Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Melanoma

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/melanoma/

  Malignant melanoma is a serious form of skin cancer that begins in cells known as melanocytes. […] Melanoma occurs when DNA damage from sunburns or tanning due to UV radiation triggers changes (mutations) in the melanocytes, resulting in uncontrolled cellular growth. […] While eumelanin has the ability to protect the skin from sun damage, pheomelanin does not. […] That’s why people with darker skin are at lower risk for developing skin cancer than fair-skinned people who, due to lack of eumelanin, are more susceptible to sun damage, burning and skin cancer. […] Melanoma is usually curable when detected and treated early. Once it has spread deeper into the skin or other parts of the body, it becomes more difficult to treat and can be deadly.

• #2 Skin Cancer Basics | Skin Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/skin-cancer/about/index.html

  Most cases of skin cancer are caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun, tanning beds, or sunlamps. […] The most preventable cause of skin cancer is overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, either from the sun or from artificial sources like tanning beds. […] Melanoma, the third most common type of skin cancer, begins in the melanocytes. Of all types of skin cancer, melanoma causes the most deaths because of its tendency to spread to other parts of the body, including vital organs like the brain and liver. […] Most cases of skin cancer are caused by overexposure to UV rays from the sun, tanning beds, or sunlamps. UV rays can damage skin cells. In the short term, this damage can cause a sunburn. Over time, UV damage adds up, leading to changes in skin texture, premature skin aging, and sometimes skin cancer. UV rays also have been linked to eye conditions such as cataracts.

• #3 Risks and causes of melanoma skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/melanoma/risks-causes

  Your risk of developing melanoma depends on many things. This includes lifestyle factors and some medical conditions. In the UK, too much ultraviolet radiation causes around 85 out of 100 melanomas (around 85%). […] Ultraviolet (UV) light is the main environmental factor that increases the risk of developing melanoma. It’s also called ultraviolet radiation. UV light comes from the sun or sunbeds. In the UK, around 85 out of 100 melanomas (around 85%) are caused by too much UV light. […] People who have had sunburn are more likely to get melanoma than those who haven’t. The risk is higher if you’ve had sunburn several times in your life. This increase in risk is seen with sunburn at all ages, not just in childhood. […] Research shows that the type of ultraviolet light used in sunbeds (UVA) can cause melanoma and non melanoma skin cancer. The International Agency for Research into Cancer (IARC) has identified sunbed use as a cause of melanoma.

• #4 Cutaneous Melanoma: What You Need to Know- Melanoma Research Alliance

  https://www.curemelanoma.org/about-melanoma/types/cutaneous-melanoma

  Cutaneous melanoma is the most common form of melanoma. It originates in cells called melanocytes, which produce melanin, the pigment responsible for giving color to our skin, hair, and eyes. […] Cutaneous melanoma typically develops on areas of the skin that have been exposed to the sun, but it can also occur in areas that are not regularly exposed to sunlight. […] An estimated 90% of melanomas are caused by excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. […] Experts believe that approximately 90% of cutaneous melanomas are caused by ultraviolet radiation from the sun or indoor tanning devices. They can tell that by measuring the type and amount of DNA damage in many melanoma tumor samples.

• #5 What Causes Melanoma? | Causes of Melanoma Skin Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/melanoma-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  What Causes Melanoma Skin Cancer? […] While there are many known risk factors for melanoma, it’s not always exactly clear how they might cause cancer. […] For example, while most moles never turn into a melanoma, some do. Researchers have found some gene changes inside mole cells that may cause them to become melanoma cells. But it’s still not known exactly why some moles become cancerous while most don’t. […] UV rays are a major cause of melanoma. Most UV rays come from sunlight, but some can come from man-made sources such as tanning beds. UV rays can damage the DNA in skin cells. Sometimes this affects certain genes that control how the cells grow and divide. If these genes no longer work properly, the affected cells may become cancer cells. […] Familial (inherited) melanomas most often have changes in tumor suppressor genes, such as CDKN2A (also known as p16), CDK4, or BAP1, that prevent these genes from doing their normal job of controlling cell growth. This could eventually lead to cancer. […] Changes in several different genes are usually needed for a cell to become a cancer cell.

• #6 Melanoma Risk Factors

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/melanoma/melanoma-causes-and-risk-factors/

  Skin cancers like melanoma have damaged DNA (mutations) in skin cells that lead to uncontrolled growth of these cells. Ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun or tanning beds damage DNA in your skin cells. Your immune system repairs some of this damage but not all. Over time, the remaining DNA damage can lead to mutations that cause skin cancer. Many other factors also play a role in increasing the risk for melanoma, including genetics (family history), skin type or color, hair color, freckling and number of moles on the body. […] Understanding what causes melanoma and whether you’re at high risk of developing the disease can help you prevent it or detect it early when it is easiest to treat and cure. […] These factors increase your melanoma risk: Unprotected or excessive UV exposure from the sun or indoor tanning.

