to have the highest reported rate of pertussis.

• #52

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pertussis-epidemiology-in-england-2024/confirmed-cases-of-pertussis-in-england-by-month

  Confirmed cases in the second quarter of 2024 were notably high, exceeding those in any quarter of the 2012 outbreak year and in the third and fourth quarters of 2024 fell to levels similar to those observed in Q3 and Q4 of 2012. […] Incidence continued to be highest in infants under 3 months in 2024, 302.2 per 100,000 (433 cases). […] The national incidence for all age groups based on laboratory confirmations in England was 25.8 per 100,000. […] Guidance on public health management during periods of increased pertussis activity has recently been further updated and includes details on the appropriate public health actions and laboratory investigation of suspected cases of pertussis.

• #53

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/newsgp/clinical/whooping-cough-epidemic-reaches-record-numbers

  GPs are urged to ensure patients have had their vaccine, as staggeringly high cases soar to a record-breaking 41,772 so far this year. […] A whooping cough epidemic of unprecedented proportions is spreading through Australia, with more than 45,000 cases expected to be diagnosed by the end of the year. According to data from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, notifications of pertussis have reached their highest point since a vaccine was developed. […] According to the IFAs latest report card, released on Friday, the major spike is in school-aged children, with 40% of cases recorded in 10- to 14-year-olds. […] Whooping cough can be deadly for infants and can lead to severe illness in older children and adults especially those with asthma, who are four times more likely to be infected and have a higher chance of being admitted to hospital, she said.

• #54 Pertussis (whooping cough)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/pertussis-whooping-cough

  Pertussis can occur at any age, but the most commonly diagnosed age groups are infants under one year of age and adolescents between 10 and 20 years of age. […] An increasing number of adults are being diagnosed with pertussis. […] As a general rule, all people who have not completed their immunisation schedule are at risk of contracting the disease. […] The most effective protection against pertussis is full vaccination. […] The vaccination schedule differs from country to country, with some countries recommending booster doses at certain times, such as adolescence or pregnancy in women. […] ECDC reports: vaccine-preventable diseases on the rise in the EU/EEA. […] Pertussis – Annual Epidemiological Report for 2022. […] Pertussis – Annual Epidemiological Report for 2021.

• #55 Pertussis (whooping cough) | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/pertussis-whooping-cough

  In highly immunised communities, pertussis can occur in adults and adolescents as a result of waning immunity. These people are a significant reservoir of infection. Household contacts and carers are often the source of infection in infants. Parents are the source in more than 50% of cases. Siblings are also a significant source of infant infections. Young infants can also acquire the disease from healthcare workers.

• #56 Pertussis epidemiology in Canada, 2005–2019, CCDR 49(1) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/canada-communicable-disease-report-ccdr/monthly-issue/2023-49/issue-1-january-2023/pertusis-epidemiology-2005-2019.html

  It is important to take measures to reduce transmission to infants who are too young to be vaccinated. […] The trends in pertussis incidence were similar in age groups covering children under 15 years of age, with peaks in 2012 and 2015-2017. […] The greatest burden of pertussis was observed among the under one year of age population, which consistently had the highest annual incidence rate, accounting for nearly 80% of hospitalizations, and all 17 pertussis-related deaths during this 15-year period. […] Hospitalization rates were over eight times higher in infants under four months of age than infants between four and 11 months of age. […] The 2019 national vaccination coverage estimates show that childhood vaccine uptake could be improved, as both childhood vaccine coverage goals of 95% coverage of four or more doses by two years of age and 95% coverage of five or more doses by seven years of age have not been reached.

• #57 Pertussis – Annual Epidemiological Report for 2021

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/pertussis-annual-epidemiological-report-2021

  In 2021, 1 578 cases of pertussis were reported by 29 EU/EEA countries. […] Three countries (Austria, Germany and Poland) accounted for 69% of all reported cases. […] The notification rate in 2022 was 0.4 cases per 100 000 population, which was the lowest rate in over a decade. […] Infants below the age of one year were the most affected age group, with the highest notification rate followed by 14-year-olds. Individuals 15 years of age accounted for 77% of all cases reported. […] The clinical presentation of pertussis in adolescents and adults may be mild and is often not recognised, which contributes to bacterial circulation in the population. This poses a transmission risk to infants who are too young to have completed the primary pertussis vaccination series. […] The objectives of pertussis prevention and control include prevention of severe disease and deaths among infants six months of age through well-adapted and implemented vaccination programmes. As of April 2024, 22 countries have implemented maternal immunisation programmes. The vaccination programmes in ten countries include more than one booster dose – including the pertussis component in individuals above the age of 18 years.

• #58 As global cases of whooping cough rise, PAHO calls on countries to strengthen surveillance and increase vaccination – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/news/24-7-2024-global-cases-whooping-cough-rise-paho-calls-countries-strengthen-surveillance-and

  As global cases of whooping cough rise, PAHO calls on countries to strengthen surveillance and increase vaccination. In light of an increase in whooping cough (pertussis) cases globally and in some countries of the Americas, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has issued an epidemiological alert, calling on countries to strengthen surveillance and ensure constant monitoring of vaccination coverage in children. […] The PAHO alert also calls on countries to strengthen surveillance to ensure that each pertussis outbreak is carefully investigated to improve understanding of the epidemiology of the disease in the region of the Americas. […] Countries should also strengthen their laboratory diagnostic capabilities to improve the reporting and characterization of pertussis outbreaks in the region.

• #59 As global cases of whooping cough rise, PAHO calls on countries to strengthen surveillance and increase vaccination – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/news/24-7-2024-global-cases-whooping-cough-rise-paho-calls-countries-strengthen-surveillance-and

  As global cases of whooping cough rise, PAHO calls on countries to strengthen surveillance and increase vaccination. In light of an increase in whooping cough (pertussis) cases globally and in some countries of the Americas, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has issued an epidemiological alert, calling on countries to strengthen surveillance and ensure constant monitoring of vaccination coverage in children. […] The PAHO alert also calls on countries to strengthen surveillance to ensure that each pertussis outbreak is carefully investigated to improve understanding of the epidemiology of the disease in the region of the Americas. […] Countries should also strengthen their laboratory diagnostic capabilities to improve the reporting and characterization of pertussis outbreaks in the region.

