Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  Prognostic factors in cutaneous melanoma have been closely studied; they include histopathological characteristics, patient characteristics, biochemical measures and most recently genetic mutations. Each of these will be considered in turn. […] The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is globally acknowledged as an invaluable tool in predicting outcomes for patients diagnosed with melanoma. It is based on data derived from analysis of tens of thousands of cutaneous melanoma patients; the current seventh edition was introduced early in 2010 and incorporated new factors not previously used in the estimation of melanoma prognosis. […] Histopathological features logically form the main criteria for determining prognosis. Increasing thickness of the cutaneous primary correlates with worsening survival outcomes, dropping from 96% 10-year survival for lesions 1 mm, to 54% for lesions 4 mm; even for lesions 1 mm in thickness, there is further deterioration in outcome between lesions 0.25 mm thickness and those 0.75 mm.

• #2 Prognosis and survival for melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/melanoma-skin/prognosis-and-survival

  A prognosis is the doctor’s best estimate of how cancer will affect you and how it will respond to treatment. Survival is the percentage of people with a disease who are alive at some point in time after their diagnosis. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. […] The following are prognostic and predictive factors for melanoma skin cancer. […] The thickness of the primary tumour refers to how many layers of skin it has grown into. It is an important prognostic factor because it helps predict the risk that the cancer will spread. Thicker tumours have a higher risk of spreading to other parts of the body and coming back (recurring) after treatment. The thicker the tumour, the poorer the prognosis. […] An ulcerated primary tumour has a less favourable prognosis than one that isn’t ulcerated. Ulceration increases the risk that the cancer will spread to other parts of the body and come back after treatment.

• #3 Melanoma of the Skin — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/melan.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 104,960. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 8,430. […] % of All New Cancer Cases 5.1%. […] % of All Cancer Deaths 1.4%. […] 5-Year Relative Survival 94.7% 2015–2021. […] The earlier melanoma of the skin is caught, the better chance a person has of surviving five years after being diagnosed. For melanoma of the skin, 77.0% are diagnosed at the local stage. The 5-year relative survival for localized melanoma of the skin is 100.0%. […] Cancer stage at diagnosis, which refers to extent of a cancer in the body, determines treatment options and has a strong influence on the length of survival. […] The percent of melanoma of the skin deaths is highest among people aged 65–74. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new melanoma of the skin cases have been rising on average 1.2% each year over 2013–2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 2.8% each year over 2014–2023. […] 5-year relative survival trends are shown below.

• #4 Survival Rates for Melanoma Skin Cancer – MRA

  https://www.curemelanoma.org/about-melanoma/melanoma-staging/melanoma-survival-rates

  Five-Year Survival Rate by Melanoma Stage: Localized melanoma: Stage 0, Stage I, and Stage II: 98.4%. […] Regional melanoma: Stage III: 63.6%. […] Metastatic melanoma: Stage IV: 22.5%. […] Note: Melanoma treatments have improved significantly with the addition of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. These survival rates are only beginning to reflect these advancements.

• #5 Survival statistics for melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/melanoma-skin/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics

  Survival statistics for cancer are very general estimates and must be interpreted very carefully. Because these statistics are based on the experience of groups of people, they cannot be used to predict a particular persons chances of survival. […] In Canada, the 5-year net survival for melanoma skin cancer is 89%. This means that, on average, about 89% of people diagnosed with melanoma will live for at least 5 years. […] Survival varies with each stage of melanoma. Generally, the earlier melanoma is diagnosed and treated, the better the outcome. Most melanomas are found at an early stage and this type of cancer often responds well to cancer treatment. […] Melanoma-specific survival is an estimate of the percentage of people with melanoma who have not died from the disease in a certain period of time since diagnosis.

• #6 Survival Rates for Melanoma Skin Cancer – MRA

  https://www.curemelanoma.org/about-melanoma/melanoma-staging/melanoma-survival-rates

  Melanoma survival rates provide the proportion of people with a particular stage of melanoma who are alive after a predetermined amount of time, normally 5 or 10 years, after diagnosis. […] Although these numbers can be helpful to you when making treatment and other decisions, they do not dictate how long you will live. […] Most of the time, you will see these numbers written as 5-year survival rates. So, a 98% 5-year survival rate can be understood as predicting that 98 out of 100 people will be alive 5 years after diagnosis. […] Keep in mind that these numbers are accurate for a group of people, but they dont provide a complete picture for any one individual. […] Melanoma treatments have improved significantly with the addition of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. These survival rates are only beginning to reflect these advancements.

• #7 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  Prognostic factors in cutaneous melanoma have been closely studied; they include histopathological characteristics, patient characteristics, biochemical measures and most recently genetic mutations. Each of these will be considered in turn. […] The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is globally acknowledged as an invaluable tool in predicting outcomes for patients diagnosed with melanoma. It is based on data derived from analysis of tens of thousands of cutaneous melanoma patients; the current seventh edition was introduced early in 2010 and incorporated new factors not previously used in the estimation of melanoma prognosis. […] Histopathological features logically form the main criteria for determining prognosis. Increasing thickness of the cutaneous primary correlates with worsening survival outcomes, dropping from 96% 10-year survival for lesions 1 mm, to 54% for lesions 4 mm; even for lesions 1 mm in thickness, there is further deterioration in outcome between lesions 0.25 mm thickness and those 0.75 mm.

• #8 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  Prognostic factors in cutaneous melanoma have been closely studied; they include histopathological characteristics, patient characteristics, biochemical measures and most recently genetic mutations. Each of these will be considered in turn. […] The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is globally acknowledged as an invaluable tool in predicting outcomes for patients diagnosed with melanoma. It is based on data derived from analysis of tens of thousands of cutaneous melanoma patients; the current seventh edition was introduced early in 2010 and incorporated new factors not previously used in the estimation of melanoma prognosis. […] Histopathological features logically form the main criteria for determining prognosis. Increasing thickness of the cutaneous primary correlates with worsening survival outcomes, dropping from 96% 10-year survival for lesions 1 mm, to 54% for lesions 4 mm; even for lesions 1 mm in thickness, there is further deterioration in outcome between lesions 0.25 mm thickness and those 0.75 mm.

• #9 Prognosis and survival for melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/melanoma-skin/prognosis-and-survival

  A prognosis is the doctor’s best estimate of how cancer will affect you and how it will respond to treatment. Survival is the percentage of people with a disease who are alive at some point in time after their diagnosis. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. […] The following are prognostic and predictive factors for melanoma skin cancer. […] The thickness of the primary tumour refers to how many layers of skin it has grown into. It is an important prognostic factor because it helps predict the risk that the cancer will spread. Thicker tumours have a higher risk of spreading to other parts of the body and coming back (recurring) after treatment. The thicker the tumour, the poorer the prognosis. […] An ulcerated primary tumour has a less favourable prognosis than one that isn’t ulcerated. Ulceration increases the risk that the cancer will spread to other parts of the body and come back after treatment.

• #10 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  Moreover, at each tumour thickness it has been demonstrated that the presence of epithelial ulceration in the primary results in a worse prognosis than if there is no ulceration. […] These two features (tumour thickness and ulceration) are arguably the most powerful independent prognostic factors for cutaneous melanoma. […] A third significant pathological feature is the mitotic rate; a rate of 20 mitosis/mm2 results in a 10-year survival of approximately 48% relative to 93% in those individuals with 1 mitosis/mm2. […] The site of the primary also has important prognostic implications; those arising centrally (trunk, head and neck) tend to carry a worse prognosis than those arising on the limbs (lower upper). […] Additionally, cutaneous melanoma can metastasise to lymph nodes. The presence of lymph-node disease has adverse prognostic implications, with further variation depending on the burden of nodal disease both in terms of micrometastatic versus macroscopic disease and the number of lymph nodes involved.

• #11 Prognosis and survival for melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/melanoma-skin/prognosis-and-survival

  A prognosis is the doctor’s best estimate of how cancer will affect you and how it will respond to treatment. Survival is the percentage of people with a disease who are alive at some point in time after their diagnosis. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. […] The following are prognostic and predictive factors for melanoma skin cancer. […] The thickness of the primary tumour refers to how many layers of skin it has grown into. It is an important prognostic factor because it helps predict the risk that the cancer will spread. Thicker tumours have a higher risk of spreading to other parts of the body and coming back (recurring) after treatment. The thicker the tumour, the poorer the prognosis. […] An ulcerated primary tumour has a less favourable prognosis than one that isn’t ulcerated. Ulceration increases the risk that the cancer will spread to other parts of the body and come back after treatment.

