Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Treatment of Whooping Cough | Pertussis (Whooping Cough) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/treatment/index.html

  Early antibiotic treatment for pertussis (whooping cough) may make the infection less serious. […] Healthcare providers generally treat whooping cough with antibiotics. There are several antibiotics available for treatment. […] It’s very important to treat whooping cough early, before coughing fits begin. […] Treating whooping cough early can make the illness less serious and help prevent spreading the bacteria that cause it to others. […] Whooping cough can sometimes be very serious and can cause complications, especially for babies. People with serious illness or complications need care in the hospital. […] Hospital treatment of whooping cough usually focuses on keeping breathing passages clear, monitoring breathing and giving oxygen, if needed, and preventing or treating dehydration, via fluids through the vein.

• #2 Treatment of Pertussis | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Treatment within the first 1-2 weeks is most effective for reducing symptom severity. […] The earlier someone, especially an infant, starts treatment the better. If someone starts treatment during the first 1 to 2 weeks before coughing paroxysms occur, symptoms may be lessened. […] Antibiotics won’t alter the course of the illness or prevent transmission if given later in the illness. […] Healthcare providers should strongly consider treating prior to test results if any of the following are present: Clinical history is strongly suggestive of pertussis, Person is at high risk for severe or complicated disease, Person has or will have contact with someone at high risk for severe disease. […] A reasonable guideline is to treat People 1 year of age and older within 3 weeks of cough onset, Infants younger than 1 year of age within 6 weeks of cough onset, Pregnant women (especially if near term) within 6 weeks of cough onset.

• #3 Whooping cough – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/whooping-cough/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378978

  Most often, infants need treatment in the hospital for whooping cough. That’s because the illness is more dangerous for babies. If your child can’t keep down liquids or food, fluids given through a vein may be needed. Your child is cared for away from others. This prevents the infection from spreading. […] Treatment for older children and adults often can be given at home, since the illness tends to be milder. […] Antibiotics kill the bacteria that causes whooping cough. When you take them early, they might make your illness less serious. They also may shorten the amount of time you’re at risk of spreading the illness. If you live with other people, they may be given antibiotics to help prevent them from getting sick. […] Not much is available to relieve the cough itself. Cough medicines that are sold without a prescription, for instance, do not help treat whooping cough. Do not take them unless your healthcare professional tells you to.

• #4 Whooping Cough (Pertussis) Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15661-whooping-cough-pertussis

  Providers treat whooping cough with antibiotics like azithromycin, clarithromycin or erythromycin. Take your medicine exactly as your provider tells you to. The sooner you start taking antibiotics, the more they can help you. […] Antibiotics won’t stop you from getting coughing fits or help the cough go away. But they keep you from spreading the infection to others. If taken early, they might make your symptoms less severe. […] If your child is very sick, they may need to be monitored in the hospital. There, a team of healthcare providers can keep a close eye on your child’s breathing and give them oxygen and fluids if necessary.

• #5 Whooping Cough | Pertussis | Whooping Cough Symptoms | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/whoopingcough.html

  The treatment for whooping cough is usually antibiotics. Early treatment is very important. It may make your infection less serious and can also help prevent spreading the disease to others. […] Treatment after you have been sick for 3 weeks or longer may not help. The bacteria are gone from your body by then, even though you usually still have symptoms. This is because the bacteria have already done damage to your body. […] Whooping cough can sometimes be very serious and require treatment in the hospital.

• #6 Treatment of Pertussis | Whooping Cough | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  The recommended antibiotics for treatment or postexposure prophylaxis of pertussis are Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin. […] Healthcare providers can also use trimethoprim-sulfamethoxasole. […] Healthcare providers should choose an antibiotic after consideration that includes the Potential for adverse events and drug interactions, Tolerability, Ease of adherence to the regimen prescribed, Cost. […] Use macrolides with caution. An association between orally administered erythromycin and azithromycin with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) has been reported. […] However, azithromycin remains the drug of choice for treatment or prophylaxis of pertussis in very young infants. The risk of developing severe pertussis and life-threatening complications outweighs the potential risk of IHPS. […] Macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin) are preferred for the treatment of pertussis. […] An alternative to macrolides is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #7 Pertussis or Whooping Cough Fact Sheet

  https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/2171/

  Antibiotics can prevent and treat whooping cough. Recommended antibiotics include azithromycin, erythromycin and clarithromycin. Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole can also be used. […] Call your local health department, doctor or clinic for advice. If you have close contact with an infected person, you will be given the same medicines used to treat whooping cough. This will help prevent you and others from getting sick.