• #60 As global cases of whooping cough rise, PAHO calls on countries to strengthen surveillance and increase vaccination – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/news/24-7-2024-global-cases-whooping-cough-rise-paho-calls-countries-strengthen-surveillance-and

  As global cases of whooping cough rise, PAHO calls on countries to strengthen surveillance and increase vaccination. In light of an increase in whooping cough (pertussis) cases globally and in some countries of the Americas, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has issued an epidemiological alert, calling on countries to strengthen surveillance and ensure constant monitoring of vaccination coverage in children. […] The PAHO alert also calls on countries to strengthen surveillance to ensure that each pertussis outbreak is carefully investigated to improve understanding of the epidemiology of the disease in the region of the Americas. […] Countries should also strengthen their laboratory diagnostic capabilities to improve the reporting and characterization of pertussis outbreaks in the region.

• #61 Tracking Pertussis and Evaluating Control Measures through Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance, Emerging Infections Program, United States

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550149/

  Although NNDSS has been essential for monitoring the national burden of pertussis and age-related trends in disease over time, data are of insufficient detail and consistency to answer reliably the many urgent questions relevant to public health. […] In 2011, Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance (EPS) was undertaken by 6 states within the Emerging Infections Program (EIP), a collaborative network between CDC and state and local health departments, academic institutions and laboratories that serves as a national resource for surveillance, prevention, and control of emerging infectious diseases. […] The principal objectives of EPS are to determine overall and age-specific incidence and epidemiologic characteristics of pertussis, to characterize the molecular epidemiology of circulating B. pertussis strains, to monitor the effects of pertussis vaccines, and to provide a platform for conducting special studies, including critical and timely evaluations of pertussis prevention and control strategies. […] Overall and age-specific incidence rates have tracked 1.5-3.3 times as high among EPS sites as national NNDSS rates. […] Since its inception, data collected through the EPS system have maintained a higher level of completeness than surveillance data reported through NNDSS.

• #62 Tracking Pertussis and Evaluating Control Measures through Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance, Emerging Infections Program, United States

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550149/

  Although NNDSS has been essential for monitoring the national burden of pertussis and age-related trends in disease over time, data are of insufficient detail and consistency to answer reliably the many urgent questions relevant to public health. […] In 2011, Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance (EPS) was undertaken by 6 states within the Emerging Infections Program (EIP), a collaborative network between CDC and state and local health departments, academic institutions and laboratories that serves as a national resource for surveillance, prevention, and control of emerging infectious diseases. […] The principal objectives of EPS are to determine overall and age-specific incidence and epidemiologic characteristics of pertussis, to characterize the molecular epidemiology of circulating B. pertussis strains, to monitor the effects of pertussis vaccines, and to provide a platform for conducting special studies, including critical and timely evaluations of pertussis prevention and control strategies. […] Overall and age-specific incidence rates have tracked 1.5-3.3 times as high among EPS sites as national NNDSS rates. […] Since its inception, data collected through the EPS system have maintained a higher level of completeness than surveillance data reported through NNDSS.

• #63 Tracking U.S. Pertussis Incidence: Correlation of Public Health Surveillance and Google Search Data Varies by State | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56385-z

  To address some of the problems with the quality of CDC surveillance data, additional sources of data may be usefully incorporated into the national surveillance system. Internet Protocol (IP) surveillance, which uses internet search data to track disease incidence, may help to improve both the accuracy and timeliness of disease reporting. […] Operating on the hypothesis that individuals who are infected by, exposed to, or treating a disease tend to use Google to search for disease-related terms, studies have demonstrated the potential of using GT to track pertussis outbreaks in California and in Australia. […] The present study aims to (1) investigate the feasibility of using GT to monitor pertussis at the national level in the U.S., (2) explore differences in these models at the state level, and (3) assess which state-specific sociodemographic variables influence the accuracy of these state-based GT models.

• #64 Tracking U.S. Pertussis Incidence: Correlation of Public Health Surveillance and Google Search Data Varies by State | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56385-z

  To address some of the problems with the quality of CDC surveillance data, additional sources of data may be usefully incorporated into the national surveillance system. Internet Protocol (IP) surveillance, which uses internet search data to track disease incidence, may help to improve both the accuracy and timeliness of disease reporting. […] Operating on the hypothesis that individuals who are infected by, exposed to, or treating a disease tend to use Google to search for disease-related terms, studies have demonstrated the potential of using GT to track pertussis outbreaks in California and in Australia. […] The present study aims to (1) investigate the feasibility of using GT to monitor pertussis at the national level in the U.S., (2) explore differences in these models at the state level, and (3) assess which state-specific sociodemographic variables influence the accuracy of these state-based GT models.

• #65 Tracking U.S. Pertussis Incidence: Correlation of Public Health Surveillance and Google Search Data Varies by State | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56385-z

  We found that search data from GT on pertussis and pertussis-related key words could be used to predict national pertussis incidence trends in U.S. public health surveillance data for this resurgent disease. However, when we examined the relationship of GT and surveillance data at the state level, the correlation varied some states showed a strong correlation while others did not. […] Our approach, using IP surveillance as an adjunctive means of collecting data on incidence, may be important as data now collected on pertussis incidence is often delayed, and the disease may be underdiagnosed. […] The variation between the accuracy of state-based models motivates a new direction for future research questions some of which should pertain to sociodemographic factors.

• #66 Tracking Pertussis and Evaluating Control Measures through Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance, Emerging Infections Program, United States

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550149/

  Although NNDSS has been essential for monitoring the national burden of pertussis and age-related trends in disease over time, data are of insufficient detail and consistency to answer reliably the many urgent questions relevant to public health. […] In 2011, Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance (EPS) was undertaken by 6 states within the Emerging Infections Program (EIP), a collaborative network between CDC and state and local health departments, academic institutions and laboratories that serves as a national resource for surveillance, prevention, and control of emerging infectious diseases. […] The principal objectives of EPS are to determine overall and age-specific incidence and epidemiologic characteristics of pertussis, to characterize the molecular epidemiology of circulating B. pertussis strains, to monitor the effects of pertussis vaccines, and to provide a platform for conducting special studies, including critical and timely evaluations of pertussis prevention and control strategies. […] Overall and age-specific incidence rates have tracked 1.5-3.3 times as high among EPS sites as national NNDSS rates. […] Since its inception, data collected through the EPS system have maintained a higher level of completeness than surveillance data reported through NNDSS.