• #12 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  Moreover, at each tumour thickness it has been demonstrated that the presence of epithelial ulceration in the primary results in a worse prognosis than if there is no ulceration. […] These two features (tumour thickness and ulceration) are arguably the most powerful independent prognostic factors for cutaneous melanoma. […] A third significant pathological feature is the mitotic rate; a rate of 20 mitosis/mm2 results in a 10-year survival of approximately 48% relative to 93% in those individuals with 1 mitosis/mm2. […] The site of the primary also has important prognostic implications; those arising centrally (trunk, head and neck) tend to carry a worse prognosis than those arising on the limbs (lower upper). […] Additionally, cutaneous melanoma can metastasise to lymph nodes. The presence of lymph-node disease has adverse prognostic implications, with further variation depending on the burden of nodal disease both in terms of micrometastatic versus macroscopic disease and the number of lymph nodes involved.

• #13 Prognosis and survival for melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/melanoma-skin/prognosis-and-survival

  An increased mitotic rate is linked with a poor prognosis. […] If cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, the prognosis is poorer. The more lymph nodes that contain cancer, the poorer the prognosis. […] Having melanoma on the arms or legs (extremities) has a better prognosis than having melanoma on the central part of the body (trunk), head or neck. […] Women tend to have a better prognosis than men when diagnosed with melanoma. […] People younger than 35 years of age have a greater risk of melanoma spreading to nearby lymph nodes. But, overall, people who are older have a poorer prognosis. […] Nodular melanoma has a poor prognosis because it grows down into the layers of the skin (vertical growth pattern) and tends to be thick when diagnosed. […] Melanoma has a poor prognosis when it spreads to other parts of the body (called distant metastases), such as the lung, the liver or the brain. […] For metastatic melanoma, a high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level in the blood has a poorer prognosis than when the LDH level is normal.

• #14 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  Prognostic factors in cutaneous melanoma have been closely studied; they include histopathological characteristics, patient characteristics, biochemical measures and most recently genetic mutations. Each of these will be considered in turn. […] The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is globally acknowledged as an invaluable tool in predicting outcomes for patients diagnosed with melanoma. It is based on data derived from analysis of tens of thousands of cutaneous melanoma patients; the current seventh edition was introduced early in 2010 and incorporated new factors not previously used in the estimation of melanoma prognosis. […] Histopathological features logically form the main criteria for determining prognosis. Increasing thickness of the cutaneous primary correlates with worsening survival outcomes, dropping from 96% 10-year survival for lesions 1 mm, to 54% for lesions 4 mm; even for lesions 1 mm in thickness, there is further deterioration in outcome between lesions 0.25 mm thickness and those 0.75 mm.

• #15 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  Moreover, at each tumour thickness it has been demonstrated that the presence of epithelial ulceration in the primary results in a worse prognosis than if there is no ulceration. […] These two features (tumour thickness and ulceration) are arguably the most powerful independent prognostic factors for cutaneous melanoma. […] A third significant pathological feature is the mitotic rate; a rate of 20 mitosis/mm2 results in a 10-year survival of approximately 48% relative to 93% in those individuals with 1 mitosis/mm2. […] The site of the primary also has important prognostic implications; those arising centrally (trunk, head and neck) tend to carry a worse prognosis than those arising on the limbs (lower upper). […] Additionally, cutaneous melanoma can metastasise to lymph nodes. The presence of lymph-node disease has adverse prognostic implications, with further variation depending on the burden of nodal disease both in terms of micrometastatic versus macroscopic disease and the number of lymph nodes involved.

• #16 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  Moreover, at each tumour thickness it has been demonstrated that the presence of epithelial ulceration in the primary results in a worse prognosis than if there is no ulceration. […] These two features (tumour thickness and ulceration) are arguably the most powerful independent prognostic factors for cutaneous melanoma. […] A third significant pathological feature is the mitotic rate; a rate of 20 mitosis/mm2 results in a 10-year survival of approximately 48% relative to 93% in those individuals with 1 mitosis/mm2. […] The site of the primary also has important prognostic implications; those arising centrally (trunk, head and neck) tend to carry a worse prognosis than those arising on the limbs (lower upper). […] Additionally, cutaneous melanoma can metastasise to lymph nodes. The presence of lymph-node disease has adverse prognostic implications, with further variation depending on the burden of nodal disease both in terms of micrometastatic versus macroscopic disease and the number of lymph nodes involved.

• #17 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  Moreover, at each tumour thickness it has been demonstrated that the presence of epithelial ulceration in the primary results in a worse prognosis than if there is no ulceration. […] These two features (tumour thickness and ulceration) are arguably the most powerful independent prognostic factors for cutaneous melanoma. […] A third significant pathological feature is the mitotic rate; a rate of 20 mitosis/mm2 results in a 10-year survival of approximately 48% relative to 93% in those individuals with 1 mitosis/mm2. […] The site of the primary also has important prognostic implications; those arising centrally (trunk, head and neck) tend to carry a worse prognosis than those arising on the limbs (lower upper). […] Additionally, cutaneous melanoma can metastasise to lymph nodes. The presence of lymph-node disease has adverse prognostic implications, with further variation depending on the burden of nodal disease both in terms of micrometastatic versus macroscopic disease and the number of lymph nodes involved.

• #18 Prognosis and survival for melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/melanoma-skin/prognosis-and-survival

  An increased mitotic rate is linked with a poor prognosis. […] If cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, the prognosis is poorer. The more lymph nodes that contain cancer, the poorer the prognosis. […] Having melanoma on the arms or legs (extremities) has a better prognosis than having melanoma on the central part of the body (trunk), head or neck. […] Women tend to have a better prognosis than men when diagnosed with melanoma. […] People younger than 35 years of age have a greater risk of melanoma spreading to nearby lymph nodes. But, overall, people who are older have a poorer prognosis. […] Nodular melanoma has a poor prognosis because it grows down into the layers of the skin (vertical growth pattern) and tends to be thick when diagnosed. […] Melanoma has a poor prognosis when it spreads to other parts of the body (called distant metastases), such as the lung, the liver or the brain. […] For metastatic melanoma, a high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level in the blood has a poorer prognosis than when the LDH level is normal.

• #19 Prognosis and survival for melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/melanoma-skin/prognosis-and-survival

  An increased mitotic rate is linked with a poor prognosis. […] If cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, the prognosis is poorer. The more lymph nodes that contain cancer, the poorer the prognosis. […] Having melanoma on the arms or legs (extremities) has a better prognosis than having melanoma on the central part of the body (trunk), head or neck. […] Women tend to have a better prognosis than men when diagnosed with melanoma. […] People younger than 35 years of age have a greater risk of melanoma spreading to nearby lymph nodes. But, overall, people who are older have a poorer prognosis. […] Nodular melanoma has a poor prognosis because it grows down into the layers of the skin (vertical growth pattern) and tends to be thick when diagnosed. […] Melanoma has a poor prognosis when it spreads to other parts of the body (called distant metastases), such as the lung, the liver or the brain. […] For metastatic melanoma, a high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level in the blood has a poorer prognosis than when the LDH level is normal.

• #20 Analysis of prognostic factors for melanoma patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5467960/

  Melanoma diagnosed at an early stage and of a small depth had higher survival rates. […] Back/breast skin melanoma had poorer prognosis than other anatomic sites. […] Nodular melanoma had the lowest melanoma-specific survival, while superficial spreading or lentigo maligna had the best prognosis among histological subtypes. […] However, differences in melanoma survival in different sex and age groups, localizations and histological types were not statistically significant. […] The depth of melanoma had a statistically significant impact on melanoma survival (p = 0.049). Lesions less than 1.00 mm had ten-year melanoma-specific survival of 87.5% while the ten-year survival for lesions of 1.01-2.00 mm was 61.11%; 2.01-4.00 mm 47.05%, and for lesions thicker than 4.00 mm, ten-year survival was only 16.66%.

