Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Von Willebrand disease – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/von-willebrand-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354978

  Von Willebrand disease is a lifelong bleeding disorder in which your blood doesn’t clot properly. The usual cause of von Willebrand disease is an inherited abnormal gene that controls von Willebrand factor a protein that plays a key role in blood clotting. […] When you have low levels of this protein or it doesn’t work as it should, small blood cells called platelets cannot stick together properly nor attach themselves normally to the blood vessel walls when an injury has occurred. This interferes with the clotting process and can sometimes cause uncontrolled bleeding. […] Rarely, von Willebrand disease can develop later in life in people who didn’t inherit an affected gene from a parent. This is known as acquired von Willebrand syndrome, and it’s likely caused by an underlying medical condition.

• #2 von Willebrand Disease: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206996-overview

  Von Willebrand disease (vWD) is a common, inherited, genetically and clinically heterogeneous hemorrhagic disorder caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of the protein termed von Willebrand factor (vWF). […] In the great majority of cases, vWD is an inherited condition. The vWF gene is located near the tip of the short arm of chromosome 12. […] vWD type I causes a mild to moderate quantitative deficiency of vWF (ie, about 20-50% of normal levels). […] vWD type II is due to qualitative vWF abnormalities and is subdivided into types IIA, IIB, IIN, and IIM. […] vWD type III appears to result from the inheritance of a mutant vWF gene from both parents. […] Acquired vWD is a rare disorder that results from the development of antibodies to vWF, or from excessive cleavage of vWF multimers due to conditions that generate high shear stress in the bloodstream.

• #3 von Willebrand disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Willebrand_disease

  Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most common hereditary blood-clotting disorder in humans. An acquired form can sometimes result from other medical conditions. It arises from a deficiency in the quality or quantity of von Willebrand factor (VWF), a multimeric protein that is required for platelet adhesion. The three forms of VWD are hereditary, acquired, and pseudo or platelet type. The three types of hereditary VWD are VWD type 1, VWD type 2, and VWD type 3. Type 2 contains various subtypes. Platelet type VWD is also an inherited condition. […] The VWF gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 12 (12p13.2). It has 52 exons spanning 178 kbp. Types 1 and 2 are inherited as autosomal dominant traits. Occasionally, type 2 also inherits recessively. Type 3 is inherited as autosomal recessive. However, some individuals heterozygous for type 3 may be diagnosed with VWD type 1, indicating an intermediate inheritance in those cases. VWD occurs in approximately 1% of the population and affects men and women equally.

• #4 Orphanet: Von Willebrand disease

  https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/903

  VWD is caused by mutations in the VWF gene (12p13.3) encoding the multimeric VWF protein. […] The VWF protein has an intraplatelet, endothelial and plasmatic localization and plays essential roles both in the interaction of platelets with the injured vessel wall and in the transport and stabilization of factor VIII (FVIII).

• #5 von Willebrand disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Willebrand_disease

  Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most common hereditary blood-clotting disorder in humans. An acquired form can sometimes result from other medical conditions. It arises from a deficiency in the quality or quantity of von Willebrand factor (VWF), a multimeric protein that is required for platelet adhesion. The three forms of VWD are hereditary, acquired, and pseudo or platelet type. The three types of hereditary VWD are VWD type 1, VWD type 2, and VWD type 3. Type 2 contains various subtypes. Platelet type VWD is also an inherited condition. […] The VWF gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 12 (12p13.2). It has 52 exons spanning 178 kbp. Types 1 and 2 are inherited as autosomal dominant traits. Occasionally, type 2 also inherits recessively. Type 3 is inherited as autosomal recessive. However, some individuals heterozygous for type 3 may be diagnosed with VWD type 1, indicating an intermediate inheritance in those cases. VWD occurs in approximately 1% of the population and affects men and women equally.

• #6 Von Willebrand Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459222/

  Von Willebrand disease (VWD) can be inherited or acquired. […] Inherited phenotypic forms of Von Willebrand disease are: Type 1: This is an autosomal dominant disease (AD, incomplete penetrance approximately 60%) and is caused by a partial quantitative deficiency of von Willebrand factor. […] Type 2: This is an autosomal dominant disease caused by several qualitative defects in von Willebrand factor. […] Type 3: This is an autosomal recessive disease (AR) and is caused by a complete quantitative defect. The von Willebrand factor levels are not detectable, and the severe bleeding disorder characterizes this variant. […] Acquired von Willebrand disease occurs when secondary (acquired) processes lead to a functional impairment of von Willebrand factor, either by decreasing its available quantity or interfering with the physiological hemostasis pathway.