• #67 Bordetella Pertussis Epidemiology Program

  https://www.nmhealth.org/about/erd/ideb/pep/

  Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance is characterized by enhanced case ascertainment and augmented data collection that goes beyond what is requested nationally through NNDSS. Participating sites collect clinical isolates and specimens, when available, for further characterization at the CDC Pertussis and Diphtheria Laboratory. Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance sites also provide the infrastructure for conducting pertussis special studies including those aimed at evaluating pertussis prevention and control strategies.

• #68 Bordetella Pertussis Epidemiology Program

  https://www.nmhealth.org/about/erd/ideb/pep/

  Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance is characterized by enhanced case ascertainment and augmented data collection that goes beyond what is requested nationally through NNDSS. Participating sites collect clinical isolates and specimens, when available, for further characterization at the CDC Pertussis and Diphtheria Laboratory. Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance sites also provide the infrastructure for conducting pertussis special studies including those aimed at evaluating pertussis prevention and control strategies.

• #69 Pertussis epidemiology in Canada, 2005–2019, CCDR 49(1) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/canada-communicable-disease-report-ccdr/monthly-issue/2023-49/issue-1-january-2023/pertusis-epidemiology-2005-2019.html

  It will be important to monitor the effect of the maternal pertussis vaccination recommendation on epidemiology of infants under four months of age. […] Enhanced surveillance systems that capture vaccine history, pertussis strains and outbreak information would provide a more comprehensive understanding of pertussis epidemiology that can be used to assess vaccine recommendation changes and to inform further public health action.

• #70 Tracking Pertussis and Evaluating Control Measures through Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance, Emerging Infections Program, United States

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550149/

  Despite high coverage with pertussis-containing vaccines, pertussis remains endemic to the United States. There have been increases in reported cases in recent years, punctuated by striking epidemics and shifting epidemiology, both of which raise questions about current policies regarding its prevention and control. Limited data on pertussis reported through the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System have proved insufficient to answer these questions. […] Pertussis has been a reportable disease in the United States since 1922. Case-based surveillance data are captured through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) from 57 public health jurisdictions (50 states; 5 US territories; New York, NY; and Washington, DC). NNDSS is a passive system that relies on reports from health care providers and laboratories, probably resulting in underreporting of cases.

• #71 Tracking Pertussis and Evaluating Control Measures through Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance, Emerging Infections Program, United States

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550149/

  Despite high coverage with pertussis-containing vaccines, pertussis remains endemic to the United States. There have been increases in reported cases in recent years, punctuated by striking epidemics and shifting epidemiology, both of which raise questions about current policies regarding its prevention and control. Limited data on pertussis reported through the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System have proved insufficient to answer these questions. […] Pertussis has been a reportable disease in the United States since 1922. Case-based surveillance data are captured through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) from 57 public health jurisdictions (50 states; 5 US territories; New York, NY; and Washington, DC). NNDSS is a passive system that relies on reports from health care providers and laboratories, probably resulting in underreporting of cases.

• #72 Pertussis Surveillance and Trends | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/surveillance/index.html

  CDC tracks pertussis cases using a national surveillance system. […] CDC works with several states on enhanced pertussis surveillance. […] Cases have increased over the last few decades but remain low. […] Experts believe that much of the disease goes unrecognized and unreported. […] Reports of pertussis cases were lower than usual over the past few years, during and following the COVID-19 pandemic. […] In 2024, reported cases of pertussis increased across the United States, indicating a return to more typical trends. […] The number of reported cases in 2024 was higher than what was seen in 2019, prior to the pandemic. […] Local and state health departments are familiar with these patterns. […] State health departments then report pertussis cases to CDC through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS).

• #73 Pertussis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519008/

  Reported pertussis cases are increasing in the United States and worldwide. […] The prevalence of pertussis in the United States sharply declined from 150,000 to 250,000 cases per year in the prevaccination era to 1010 cases reported in 1976. […] Since then, pertussis has risen, partially attributed to waning adolescent and adult immunity. […] Although pertussis largely remains a pediatric disease, with 38% of cases occurring in infants younger than 6 months and 71% of cases occurring in children younger than 5 years, adolescents and adults can also contract the disease and are likely contributing to the increasing number of both adult and pediatric cases seen over the past 3 decades. […] Worldwide, there are over 24 million cases annually, with more than 160,000 deaths. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported over 48,000 cases in the United States in 2012, the most recent year for which this data is available. […] Due to the difficulty in diagnosis, the CDC estimates are likely underreporting.

• #74 Pertussis (Whooping Cough) | Florida Department of Health

  https://www.floridahealth.gov/diseases-and-conditions/vaccine-preventable-disease/pertussis/index.html

  Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a very contagious respiratory illness caused by a type of bacteria called Bordetella pertussis. […] The bacteria spreads easily from person to person through the air. When an individual who has pertussis sneezes or coughs, they can release small particles of bacteria into the air. […] Individuals can remain contagious for weeks. People can spread the bacteria from the start of the very first symptoms and for at least two weeks after coughing begins. Some people have mild symptoms and dont know they have whooping cough, but they can still spread the bacteria to others.

• #75

  https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/community_epidemiology/dc/pertussis.html

  Babies younger than 1 year old and people with pre-existing health conditions are at greatest risk for getting a serious case of whooping cough. […] The bacteria that causes whooping cough spreads easily from person-to-person through the air. This can happen when: […] People can be contagious for weeks and can spread the bacteria: […] It usually takes 5-10 days for symptoms to appear after exposure to the bacteria that cause whooping cough. […] Whooping cough can be hard to diagnose because the signs and symptoms are similar to other respiratory illnesses. […] It is very important to treat whooping cough early, before coughing fits begin. […] Call the Epidemiology Unit at (619) 692-8499, or send an e-mail, for more information.

• #76 Whooping cough (pertussis) – AGES

  https://www.ages.at/en/human/disease/pathogens-from-a-to-z/whooping-cough-pertussis

  Typical whooping cough symptoms are often present in infants and young children, whereas they are often absent in adults, older children and adolescents. In any case, laboratory diagnostics should be carried out to confirm the diagnosis. […] Pertussis can occur at any age. The number of adults and adolescents diagnosed with whooping cough is increasing. The age groups with the most pertussis diagnoses are currently infants under one year of age and adolescents between 10 and 20 years of age. All persons who have not been immunised or fully immunised against Bordetella pertussis are at risk, regardless of their age.