• #21 Regression in primary cutaneous melanoma: etiopathogenesis and clinical significance | Laboratory Investigation

  https://www.nature.com/articles/labinvest20178

  To date, the biologic significance of melanoma regression has not been completely elucidated. When only a portion of the primary melanoma has undergone regression, it is unclear whether mere reduction in tumor volume has a favorable effect on patient outcome. […] Several studies have failed to show a correlation between regression and patient outcome. […] In contrast, other studies have indicated that the presence of regression in melanoma was associated with a poor prognosis. […] Thus, the prognostic significance of regression in primary melanoma has been controversial for many years. […] In a multifactorial analysis of prognostic variables, Balch et al demonstrated that the presence of regression did not affect survival rates in 339 patients with melanoma. […] A similar lack of association between regression and survival has been reported by a few other studies.

• #22 Regression in primary cutaneous melanoma: etiopathogenesis and clinical significance | Laboratory Investigation

  https://www.nature.com/articles/labinvest20178

  In contrast, Slingluff et al reported, in a study of 681 thin melanomas (Breslow thickness 0.76mm), that severe regression in thin melanomas was associated with decreased disease-free interval. […] In our experience (unpublished data) some histologic features that characterize regression such as the percentage of horizontal extent of regression may be prognostically informative of the patients outcome.

• #23 Prognosis and survival for melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/melanoma-skin/prognosis-and-survival

  An increased mitotic rate is linked with a poor prognosis. […] If cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, the prognosis is poorer. The more lymph nodes that contain cancer, the poorer the prognosis. […] Having melanoma on the arms or legs (extremities) has a better prognosis than having melanoma on the central part of the body (trunk), head or neck. […] Women tend to have a better prognosis than men when diagnosed with melanoma. […] People younger than 35 years of age have a greater risk of melanoma spreading to nearby lymph nodes. But, overall, people who are older have a poorer prognosis. […] Nodular melanoma has a poor prognosis because it grows down into the layers of the skin (vertical growth pattern) and tends to be thick when diagnosed. […] Melanoma has a poor prognosis when it spreads to other parts of the body (called distant metastases), such as the lung, the liver or the brain. […] For metastatic melanoma, a high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level in the blood has a poorer prognosis than when the LDH level is normal.

• #24 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  Moreover, at each tumour thickness it has been demonstrated that the presence of epithelial ulceration in the primary results in a worse prognosis than if there is no ulceration. […] These two features (tumour thickness and ulceration) are arguably the most powerful independent prognostic factors for cutaneous melanoma. […] A third significant pathological feature is the mitotic rate; a rate of 20 mitosis/mm2 results in a 10-year survival of approximately 48% relative to 93% in those individuals with 1 mitosis/mm2. […] The site of the primary also has important prognostic implications; those arising centrally (trunk, head and neck) tend to carry a worse prognosis than those arising on the limbs (lower upper). […] Additionally, cutaneous melanoma can metastasise to lymph nodes. The presence of lymph-node disease has adverse prognostic implications, with further variation depending on the burden of nodal disease both in terms of micrometastatic versus macroscopic disease and the number of lymph nodes involved.

• #25

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/dermatology/cutaneous-malignant-melanoma/

  The presence of regional lymph node metastases imparts an overall 5-year melanoma-specific survival rate of 77% and a 10-year melanoma-specific survival of 69%. When adjusting for size of lymph node deposits and number of nodes involved, the melanoma-specific survival ranges from 57% to 82% at 5 years and 47% to 75% at 10 years. The most important prognostic factor for stage III melanoma is the number of positive lymph nodes. Patients with nodal micrometastases have an improved survival compared with patients with clinically palpable nodes. Patients with melanoma on an extremity and younger age at diagnosis have been shown to have a better prognosis. If there are distant metastases, median survival is about 6 to 9 months. For stage IV, the prognostic variables suggesting worse prognosis include increasing number of metastatic sites, visceral location of metastases (lung, liver, brain, bone), absence of resectable metastases, male sex, and shorter duration of remission. Patients with nonvisceral disease (eg, skin, subcutaneous tissue, lymph nodes) have a better median survival rate, ranging from 12 to 15 months, and are more likely to respond to chemotherapy. […]

• #26

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/dermatology/cutaneous-malignant-melanoma/

  The presence of regional lymph node metastases imparts an overall 5-year melanoma-specific survival rate of 77% and a 10-year melanoma-specific survival of 69%. When adjusting for size of lymph node deposits and number of nodes involved, the melanoma-specific survival ranges from 57% to 82% at 5 years and 47% to 75% at 10 years. The most important prognostic factor for stage III melanoma is the number of positive lymph nodes. Patients with nodal micrometastases have an improved survival compared with patients with clinically palpable nodes. Patients with melanoma on an extremity and younger age at diagnosis have been shown to have a better prognosis. If there are distant metastases, median survival is about 6 to 9 months. For stage IV, the prognostic variables suggesting worse prognosis include increasing number of metastatic sites, visceral location of metastases (lung, liver, brain, bone), absence of resectable metastases, male sex, and shorter duration of remission. Patients with nonvisceral disease (eg, skin, subcutaneous tissue, lymph nodes) have a better median survival rate, ranging from 12 to 15 months, and are more likely to respond to chemotherapy. […]

• #27 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  The presence of microscopic lymph-node disease results in 10-year survival rates of 63%, but if macroscopic disease is present this drops to 47%. […] Similarly, there is a 10% 5-year survival deterioration with an increase in the number of nodes involved (from 1 to 3); for those with macroscopic metastases this increased risk is independent of other primary tumour characteristics. […] Metastases to other sites have adverse prognostic implications. Satellite cutaneous lesions reduce survival by a similar proportion to lymph-node metastases, with worsening prognosis with metastases to the lung and further deterioration with any other organ involvement. […] In terms of patient characteristics, it is well established that age is an independent prognostic factor, with worsening outcome associated with increasing age.

• #28 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  The presence of microscopic lymph-node disease results in 10-year survival rates of 63%, but if macroscopic disease is present this drops to 47%. […] Similarly, there is a 10% 5-year survival deterioration with an increase in the number of nodes involved (from 1 to 3); for those with macroscopic metastases this increased risk is independent of other primary tumour characteristics. […] Metastases to other sites have adverse prognostic implications. Satellite cutaneous lesions reduce survival by a similar proportion to lymph-node metastases, with worsening prognosis with metastases to the lung and further deterioration with any other organ involvement. […] In terms of patient characteristics, it is well established that age is an independent prognostic factor, with worsening outcome associated with increasing age.

• #29

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/dermatology/cutaneous-malignant-melanoma/

  The presence of regional lymph node metastases imparts an overall 5-year melanoma-specific survival rate of 77% and a 10-year melanoma-specific survival of 69%. When adjusting for size of lymph node deposits and number of nodes involved, the melanoma-specific survival ranges from 57% to 82% at 5 years and 47% to 75% at 10 years. The most important prognostic factor for stage III melanoma is the number of positive lymph nodes. Patients with nodal micrometastases have an improved survival compared with patients with clinically palpable nodes. Patients with melanoma on an extremity and younger age at diagnosis have been shown to have a better prognosis. If there are distant metastases, median survival is about 6 to 9 months. For stage IV, the prognostic variables suggesting worse prognosis include increasing number of metastatic sites, visceral location of metastases (lung, liver, brain, bone), absence of resectable metastases, male sex, and shorter duration of remission. Patients with nonvisceral disease (eg, skin, subcutaneous tissue, lymph nodes) have a better median survival rate, ranging from 12 to 15 months, and are more likely to respond to chemotherapy. […]

• #30 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  The presence of microscopic lymph-node disease results in 10-year survival rates of 63%, but if macroscopic disease is present this drops to 47%. […] Similarly, there is a 10% 5-year survival deterioration with an increase in the number of nodes involved (from 1 to 3); for those with macroscopic metastases this increased risk is independent of other primary tumour characteristics. […] Metastases to other sites have adverse prognostic implications. Satellite cutaneous lesions reduce survival by a similar proportion to lymph-node metastases, with worsening prognosis with metastases to the lung and further deterioration with any other organ involvement. […] In terms of patient characteristics, it is well established that age is an independent prognostic factor, with worsening outcome associated with increasing age.