• #7 Von Willebrand Disorder | The Haemophilia Society

  https://haemophilia.org.uk/bleeding-disorders/von-willebrand-disease/

  Von Willebrand disorder, also known as von Willebrand disease (VWD), is a bleeding disorder that affects the bloods ability to clot. […] VWD is almost always inherited. This means it is passed from parents to children through their genes. You can inherit type 1 2 VWD, which are all passed on in an autosomal dominant manner. This means that only one of your parents passes a faulty VWF gene on to you. For each pregnancy, there is a one in two chance that the child will have VWD. […] You can inherit type 3 VWD if both of your parents pass a faulty VWF gene onto you (in an autosomal recessive manner). Your symptoms may be quite different from your parent or parents symptoms. […] In some cases, you can have a faulty VWF gene without any symptoms of VWD. However, you can still pass the faulty VWF gene on to your children.

• #8 Haemophilia and Von Willebrand Disease | Ausmed

  https://www.ausmed.com/learn/articles/bleeding-disorders

  Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most common bleeding disorder around the world, affecting people of all genders and racial backgrounds (Better Health Channel 2022a). The disorder is caused by an absent or dysfunctional von Willebrand factor (VWF), which slows or impairs the blood clotting process. Consequently, bleeding takes longer to stop than in the average person (Better Health Channel 2022a). […] VWD is almost always an inherited disorder (CDC 2023). Types 1, 2A, 2B, and 2M are autosomal dominant disorders, meaning that only one parent needs to pass on the mutated gene (i.e. VWD allele) in order for their child to inherit the condition. In other words, the child has a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder, depending on whether they inherit the affected parent’s normal gene or the VWD allele (CDC 2023). […] Types 2N and 3, on the other hand, are autosomal recessive disorders, meaning that both parents need to pass on the VWD allele in order for their child to inherit the condition. Therefore, if only one parent has VWD, it’s not possible for the child to inherit the condition – but they might still be a carrier. If both parents have VWD, there’s a 25% chance of the child inheriting the condition (CDC 2023).

• #9 Von Willebrand’s disease: Types, symptoms, risk factors, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/188979

  Von Willebrands disease is a hereditary blood-clotting disorder. It is the most common bleeding condition that a person can inherit. […] However, a person might also acquire it as a result of other medical conditions, such as lymphomas, leukemias, and autoimmune disorders such as lupus, as well as by taking certain medications. […] Family history is the most common risk factor for von Willebrands disease. That said, the genetic content needed for each type to develop will differ. […] For example, in types 1 and 2, only one gene is necessary to cause the condition. Also, the biological parents will likely have von Willebrands disease themselves. […] In type 3, both parents need to pass on genes, and they will most likely be carrying the disease without actually having it. […] Acquired von Willebrands disease can happen later in life, so advanced age is a factor.

• #10 Von Willebrand disease: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/von-willebrand-disease/

  Von Willebrand disease is a bleeding disorder that slows the blood clotting process, causing prolonged bleeding after an injury. […] Variants in the VWF gene cause von Willebrand disease. The VWF gene provides instructions for making a blood clotting protein called von Willebrand factor, which is essential for the formation of blood clots. […] If von Willebrand factor does not function normally or too little of the protein is available, blood clots cannot form properly. […] The three types of von Willebrand disease are classified based on the amount of von Willebrand factor that is produced or its ability to function. […] Variants in the VWF gene that reduce the amount of von Willebrand factor cause type 1 von Willebrand disease. […] Variants that impair the function of von Willebrand factor cause the four subtypes of type 2 von Willebrand disease. […] Variants that severely reduce or eliminate von Willebrand factor cause type 3 von Willebrand disease.