• #7 Skin cancer: Causes, types, prevention and treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/health/skin-cancer-causes-types-prevention-and-treatment

  UV rays damage genes. If UV causes mutations in genes that control the growth of skin cells or those involved in tumor suppression or DNA repair, it can lead to cancer, according to a 2010 review in the International Journal of Dermatology. […] Arsenic is another cause of skin cancer, according to a 2010 review published in the journal Cancers. […] According to a 2016 review published in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, about 10% of melanomas stem from some inherited genetic mutations that can increase one’s risk of developing melanoma between four- and more than 1000-fold.

• #8 Melanoma | Causes and risk factors | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/melanoma/causes-and-risk-factors-of-melanoma

  The biggest risk factor for melanoma is exposure to ultraviolet light (UV light). This can be through sunlight or sunbeds. […] Certain things can increase the risk of developing melanoma. These are called risk factors. […] Melanoma is linked to short periods being exposed to strong sunshine through sunbathing or holidays in hot countries. Other skin cancers are more linked to ongoing sun exposure – for example, from working outdoors for many years. […] Regular episodes of sunburn, especially severe sunburn that causes blistering, increases the risk of melanoma. […] Sunbeds use artificial UV rays that also damage the DNA in your skin. They increase the risk of melanoma. The more you use a sunbed or sunlamp, and the younger you are when you start using one, the higher the risk. […] If you have the type of skin that burns more easily, you are more at risk of melanoma.

• #9 Melanoma Skin Cancer: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://patient.info/cancer/skin-cancer-types/melanoma-skin-cancer

  Melanoma (also called malignant melanoma) is the most serious type of skin cancer. It can be caused by too much sun exposure, but sometimes even people who haven’t had much sun get melanoma too. […] Melanoma has a number of causes: some of which you can do something about, others which are beyond your control. […] In general, sunlight is good for you: it boosts your vitamin D levels and is also good for your emotional well-being. However too much sun, particularly getting sunburnt, is bad for you. In melanoma it is thought that 'intermittent’ sun exposure is important: for example, getting a lot of sun just a few times a year; on holiday, for example, but then staying indoors, working in an office perhaps, for the rest of the year. […] About 6 out of 10 cases of melanoma are thought to be caused by sun exposure.

• #10 Risk factors for melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/melanoma-skin/risks

  Being in contact with ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the most important risk factor for developing skin cancer. The sun is the main source of UVR. Indoor tanning equipment, such as tanning beds and sun lamps, is also a source of UVR. […] Most cases of melanoma skin cancer are caused by contact with UVR from the sun. It could be from being in the sun on and off during your lifetime or being in the sun early in your life. People who have had at least one blistering sunburn as a child or teenager have a higher risk of developing melanoma later in life. The more sunburns you have had, the greater the risk of melanoma. […] But you have a higher risk of developing melanoma skin cancer if you have many moles. […] Having atypical moles increases your risk of developing melanoma skin cancer. This risk increases with the more atypical moles you have.

• #11 Understanding Melanoma Skin Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention — Check My Spot

  https://www.checkmyspot.com/articles/understanding-melanoma-skin-cancer-causes-symptoms-and-prevention

  The primary cause of melanoma is DNA damage within melanocytes due to exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. Excessive UV radiation exposure can trigger mutations in DNA, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer development. […] A study found a strong association between intermittent, intense sun exposure during childhood and adolescence and an increased risk of developing melanoma later in life. […] Several factors elevate an individual’s risk of melanoma. In addition to UV exposure, genetics play a critical role. Individuals with a family history of melanoma or specific genetic mutations (like BRAF and CDKN2A) face a higher risk. Immune suppression, a history of blistering sunburns, and having numerous moles or atypical moles also increase risk. […] A study found that individuals with more than 100 moles have a significantly higher risk of developing melanoma.

• #12 Melanoma skin cancer – Causes – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/melanoma-skin-cancer/causes/

  Ultraviolet (UV) light is the most common cause of melanoma. It comes from the sun and is used in sunbeds. […] You’re also more likely to get melanoma if you have: pale skin that burns easily in the sun, red or blonde hair, blue or green eyes, a large number of freckles or moles, had a lot of sun exposure and you’ve had sunburn a lot in the past, used sunbeds a lot, a history of skin cancer in your family or you’ve had skin cancer before. […] If you have black or brown skin, you have a lower chance of getting melanoma, but you can still get it. People with black or brown skin most often get melanoma on the soles of the feet, palms of the hands, or under a nail.

• #13 Melanoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma

  UV radiation exposure from tanning beds increases the risk of melanoma. The International Agency for Research on Cancer finds that tanning beds are „carcinogenic to humans” and that people who begin using tanning devices before the age of thirty years are 75% more likely to develop melanoma. […] Having more than 50 moles indicates an increased risk of melanoma. A weakened immune system makes cancer development easier due to the body’s weakened ability to fight cancer cells.

• #14 What Are the Causes of Skin Cancer? Common Risk Factors, Genetics, and More

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/skin-cancer/causes-of-skin-cancer-common-risk-factors-genetics-and-more/

  Tanning beds, booths, and sun lamps give off harmful UV light and are just as dangerous as the sun. […] Women who use indoor tanning equipment before they turn 30 years old are 6 times more likely to develop melanoma. […] A gene called TP53 is commonly altered in squamous cell carcinomas, while the PTCH1 or PTCH2 genes are often mutated in basal cell carcinomas. […] People with the inherited condition xeroderma pigmentosum also have a high risk for skin cancer. […] Melanomas seem to have more of a hereditary link than basal or squamous cell skin cancers. […] Scientists are still learning about how different inherited genes raise the risk for melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers.