• #8 Pertussis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Immunization

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/967268-treatment

  Erythromycin and clarithromycin are not recommended in infants younger than 1 month, because their use has been associated with increased risk for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). Azithromycin is the recommended agent for the youngest patients, although it also carries some risk for IHPS. Patients who are aged 2 months or older with hypersensitivity to macrolides may be treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. […] The effectiveness of prophylaxis for exposed, susceptible persons has not been determined; however, it is recommended for household and close contacts of the patient. Regimens include the following: Azithromycin (5 d), Erythromycin (14 d), Alternative regimen – Clarithromycin 7.5 mg/kg twice daily for 14 days (the effectiveness of clarithromycin has not been proven but is inferred).

• #9 Whooping Cough Treatment: Medication and More

  https://www.health.com/whooping-cough-treatment-8657602

  Whooping cough, medically known as pertussis, is a potentially serious infection caused by Bordetella pertussis bacteria. The main goal of treatment is to clear the infection. Typically, this is done through antibiotics. Frequently, infants need to be hospitalized to help them overcome a whooping cough infection. […] The primary treatment for whooping cough is antibiotics. These medications fight the bacteria causing the infection. It is important to start antibiotics as soon as you are diagnosed with whooping cough. The earlier you begin taking antibiotics, the faster your symptoms may improve and the less severe they may be. You will also be less likely to pass the infection to someone else. […] The antibiotics most commonly prescribed for whooping cough are macrolide antibiotics, including: Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin.

• #10 Pertussis Treatment and Prophylaxis – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/pertussis/hcp/treatment.html

  Antimicrobials are recommended for the treatment of pertussis cases and prophylaxis for some case contacts. The same regimen is used for both. […] Cases should be treated as early as possible in the course of illness. Pertussis is toxin-mediated, so symptoms do not necessarily resolve with treatment. If treatment is started early (during the catarrhal stage), they may be lessened. Cases will become noninfectious after completing five days of antibiotic treatment. […] Treatment initiated more than three weeks after onset of illness isn’t generally recommended because viable bacteria is likely no longer present. However, infants are at highest risk of complications and severe disease, therefore treatment is recommended for: Infants younger than 1 year of age within 6 weeks of cough onset. Pregnant women (especially if near term) within 6 weeks of cough onset.

• #11 Pertussis Treatment and Prevention | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pertussis/treatment

  In severe cases, hospitalization may be needed to treat complications. Infants are at the greatest risk of developing severe complications with about half of babies under one year needing to be hospitalized. […] Because the risk of pertussis transmission is so high, if you or someone in your family has pertussis, your doctor will likely suggest that everyone in the household is treated with antibiotics.

• #12 Pertussis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Immunization

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/967268-treatment

  Supportive therapy is the mainstay of treatment in patients with active pertussis infection. The goals of therapy include limiting the number of paroxysms, observing the severity of cough, providing assistance when necessary, and maximizing nutrition, rest, and recovery. Oxygenation, breathing treatments, and mechanical ventilation should be provided as necessary. Infants should be carefully observed for apnea, cyanosis, or hypoxia. […] Inpatient care is required for patients with pertussis who have intractable nausea and vomiting, failure to thrive, seizures, or encephalopathy or for patients with sustained hypoxemia during coughing paroxysms who require supplemental oxygen. […] Hospitalization should be strongly considered for patients at risk for severe disease and complications, including infants younger than 3 months; infants aged 3-6 months, unless observed paroxysms are not severe; premature young infants; and infants or children with underlying pulmonary, cardiac, or neuromuscular disease.