• #77 WHO EMRO | Disease surveillance | Pertussis | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/pertussis/disease-surveillance.html

  A clinically-confirmed case is diagnosed as pertussis by a physician of a person with a cough lasting at least two weeks with at least one of the following symptoms: paroxysms (i.e. fits) of coughing; inspiratory whooping; post-tussive vomiting (i.e. vomiting immediately after coughing) without another apparent cause. The case is not laboratory-confirmed. […] A laboratory-confirmed case meets the clinical case definition and is laboratory-confirmed by isolation of Bordetella pertussis or detection of genomic sequences by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or positive paired serology. […] Laboratory confirmation is not readily available in most countries. Therefore, disease surveillance is based mainly on clinical diagnosis of cases. Monitoring the number of infants who have received the third dose of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine (DPT3) is important.

• #78 Pertussis | State of Alaska | Department of Health

  https://health.alaska.gov/en/education/pertussis/

  Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease. It is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is spread through the air in droplets produced during coughing or sneezing. […] Health care providers and laboratories are required to report pertussis within two working days. […] CDC reports pertussis cases were lower than usual over the past few years, during and following the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the United States is beginning to return to pre-pandemic patterns. Pertussis is cyclic in nature, with peaks in disease every 3 to 5 years. As typical infection patterns return to the United States, CDC expects pertussis cases to increase both in unvaccinated and vaccinated populations. Pertussis occurs in vaccinated people since protection from vaccination fades over time.

• #79 Pertussis – Whooping Cough | Disease Surveillance Epidemiology Program | MeCDC | Maine DHHS

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious-disease/epi/vaccine/pertussis.shtml

  Pertussis is a respiratory illness commonly known as whooping cough and caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. Pertussis can be very serious, especially in infants. […] Pertussis is a very contagious disease only found in humans and spreads easily from person-to-person. People with pertussis usually spread the disease to another person by coughing or sneezing or when spending a lot of time with someone who is sick with pertussis. […] Infected people are most contagious up to about two weeks after the cough begins. […] People of all ages can get pertussis, even people who are vaccinated or had pertussis in the past. Pertussis is most common in school-aged children and teenagers, but cases in adults also occur. […] Vaccination is the best way to prevent pertussis among babies, children, teens and adults.

• #80 Pertussis – Annual Epidemiological Report for 2021

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/pertussis-annual-epidemiological-report-2021

  In 2021, 1 578 cases of pertussis were reported by 29 EU/EEA countries. […] Three countries (Austria, Germany and Poland) accounted for 69% of all reported cases. […] The notification rate in 2022 was 0.4 cases per 100 000 population, which was the lowest rate in over a decade. […] Infants below the age of one year were the most affected age group, with the highest notification rate followed by 14-year-olds. Individuals 15 years of age accounted for 77% of all cases reported. […] The clinical presentation of pertussis in adolescents and adults may be mild and is often not recognised, which contributes to bacterial circulation in the population. This poses a transmission risk to infants who are too young to have completed the primary pertussis vaccination series. […] The objectives of pertussis prevention and control include prevention of severe disease and deaths among infants six months of age through well-adapted and implemented vaccination programmes. As of April 2024, 22 countries have implemented maternal immunisation programmes. The vaccination programmes in ten countries include more than one booster dose – including the pertussis component in individuals above the age of 18 years.

• #81 Increase in Pertussis Cases | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/news-alerts/increase-pertussis-cases

  According to provisional Texas Department of State Health Services data, more than half of 2024 cases (53%) have occurred in persons with one or more doses of pertussis vaccine and 33% have had five or more doses. […] Several Texas laws (Health Safety Code Chapters 81 and 84) require specific information regarding notifiable conditions be provided to DSHS. Health care providers, hospitals, laboratories, schools, childcare facilities and others are required to report patients who are suspected of having pertussis within one work day (Texas Administrative Code, Title 25, Chapter 97, Subchapter A). […] Pertussis reports should be made to your local health department (contacts by county at www.dshs.texas.gov/idcu/investigation/conditions/contacts). […] Culture and PCR assay are the preferred methods of pertussis testing. PCR assays are quick and widely available at hospital and commercial laboratories. […] Active screening for symptomatic patients with suspected pertussis can be considered during outbreaks in settings such as schools, daycare centers, and hospitals.

• #82 Related Indicators

  https://ibis.utah.gov/ibisph-view/indicator/complete_profile/PerCas.html

  According to the Council for State and Territorial Epidemiologists, „Bordetella pertussis is the most poorly controlled bacterial vaccine-preventable disease in the U.S.” […] Surveillance data are used to identify persons or areas in which additional efforts are required to reduce disease incidence. Surveillance data help to promptly identify outbreaks in which prophylaxis (treatment to prevent or mitigate disease) of contacts can help limit the spread of disease. Surveillance data are also used in evaluating vaccination policies at the state level. […] The Bureau of Epidemiology conducts ongoing statewide surveillance of pertussis cases. Per Communicable Disease Rule R386-702-3, health care providers and laboratories are required to report suspected cases of pertussis to the Bureau of Epidemiology or the local health department within three business days of identification. The Bureau of Epidemiology assists local health departments with the investigation of cases and implementation of control measures to prevent further cases.

• #83 Pertussis Surveillance and Trends | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/surveillance/index.html

  NNDSS is useful for monitoring epidemiologic trends in disease over time. […] CDC partners with seven states participating in the Emerging Infections Program network to conduct enhanced pertussis surveillance (EPS). […] This additional information goes beyond what CDC receives through NNDSS. […] Several factors have likely contributed to the increase in reported cases, including improved recognition of pertussis by healthcare providers, greater access to and use of laboratory diagnostics, increased surveillance and reporting to public health departments, and waning immunity from acellular pertussis vaccines. […] Infants under one year old are at greatest risk for serious disease and death because their immune systems are still developing. […] This age group continues to have the highest reported rate of pertussis.

• #84 Pertussis epidemiology in Canada, 2005–2019, CCDR 49(1) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/canada-communicable-disease-report-ccdr/monthly-issue/2023-49/issue-1-january-2023/pertusis-epidemiology-2005-2019.html

  It is important to take measures to reduce transmission to infants who are too young to be vaccinated. […] The trends in pertussis incidence were similar in age groups covering children under 15 years of age, with peaks in 2012 and 2015-2017. […] The greatest burden of pertussis was observed among the under one year of age population, which consistently had the highest annual incidence rate, accounting for nearly 80% of hospitalizations, and all 17 pertussis-related deaths during this 15-year period. […] Hospitalization rates were over eight times higher in infants under four months of age than infants between four and 11 months of age. […] The 2019 national vaccination coverage estimates show that childhood vaccine uptake could be improved, as both childhood vaccine coverage goals of 95% coverage of four or more doses by two years of age and 95% coverage of five or more doses by seven years of age have not been reached.