• #15 Malignant Melanoma – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470409/

  Multiple causes have been postulated in the development of malignant melanoma, including: […] Family history: A positive family history is noted in 5% to 10% of patients with melanoma. There is a 2.2-fold higher risk of developing melanoma with at least 1 affected family member. […] Personal characteristics: Blue eyes, fair or red hair, pale complexion, history of sunburns, freckled skin, history of benign or dysplastic melanocytic nevi with the number of lesions showing a stronger correlation than size, and immunocompromised state (eg, posttransplant patients, patients with hematologic malignancies) are known high-risk factors. […] Lifetime sun exposure: High UVB and UVA radiation exposure. Recent evidence has shown that the risk of melanoma is higher in people who use sunscreen. This is because sunscreen primarily blocks UVB, and therefore, people using sunscreen may be exposed to UVA more than the general public, provided those people are exposed to the sun more than the public at large. Risks of melanoma increase with decreasing or increasing latitude.

• #16 Melanoma Pictures, Causes, Stages, Symptoms & Survival Rate

  https://www.medicinenet.com/melanoma/article.htm

  The presence of close (first-degree) families with melanoma is a high-risk factor, although looking at all cases of melanoma, only 10% of cases run in families. […] Having a history of other sun-induced skin cancers raises one’s risk of melanoma because they are markers of long-term sun exposure. The basic cell type is different, however, and a basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma cannot „turn into melanoma” or vice versa.

• #17 Malignant Melanoma – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470409/

  Atypical mole syndrome: Formerly termed B-K mole syndrome, dysplastic nevus syndrome, or familial atypical multiple mole (FAMM) syndrome. Over 10 years, patients with atypical mole syndrome have a 10.7% risk of melanoma versus 0.62% of controls. There is a higher risk of melanoma depending on the number of family members affected, with nearly 100% risk if ≥2 relatives have dysplastic nevi and melanoma. […] Tanning bed use […] Socioeconomic status: Lower socioeconomic status may be linked to more advanced disease at the time of detection. Several studies of newly diagnosed patients found that patients of low socioeconomic status have decreased melanoma risk perception, knowledge of the disease, and preventative practices. […] Melanoma is caused by several factors, including environmental, genetic, and immunological.

• #18 What Causes Melanoma? | Causes of Melanoma Skin Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/melanoma-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  What Causes Melanoma Skin Cancer? […] While there are many known risk factors for melanoma, it’s not always exactly clear how they might cause cancer. […] For example, while most moles never turn into a melanoma, some do. Researchers have found some gene changes inside mole cells that may cause them to become melanoma cells. But it’s still not known exactly why some moles become cancerous while most don’t. […] UV rays are a major cause of melanoma. Most UV rays come from sunlight, but some can come from man-made sources such as tanning beds. UV rays can damage the DNA in skin cells. Sometimes this affects certain genes that control how the cells grow and divide. If these genes no longer work properly, the affected cells may become cancer cells. […] Familial (inherited) melanomas most often have changes in tumor suppressor genes, such as CDKN2A (also known as p16), CDK4, or BAP1, that prevent these genes from doing their normal job of controlling cell growth. This could eventually lead to cancer. […] Changes in several different genes are usually needed for a cell to become a cancer cell.

• #19 Genetics of Skin Cancer (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/hp/skin-genetics-pdq

  Having a personal history of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) or squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is also associated with an increase in risk of a subsequent melanoma. […] The major gene associated with melanoma is CDKN2A/p16, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, which is located on chromosome 9p21. […] Pathogenic variants in CDKN2A account for 35% to 40% of familial melanomas. […] The MC1R gene, otherwise known as the alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor, is located on chromosome 8. Partial loss-of-function pathogenic variants, of which there are at least ten, are associated not only with red hair, fair skin, and poor tanning, but also with increased skin cancer risk independent of cutaneous pigmentation. […] A meta-analysis showed that the more MC1R pathogenic variants an individual carried, the higher his/her risk was to develop SCC and BCC.

• #20 What Causes Melanoma? | Causes of Melanoma Skin Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/melanoma-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  What Causes Melanoma Skin Cancer? […] While there are many known risk factors for melanoma, it’s not always exactly clear how they might cause cancer. […] For example, while most moles never turn into a melanoma, some do. Researchers have found some gene changes inside mole cells that may cause them to become melanoma cells. But it’s still not known exactly why some moles become cancerous while most don’t. […] UV rays are a major cause of melanoma. Most UV rays come from sunlight, but some can come from man-made sources such as tanning beds. UV rays can damage the DNA in skin cells. Sometimes this affects certain genes that control how the cells grow and divide. If these genes no longer work properly, the affected cells may become cancer cells. […] Familial (inherited) melanomas most often have changes in tumor suppressor genes, such as CDKN2A (also known as p16), CDK4, or BAP1, that prevent these genes from doing their normal job of controlling cell growth. This could eventually lead to cancer. […] Changes in several different genes are usually needed for a cell to become a cancer cell.