• #13 Pertussis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Immunization

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/967268-treatment

  Patients with pneumonia, apneic or cyanotic spells, hypoxia, or moderate to severe dehydration should be considered for admission. Patients who are severely ill may require treatment in an intensive care unit (ICU). […] For the hospitalized patient, in addition to standard precautions, droplet precautions are recommended for 5 days after initiation of effective therapy or until 3 weeks after the onset of paroxysms if appropriate antimicrobial therapy is not given. […] Although antimicrobial agents initiated during the paroxysmal stage do not affect the duration and severity of illness, they can hasten the eradication of B pertussis in the respiratory tract and help to prevent spread. Antibiotics may prevent or alleviate secondary bacterial infection. […] For patients of all ages azithromycin is the preferred agent.

• #14 Whooping Cough Treatment: Medication and More

  https://www.health.com/whooping-cough-treatment-8657602

  Take your prescribed antibiotic exactly as your healthcare provider instructs. […] Macrolide antibiotics are not safe for infants under 4 weeks old. Instead, healthcare providers sometimes give critically ill infants corticosteroids to help them heal. […] Because whooping cough is extremely contagious, you should isolate as soon as you are diagnosed with it. You can transmit the infection for about two weeks after coughing begins. Once you begin taking antibiotics, you should keep isolating for at least five more days. […] In severe cases of whooping cough, hospitalization may be necessary. This is often the case for infants. At least a third of children younger than 12 months old must be admitted to the hospital for whooping cough. […] In the hospital, treatment typically centers around enabling the person to breathe well, often by keeping the airways clear and giving supplemental oxygen. Medical staff also may provide fluids through a vein (intravenous) to prevent dehydration. […] Antibiotics called macrolides are the main treatment, but infants often must be hospitalized for treatment. Avoiding contact with others and implementing supportive care practices like rest and hydration can also help with treatment.

• #15 Whooping Cough (Pertussis) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/whooping-cough.html

  Doctors treat whooping cough with antibiotics. Antibiotics work best to prevent someone from getting really sick when they are taken early in the illness, before coughing spells begin. They can also help stop the infection from spreading to others. If someone in your family has whooping cough, ask the doctor if preventive antibiotics for other family members are needed. […] Some kids with whooping cough need care in a hospital. Babies and younger children are more likely to be hospitalized because they’re at greater risk for problems like pneumonia. Other possible problems include trouble breathing, periods of apnea, needing oxygen (usually during a coughing spell), and dehydration. […] Whooping cough can be life-threatening for babies younger than 1 year, so they often need hospital treatment. In the hospital, children may need mucus and fluids removed from the nose, mouth, or back of the throat with a bulb syringe or a catheter. This is called suctioning and helps to clear the airways. Breathing will be watched closely, and children will get extra oxygen if needed.

• #16 Whooping Cough: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/children/whooping-cough-symptoms-treatment

  Vaccines and other preventative medications can reduce the risk of spreading the infection. […] The DTaP vaccine can help protect children from whooping cough. Starting at 2 months, infants should get a dose every other month for the first 6 months, another between 15 and 18 months, and then one last time between ages 4 and 6. […] Older children and adults need the Tdap vaccine and a booster every 10 years because the vaccine can weaken over time. […] If you’ve been exposed to whooping cough, your doctor may prescribe an antibiotic to help prevent infection, particularly if: You’re pregnant, You live with someone who is at a high risk of having severe complications or who has whooping cough, You’re a health care provider, You have a condition that puts you at risk for severe complications, You are younger than 12 months of age. […] Whooping cough is usually treated with antibiotics, and it’s recommended to get treatment early to keep it from spreading and to keep your symptoms from getting severe.

• #17 Pertussis Treatment and Prophylaxis – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/pertussis/hcp/treatment.html

  In certain situations, close contacts of pertussis cases may be treated with antimicrobials to prevent infection. Prophylaxis should be initiated as soon as possible within 21 days (the maximum incubation period for pertussis) of exposure to an infectious case. Prophylaxis is generally limited to: Household members if the index case in the household has been coughing for less than 21 days. Persons at high-risk for severe pertussis: Infants 12 months, pregnant women (especially those in the third trimester), and those with a pre-existing condition that may be exacerbated by a pertussis infection. Persons in contact with those at high-risk for severe pertussis (such as child care staff that work with infants). Health care workers who have unprotected exposure and are likely to expose those at high-risk for severe pertussis (such as NICU staff). Other situations as appropriate in limited settings and as recommended by public health.