• #31 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Melanoma-Prognosis.aspx

  The prognosis for a patient with melanoma depends on a number of different characteristics of the tumor, including the type and stage of progression. […] If melanoma can be diagnosed early, the prognosis is very high with a survival rate close to 100%, but the prognosis is significantly worsened if the diagnosis is not made until the later stages of progression. […] If the melanoma has spread to the nearby lymph nodes, the number and extent of affected nodes are important indicators of the severity of the disease. […] Certain types of melanoma are associated with a better or poorer prognosis, which is usually related to the typical thickness of the type. […] The size of the metastases changes the prognosis, with micrometastases associated with a better prognosis than patients with macrometastases.

• #32 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  The presence of microscopic lymph-node disease results in 10-year survival rates of 63%, but if macroscopic disease is present this drops to 47%. […] Similarly, there is a 10% 5-year survival deterioration with an increase in the number of nodes involved (from 1 to 3); for those with macroscopic metastases this increased risk is independent of other primary tumour characteristics. […] Metastases to other sites have adverse prognostic implications. Satellite cutaneous lesions reduce survival by a similar proportion to lymph-node metastases, with worsening prognosis with metastases to the lung and further deterioration with any other organ involvement. […] In terms of patient characteristics, it is well established that age is an independent prognostic factor, with worsening outcome associated with increasing age.

• #33 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Melanoma-Prognosis.aspx

  It is evident that the 5-year survival rate is lower with more advanced disease, as dictated by the diagnostic staging. […] In stage IV of the disease when there are distant metastases, the cancer is generally considered to be incurable and the median survival is less than once a year, although some patients live for several years.

• #34 Prognosis and survival for melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/melanoma-skin/prognosis-and-survival

  An increased mitotic rate is linked with a poor prognosis. […] If cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, the prognosis is poorer. The more lymph nodes that contain cancer, the poorer the prognosis. […] Having melanoma on the arms or legs (extremities) has a better prognosis than having melanoma on the central part of the body (trunk), head or neck. […] Women tend to have a better prognosis than men when diagnosed with melanoma. […] People younger than 35 years of age have a greater risk of melanoma spreading to nearby lymph nodes. But, overall, people who are older have a poorer prognosis. […] Nodular melanoma has a poor prognosis because it grows down into the layers of the skin (vertical growth pattern) and tends to be thick when diagnosed. […] Melanoma has a poor prognosis when it spreads to other parts of the body (called distant metastases), such as the lung, the liver or the brain. […] For metastatic melanoma, a high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level in the blood has a poorer prognosis than when the LDH level is normal.

• #35

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/dermatology/cutaneous-malignant-melanoma/

  The presence of regional lymph node metastases imparts an overall 5-year melanoma-specific survival rate of 77% and a 10-year melanoma-specific survival of 69%. When adjusting for size of lymph node deposits and number of nodes involved, the melanoma-specific survival ranges from 57% to 82% at 5 years and 47% to 75% at 10 years. The most important prognostic factor for stage III melanoma is the number of positive lymph nodes. Patients with nodal micrometastases have an improved survival compared with patients with clinically palpable nodes. Patients with melanoma on an extremity and younger age at diagnosis have been shown to have a better prognosis. If there are distant metastases, median survival is about 6 to 9 months. For stage IV, the prognostic variables suggesting worse prognosis include increasing number of metastatic sites, visceral location of metastases (lung, liver, brain, bone), absence of resectable metastases, male sex, and shorter duration of remission. Patients with nonvisceral disease (eg, skin, subcutaneous tissue, lymph nodes) have a better median survival rate, ranging from 12 to 15 months, and are more likely to respond to chemotherapy. […]

• #36 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  The presence of microscopic lymph-node disease results in 10-year survival rates of 63%, but if macroscopic disease is present this drops to 47%. […] Similarly, there is a 10% 5-year survival deterioration with an increase in the number of nodes involved (from 1 to 3); for those with macroscopic metastases this increased risk is independent of other primary tumour characteristics. […] Metastases to other sites have adverse prognostic implications. Satellite cutaneous lesions reduce survival by a similar proportion to lymph-node metastases, with worsening prognosis with metastases to the lung and further deterioration with any other organ involvement. […] In terms of patient characteristics, it is well established that age is an independent prognostic factor, with worsening outcome associated with increasing age.

• #37 Prognosis and survival for melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/melanoma-skin/prognosis-and-survival

  An increased mitotic rate is linked with a poor prognosis. […] If cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, the prognosis is poorer. The more lymph nodes that contain cancer, the poorer the prognosis. […] Having melanoma on the arms or legs (extremities) has a better prognosis than having melanoma on the central part of the body (trunk), head or neck. […] Women tend to have a better prognosis than men when diagnosed with melanoma. […] People younger than 35 years of age have a greater risk of melanoma spreading to nearby lymph nodes. But, overall, people who are older have a poorer prognosis. […] Nodular melanoma has a poor prognosis because it grows down into the layers of the skin (vertical growth pattern) and tends to be thick when diagnosed. […] Melanoma has a poor prognosis when it spreads to other parts of the body (called distant metastases), such as the lung, the liver or the brain. […] For metastatic melanoma, a high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level in the blood has a poorer prognosis than when the LDH level is normal.

• #38 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  The presence of microscopic lymph-node disease results in 10-year survival rates of 63%, but if macroscopic disease is present this drops to 47%. […] Similarly, there is a 10% 5-year survival deterioration with an increase in the number of nodes involved (from 1 to 3); for those with macroscopic metastases this increased risk is independent of other primary tumour characteristics. […] Metastases to other sites have adverse prognostic implications. Satellite cutaneous lesions reduce survival by a similar proportion to lymph-node metastases, with worsening prognosis with metastases to the lung and further deterioration with any other organ involvement. […] In terms of patient characteristics, it is well established that age is an independent prognostic factor, with worsening outcome associated with increasing age.

• #39 Prognosis and survival for melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/melanoma-skin/prognosis-and-survival

  An increased mitotic rate is linked with a poor prognosis. […] If cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, the prognosis is poorer. The more lymph nodes that contain cancer, the poorer the prognosis. […] Having melanoma on the arms or legs (extremities) has a better prognosis than having melanoma on the central part of the body (trunk), head or neck. […] Women tend to have a better prognosis than men when diagnosed with melanoma. […] People younger than 35 years of age have a greater risk of melanoma spreading to nearby lymph nodes. But, overall, people who are older have a poorer prognosis. […] Nodular melanoma has a poor prognosis because it grows down into the layers of the skin (vertical growth pattern) and tends to be thick when diagnosed. […] Melanoma has a poor prognosis when it spreads to other parts of the body (called distant metastases), such as the lung, the liver or the brain. […] For metastatic melanoma, a high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level in the blood has a poorer prognosis than when the LDH level is normal.

• #40 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  Interestingly, for early-stage (III) melanoma, female gender also has positive prognostic implications, possibly related to the higher number of thin, non-ulcerated, extremity lesions diagnosed in women. […] The histopathological factors previously discussed are more prognostically significant than gender. […] With regard to biochemical features, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is well recognised as an independent prognostic factor in cutaneous melanoma; in multivariate analysis a raised LDH level predicts approximately 50% lower survival rates in patients with distant metastases. […] Other serum prognostic biomarkers have also been studied; the most promising, S100 protein levels, correlate with survival in patients with resected locoregional disease, with high levels predicting a significantly worse outcome than with normal levels.

• #41 Survival Prediction of Malignant Skin Cancer | IJGM

  https://www.dovepress.com/incidence-trends-and-survival-prediction-of-malignant-skin-cancer-a-se-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJGM

  The overall age-adjusted incidence of skin cancer increased in America from 1973 to 2005 (APC = 2.8%, 95% CI: 2.6 2.9%, P 0.05). […] Age, ethnicity, marital status and surgical history were related with survival of malignant skin cancer. Nomograms were effective tools for predicting the survival prognosis. […] Overall survival rate of patients with 3-year and 5-year was 51.4% and 33.8%, respectively. Overall, 1080 (30.4%) patients died during follow-up. The related risk factors of short OS encompassed white ethnicity, over 66 years old, unmarried, regions of Northern plains, male, stage III, other non-epithelial skin and no surgery (P 0.05). […] In addition to that, cancer survival rate was also affected by marital status. Previous researches pointed out that the married group had longer OS than the unmarried, which is in accordance with our study.