• #21 Melanoma Risk Factors

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/melanoma/melanoma-causes-and-risk-factors/

  If your immune system is weakened as the result of medical treatments, including chemotherapy or immunosuppressive therapy (commonly used after an organ transplant), or if you have a medical condition such as lymphoma or HIV that compromises the immune system, your risk of developing melanoma is higher. […] People with many moles and those with many atypical moles are at very high risk for developing melanoma. […] Although anyone can get melanoma, people with fairer skin – especially those with red or blond hair, blue or green eyes, or skin that freckles or easily burns – have a higher risk. […] Previous skin cancer diagnoses also increase your risk for developing melanoma. […] If you have hereditary risk factors as well as many atypical moles, your risk of developing melanoma is even higher. […] In the case of some familial melanomas, researchers have discovered DNA changes in tumor suppressor genes, including CDKN2A (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A) and BAP1 (BRCA1 associated protein-1).

• #22 Malignant Melanoma – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470409/

  The genes associated with melanoma predisposition are CDKN2A, CDK4, MC1R. The genetic disorder xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is also associated with melanoma and results in the improper repair of ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA damage and, therefore, a high mutation rate. […] Many factors can promote melanoma development, including exposure to UV rays. […] Certain types of melanoma are associated with cumulative solar damage (CSD). However, in some cases, the etiology is not always clear.

• #23 Genetics of Skin Cancer (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/hp/skin-genetics-pdq

  Having a personal history of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) or squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is also associated with an increase in risk of a subsequent melanoma. […] The major gene associated with melanoma is CDKN2A/p16, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, which is located on chromosome 9p21. […] Pathogenic variants in CDKN2A account for 35% to 40% of familial melanomas. […] The MC1R gene, otherwise known as the alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor, is located on chromosome 8. Partial loss-of-function pathogenic variants, of which there are at least ten, are associated not only with red hair, fair skin, and poor tanning, but also with increased skin cancer risk independent of cutaneous pigmentation. […] A meta-analysis showed that the more MC1R pathogenic variants an individual carried, the higher his/her risk was to develop SCC and BCC.

• #24 Melanoma Causes | What causes melanoma skin cancer?

  https://www.skinvision.com/melanoma/causes

  Ultraviolet, often shortened to UV, radiation is one of the major factors of increased risk for melanoma. […] Every skin is going to be affected when exposed to high levels of UV. However the severity of the burn is dependent on your skin type. […] Your immune system is crucial to your body as it can differentiate between healthy and damaged or abnormal cells. […] In 2002 a mutated gene called BRAF was found in cancers. Since then it has been found in about half of melanoma cases. […] P53 is found often in familial melanoma cases. The gene, when it operates normally, helps the body repair mutated cells to prevent, amongst other things, cancer from developing. However when p53 is altered it can’t operate its job properly and allow cancers to grow.

• #25 Melanoma and other skin cancers Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/melanoma-and-other-skin-cancers

  Skin cancer is cancer that starts in the skin cells. Skin cancers are divided into two major groups: […] Melanoma, derived from melanocytes, is the deadliest form of skin cancer. […] The incidence of melanoma has increased by close to 10 times over the last 20 to 30 years and is increasing in frequency in people under the age of 40. […] Sunlight is the most important environmental cause of melanoma and other skin cancers, as well as premature skin aging (photoaging). […] The risk of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer rises with more frequency and length of time using indoor tanning devices, especially when tanning starts young (in the teenage and early 20s). […] A genetic mutation in a gene called BRAF occurs in approximately 50% of patients with advanced melanoma. […] Melanoma is more likely to be caused by intense exposure to sunlight in early life. […] Long-term, repeated exposure to sunlight appears to be responsible for most undesirable consequences of aging skin, including basal cell and squamous cell cancers.

• #26 Melanoma Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Melanoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/melanoma-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  The risk of melanoma increases as people age, but melanoma can also develop in younger people. […] In the United States, men are more likely than women to get melanoma, although this varies by age. […] Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare, inherited condition that lowers skin cells’ ability to repair damage to their DNA. People with XP have a high risk of developing melanoma and other skin cancers when they are young, especially on sun-exposed areas of their skin.

• #27 What Causes Melanoma Skin Cancer? : National Council on Skin Cancer Prevention

  https://skincancerprevention.org/learning/risk-factors/what-causes-melanoma-skin-cancer/

  Around 10% of people with melanoma have a close relative (mother, father, brother, sister, child) with the disease. This could be because the family tends to spend more time in the sun, or because the family members have fair skin, or both. Less often, it is because of a gene change (mutation) along with sun exposure. […] A person who has already had melanoma has a higher risk of getting another one. […] People who have been treated with medicines that suppress the immune system, such as transplant patients, have an increased risk of developing melanoma. […] Melanoma is more likely to happen in older people. But it is a cancer that is also found in younger people. In fact, it is one of the most common cancers in people under 30. […] This is a rare, inherited condition. People with XP are less able to repair damage caused by sunlight and are at greater risk of melanoma and other skin cancers.