• #17 Pertussis Treatment and Prophylaxis – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/pertussis/hcp/treatment.html

  Antimicrobials are recommended for the treatment of pertussis cases and prophylaxis for some case contacts. The same regimen is used for both. […] Cases should be treated as early as possible in the course of illness. Pertussis is toxin-mediated, so symptoms do not necessarily resolve with treatment. If treatment is started early (during the catarrhal stage), they may be lessened. Cases will become noninfectious after completing five days of antibiotic treatment. […] Treatment initiated more than three weeks after onset of illness isn’t generally recommended because viable bacteria is likely no longer present. However, infants are at highest risk of complications and severe disease, therefore treatment is recommended for: Infants younger than 1 year of age within 6 weeks of cough onset. Pregnant women (especially if near term) within 6 weeks of cough onset.

• #18

  https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2012/august/pertussis.aspx

  Women who are pregnant in their last trimester should be prescribed antibiotic treatment regardless of the time of onset of symptoms. […] Prophylactic antibiotics are recommended for high risk contacts, including: Children aged less than one year, People who spend significant time with infants aged less than one year, such as early childhood carers, Women who are pregnant, particularly in the last month of pregnancy, Those at risk of severe complications, such as people who are immunocompromised and those with severe asthma. […] For prophylaxis of asymptomatic contacts use either erythromycin or in children aged under one year, azithromycin (at the same dose and duration as for treatment). […] People with pertussis should be advised to avoid early-childhood care, school or work for five days if given antibiotics. People who are not given antibiotics will remain infectious for three weeks post onset of symptoms, and should be excluded for this period. […] From 1 June, 2012, azithromycin has been available fully funded for use in infants aged under one year with, or at risk from, pertussis. Azithromycin is as effective as erythromycin, and has a shorter and simpler dosing regimen.

• #19 Whooping Cough: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/children/whooping-cough-symptoms-treatment

  If you find out you have whooping cough early on, antibiotics can help cut down coughing and other symptoms. They can also help prevent the infection from spreading to others. But most people are diagnosed too late for antibiotics to work well. […] Don’t use over-the-counter cough medicines, cough suppressants, or expectorants (medicines that make you cough up mucus) to treat whooping cough. They don’t work. […] You can do a few things to feel better and recover faster: Get lots of rest. This can give your body more strength to fight the illness. Eat small meals as often as you feel up to it. Eating smaller, more frequent meals can help prevent the vomiting that may result from harsh coughing spells. Clean air. Keeping the air around you free of dust, smoke, and other irritants can help soothe coughing. Drink fluids. Stay hydrated by drinking lots of water or juice. If you notice signs of dehydration, such as dry lips or peeing less often, call your doctor right away.

• #20 Pertussis Treatment and Prevention | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pertussis/treatment

  Treatment for pertussis is easily available and highly encouraged. If started early, it can help reduce severity, duration and the risk of complications, particularly in infants. So, once a diagnosis is made or suspected exposure has been determined, you should start on antibiotics immediately. Several antibiotics are available to treat pertussis. The most popular are azithromycin, clarithromycin and erythromycin. […] Supportive care, such as plenty of rest and fluids, can ease symptoms. Eating small, frequent meals can help prevent vomiting. It may also be helpful to rid your home of any irritants that could trigger coughing, such as smoke, dust and chemical fumes. Unfortunately, not much can be done for the cough, as over-the-counter cough medicine is ineffective, and its use is strongly discouraged.

• #21 Whooping Cough Treatment Guide: Medication, Lifestyle Changes, Emergency Care

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/infectious-diseases/whooping-cough-treatment/

  Doctors typically recommend azithromycin for people with whooping cough who are pregnant. It is also the preferred antibiotic for infants less than 1 month old, though it should be used with caution. […] The preferred antibiotic for people who cannot take any of the above antibiotics is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra). […] There are a few things a person can do to support recovery while antibiotics do their work: Rest. Getting quality sleep and limiting activity can help the body recover. Stay hydrated. Water, juice, and soup are all good ways to avoid dehydration. Eat small meals. Eating smaller meals more frequently and avoiding large meals can help prevent vomiting, which can be triggered by a severe coughing fit. Use a humidifier. By adding moisture to the air, a cool-mist humidifier can help soothe lungs and loosen mucus in the respiratory tract. Keep the air as clean as possible. Make sure the home is free of irritants that can trigger coughing, such as cigarette smoke.