• #85

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/newsgp/clinical/whooping-cough-epidemic-reaches-record-numbers

  GPs are urged to ensure patients have had their vaccine, as staggeringly high cases soar to a record-breaking 41,772 so far this year. […] A whooping cough epidemic of unprecedented proportions is spreading through Australia, with more than 45,000 cases expected to be diagnosed by the end of the year. According to data from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, notifications of pertussis have reached their highest point since a vaccine was developed. […] According to the IFAs latest report card, released on Friday, the major spike is in school-aged children, with 40% of cases recorded in 10- to 14-year-olds. […] Whooping cough can be deadly for infants and can lead to severe illness in older children and adults especially those with asthma, who are four times more likely to be infected and have a higher chance of being admitted to hospital, she said.

• #86 Pertussis (whooping cough) | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/pertussis-whooping-cough

  Pertussis severity varies with age and immunisation status. Unimmunised infants who are too young to be fully immunised have the highest risk of hospitalisations and deaths. […] Between 2013 and 2018, the highest notification rates were in children aged 9–11 years, followed by children aged 3 years. Since the introduction of maternal pertussis vaccination during pregnancy in 2015, pertussis notification rates significantly decreased in infants <2 months of age and the 6–11 months age group. Although the incidence in infants <2 months of age has been progressively decreasing from 2015, hospitalisation rates remain highest for this age group. Notification rates are higher among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children compared to non-Indigenous children across all age groups <5 years. Among people ≥5 years of age, people aged ≥65 years have the highest rate of hospitalisation.

• #87 Related Indicators

  https://ibis.utah.gov/ibisph-view/indicator/complete_profile/PerCas.html

  According to the Council for State and Territorial Epidemiologists, „Bordetella pertussis is the most poorly controlled bacterial vaccine-preventable disease in the U.S.” […] Surveillance data are used to identify persons or areas in which additional efforts are required to reduce disease incidence. Surveillance data help to promptly identify outbreaks in which prophylaxis (treatment to prevent or mitigate disease) of contacts can help limit the spread of disease. Surveillance data are also used in evaluating vaccination policies at the state level. […] The Bureau of Epidemiology conducts ongoing statewide surveillance of pertussis cases. Per Communicable Disease Rule R386-702-3, health care providers and laboratories are required to report suspected cases of pertussis to the Bureau of Epidemiology or the local health department within three business days of identification. The Bureau of Epidemiology assists local health departments with the investigation of cases and implementation of control measures to prevent further cases.

• #88 Increase in Pertussis Cases | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/news-alerts/increase-pertussis-cases

  According to provisional Texas Department of State Health Services data, more than half of 2024 cases (53%) have occurred in persons with one or more doses of pertussis vaccine and 33% have had five or more doses. […] Several Texas laws (Health Safety Code Chapters 81 and 84) require specific information regarding notifiable conditions be provided to DSHS. Health care providers, hospitals, laboratories, schools, childcare facilities and others are required to report patients who are suspected of having pertussis within one work day (Texas Administrative Code, Title 25, Chapter 97, Subchapter A). […] Pertussis reports should be made to your local health department (contacts by county at www.dshs.texas.gov/idcu/investigation/conditions/contacts). […] Culture and PCR assay are the preferred methods of pertussis testing. PCR assays are quick and widely available at hospital and commercial laboratories. […] Active screening for symptomatic patients with suspected pertussis can be considered during outbreaks in settings such as schools, daycare centers, and hospitals.

• #89 Related Indicators

  https://ibis.utah.gov/ibisph-view/indicator/complete_profile/PerCas.html

  According to the Council for State and Territorial Epidemiologists, „Bordetella pertussis is the most poorly controlled bacterial vaccine-preventable disease in the U.S.” […] Surveillance data are used to identify persons or areas in which additional efforts are required to reduce disease incidence. Surveillance data help to promptly identify outbreaks in which prophylaxis (treatment to prevent or mitigate disease) of contacts can help limit the spread of disease. Surveillance data are also used in evaluating vaccination policies at the state level. […] The Bureau of Epidemiology conducts ongoing statewide surveillance of pertussis cases. Per Communicable Disease Rule R386-702-3, health care providers and laboratories are required to report suspected cases of pertussis to the Bureau of Epidemiology or the local health department within three business days of identification. The Bureau of Epidemiology assists local health departments with the investigation of cases and implementation of control measures to prevent further cases.

• #90 Tracking Pertussis and Evaluating Control Measures through Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance, Emerging Infections Program, United States

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550149/

  Although NNDSS has been essential for monitoring the national burden of pertussis and age-related trends in disease over time, data are of insufficient detail and consistency to answer reliably the many urgent questions relevant to public health. […] In 2011, Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance (EPS) was undertaken by 6 states within the Emerging Infections Program (EIP), a collaborative network between CDC and state and local health departments, academic institutions and laboratories that serves as a national resource for surveillance, prevention, and control of emerging infectious diseases. […] The principal objectives of EPS are to determine overall and age-specific incidence and epidemiologic characteristics of pertussis, to characterize the molecular epidemiology of circulating B. pertussis strains, to monitor the effects of pertussis vaccines, and to provide a platform for conducting special studies, including critical and timely evaluations of pertussis prevention and control strategies. […] Overall and age-specific incidence rates have tracked 1.5-3.3 times as high among EPS sites as national NNDSS rates. […] Since its inception, data collected through the EPS system have maintained a higher level of completeness than surveillance data reported through NNDSS.

• #91 Pertussis epidemiology in Canada, 2005–2019, CCDR 49(1) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/canada-communicable-disease-report-ccdr/monthly-issue/2023-49/issue-1-january-2023/pertusis-epidemiology-2005-2019.html

  It will be important to monitor the effect of the maternal pertussis vaccination recommendation on epidemiology of infants under four months of age. […] Enhanced surveillance systems that capture vaccine history, pertussis strains and outbreak information would provide a more comprehensive understanding of pertussis epidemiology that can be used to assess vaccine recommendation changes and to inform further public health action.