• #42 Survival for melanoma skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/melanoma/survival

  Around 45 out of 100 people (around 45%) survived for 6 and a half years or more. […] almost all people (almost 100%) will survive their melanoma for 1 year or more […] almost 95 out of every 100 people (almost 95%) will survive their melanoma for 5 years or more […] more than 85 in 100 people (more than 85%) will survive their melanoma for 10 years or more. […] Your outlook depends on the stage of the cancer when it was diagnosed. […] Survival is better for women than it is for men. […] Age can also affect outlook and younger people have a better prognosis than older people.

• #43 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  Interestingly, for early-stage (III) melanoma, female gender also has positive prognostic implications, possibly related to the higher number of thin, non-ulcerated, extremity lesions diagnosed in women. […] The histopathological factors previously discussed are more prognostically significant than gender. […] With regard to biochemical features, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is well recognised as an independent prognostic factor in cutaneous melanoma; in multivariate analysis a raised LDH level predicts approximately 50% lower survival rates in patients with distant metastases. […] Other serum prognostic biomarkers have also been studied; the most promising, S100 protein levels, correlate with survival in patients with resected locoregional disease, with high levels predicting a significantly worse outcome than with normal levels.

• #44 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  Interestingly, for early-stage (III) melanoma, female gender also has positive prognostic implications, possibly related to the higher number of thin, non-ulcerated, extremity lesions diagnosed in women. […] The histopathological factors previously discussed are more prognostically significant than gender. […] With regard to biochemical features, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is well recognised as an independent prognostic factor in cutaneous melanoma; in multivariate analysis a raised LDH level predicts approximately 50% lower survival rates in patients with distant metastases. […] Other serum prognostic biomarkers have also been studied; the most promising, S100 protein levels, correlate with survival in patients with resected locoregional disease, with high levels predicting a significantly worse outcome than with normal levels.

• #45 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  Interestingly, for early-stage (III) melanoma, female gender also has positive prognostic implications, possibly related to the higher number of thin, non-ulcerated, extremity lesions diagnosed in women. […] The histopathological factors previously discussed are more prognostically significant than gender. […] With regard to biochemical features, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is well recognised as an independent prognostic factor in cutaneous melanoma; in multivariate analysis a raised LDH level predicts approximately 50% lower survival rates in patients with distant metastases. […] Other serum prognostic biomarkers have also been studied; the most promising, S100 protein levels, correlate with survival in patients with resected locoregional disease, with high levels predicting a significantly worse outcome than with normal levels.

• #46 Molecular Pathology of Skin Melanoma: Epidemiology, Differential Diagnostics, Prognosis and Therapy Prediction

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/10/5384

  Unfortunately, none of these signatures has been analyzed in prospective clinical trials for their prognostic power. […] The continuous monitoring of LDH levels upon target therapy or immunotherapy can also be used to assess efficacy since responding patients are characterized by normalizing LDH levels. […] The density or composition of tumor-infiltrating immune cells will have a prognostic role as well. […] A high density of CD3+/CD8+ T lymphocytes, as well as that of CD20+ B cells, predicted favorable outcome. […] In studies evaluating immune cell infiltration in metastases of cutaneous melanoma (focusing mainly on lymph node, subcutaneous or cutaneous metastases), the amount of total TIL was found associated with patients’ survival.

• #47 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  Interestingly, for early-stage (III) melanoma, female gender also has positive prognostic implications, possibly related to the higher number of thin, non-ulcerated, extremity lesions diagnosed in women. […] The histopathological factors previously discussed are more prognostically significant than gender. […] With regard to biochemical features, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is well recognised as an independent prognostic factor in cutaneous melanoma; in multivariate analysis a raised LDH level predicts approximately 50% lower survival rates in patients with distant metastases. […] Other serum prognostic biomarkers have also been studied; the most promising, S100 protein levels, correlate with survival in patients with resected locoregional disease, with high levels predicting a significantly worse outcome than with normal levels.

• #48 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  The increased use of gene expression profiling is also providing further genetic prognostic clues. The BRAF gene mutation which as previously described is integral to melanoma pathogenesis has been investigated as a prognostic marker too. […] It appears to be linked to known prognostic factors such as age and site of primary, whilst also being unrelated to factors such as site of metastasis and LDH. […] In advanced disease, meta-analyses have demonstrated that the presence of a BRAF mutation is independently associated with a worse survival outcome.

• #49 Molecular Pathology of Skin Melanoma: Epidemiology, Differential Diagnostics, Prognosis and Therapy Prediction

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/10/5384

  Molecular pathology plays a critical role in the diagnostics and management of malignant melanoma. […] The prognostication of skin melanoma is still based on staging but can be completed with gene expression analysis (DecisionDx). […] The most extensively validated prognostic melanoma gene signature is a 31-gene expression panel constructed from meta-analyses of skin and uveal melanoma signatures, containing four inner control genes. This 31-gene panel was retrospectively and prospectively analyzed clinically and proved to have strong independent prognostic power. […] Primary skin melanoma can be classified into three molecular categories based on gene expression signature: a proliferative one driven by the SOX10–MITF pathway, where CDKN2A is lost; an invasive one characterized by activity of epithelial–mesenchymal transition genes SNAI1, ZEB1 (zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1) and TGFBR2 (transforming growth factor beta receptor 2); and a so-called immune-mediated one characterized by activation of the tumor microenvironment.

• #50 Tumour gene expression signature in primary melanoma predicts long-term outcomes | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21207-2

  Adjuvant systemic therapies are now routinely used following resection of stage III melanoma, however accurate prognostic information is needed to better stratify patients. […] This signature strongly associated with progression-free (HR=1.63, p=5.24 105) and overall survival (HR=1.61, p=1.67 104), was validated in 175 regional lymph nodes metastasis as well as two externally ascertained datasets. […] The signature score negatively correlated with measures of immune cell infiltration (=0.75, p=2.2 1016), with a higher score representing reduced lymphocyte infiltration and a higher 5-year risk of death in stage II melanoma. […] Our expression signature identifies melanoma patients at higher risk of metastases and warrants further evaluation in adjuvant clinical trials. […] The Cam_121 signature significantly associated with both OS (hazard ratio (HR)=1.64 (95% CI 1.302.07), p=3.56105) and progression-free survival (PFS; HR=1.63 (95% CI 1.312.02), p=8.92106).

• #51 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  Interestingly, for early-stage (III) melanoma, female gender also has positive prognostic implications, possibly related to the higher number of thin, non-ulcerated, extremity lesions diagnosed in women. […] The histopathological factors previously discussed are more prognostically significant than gender. […] With regard to biochemical features, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is well recognised as an independent prognostic factor in cutaneous melanoma; in multivariate analysis a raised LDH level predicts approximately 50% lower survival rates in patients with distant metastases. […] Other serum prognostic biomarkers have also been studied; the most promising, S100 protein levels, correlate with survival in patients with resected locoregional disease, with high levels predicting a significantly worse outcome than with normal levels.

• #52 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  The increased use of gene expression profiling is also providing further genetic prognostic clues. The BRAF gene mutation which as previously described is integral to melanoma pathogenesis has been investigated as a prognostic marker too. […] It appears to be linked to known prognostic factors such as age and site of primary, whilst also being unrelated to factors such as site of metastasis and LDH. […] In advanced disease, meta-analyses have demonstrated that the presence of a BRAF mutation is independently associated with a worse survival outcome.

• #53 Molecular Pathology of Skin Melanoma: Epidemiology, Differential Diagnostics, Prognosis and Therapy Prediction

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/10/5384

  Unfortunately, none of these signatures has been analyzed in prospective clinical trials for their prognostic power. […] The continuous monitoring of LDH levels upon target therapy or immunotherapy can also be used to assess efficacy since responding patients are characterized by normalizing LDH levels. […] The density or composition of tumor-infiltrating immune cells will have a prognostic role as well. […] A high density of CD3+/CD8+ T lymphocytes, as well as that of CD20+ B cells, predicted favorable outcome. […] In studies evaluating immune cell infiltration in metastases of cutaneous melanoma (focusing mainly on lymph node, subcutaneous or cutaneous metastases), the amount of total TIL was found associated with patients’ survival.