• #22 Treatment of Whooping Cough | Pertussis (Whooping Cough) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/treatment/index.html

  Most people with whooping cough can manage their symptoms at home. […] Take antibiotics exactly as prescribed by your healthcare provider. […] Don’t take cough medicine unless your healthcare provider recommends it. Giving cough medicine probably won’t help and isn’t usually recommended for children younger than 4 years old.

• #23 Whooping Cough (Pertussis) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/whooping-cough.html

  A child who shows signs of dehydration or has trouble eating might get intravenous (IV) fluids. Precautions will be taken to prevent the infection from spreading to other patients, hospital staff, and visitors. […] If your child is being treated for pertussis at home, follow the schedule for giving antibiotics exactly as your doctor prescribed. Do not give cough medicine unless your doctor recommends it, and never give it to children younger than 4 (it can cause potential size effects). Giving cough medicine usually doesnt ease the coughing spells of whooping cough. The cough is actually the body’s way of trying to clear the airways. […] During recovery, let your child rest in bed and use a cool-mist humidifier to help soothe irritated lungs and breathing passages. […] Kids with whooping cough may throw up or not eat or drink much because of the coughing. Offer smaller, more frequent meals and encourage your child to drink lots of fluids. Watch for signs of dehydration.

• #24 Whooping Cough Treatment Guide: Medication, Lifestyle Changes, Emergency Care

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/infectious-diseases/whooping-cough-treatment/

  Over-the-counter medication like acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) can help a person with whooping cough manage fever and pain from sore ribs. […] If someone with whooping cough develops a fever or other signs of pneumonia, or may be experiencing dehydration (they are not eating or drinking fluids, may be urinating less often, or may have dry lips or sunken eyes), contact your healthcare provider ASAP. Difficulty breathing should prompt a visit to the emergency room. In some cases, people with whooping cough (usually babies or children) may need to be hospitalized and given oxygen and intravenous (IV) fluids to help them recover. […] Whooping cough can be a serious illness, but early treatment may help reduce symptoms and the number of weeks a person is contagious. Antibiotics are the only recommended medication. Recovery at home includes staying hydrated, resting, and using a humidifier to help manage coughing spells and aid recovery.

• #25 Pertussis (Whooping Cough): Symptoms, Treatment & When to See a Doctor | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/pertussis

  Nationwide Children’s Hospital offers a team of experts focused on the treatment of children with pertussis. […] Your child may be ordered (prescribed) an antibiotic to kill the pertussis germs. Always give your child the antibiotic exactly as prescribed. […] Your child’s doctor or health care provider may suggest medicine to lower their fever, like acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Motrin or Advil).

• #26

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/whoopingcough/Pages/workers-managing-cases.aspx

  Good management of whooping cough includes: […] Early antibiotic treatment to reduce transmission […] Antibiotics reduce the period of communicability and should be initiated as soon as possible and within three weeks of the onset of the cough. […] Patients are no longer infectious after five days of appropriate antibiotic therapy. […] Early antibiotics reduce infectious period to five days but are unlikely to alter the duration of cough. […] There is currently insufficient clinical evidence to recommend the use of roxithromycin for the management of pertussis. […] Penicillins and cephalosporins are not effective against Bordetella pertussis.

• #27 Pertussis (whooping cough) | MSF Medical Guidelines

  https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/CG/english/whooping-cough-pertussis-16689506.html

  Patients with pertussis are considered infectious until they have completed 5 days of appropriate antibiotics, or if not treated, until 21 days after the start of the paroxysmal cough. […] Supportive care includes hydration and nutrition: if the child is breastfeeding, continue; ensure adequate fluid and calorie intake. […] For children treated as outpatients, teach the parents about signs that require immediate medical attention (e.g. respiratory difficulty, apnoea, cyanosis, increasing fever, seizures or impaired consciousness, dehydration, feeding difficulty).