• #92 Related Indicators

  https://ibis.utah.gov/ibisph-view/indicator/complete_profile/PerCas.html

  According to the Council for State and Territorial Epidemiologists, „Bordetella pertussis is the most poorly controlled bacterial vaccine-preventable disease in the U.S.” […] Surveillance data are used to identify persons or areas in which additional efforts are required to reduce disease incidence. Surveillance data help to promptly identify outbreaks in which prophylaxis (treatment to prevent or mitigate disease) of contacts can help limit the spread of disease. Surveillance data are also used in evaluating vaccination policies at the state level. […] The Bureau of Epidemiology conducts ongoing statewide surveillance of pertussis cases. Per Communicable Disease Rule R386-702-3, health care providers and laboratories are required to report suspected cases of pertussis to the Bureau of Epidemiology or the local health department within three business days of identification. The Bureau of Epidemiology assists local health departments with the investigation of cases and implementation of control measures to prevent further cases.

• #93 Tracking Pertussis and Evaluating Control Measures through Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance, Emerging Infections Program, United States

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550149/

  Despite high coverage with pertussis-containing vaccines, pertussis remains endemic to the United States. There have been increases in reported cases in recent years, punctuated by striking epidemics and shifting epidemiology, both of which raise questions about current policies regarding its prevention and control. Limited data on pertussis reported through the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System have proved insufficient to answer these questions. […] Pertussis has been a reportable disease in the United States since 1922. Case-based surveillance data are captured through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) from 57 public health jurisdictions (50 states; 5 US territories; New York, NY; and Washington, DC). NNDSS is a passive system that relies on reports from health care providers and laboratories, probably resulting in underreporting of cases.

• #94 As global cases of whooping cough rise, PAHO calls on countries to strengthen surveillance and increase vaccination – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/news/24-7-2024-global-cases-whooping-cough-rise-paho-calls-countries-strengthen-surveillance-and

  PAHO continues to work with countries of the Americas and partners to strengthen immunization programs and support the implementation of campaigns to regain coverage, as well as to strengthen the infrastructure of national immunization programs and improve epidemiological and laboratory surveillance to detect outbreaks and respond immediately.

• #95 Pertussis epidemiology in Canada, 2005–2019, CCDR 49(1) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/canada-communicable-disease-report-ccdr/monthly-issue/2023-49/issue-1-january-2023/pertusis-epidemiology-2005-2019.html

  It will be important to monitor the effect of the maternal pertussis vaccination recommendation on epidemiology of infants under four months of age. […] Enhanced surveillance systems that capture vaccine history, pertussis strains and outbreak information would provide a more comprehensive understanding of pertussis epidemiology that can be used to assess vaccine recommendation changes and to inform further public health action.

• #96 As global cases of whooping cough rise, PAHO calls on countries to strengthen surveillance and increase vaccination – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/news/24-7-2024-global-cases-whooping-cough-rise-paho-calls-countries-strengthen-surveillance-and

  As global cases of whooping cough rise, PAHO calls on countries to strengthen surveillance and increase vaccination. In light of an increase in whooping cough (pertussis) cases globally and in some countries of the Americas, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has issued an epidemiological alert, calling on countries to strengthen surveillance and ensure constant monitoring of vaccination coverage in children. […] The PAHO alert also calls on countries to strengthen surveillance to ensure that each pertussis outbreak is carefully investigated to improve understanding of the epidemiology of the disease in the region of the Americas. […] Countries should also strengthen their laboratory diagnostic capabilities to improve the reporting and characterization of pertussis outbreaks in the region.

• #97 As global cases of whooping cough rise, PAHO calls on countries to strengthen surveillance and increase vaccination – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/news/24-7-2024-global-cases-whooping-cough-rise-paho-calls-countries-strengthen-surveillance-and

  As global cases of whooping cough rise, PAHO calls on countries to strengthen surveillance and increase vaccination. In light of an increase in whooping cough (pertussis) cases globally and in some countries of the Americas, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has issued an epidemiological alert, calling on countries to strengthen surveillance and ensure constant monitoring of vaccination coverage in children. […] The PAHO alert also calls on countries to strengthen surveillance to ensure that each pertussis outbreak is carefully investigated to improve understanding of the epidemiology of the disease in the region of the Americas. […] Countries should also strengthen their laboratory diagnostic capabilities to improve the reporting and characterization of pertussis outbreaks in the region.

• #98 Tracking Pertussis and Evaluating Control Measures through Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance, Emerging Infections Program, United States

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550149/

  Despite high coverage with pertussis-containing vaccines, pertussis remains endemic to the United States. There have been increases in reported cases in recent years, punctuated by striking epidemics and shifting epidemiology, both of which raise questions about current policies regarding its prevention and control. Limited data on pertussis reported through the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System have proved insufficient to answer these questions. […] Pertussis has been a reportable disease in the United States since 1922. Case-based surveillance data are captured through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) from 57 public health jurisdictions (50 states; 5 US territories; New York, NY; and Washington, DC). NNDSS is a passive system that relies on reports from health care providers and laboratories, probably resulting in underreporting of cases.

• #99 As global cases of whooping cough rise, PAHO calls on countries to strengthen surveillance and increase vaccination – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/news/24-7-2024-global-cases-whooping-cough-rise-paho-calls-countries-strengthen-surveillance-and

  PAHO continues to work with countries of the Americas and partners to strengthen immunization programs and support the implementation of campaigns to regain coverage, as well as to strengthen the infrastructure of national immunization programs and improve epidemiological and laboratory surveillance to detect outbreaks and respond immediately.

• #100 As global cases of whooping cough rise, PAHO calls on countries to strengthen surveillance and increase vaccination – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/news/24-7-2024-global-cases-whooping-cough-rise-paho-calls-countries-strengthen-surveillance-and

  As global cases of whooping cough rise, PAHO calls on countries to strengthen surveillance and increase vaccination. In light of an increase in whooping cough (pertussis) cases globally and in some countries of the Americas, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has issued an epidemiological alert, calling on countries to strengthen surveillance and ensure constant monitoring of vaccination coverage in children. […] The PAHO alert also calls on countries to strengthen surveillance to ensure that each pertussis outbreak is carefully investigated to improve understanding of the epidemiology of the disease in the region of the Americas. […] Countries should also strengthen their laboratory diagnostic capabilities to improve the reporting and characterization of pertussis outbreaks in the region.