• #28 Risks and causes of melanoma skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/melanoma/risks-causes

  Your skin type and colour affect your risk of developing melanoma. If you tend to burn in the sun, you’re more at risk. […] The more moles you have on your body, the higher your risk of melanoma. One study found that melanoma risk was higher in people with 100 or more common moles, compared with people with 15 or fewer. […] Your risk of melanoma is higher if you have a close relative who’s also had melanoma. This is probably partly because we tend to share the same colouring and skin type as our close relatives. […] Research has shown that some medical conditions increase your risk of getting melanoma. […] Chemicals called polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are known to increase the risk of melanoma skin cancer. These are found in some old electrical equipment.

• #29 Melanoma | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/melanoma

  Melanoma risk increases with exposure to UV radiation from the sun or other sources such as solariums, particularly with episodes of sunburn (especially during childhood). […] Melanoma risk is increased for people who have: unprotected UV radiation exposure, a history of childhood tanning and sunburn, a pattern of short, intense periods of exposure to UV radiation, having a lot of moles (naevi) – more than 50 on the body and more than 10 above the elbows on the arms, increased numbers of unusual moles (dysplastic naevi), depressed immune systems, a family history of melanoma in a first degree relative, fair skin, a tendency to burn rather than tan, freckles, light eye colour (blue or green), light or red hair colour, had a previous melanoma or non-melanoma skin cancer.

• #30 Skin Cancer: Melanoma, Basal Cell, and Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  https://www.webmd.com/melanoma-skin-cancer/skin-cancer

  Skin cancer causes include ultraviolet (UV) light exposure, most commonly from sunlight, which is overwhelmingly the most frequent cause of skin cancer. […] Other important causes of skin cancer include the following: use of tanning booths, immunosuppression, or impairment of the immune system, exposure to unusually high levels of radiation, such as from X-rays, and contact with certain chemicals, such as arsenic and hydrocarbons in tar, oils, and soot. […] The following people are at the greatest risk of skin cancer: people with fair skin, especially types that freckle, sunburn easily, or become painful in the sun; people with light (blond or red) hair and blue or green eyes; those with certain genetic disorders that deplete skin pigment; people who have already been treated for skin cancer; people with numerous moles, unusual moles, or large moles that were present at birth; people with close family members who have developed skin cancer; people who had at least one severe sunburn early in life; and people with indoor occupations and outdoor recreational habits.

• #31 Melanoma skin cancer – Causes – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/melanoma-skin-cancer/causes/

  Ultraviolet (UV) light is the most common cause of melanoma. It comes from the sun and is used in sunbeds. […] You’re also more likely to get melanoma if you have: pale skin that burns easily in the sun, red or blonde hair, blue or green eyes, a large number of freckles or moles, had a lot of sun exposure and you’ve had sunburn a lot in the past, used sunbeds a lot, a history of skin cancer in your family or you’ve had skin cancer before. […] If you have black or brown skin, you have a lower chance of getting melanoma, but you can still get it. People with black or brown skin most often get melanoma on the soles of the feet, palms of the hands, or under a nail.

• #32 Skin cancer types: Melanoma causesGo to AAD HomeGo to AAD HomeGo to AAD HomeAAD LogoAAD Logo

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/types/common/melanoma/causes

  When melanoma develops in a person who has skin of color, the cancer often begins on the bottom of the foot, palm of the hand, or beneath (or around) a nail. […] That’s why it’s essential for everyone to: […] Check their skin for signs of melanoma […] See a board-certified dermatologist if a spot on your skin looks like it could be melanoma.

• #33 Risks and causes of melanoma skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/melanoma/risks-causes

  Your skin type and colour affect your risk of developing melanoma. If you tend to burn in the sun, you’re more at risk. […] The more moles you have on your body, the higher your risk of melanoma. One study found that melanoma risk was higher in people with 100 or more common moles, compared with people with 15 or fewer. […] Your risk of melanoma is higher if you have a close relative who’s also had melanoma. This is probably partly because we tend to share the same colouring and skin type as our close relatives. […] Research has shown that some medical conditions increase your risk of getting melanoma. […] Chemicals called polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are known to increase the risk of melanoma skin cancer. These are found in some old electrical equipment.

• #34 Melanoma Risk Factors

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/melanoma/melanoma-causes-and-risk-factors/

  Weakened immune system due to a medical condition or medications. […] The more moles you have on your body, the higher your risk for melanoma. Also, having large moles (larger than a tip of a pencil eraser), or any atypical moles, increases the risk for melanoma. […] Melanoma occurs more frequently in people with fair skin, light eyes and light or red hair. […] People who have already had melanoma or nonmelanoma skin cancers run a greater risk of developing melanoma in the future. […] Melanoma can run in families – one in every 10 patients has a family member who also has had the disease. […] There is a clear correlation between unprotected exposure to UV radiation and melanoma. UV rays from the sun and indoor tanning are a powerful attack on the skin and the primary risk factor for developing melanoma and other skin cancers.

• #35 Risk factors for melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/melanoma-skin/risks

  The larger the congenital melanocytic nevus, the greater the risk of developing melanoma skin cancer. […] People with FAMMM syndrome have a very high risk of developing melanoma skin cancer. […] The following hereditary conditions can also increase the risk of developing melanoma skin cancer. […] People with fair or light-coloured skin have a higher risk of developing melanoma skin cancer than people with other skin types. […] People who have already had melanoma skin cancer have a higher risk of developing another primary melanoma. […] Your risk of developing melanoma increases if one or more of your first-degree relatives has been diagnosed with melanoma. […] About 5% to 25% of families with a higher risk for melanoma have an inherited mutation in the CDKN2A gene. […] People with a weakened immune system have a higher risk of developing melanoma skin cancer.