• #54 Molecular Pathology of Skin Melanoma: Epidemiology, Differential Diagnostics, Prognosis and Therapy Prediction

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/10/5384

  Unfortunately, none of these signatures has been analyzed in prospective clinical trials for their prognostic power. […] The continuous monitoring of LDH levels upon target therapy or immunotherapy can also be used to assess efficacy since responding patients are characterized by normalizing LDH levels. […] The density or composition of tumor-infiltrating immune cells will have a prognostic role as well. […] A high density of CD3+/CD8+ T lymphocytes, as well as that of CD20+ B cells, predicted favorable outcome. […] In studies evaluating immune cell infiltration in metastases of cutaneous melanoma (focusing mainly on lymph node, subcutaneous or cutaneous metastases), the amount of total TIL was found associated with patients’ survival.

• #55 Molecular Pathology of Skin Melanoma: Epidemiology, Differential Diagnostics, Prognosis and Therapy Prediction

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/10/5384

  Molecular pathology plays a critical role in the diagnostics and management of malignant melanoma. […] The prognostication of skin melanoma is still based on staging but can be completed with gene expression analysis (DecisionDx). […] The most extensively validated prognostic melanoma gene signature is a 31-gene expression panel constructed from meta-analyses of skin and uveal melanoma signatures, containing four inner control genes. This 31-gene panel was retrospectively and prospectively analyzed clinically and proved to have strong independent prognostic power. […] Primary skin melanoma can be classified into three molecular categories based on gene expression signature: a proliferative one driven by the SOX10–MITF pathway, where CDKN2A is lost; an invasive one characterized by activity of epithelial–mesenchymal transition genes SNAI1, ZEB1 (zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1) and TGFBR2 (transforming growth factor beta receptor 2); and a so-called immune-mediated one characterized by activation of the tumor microenvironment.

• #56 Molecular Pathology of Skin Melanoma: Epidemiology, Differential Diagnostics, Prognosis and Therapy Prediction

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/10/5384

  Unfortunately, none of these signatures has been analyzed in prospective clinical trials for their prognostic power. […] The continuous monitoring of LDH levels upon target therapy or immunotherapy can also be used to assess efficacy since responding patients are characterized by normalizing LDH levels. […] The density or composition of tumor-infiltrating immune cells will have a prognostic role as well. […] A high density of CD3+/CD8+ T lymphocytes, as well as that of CD20+ B cells, predicted favorable outcome. […] In studies evaluating immune cell infiltration in metastases of cutaneous melanoma (focusing mainly on lymph node, subcutaneous or cutaneous metastases), the amount of total TIL was found associated with patients’ survival.

• #57 Molecular Pathology of Skin Melanoma: Epidemiology, Differential Diagnostics, Prognosis and Therapy Prediction

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/10/5384

  Molecular pathology plays a critical role in the diagnostics and management of malignant melanoma. […] The prognostication of skin melanoma is still based on staging but can be completed with gene expression analysis (DecisionDx). […] The most extensively validated prognostic melanoma gene signature is a 31-gene expression panel constructed from meta-analyses of skin and uveal melanoma signatures, containing four inner control genes. This 31-gene panel was retrospectively and prospectively analyzed clinically and proved to have strong independent prognostic power. […] Primary skin melanoma can be classified into three molecular categories based on gene expression signature: a proliferative one driven by the SOX10–MITF pathway, where CDKN2A is lost; an invasive one characterized by activity of epithelial–mesenchymal transition genes SNAI1, ZEB1 (zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1) and TGFBR2 (transforming growth factor beta receptor 2); and a so-called immune-mediated one characterized by activation of the tumor microenvironment.

• #58 Molecular Pathology of Skin Melanoma: Epidemiology, Differential Diagnostics, Prognosis and Therapy Prediction

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/10/5384

  Unfortunately, none of these signatures has been analyzed in prospective clinical trials for their prognostic power. […] The continuous monitoring of LDH levels upon target therapy or immunotherapy can also be used to assess efficacy since responding patients are characterized by normalizing LDH levels. […] The density or composition of tumor-infiltrating immune cells will have a prognostic role as well. […] A high density of CD3+/CD8+ T lymphocytes, as well as that of CD20+ B cells, predicted favorable outcome. […] In studies evaluating immune cell infiltration in metastases of cutaneous melanoma (focusing mainly on lymph node, subcutaneous or cutaneous metastases), the amount of total TIL was found associated with patients’ survival.

• #59 Risk Calculators – Melanoma Institute Australia

  https://melanoma.org.au/for-clinicians/risk-calculators/

  The MIA team has developed a series of online Risk Prediction Calculators to guide clinicians in prevention, early detection and optimum treatment of melanoma. […] Calculator generates a personal melanoma risk, which is an estimation of risk of developing a first primary invasive melanoma during the rest of the individuals life. […] Calculator generates probability of melanoma having spread to lymph nodes. Typically a sentinel node biopsy is recommended for patients with a risk greater than 10% and may be considered for those with a risk between 5% and 10%. […] Calculator generates an estimation of risk of developing another primary melanoma over the 10 years following the patients most recent melanoma. […] Calculates the risks that the patient will be diagnosed with a local, regional or distant recurrence within 10 years after the primary melanoma. […] For Stage II melanoma patients the risks of recurrence and overall survival are estimated, enabling them and their clinicians to make more informed treatment decisions.

• #60 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  Prognostic factors in cutaneous melanoma have been closely studied; they include histopathological characteristics, patient characteristics, biochemical measures and most recently genetic mutations. Each of these will be considered in turn. […] The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is globally acknowledged as an invaluable tool in predicting outcomes for patients diagnosed with melanoma. It is based on data derived from analysis of tens of thousands of cutaneous melanoma patients; the current seventh edition was introduced early in 2010 and incorporated new factors not previously used in the estimation of melanoma prognosis. […] Histopathological features logically form the main criteria for determining prognosis. Increasing thickness of the cutaneous primary correlates with worsening survival outcomes, dropping from 96% 10-year survival for lesions 1 mm, to 54% for lesions 4 mm; even for lesions 1 mm in thickness, there is further deterioration in outcome between lesions 0.25 mm thickness and those 0.75 mm.

• #61 Breslow Depth and Clark Level – Melanoma Research Alliance

  https://www.curemelanoma.org/about-melanoma/melanoma-staging/breslow-depth-and-clark-level

  The Breslow Depth is a helpful measure of how far melanoma has invaded the body. Knowing the depth of melanoma is helpful because it is important when considering future treatment. […] The AJCC system assigns a stage based on tumor, node, metastasis (TMN) scores and other prognostic factors. The goal is that melanomas of the same stage will have similar characteristics, treatment options, and outcomes. […] The current staging system adopted by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) no longer considers the Clark Level. This is because the Clark level has been found to be less prognostic and more subjective than other alternatives. The AJCC system assigns a stage based on tumor, node, metastasis (TNM). The goal is that melanomas of the same stage will have similar characteristics, treatment options, and outcomes.

• #62 Risk Calculators – Melanoma Institute Australia

  https://melanoma.org.au/for-clinicians/risk-calculators/

  The MIA team has developed a series of online Risk Prediction Calculators to guide clinicians in prevention, early detection and optimum treatment of melanoma. […] Calculator generates a personal melanoma risk, which is an estimation of risk of developing a first primary invasive melanoma during the rest of the individuals life. […] Calculator generates probability of melanoma having spread to lymph nodes. Typically a sentinel node biopsy is recommended for patients with a risk greater than 10% and may be considered for those with a risk between 5% and 10%. […] Calculator generates an estimation of risk of developing another primary melanoma over the 10 years following the patients most recent melanoma. […] Calculates the risks that the patient will be diagnosed with a local, regional or distant recurrence within 10 years after the primary melanoma. […] For Stage II melanoma patients the risks of recurrence and overall survival are estimated, enabling them and their clinicians to make more informed treatment decisions.

• #63 Molecular Pathology of Skin Melanoma: Epidemiology, Differential Diagnostics, Prognosis and Therapy Prediction

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/10/5384

  Molecular pathology plays a critical role in the diagnostics and management of malignant melanoma. […] The prognostication of skin melanoma is still based on staging but can be completed with gene expression analysis (DecisionDx). […] The most extensively validated prognostic melanoma gene signature is a 31-gene expression panel constructed from meta-analyses of skin and uveal melanoma signatures, containing four inner control genes. This 31-gene panel was retrospectively and prospectively analyzed clinically and proved to have strong independent prognostic power. […] Primary skin melanoma can be classified into three molecular categories based on gene expression signature: a proliferative one driven by the SOX10–MITF pathway, where CDKN2A is lost; an invasive one characterized by activity of epithelial–mesenchymal transition genes SNAI1, ZEB1 (zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1) and TGFBR2 (transforming growth factor beta receptor 2); and a so-called immune-mediated one characterized by activation of the tumor microenvironment.