• #28 Whooping cough (pertussis)

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/whooping_cough_pertussis/

  Consider admission for all infants 6 months given risk for rapid deterioration. […] Exclude from school, childcare and from contact with others outside the home (especially infants and young children) until the earliest of 21 days after onset of symptoms, 14 days after onset of paroxysmal cough, or completion of 5 days of appropriate antibiotics. […] Notify all cases (suspected or confirmed) of pertussis. […] Antibiotic regimens are the same as for treatment of cases. […] Prophylactic treatment of contacts is aimed at preventing spread to infants 6 months of age. […] Unimmunised or incompletely immunised (3 doses) children 7 years of age must be excluded from school or childcare for 14 days from their last exposure to infection or until they have taken 5 days of appropriate antibiotics. […] Close contacts who are not up to date with their pertussis immunisation should be given DTPa or dTpa as soon after exposure as possible.

• #28 Whooping cough (pertussis)

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/whooping_cough_pertussis/

  Antibiotics reduce the severity of illness and risk of transmission if prescribed within the first 14 days of paroxysmal cough or 21 days of symptoms. […] Children are no longer infectious to others after 21 days into the illness, or after treatment with antibiotics for 5 days. […] Indications include diagnosis in catarrhal or early paroxysmal phase (may reduce severity). […] Cough for 14 days or symptoms for 21 days (may reduce spread and school exclusion period). […] Azithromycin 6 months old: 10 mg/kg oral daily for 5 days. […] If macrolides are contraindicated, or B pertussis is resistant to macrolides: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (8/40 mg/mL) 2 months old: 0.5 mL/kg (max 20 mL) oral bd for 7 days. […] Erythromycin is not recommended due to the risk of pyloric stenosis in infants.

• #29 Whooping cough (pertussis) factsheet | The Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network

  https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/whooping-cough-pertussis-factsheet

  Antibiotics can treat whooping cough when caught early, before three weeks. They can help reduce the seriousness of symptoms and the risk of spreading whooping cough to others. […] Treating your child’s whooping cough at home will often include: lots of rest, small, frequent sips of fluids, isolating while infectious until they have been coughing for over three weeks, removing irritants from the home including aerosol sprays and cigarette smoke. […] Babies under six months of age will usually need treatment in a hospital as whooping cough can be life-threatening.

• #30

  https://www.ottawapublichealth.ca/en/professionals-and-partners/pertussis-case—contact-management-guidelines-.aspx

  The choice of treatment is a clinical decision, considering the case’s age, the cost of the medication and the potential side effects. […] Recommended Antimicrobial Agents for the Treatment and Postexposure Prophylaxis of Pertussis: 2005 CDC Guidelines […] Azithromycin is the preferred antimicrobial for infants 1 month of age. […] Clarithromycin is not recommended during pregnancy as it is classified as a Category C drug. […] Pregnancy is not a contraindication to azithromycin or erythromycin; both are classified as Category B drugs.

• #31 Whooping cough (Pertussis) – Information for cases and their families | NHS Fife

  https://www.nhsfife.org/services/support-services/public-health/infectious-diseases/whooping-cough-pertussis-information-for-cases-and-their-families/

  Whooping cough is particularly serious for children under one year old but can be treated effectively with the correct antibiotics. […] The nurses or doctors in the team will advise what to do for your household and other close contacts and will check if you are on a suitable antibiotic. […] You should be treated with antibiotics and should stay off work/ school/ nursery until you have had 48 hours of antibiotic. […] Effective antibiotics for the treatment and prevention of whooping cough include clarithromycin, erythromycin and co-trimoxazole (for 7 days). A shorter course of azithromycin (3 days) is sometimes indicated. […] Patients with whooping cough can return to normal activities once they have been treated with antibiotics (clarithromycin, erythromycin, co-trimoxazole or azithromycin) for whooping cough for 48 hours.