• #36 Melanoma Skin Cancer – Summary, Symptoms, Treatments

  https://flcancer.com/articles/melanoma-skin-cancer/

  Melanoma is a serious type of skin cancer. It develops when melanocytes, the cells that give the skin its tan or brown color, start to grow out of control. […] The most common risk factors for melanoma are: […] Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light (UV) is the main cause of damage to the DNA inside skin cells. Sunlight is the major source of UV rays. Tanning beds and sun lamps are also sources of UV rays. […] Having many moles or moles with irregular borders or colors. About one-fourth of melanomas develop in existing moles. […] Melanoma is more than twenty times more common in Caucasians than in African Americans. People with fair skin that burns or freckles easily or with lighter hair colors have higher risk. […] Having a blood relative, parent, sibling, grandparent, with skin cancer can increase risk.

• #37 Melanoma Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Melanoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/melanoma-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  What Causes Melanoma Skin Cancer? […] Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays is a major risk factor for most melanomas. Sunlight is the main source of UV rays. Tanning beds and sun lamps are also sources of UV rays. […] The pattern and timing of the UV exposure may play a role in melanoma development. […] Several risk factors can make a person more likely to develop melanoma. […] Having many moles: Most moles will never cause any problems, but someone who has many moles is more likely to develop melanoma. […] Your risk of melanoma is higher if one or more of your first-degree relatives (parents, brothers, sisters, or children) has had melanoma. […] A person who has already had melanoma has a higher risk of getting melanoma again. […] People with weakened immune systems (from certain diseases or medical treatments) are more likely to develop many types of skin cancer, including melanoma.

• #38 Skin cancer types: Melanoma causesGo to AAD HomeGo to AAD HomeGo to AAD HomeAAD LogoAAD Logo

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/types/common/melanoma/causes

  Have had blistering sunburns. […] Have fair skin, light-colored eyes, or naturally red or blond hair. […] Have celebrated your 50th birthday. […] Have certain moles. […] Have a weakened immune system. […] If you have received an organ transplant, you have a higher risk of developing melanoma and other skin cancers. […] If you’ve had melanoma or another type of skin cancer, your skin has been badly damaged by UV light. This increases your risk of developing more skin cancers, including melanoma. […] A few other cancers aside from skin cancer can increase your risk of developing melanoma. […] Although rare, melanoma can run in a family. […] This is an extremely rare condition, which makes a person’s skin unable to repair any damage caused by UV light. […] While some people have a higher risk of developing melanoma, it’s important to know that melanoma develops in people of all skin colors from the palest to the darkest.

• #39 Skin cancer | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/skin-cancer/

  The main cause of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun or from sunbeds. […] The evidence that overexposure to the sun causes skin cancer has been consistent for decades. […] Skin cancer is more common in people who have pale skin that burns without tanning, blue eyes and fair hair. […] The risk of skin cancer increases every time you are sunburnt, during childhood, adolescence or adulthood. […] Drinking water containing arsenic increases the risk of skin cancer. […] Arsenic in drinking water has been identified in large areas of Bangladesh, China and West Bengal (India). […] Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection can cause squamous cell carcinomas, especially in people whose immune systems are compromised. […] Medicines used to suppress the immune system after an organ transplant are associated with a higher risk of skin cancers, particularly squamous cell carcinoma.

• #40 Melanoma Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Melanoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/melanoma-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  What Causes Melanoma Skin Cancer? […] Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays is a major risk factor for most melanomas. Sunlight is the main source of UV rays. Tanning beds and sun lamps are also sources of UV rays. […] The pattern and timing of the UV exposure may play a role in melanoma development. […] Several risk factors can make a person more likely to develop melanoma. […] Having many moles: Most moles will never cause any problems, but someone who has many moles is more likely to develop melanoma. […] Your risk of melanoma is higher if one or more of your first-degree relatives (parents, brothers, sisters, or children) has had melanoma. […] A person who has already had melanoma has a higher risk of getting melanoma again. […] People with weakened immune systems (from certain diseases or medical treatments) are more likely to develop many types of skin cancer, including melanoma.

• #41 Genetics of Skin Cancer (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/hp/skin-genetics-pdq

  Having a personal history of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) or squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is also associated with an increase in risk of a subsequent melanoma. […] The major gene associated with melanoma is CDKN2A/p16, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, which is located on chromosome 9p21. […] Pathogenic variants in CDKN2A account for 35% to 40% of familial melanomas. […] The MC1R gene, otherwise known as the alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor, is located on chromosome 8. Partial loss-of-function pathogenic variants, of which there are at least ten, are associated not only with red hair, fair skin, and poor tanning, but also with increased skin cancer risk independent of cutaneous pigmentation. […] A meta-analysis showed that the more MC1R pathogenic variants an individual carried, the higher his/her risk was to develop SCC and BCC.