• #101 Tracking U.S. Pertussis Incidence: Correlation of Public Health Surveillance and Google Search Data Varies by State | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56385-z

  To address some of the problems with the quality of CDC surveillance data, additional sources of data may be usefully incorporated into the national surveillance system. Internet Protocol (IP) surveillance, which uses internet search data to track disease incidence, may help to improve both the accuracy and timeliness of disease reporting. […] Operating on the hypothesis that individuals who are infected by, exposed to, or treating a disease tend to use Google to search for disease-related terms, studies have demonstrated the potential of using GT to track pertussis outbreaks in California and in Australia. […] The present study aims to (1) investigate the feasibility of using GT to monitor pertussis at the national level in the U.S., (2) explore differences in these models at the state level, and (3) assess which state-specific sociodemographic variables influence the accuracy of these state-based GT models.

• #102 Pertussis (Whooping Cough) – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/vaccinepreventable/pertussiswhoopingcough/

  Pertussis is a notifiable disease. […] Surveillance Reports […] Surveillance Forms […] Immunisation Uptake Statistics.

• #103 Immunizations: Whooping Cough (Pertussis) | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/immunization/pertussis.htm

  Pertussis is a communicable disease. Health care providers must report cases of pertussis. […] Pertussis is a Wisconsin Disease Surveillance Category I disease. Report it right away to the patients local public health department. Call as soon as you identify a confirmed or suspected case. The health department then notifies the state epidemiologist. […] Within 24 hours, submit a case report through one of the following: Wisconsin Electronic Disease Surveillance System (WEDSS).

• #104 As global cases of whooping cough rise, PAHO calls on countries to strengthen surveillance and increase vaccination – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/news/24-7-2024-global-cases-whooping-cough-rise-paho-calls-countries-strengthen-surveillance-and

  PAHO continues to work with countries of the Americas and partners to strengthen immunization programs and support the implementation of campaigns to regain coverage, as well as to strengthen the infrastructure of national immunization programs and improve epidemiological and laboratory surveillance to detect outbreaks and respond immediately.

• #105

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/pertussis

  Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. In 2018, there were more than 151 000 cases of pertussis globally. […] Pertussis spreads easily from person to person mainly through droplets produced by coughing or sneezing. […] People with pertussis are most contagious up to about 3 weeks after the cough begins, and many children who contract the infection have coughing spells that last 4 to 8 weeks. […] The best way to prevent pertussis is through immunization. […] In 2018, 86% of the global target population had received the recommended three doses of DTP-containing vaccine during infancy. […] Based on local epidemiology, further booster doses may be warranted later in life. […] National programmes may consider vaccination of pregnant women with pertussis-containing vaccine as a strategy additional to routine primary infant pertussis vaccination in countries or settings with high or increasing infant morbidity/mortality from pertussis. […] Whooping cough is a worldwide infectious disease caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis.

• #106 Whooping cough – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whooping_cough

  Pertussis is endemic worldwide. More than 151,000 cases were reported globally in 2018. However not all cases are reported or correctly diagnosed, especially in developing countries. Pertussis is one of the leading causes of vaccine-preventable deaths worldwide. A study in 2017 estimated the global burden of the disease to be 24 million cases per year with 160,000 deaths among young children, with about 90% of all cases occurring in developing countries. […] Epidemics of the disease occur cyclically, every three to 5 years, both in areas with vaccination programs and those without. Over time, immunity declines in those who have either been vaccinated or have recovered from infection. In addition, infants are born who are susceptible to infection. An epidemic can occur once herd immunity decreases below a certain level. It is also possible that the bacterium is evolving to evade vaccine-induced immunity.

• #107 Pertussis Surveillance and Trends | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/surveillance/index.html

  CDC tracks pertussis cases using a national surveillance system. […] CDC works with several states on enhanced pertussis surveillance. […] Cases have increased over the last few decades but remain low. […] Experts believe that much of the disease goes unrecognized and unreported. […] Reports of pertussis cases were lower than usual over the past few years, during and following the COVID-19 pandemic. […] In 2024, reported cases of pertussis increased across the United States, indicating a return to more typical trends. […] The number of reported cases in 2024 was higher than what was seen in 2019, prior to the pandemic. […] Local and state health departments are familiar with these patterns. […] State health departments then report pertussis cases to CDC through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS).

• #108 Pertussis (whooping cough)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/pertussis-whooping-cough

  Pertussis can occur at any age, but the most commonly diagnosed age groups are infants under one year of age and adolescents between 10 and 20 years of age. […] An increasing number of adults are being diagnosed with pertussis. […] As a general rule, all people who have not completed their immunisation schedule are at risk of contracting the disease. […] The most effective protection against pertussis is full vaccination. […] The vaccination schedule differs from country to country, with some countries recommending booster doses at certain times, such as adolescence or pregnancy in women. […] ECDC reports: vaccine-preventable diseases on the rise in the EU/EEA. […] Pertussis – Annual Epidemiological Report for 2022. […] Pertussis – Annual Epidemiological Report for 2021.

• #109 Pertussis Surveillance and Trends | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/surveillance/index.html

  NNDSS is useful for monitoring epidemiologic trends in disease over time. […] CDC partners with seven states participating in the Emerging Infections Program network to conduct enhanced pertussis surveillance (EPS). […] This additional information goes beyond what CDC receives through NNDSS. […] Several factors have likely contributed to the increase in reported cases, including improved recognition of pertussis by healthcare providers, greater access to and use of laboratory diagnostics, increased surveillance and reporting to public health departments, and waning immunity from acellular pertussis vaccines. […] Infants under one year old are at greatest risk for serious disease and death because their immune systems are still developing. […] This age group continues to have the highest reported rate of pertussis.

• #110 Tracking Pertussis and Evaluating Control Measures through Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance, Emerging Infections Program, United States

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550149/

  Despite high coverage with pertussis-containing vaccines, pertussis remains endemic to the United States. There have been increases in reported cases in recent years, punctuated by striking epidemics and shifting epidemiology, both of which raise questions about current policies regarding its prevention and control. Limited data on pertussis reported through the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System have proved insufficient to answer these questions. […] Pertussis has been a reportable disease in the United States since 1922. Case-based surveillance data are captured through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) from 57 public health jurisdictions (50 states; 5 US territories; New York, NY; and Washington, DC). NNDSS is a passive system that relies on reports from health care providers and laboratories, probably resulting in underreporting of cases.