• #32 Symptomatic treatment of the cough in whooping cough

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7154224/

  Around 16 million cases of whooping cough (pertussis) occur worldwide each year, mostly in low-income countries. Much of the morbidity of whooping cough in children and adults is due to the effects of the paroxysmal cough. Cough treatments proposed include corticosteroids, beta2-adrenergic agonists, pertussis-specific immunoglobulin, antihistamines and possibly leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs). […] There is insufficient evidence to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of interventions for the cough in whooping cough. More high-quality trials are needed to assess the effectiveness of potential antitussive treatments in patients with whooping cough. […] The treatment of the cough is symptomatic, that is, treatment aims to reduce the severity of the cough paroxysms until the disease has run its course, but the value of current interventions used to relieve the ongoing symptoms is limited. The treatments that have been recommended include corticosteroids (for example, dexamethasone), salbutamol (beta2-adrenergic agonist), pertussis immunoglobulin and antihistamines (for example, diphenhydramine). Experimental data also suggest that leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) may have some benefit in the treatment of pertussis-induced cough. […] To date there has been no significant evidence of benefit for any individual treatment in reducing the symptoms and morbidity associated with whooping cough.

• #33 What is the 100-day cough? | UNICEF Europe and Central Asia

  https://www.unicef.org/eca/stories/what-100-day-cough

  Once contracted, the most effective treatment for whooping cough is antibiotics, which kill the bacteria causing the infection. But antibiotics may not always relieve symptoms. People with whooping cough also can be contagious for about three weeks. This means the infection often has a lot of time and opportunity to spread to other people. […] As a result, the best protection against whooping cough is vaccination. A highly effective vaccine for whooping cough was first formulated 75 years ago. In the 1940s, it was combined with inactivated bacteria that cause diphtheria and tetanus, creating the DTP vaccine. […] Highly effective and safe, the DTP vaccine provides 98 per cent protection against pertussis infection. Today, the DTP vaccine is estimated to save around 13 million people per year from dying of pertussis.

• #34 What is the 100-day cough? | UNICEF Europe and Central Asia

  https://www.unicef.org/eca/stories/what-100-day-cough

  The World Health Organization recommends that the first dose be administered to infants at six weeks of age, the second dose at 10-14 weeks, and the third at 14-18 weeks. A fourth dose is given at 15 to 18 months of age, and a fifth dose is provided at four years old. […] To protect babies who are too young to have received their jabs, pregnant women are also recommended to receive a pertussis vaccination. This is because being vaccinated in pregnancy offers 90 per cent protection to the baby between birth and being able to receive the first vaccination dose. There is no indication that receiving a DTP vaccine in pregnancy presents any risk of harm to a foetus.

• #35

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/whooping-cough-diagnosis-information/information-for-individuals-diagnosed-with-whooping-cough

  However, if you are a nursery worker providing close personal care to babies or a healthcare worker providing close personal care to pregnant women or babies and you are not receiving antibiotics to treat your illness, then you will need to stay off work for 3 weeks from the start of the cough. […] This will help reduce the chance of passing on the infection to babies who are most at risk of becoming seriously unwell. […] Whooping cough can be a very serious illness in young babies who are not fully vaccinated against it. […] Therefore, if there are pregnant women or young babies in your household, they may be offered antibiotics and vaccination to help protect them. […] Vaccination in pregnancy is key to passively protecting babies before they can be directly protected by the infant vaccine programme. […] It is important that babies are vaccinated when they become eligible for infant doses and that those who miss vaccination are caught up at the earliest opportunity.

• #36 Suppressing Whooping Cough | National Museum of American History

  https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object-groups/antibody-initiative/suppressing-whooping-cough

  A vaccine that could be proven effective, and did not produce unacceptable side effects, was elusive. […] From the 1940s through the 1960s, various pertussis vaccines were developed that came into common use. Whole-cell vaccines (which used the entire pertussis organism) became the prevalent variety in the U.S. […] The significant benefits of the vaccine were judged to outweigh the side effects. […] The current whooping cough vaccines are unusual they are effective, but not as predictably protective or long-lasting as many other vaccines, and when outbreaks of the disease occur even some vaccinated individuals become infected. However, vaccinated people usually display much milder symptoms. […] In the 1940s, a combined vaccine for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis was introduced. Different versions of the combined vaccine are used depending on the patients age.

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