• #42 What Causes Melanoma Skin Cancer? : National Council on Skin Cancer Prevention

  https://skincancerprevention.org/learning/risk-factors/what-causes-melanoma-skin-cancer/

  Around 10% of people with melanoma have a close relative (mother, father, brother, sister, child) with the disease. This could be because the family tends to spend more time in the sun, or because the family members have fair skin, or both. Less often, it is because of a gene change (mutation) along with sun exposure. […] A person who has already had melanoma has a higher risk of getting another one. […] People who have been treated with medicines that suppress the immune system, such as transplant patients, have an increased risk of developing melanoma. […] Melanoma is more likely to happen in older people. But it is a cancer that is also found in younger people. In fact, it is one of the most common cancers in people under 30. […] This is a rare, inherited condition. People with XP are less able to repair damage caused by sunlight and are at greater risk of melanoma and other skin cancers.

• #43 Melanoma Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Melanoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/melanoma-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  The risk of melanoma increases as people age, but melanoma can also develop in younger people. […] In the United States, men are more likely than women to get melanoma, although this varies by age. […] Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare, inherited condition that lowers skin cells’ ability to repair damage to their DNA. People with XP have a high risk of developing melanoma and other skin cancers when they are young, especially on sun-exposed areas of their skin.

• #44 4 Ways You Can Get Skin Cancer Besides Sunlight | Dr. Hung

  https://www.drhungmd.com/blog/4-ways-you-can-get-skin-cancer-besides-sunlight/

  Ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun are the biggest and most well-known cause of skin cancer. […] However, the sun is not the only threat to the health of your skin. […] Melanoma is a common form of skin cancer that can appear in locations of the body areas with little to no exposure to the sun or UV rays. […] Yes, melanoma can develop anywhere on the body, even in locations not heavily exposed to the sun, such as the bottom of the hands and feet, inside the mouth, and even under the nails. […] Skin cancer can affect people regardless of skin tone; however, those with less pigment (melanin) in their skin are at a higher risk of developing skin cancer. […] It is estimated that Caucasian men over 50 have the highest risk of getting melanoma due to a reduced amount of pigment in the skin.

• #45 Risks and causes of melanoma skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/melanoma/risks-causes

  Your skin type and colour affect your risk of developing melanoma. If you tend to burn in the sun, you’re more at risk. […] The more moles you have on your body, the higher your risk of melanoma. One study found that melanoma risk was higher in people with 100 or more common moles, compared with people with 15 or fewer. […] Your risk of melanoma is higher if you have a close relative who’s also had melanoma. This is probably partly because we tend to share the same colouring and skin type as our close relatives. […] Research has shown that some medical conditions increase your risk of getting melanoma. […] Chemicals called polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are known to increase the risk of melanoma skin cancer. These are found in some old electrical equipment.

• #46 Skin cancer | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/skin-cancer/

  The main cause of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun or from sunbeds. […] The evidence that overexposure to the sun causes skin cancer has been consistent for decades. […] Skin cancer is more common in people who have pale skin that burns without tanning, blue eyes and fair hair. […] The risk of skin cancer increases every time you are sunburnt, during childhood, adolescence or adulthood. […] Drinking water containing arsenic increases the risk of skin cancer. […] Arsenic in drinking water has been identified in large areas of Bangladesh, China and West Bengal (India). […] Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection can cause squamous cell carcinomas, especially in people whose immune systems are compromised. […] Medicines used to suppress the immune system after an organ transplant are associated with a higher risk of skin cancers, particularly squamous cell carcinoma.

• #47 Skin Cancer: Melanoma, Basal Cell, and Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  https://www.webmd.com/melanoma-skin-cancer/skin-cancer

  Skin cancer causes include ultraviolet (UV) light exposure, most commonly from sunlight, which is overwhelmingly the most frequent cause of skin cancer. […] Other important causes of skin cancer include the following: use of tanning booths, immunosuppression, or impairment of the immune system, exposure to unusually high levels of radiation, such as from X-rays, and contact with certain chemicals, such as arsenic and hydrocarbons in tar, oils, and soot. […] The following people are at the greatest risk of skin cancer: people with fair skin, especially types that freckle, sunburn easily, or become painful in the sun; people with light (blond or red) hair and blue or green eyes; those with certain genetic disorders that deplete skin pigment; people who have already been treated for skin cancer; people with numerous moles, unusual moles, or large moles that were present at birth; people with close family members who have developed skin cancer; people who had at least one severe sunburn early in life; and people with indoor occupations and outdoor recreational habits.

• #48 Skin Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441949/

  Multiple risk factors may synergistically interact with etiologic factors to accelerate skin cancer development, including age, sex, radiation exposure, environmental carcinogens, immune suppression, comorbid conditions, organ transplant history, family history, certain infections (eg, human papillomavirus), tanning bed use, vitamin levels, and occupational exposure. […] Environmental carcinogens, such as arsenic and pollution, can accelerate DNA damage, increasing the risk of skin cancer. […] Genetic predispositions also contribute to malignancies, as seen in conditions such as xeroderma pigmentosum, neurofibromatosis, and retinoblastoma. […] Additionally, some skin cancers, such as Merkel cell carcinoma, are associated with infection, including the Merkel cell polyomavirus, which generally indicates a better prognosis in affected patients. […] Although UV radiation is a significant factor in skin cancer development and progression, various other risk factors can accelerate this process on a case-by-case basis.