• #64 Tumour gene expression signature in primary melanoma predicts long-term outcomes | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21207-2

  The signature score was significantly associated with both OS (HR=1.61 (95% CI 1.262.07), p=0.000167) and PFS (HR=1.63 (95% CI 1.292.07), p=5.24105) in multivariate Cox regression models. […] We found that the weighted signature score was also significantly associated with both OS (HR=1.72 (95% CI 1.372.14), p=1.53106) and PFS (HR=1.75 (95% CI 1.432.16), p=1.10107) in multivariate Cox regression models. […] We envisage that one of the central clinical applications of a prognostic GEP might be to identify those patients with stage II melanoma who may be at higher risk of relapse or death and for whom adjuvant systemic therapies may be considered. […] Analyses within the LMC cohort revealed that stage II patients had a 27% (76/279) baseline absolute risk of death at 5 years. This risk rose to 33% (64/192) in those stage II patients with a high-risk-weighted Cam_121 expression score profile and dropped to 14% (12/87) in those stage II patients with a low-risk profile. […] Our results indicate that the Cam_121 signature score complements conventional melanoma staging by contributing prognostically relevant information and could potentially be used to select early-stage melanoma patients at higher risk of relapse or death.

• #65 Risk Calculators – Melanoma Institute Australia

  https://melanoma.org.au/for-clinicians/risk-calculators/

  The MIA team has developed a series of online Risk Prediction Calculators to guide clinicians in prevention, early detection and optimum treatment of melanoma. […] Calculator generates a personal melanoma risk, which is an estimation of risk of developing a first primary invasive melanoma during the rest of the individuals life. […] Calculator generates probability of melanoma having spread to lymph nodes. Typically a sentinel node biopsy is recommended for patients with a risk greater than 10% and may be considered for those with a risk between 5% and 10%. […] Calculator generates an estimation of risk of developing another primary melanoma over the 10 years following the patients most recent melanoma. […] Calculates the risks that the patient will be diagnosed with a local, regional or distant recurrence within 10 years after the primary melanoma. […] For Stage II melanoma patients the risks of recurrence and overall survival are estimated, enabling them and their clinicians to make more informed treatment decisions.

• #66 Models for Predicting Melanoma Outcome | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-46029-1_5-1

  Clinical and pathological features that impact melanoma patient survival have been studied extensively for decades at major melanoma centers around the world. […] A wide array of clinical prediction tools have been promulgated, primarily focused on forecasting survival outcomes across the melanoma continuum, with the exception of distant metastatic (Stage IV) melanoma. […] Recent changes in melanoma clinical practice resulting from the availability of new targeted and immune therapies that are effective in both metastatic and adjuvant settings, as well as level I evidence demonstrating no survival benefit for completion lymph node dissection after a positive sentinel lymph node biopsy, have together changed the melanoma landscape and will no doubt impact on approaches to outcome prediction. […] Against this contemporary and ever-evolving backdrop, we present clinical applications, criteria, challenges, and opportunities for interpreting and building tools for predicting melanoma outcomes.

• #67 Survival Rates for Melanoma Skin Cancer – MRA

  https://www.curemelanoma.org/about-melanoma/melanoma-staging/melanoma-survival-rates

  Five-Year Survival Rate by Melanoma Stage: Localized melanoma: Stage 0, Stage I, and Stage II: 98.4%. […] Regional melanoma: Stage III: 63.6%. […] Metastatic melanoma: Stage IV: 22.5%. […] Note: Melanoma treatments have improved significantly with the addition of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. These survival rates are only beginning to reflect these advancements.

• #68 Survival for melanoma skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/melanoma/survival

  Survival depends on many factors. No one can tell you exactly how long you will live. […] Your doctor can give you more information about your own outlook (prognosis). […] Almost everyone (around 100%) with stage 1 melanoma skin cancer will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they are diagnosed. […] Around 85 in 100 people (around 85%) with stage 2 melanoma skin cancer will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after diagnosis. […] Almost 75 in 100 people (almost 75%) with stage 3 melanoma skin cancer will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they are diagnosed. […] In recent years, researchers have developed new treatments for stage 4 melanoma. […] With new treatments, some people are living with stage 4 melanoma for a long time. […] More than 55 out of 100 people (more than 55%) survived for 6 and a half years or more.

• #69 Analysis of prognostic factors for melanoma patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5467960/

  Melanoma diagnosed at an early stage and of a small depth had higher survival rates. […] Back/breast skin melanoma had poorer prognosis than other anatomic sites. […] Nodular melanoma had the lowest melanoma-specific survival, while superficial spreading or lentigo maligna had the best prognosis among histological subtypes. […] However, differences in melanoma survival in different sex and age groups, localizations and histological types were not statistically significant. […] The depth of melanoma had a statistically significant impact on melanoma survival (p = 0.049). Lesions less than 1.00 mm had ten-year melanoma-specific survival of 87.5% while the ten-year survival for lesions of 1.01-2.00 mm was 61.11%; 2.01-4.00 mm 47.05%, and for lesions thicker than 4.00 mm, ten-year survival was only 16.66%.

• #70 Analysis of prognostic factors for melanoma patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5467960/

  Even stage I melanoma had 100% one-year survival; however, even despite early melanoma diagnosis there still were deaths after five and ten years after diagnosis. In contrast, late-stage diagnoses had poor prognoses. […] Patients given the diagnosis at stage IV had the poorest melanoma-specific survival: unfortunately, none of them survived ten years. […] Our study and previous studies have shown the same results: as the stage of melanoma at diagnosis increased, the survival rates became worse.

• #71 Survival Rates for Melanoma Skin Cancer – MRA

  https://www.curemelanoma.org/about-melanoma/melanoma-staging/melanoma-survival-rates

  Five-Year Survival Rate by Melanoma Stage: Localized melanoma: Stage 0, Stage I, and Stage II: 98.4%. […] Regional melanoma: Stage III: 63.6%. […] Metastatic melanoma: Stage IV: 22.5%. […] Note: Melanoma treatments have improved significantly with the addition of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. These survival rates are only beginning to reflect these advancements.

• #72 Survival for melanoma skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/melanoma/survival

  Survival depends on many factors. No one can tell you exactly how long you will live. […] Your doctor can give you more information about your own outlook (prognosis). […] Almost everyone (around 100%) with stage 1 melanoma skin cancer will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they are diagnosed. […] Around 85 in 100 people (around 85%) with stage 2 melanoma skin cancer will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after diagnosis. […] Almost 75 in 100 people (almost 75%) with stage 3 melanoma skin cancer will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they are diagnosed. […] In recent years, researchers have developed new treatments for stage 4 melanoma. […] With new treatments, some people are living with stage 4 melanoma for a long time. […] More than 55 out of 100 people (more than 55%) survived for 6 and a half years or more.

• #73 Analysis of prognostic factors for melanoma patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5467960/

  Melanoma diagnosed at an early stage and of a small depth had higher survival rates. […] Back/breast skin melanoma had poorer prognosis than other anatomic sites. […] Nodular melanoma had the lowest melanoma-specific survival, while superficial spreading or lentigo maligna had the best prognosis among histological subtypes. […] However, differences in melanoma survival in different sex and age groups, localizations and histological types were not statistically significant. […] The depth of melanoma had a statistically significant impact on melanoma survival (p = 0.049). Lesions less than 1.00 mm had ten-year melanoma-specific survival of 87.5% while the ten-year survival for lesions of 1.01-2.00 mm was 61.11%; 2.01-4.00 mm 47.05%, and for lesions thicker than 4.00 mm, ten-year survival was only 16.66%.