• #11 von Willebrand Disease: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206996-overview

  Von Willebrand disease (vWD) is a common, inherited, genetically and clinically heterogeneous hemorrhagic disorder caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of the protein termed von Willebrand factor (vWF). […] In the great majority of cases, vWD is an inherited condition. The vWF gene is located near the tip of the short arm of chromosome 12. […] vWD type I causes a mild to moderate quantitative deficiency of vWF (ie, about 20-50% of normal levels). […] vWD type II is due to qualitative vWF abnormalities and is subdivided into types IIA, IIB, IIN, and IIM. […] vWD type III appears to result from the inheritance of a mutant vWF gene from both parents. […] Acquired vWD is a rare disorder that results from the development of antibodies to vWF, or from excessive cleavage of vWF multimers due to conditions that generate high shear stress in the bloodstream.

• #12 Von Willebrand Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459222/

  Von Willebrand disease (VWD) can be inherited or acquired. […] Inherited phenotypic forms of Von Willebrand disease are: Type 1: This is an autosomal dominant disease (AD, incomplete penetrance approximately 60%) and is caused by a partial quantitative deficiency of von Willebrand factor. […] Type 2: This is an autosomal dominant disease caused by several qualitative defects in von Willebrand factor. […] Type 3: This is an autosomal recessive disease (AR) and is caused by a complete quantitative defect. The von Willebrand factor levels are not detectable, and the severe bleeding disorder characterizes this variant. […] Acquired von Willebrand disease occurs when secondary (acquired) processes lead to a functional impairment of von Willebrand factor, either by decreasing its available quantity or interfering with the physiological hemostasis pathway.

• #13 Von Willebrand Disease – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/thrombocytopenia-and-platelet-dysfunction/von-willebrand-disease

  Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a hereditary quantitative deficiency or functional abnormality of von Willebrand factor, which causes platelet dysfunction. […] Von Willebrand disease is classified into 3 main types: Type 1: A quantitative deficiency of VWF, which is the most common form and is an autosomal dominant disorder. VWD concentration and activity are both reduced proportionally. […] Type 2: A qualitative impairment in synthesis and function of VWF that can result from various genetic abnormalities and is an autosomal dominant disorder. VWD activity is reduced more than VWF concentration. […] Type 3: A rare autosomal recessive disorder in which patients who are homozygous have no detectable VWF. […] Although VWD, like hemophilia A, is a hereditary disorder that may cause factor VIII deficiency, the factor VIII deficiency in VWD is usually only moderate (ie, to 20 to 40%). […] Acquired von Willebrand disease is rare and is characterized by low levels of VWF due to decreased production or increased clearance of VWF from the circulation. It occurs in patients with lymphoproliferative, myeloproliferative, and autoimmune disorders.

• #14 Canine von Willebrand Disease | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/animal-health-diagnostic-center/laboratories/comparative-coagulation/clinical-topics/canine-von-willebrand-disease

  Several distinct VWF gene mutations have been described in different VWD subtypes and affected breeds: Type 1 VWD: Splice-site mutation at the end of VWF exon 43 (c.7437GA); Type 2 VWD (German WH and SH Pointers): Missense mutation (c.1657TG; p.Trp553Gly); Type 3 VWD (Scottish terriers): Deletion in VWF exon 4 (c.255Cdel); Type 3 VWD (Dutch Kooiker): Splice-site mutation at intron 16 (Int16GA).

• #15 Causes of von Willebrand Disease (VWD) | Bleeding Disorders

  https://www.bleedingdisorders.com/von-willebrand-disease/causes

  What can lead to such a complex bleeding disorder? […] When the body cant produce enough of the protein called von Willebrand factor (VWF), or it doesn’t work properly, the body cant control bleeding. […] Though rare, it is possible for someone to develop VWD later in life, when a persons own immune system destroys his or her VWF. This might happen as a result of another disease or use of a medication. Acquired VWD can’t be passed on to any children. […] The gene for VWF is not on the sex gene, so VWD occurs equally often in males and females. […] VWD types 1 and 2 are usually inherited in what is known as a „dominant” pattern. This means that to have these types of VWD, the child needs to inherit one faulty gene only from one parent. That gene is „dominant”. […] Type 3 VWD is usually inherited in a „recessive” pattern. This means that in order to develop VWD of this type, the child needs to inherit two faulty genes one from each parent.