• #49 Malignant Melanoma – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470409/

  Atypical mole syndrome: Formerly termed B-K mole syndrome, dysplastic nevus syndrome, or familial atypical multiple mole (FAMM) syndrome. Over 10 years, patients with atypical mole syndrome have a 10.7% risk of melanoma versus 0.62% of controls. There is a higher risk of melanoma depending on the number of family members affected, with nearly 100% risk if ≥2 relatives have dysplastic nevi and melanoma. […] Tanning bed use […] Socioeconomic status: Lower socioeconomic status may be linked to more advanced disease at the time of detection. Several studies of newly diagnosed patients found that patients of low socioeconomic status have decreased melanoma risk perception, knowledge of the disease, and preventative practices. […] Melanoma is caused by several factors, including environmental, genetic, and immunological.

• #50 Skin cancer: Causes, types, prevention and treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/health/skin-cancer-causes-types-prevention-and-treatment

  UV rays damage genes. If UV causes mutations in genes that control the growth of skin cells or those involved in tumor suppression or DNA repair, it can lead to cancer, according to a 2010 review in the International Journal of Dermatology. […] Arsenic is another cause of skin cancer, according to a 2010 review published in the journal Cancers. […] According to a 2016 review published in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, about 10% of melanomas stem from some inherited genetic mutations that can increase one’s risk of developing melanoma between four- and more than 1000-fold.

• #51 Skin Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441949/

  UV radiation is a major etiologic factor for most nonmelanoma skin cancers, including squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma, as well as melanoma. […] Along with chemical carcinogens and wound-related changes, UV radiation is believed to damage DNA, which results in mutations in tumor suppressor genes (eg, p53) and genomic instability. […] Most cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (90%) exhibit UV-induced p53 gene mutations, leading to the uncontrolled proliferation of keratinocytes. […] Mutations implicated in basal cell carcinoma include mutations in the PTCH gene and the p53 gene. […] Mutations associated with melanoma include alterations in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor-2A (CDKN2A), melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R), BRAF, and DNA repair enzymes, such as UV-specific endonuclease in xeroderma pigmentosum.

• #52 Melanoma

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/melanoma/

  Malignant melanoma is a serious form of skin cancer that begins in cells known as melanocytes. […] Melanoma occurs when DNA damage from sunburns or tanning due to UV radiation triggers changes (mutations) in the melanocytes, resulting in uncontrolled cellular growth. […] While eumelanin has the ability to protect the skin from sun damage, pheomelanin does not. […] That’s why people with darker skin are at lower risk for developing skin cancer than fair-skinned people who, due to lack of eumelanin, are more susceptible to sun damage, burning and skin cancer. […] Melanoma is usually curable when detected and treated early. Once it has spread deeper into the skin or other parts of the body, it becomes more difficult to treat and can be deadly.

• #53 Skin cancer and melanoma – symptoms, treatment and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/skin-cancer-and-melanomas

  Skin cancer occurs when skin cells grow abnormally, usually from too much exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. […] Almost all skin cancers in Australia are caused by too much exposure to UV radiation. This is the part of sunlight that causes tanning, sunburn and skin damage over time. UV radiation also comes from non-natural sources such as sun beds (solariums). […] While anyone can get skin cancer, it gets more common as you get older. The risk is also higher if you have: previously had skin cancer or have family history of skin cancer, fair or freckled skin, particularly if it burns easily or doesn’t tan, red or fair hair and light-coloured eyes, a weakened immune system (such as after surgery, or from an ongoing condition like leukaemia), sunspots or irregular moles on your body, worked, played sport or spent leisure time in the sun, actively tan or use sun beds. […] If you have olive or dark skin, your skin produces more melanin, which protects to some extent against UV radiation. However, it’s still possible for you to develop skin cancer.

• #54 Malignant Melanoma – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470409/

  The genes associated with melanoma predisposition are CDKN2A, CDK4, MC1R. The genetic disorder xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is also associated with melanoma and results in the improper repair of ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA damage and, therefore, a high mutation rate. […] Many factors can promote melanoma development, including exposure to UV rays. […] Certain types of melanoma are associated with cumulative solar damage (CSD). However, in some cases, the etiology is not always clear.

• #55 Understanding Melanoma Skin Cancer: Causes and Appearance

  https://miiskin.com/melanoma/understanding-melanoma-causes-appearance/

  Genetic characteristics are one of the main malignant melanoma causes and the following traits are all melanoma risk factors: Fair skin color, Blonde and red hair colour, Large number of moles, Many atypical moles, Many freckles, Having a family member with melanoma. […] The main modifiable risk factor is limiting your exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays. […] 90 percent of non-melanoma skin cancers come from UV exposure. […] Being diagnosed with other, less serious forms of skin cancer does not automatically mean you will get melanoma. It does however indicate a higher level of risk. […] Melanoma is highly treatable if caught early. If you have genetic risk factors or have the higher levels of exposure to UV rays mentioned, it is vital to closely monitor your skin.

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