• #111 Whooping cough (pertussis) – AGES

  https://www.ages.at/en/human/disease/pathogens-from-a-to-z/whooping-cough-pertussis

  Typical whooping cough symptoms are often present in infants and young children, whereas they are often absent in adults, older children and adolescents. In any case, laboratory diagnostics should be carried out to confirm the diagnosis. […] Pertussis can occur at any age. The number of adults and adolescents diagnosed with whooping cough is increasing. The age groups with the most pertussis diagnoses are currently infants under one year of age and adolescents between 10 and 20 years of age. All persons who have not been immunised or fully immunised against Bordetella pertussis are at risk, regardless of their age.

• #112 Pertussis | State of Alaska | Department of Health

  https://health.alaska.gov/en/education/pertussis/

  Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease. It is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is spread through the air in droplets produced during coughing or sneezing. […] Health care providers and laboratories are required to report pertussis within two working days. […] CDC reports pertussis cases were lower than usual over the past few years, during and following the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the United States is beginning to return to pre-pandemic patterns. Pertussis is cyclic in nature, with peaks in disease every 3 to 5 years. As typical infection patterns return to the United States, CDC expects pertussis cases to increase both in unvaccinated and vaccinated populations. Pertussis occurs in vaccinated people since protection from vaccination fades over time.

• #113 Related Indicators

  https://ibis.utah.gov/ibisph-view/indicator/complete_profile/PerCas.html

  According to the Council for State and Territorial Epidemiologists, „Bordetella pertussis is the most poorly controlled bacterial vaccine-preventable disease in the U.S.” […] Surveillance data are used to identify persons or areas in which additional efforts are required to reduce disease incidence. Surveillance data help to promptly identify outbreaks in which prophylaxis (treatment to prevent or mitigate disease) of contacts can help limit the spread of disease. Surveillance data are also used in evaluating vaccination policies at the state level. […] The Bureau of Epidemiology conducts ongoing statewide surveillance of pertussis cases. Per Communicable Disease Rule R386-702-3, health care providers and laboratories are required to report suspected cases of pertussis to the Bureau of Epidemiology or the local health department within three business days of identification. The Bureau of Epidemiology assists local health departments with the investigation of cases and implementation of control measures to prevent further cases.

• #114 Related Indicators

  https://ibis.utah.gov/ibisph-view/indicator/complete_profile/PerCas.html

  According to the Council for State and Territorial Epidemiologists, „Bordetella pertussis is the most poorly controlled bacterial vaccine-preventable disease in the U.S.” […] Surveillance data are used to identify persons or areas in which additional efforts are required to reduce disease incidence. Surveillance data help to promptly identify outbreaks in which prophylaxis (treatment to prevent or mitigate disease) of contacts can help limit the spread of disease. Surveillance data are also used in evaluating vaccination policies at the state level. […] The Bureau of Epidemiology conducts ongoing statewide surveillance of pertussis cases. Per Communicable Disease Rule R386-702-3, health care providers and laboratories are required to report suspected cases of pertussis to the Bureau of Epidemiology or the local health department within three business days of identification. The Bureau of Epidemiology assists local health departments with the investigation of cases and implementation of control measures to prevent further cases.

• #115 Tracking Pertussis and Evaluating Control Measures through Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance, Emerging Infections Program, United States

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550149/

  Although NNDSS has been essential for monitoring the national burden of pertussis and age-related trends in disease over time, data are of insufficient detail and consistency to answer reliably the many urgent questions relevant to public health. […] In 2011, Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance (EPS) was undertaken by 6 states within the Emerging Infections Program (EIP), a collaborative network between CDC and state and local health departments, academic institutions and laboratories that serves as a national resource for surveillance, prevention, and control of emerging infectious diseases. […] The principal objectives of EPS are to determine overall and age-specific incidence and epidemiologic characteristics of pertussis, to characterize the molecular epidemiology of circulating B. pertussis strains, to monitor the effects of pertussis vaccines, and to provide a platform for conducting special studies, including critical and timely evaluations of pertussis prevention and control strategies. […] Overall and age-specific incidence rates have tracked 1.5-3.3 times as high among EPS sites as national NNDSS rates. […] Since its inception, data collected through the EPS system have maintained a higher level of completeness than surveillance data reported through NNDSS.

• #116 Pertussis epidemiology in Canada, 2005–2019, CCDR 49(1) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/canada-communicable-disease-report-ccdr/monthly-issue/2023-49/issue-1-january-2023/pertusis-epidemiology-2005-2019.html

  It will be important to monitor the effect of the maternal pertussis vaccination recommendation on epidemiology of infants under four months of age. […] Enhanced surveillance systems that capture vaccine history, pertussis strains and outbreak information would provide a more comprehensive understanding of pertussis epidemiology that can be used to assess vaccine recommendation changes and to inform further public health action.

• #117 Pertussis (whooping cough) | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/pertussis-whooping-cough

  Pertussis is the second most frequently notified vaccine preventable disease in Australia. Despite a longstanding pertussis immunisation program, and a substantial decline in morbidity and mortality from the disease, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic pertussis outbreaks occurred every few years. […] Between 2013 and 2018 there were 91,780 notifications of pertussis in Australia. The average annual all-age national notification rate was 63.6 per 100,000 population, a 40% reduction compared to the previous 6 years (2006–2012) which was 103.1 per 100,000 population. Pertussis notifications decreased significantly between 2020 and 2022, and this decrease has been attributed to the COVID-19 outbreak mitigation measures that were in place during that time. The risk for future pertussis outbreaks still remains and ongoing vaccination is important.

• #118 Pertussis (whooping cough) | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/pertussis-whooping-cough

  Pertussis is the second most frequently notified vaccine preventable disease in Australia. Despite a longstanding pertussis immunisation program, and a substantial decline in morbidity and mortality from the disease, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic pertussis outbreaks occurred every few years. […] Between 2013 and 2018 there were 91,780 notifications of pertussis in Australia. The average annual all-age national notification rate was 63.6 per 100,000 population, a 40% reduction compared to the previous 6 years (2006–2012) which was 103.1 per 100,000 population. Pertussis notifications decreased significantly between 2020 and 2022, and this decrease has been attributed to the COVID-19 outbreak mitigation measures that were in place during that time. The risk for future pertussis outbreaks still remains and ongoing vaccination is important.

Zobacz więcej