• #74 Survival Rates for Melanoma Skin Cancer – MRA

  https://www.curemelanoma.org/about-melanoma/melanoma-staging/melanoma-survival-rates

  Five-Year Survival Rate by Melanoma Stage: Localized melanoma: Stage 0, Stage I, and Stage II: 98.4%. […] Regional melanoma: Stage III: 63.6%. […] Metastatic melanoma: Stage IV: 22.5%. […] Note: Melanoma treatments have improved significantly with the addition of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. These survival rates are only beginning to reflect these advancements.

• #75 Survival Rates for Melanoma Skin Cancer – MRA

  https://www.curemelanoma.org/about-melanoma/melanoma-staging/melanoma-survival-rates

  Five-Year Survival Rate by Melanoma Stage: Localized melanoma: Stage 0, Stage I, and Stage II: 98.4%. […] Regional melanoma: Stage III: 63.6%. […] Metastatic melanoma: Stage IV: 22.5%. […] Note: Melanoma treatments have improved significantly with the addition of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. These survival rates are only beginning to reflect these advancements.

• #76 Survival Rates for Melanoma Skin Cancer – MRA

  https://www.curemelanoma.org/about-melanoma/melanoma-staging/melanoma-survival-rates

  Melanoma survival rates provide the proportion of people with a particular stage of melanoma who are alive after a predetermined amount of time, normally 5 or 10 years, after diagnosis. […] Although these numbers can be helpful to you when making treatment and other decisions, they do not dictate how long you will live. […] Most of the time, you will see these numbers written as 5-year survival rates. So, a 98% 5-year survival rate can be understood as predicting that 98 out of 100 people will be alive 5 years after diagnosis. […] Keep in mind that these numbers are accurate for a group of people, but they dont provide a complete picture for any one individual. […] Melanoma treatments have improved significantly with the addition of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. These survival rates are only beginning to reflect these advancements.

• #77 Tumour gene expression signature in primary melanoma predicts long-term outcomes | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21207-2

  Adjuvant systemic therapies are now routinely used following resection of stage III melanoma, however accurate prognostic information is needed to better stratify patients. […] This signature strongly associated with progression-free (HR=1.63, p=5.24 105) and overall survival (HR=1.61, p=1.67 104), was validated in 175 regional lymph nodes metastasis as well as two externally ascertained datasets. […] The signature score negatively correlated with measures of immune cell infiltration (=0.75, p=2.2 1016), with a higher score representing reduced lymphocyte infiltration and a higher 5-year risk of death in stage II melanoma. […] Our expression signature identifies melanoma patients at higher risk of metastases and warrants further evaluation in adjuvant clinical trials. […] The Cam_121 signature significantly associated with both OS (hazard ratio (HR)=1.64 (95% CI 1.302.07), p=3.56105) and progression-free survival (PFS; HR=1.63 (95% CI 1.312.02), p=8.92106).

• #78 Melanoma of the Skin — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/melan.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 104,960. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 8,430. […] % of All New Cancer Cases 5.1%. […] % of All Cancer Deaths 1.4%. […] 5-Year Relative Survival 94.7% 2015–2021. […] The earlier melanoma of the skin is caught, the better chance a person has of surviving five years after being diagnosed. For melanoma of the skin, 77.0% are diagnosed at the local stage. The 5-year relative survival for localized melanoma of the skin is 100.0%. […] Cancer stage at diagnosis, which refers to extent of a cancer in the body, determines treatment options and has a strong influence on the length of survival. […] The percent of melanoma of the skin deaths is highest among people aged 65–74. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new melanoma of the skin cases have been rising on average 1.2% each year over 2013–2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 2.8% each year over 2014–2023. […] 5-year relative survival trends are shown below.

• #79 Skin cancer: understanding the journey of transformation from conventional to advanced treatment approaches | Molecular Cancer | Full Text

  https://molecular-cancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12943-023-01854-3

  The treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. However, such treatments do not cure ailments, are painful for the patients, and have several negative consequences. They often affect normal, healthy cells as well without causing sufficient toxicity to the cancer cells. […] The prognosis for individuals with cutaneous melanoma depends on the depth and location of the initial tumor, as well as whether or not they have localized or distant metastatic disease.

• #80 Survival Rates for Melanoma Skin Cancer – MRA

  https://www.curemelanoma.org/about-melanoma/melanoma-staging/melanoma-survival-rates

  Five-Year Survival Rate by Melanoma Stage: Localized melanoma: Stage 0, Stage I, and Stage II: 98.4%. […] Regional melanoma: Stage III: 63.6%. […] Metastatic melanoma: Stage IV: 22.5%. […] Note: Melanoma treatments have improved significantly with the addition of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. These survival rates are only beginning to reflect these advancements.

• #81 Survival statistics for melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/melanoma-skin/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics

  Talk to your doctor about your prognosis. A prognosis depends on many factors, including: your health history, the type of cancer, where the cancer started on the skin, the stage, including how thick the tumour is and if there is broken skin with an open wound (called ulceration), the treatments chosen, how the cancer responds to treatment. […] Only a doctor familiar with these factors can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis.

• #82

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/dermatology/cutaneous-malignant-melanoma/

  Approximately 85% of patients with melanoma have localized disease (stages I and II) at presentation, about 15% have regional nodal disease, and only about 2% have distant metastases at the time of diagnosis. The prognosis for stage I and II melanoma can be affected by many factors. Clinical factors associated with a favorable prognosis include younger age, female sex, and extremity lesions. Increasing Breslow thickness is the most important negative prognostic indicator, with worse survival for every stratum of tumor thickness in the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging guidelines. Other histologic variables associated with a poor prognosis include ulceration, diminished lymphoid response, evidence of tumor regression, microscopic satellites, lymphovascular invasion, and nonspindle-cell type tumors. […]

• #83 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  Prognostic factors in cutaneous melanoma have been closely studied; they include histopathological characteristics, patient characteristics, biochemical measures and most recently genetic mutations. Each of these will be considered in turn. […] The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is globally acknowledged as an invaluable tool in predicting outcomes for patients diagnosed with melanoma. It is based on data derived from analysis of tens of thousands of cutaneous melanoma patients; the current seventh edition was introduced early in 2010 and incorporated new factors not previously used in the estimation of melanoma prognosis. […] Histopathological features logically form the main criteria for determining prognosis. Increasing thickness of the cutaneous primary correlates with worsening survival outcomes, dropping from 96% 10-year survival for lesions 1 mm, to 54% for lesions 4 mm; even for lesions 1 mm in thickness, there is further deterioration in outcome between lesions 0.25 mm thickness and those 0.75 mm.

• #84 Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4041476/

  Moreover, at each tumour thickness it has been demonstrated that the presence of epithelial ulceration in the primary results in a worse prognosis than if there is no ulceration. […] These two features (tumour thickness and ulceration) are arguably the most powerful independent prognostic factors for cutaneous melanoma. […] A third significant pathological feature is the mitotic rate; a rate of 20 mitosis/mm2 results in a 10-year survival of approximately 48% relative to 93% in those individuals with 1 mitosis/mm2. […] The site of the primary also has important prognostic implications; those arising centrally (trunk, head and neck) tend to carry a worse prognosis than those arising on the limbs (lower upper). […] Additionally, cutaneous melanoma can metastasise to lymph nodes. The presence of lymph-node disease has adverse prognostic implications, with further variation depending on the burden of nodal disease both in terms of micrometastatic versus macroscopic disease and the number of lymph nodes involved.

• #85 Survival statistics for melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/melanoma-skin/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics

  Talk to your doctor about your prognosis. A prognosis depends on many factors, including: your health history, the type of cancer, where the cancer started on the skin, the stage, including how thick the tumour is and if there is broken skin with an open wound (called ulceration), the treatments chosen, how the cancer responds to treatment. […] Only a doctor familiar with these factors can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis.

• #86 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Melanoma-Prognosis.aspx

  The prognosis for a patient with melanoma depends on a number of different characteristics of the tumor, including the type and stage of progression. […] If melanoma can be diagnosed early, the prognosis is very high with a survival rate close to 100%, but the prognosis is significantly worsened if the diagnosis is not made until the later stages of progression. […] If the melanoma has spread to the nearby lymph nodes, the number and extent of affected nodes are important indicators of the severity of the disease. […] Certain types of melanoma are associated with a better or poorer prognosis, which is usually related to the typical thickness of the type. […] The size of the metastases changes the prognosis, with micrometastases associated with a better prognosis than patients with macrometastases.

Zobacz więcej