• #16 About von Willebrand Disease | Von Willebrand Disease (VWD) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/von-willebrand/about/index.html

  Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a blood disorder in which the blood does not clot properly. […] Most people who have VWD are born with it. It almost always is inherited, or passed down, from a parent to a child. VWD can be passed down from either the mother or the father, or both, to the child. […] While rare, it is possible for a person to get VWD without a family history of the disease. This can happen if a spontaneous mutation occurs. That means there has been a change in the person’s gene. […] Also, it is rare, but possible, for a person to get or acquire VWD (they didn’t receive the affected gene from their parent or as a result of a mutation) later in life because of an underlying medical condition. This can happen when a person’s own immune system (which controls the body’s ability to fight germs and sickness) destroys his or her VWF, often as a result of the use of a medication or as a result of another disease.

• #17 Von Willebrand Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459222/

  The most commonly associated conditions are lung cancer, Wilm’s tumor, gastric cancer, MGUS, multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), plasma cell dyscrasias, lymphomas, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Felty syndrome, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, or other autoimmune disorders, metabolic disorders (hypothyroidism), drug side effects, and states of high-vascular flow such as AS, VSD, VAD (ventricular assist devices), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), or metallic cardiac valves. […] The von Willebrand factor is a large multimeric glycoprotein, and it is susceptible to the shear stress associated with high flow states.

• #18

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh1407

  Acquired von Willebrand disease is a rare bleeding disorder that might be caused by other medical problems or medicines. It prevents blood from clotting properly. It is rarer than the inherited form of von Willebrand disease. […] Medical problems that might cause acquired von Willebrand disease include: Lymph disorders, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Plasma disorders, such as multiple myeloma. Bone marrow disorders, such as polycythemia vera. Solid tumours, such as Wilms’ tumour (a fast-growing kidney tumour) and lung cancer. Hypothyroidism. Autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Heart problems, such as aortic valve stenosis. Use of a cardiac device that helps the heart pump blood, called a ventricular assist device. […] Rarely, acquired von Willebrand disease may also develop in direct association with use of certain medicines. When use is discontinued, signs of the disease also end. These medicines include: Ciprofloxacin. Griseofulvin. Valproic acid.

• #19

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/9977

  Acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AvWS) is a rare bleeding disorder with laboratory findings similar to those of inherited von Willebrand disease. However, unlike the inherited disease, AvWS occurs in persons with no personal and family history of bleeding and is often associated with a variety of underlying diseases, most frequently lymphoproliferative, myeloproliferative and cardiovascular disorders. […] Various mechanisms are implied in the pathophysiology of AvWS, the majority of them leading to the increased degradation or clearance of circulating vWF. […] Most cases are due to an increased plasma clearance of vWF caused by such mechanisms as antibodies, cell adsorption, shear stress or increased proteolysis. […] In patients with hypothyroidism, the syndrome is caused by the decreased synthesis of an otherwise qualitatively normal vWF, and this can be reversed by l-thyroxine therapy.

• #20

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/9977

  Acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AvWS) is a rare bleeding disorder with laboratory findings similar to those of inherited von Willebrand disease. However, unlike the inherited disease, AvWS occurs in persons with no personal and family history of bleeding and is often associated with a variety of underlying diseases, most frequently lymphoproliferative, myeloproliferative and cardiovascular disorders. […] Various mechanisms are implied in the pathophysiology of AvWS, the majority of them leading to the increased degradation or clearance of circulating vWF. […] Most cases are due to an increased plasma clearance of vWF caused by such mechanisms as antibodies, cell adsorption, shear stress or increased proteolysis. […] In patients with hypothyroidism, the syndrome is caused by the decreased synthesis of an otherwise qualitatively normal vWF, and this can be reversed by l-thyroxine therapy.

• #21

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/9977

  In cardiac valvulopathies and left ventricular assist devices, sheering of high-molecular-weight (HMW) vWF multimers by mechanical stress or proteolysis induced by ADAMTS 13 are involved. […] In cases associated with plasma cell dyscrasias (MGUS and multiple myeloma), as well as in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, circulating autoantibodies directed against functional or non-functional vWF domains have been reported. […] Antibody binding to vWF leads to the formation of immune complexes that are cleared from the circulation by the reticulo-endothelial system. […] A mechanism involving the selective adsorption of HMW multimers on tumor cells leading to their enhanced plasma clearance has been described in lymphoproliferative diseases and solid cancers. […] In MGUS, the aberrant expression on abnormal plasma cells of the glycoprotein Ib (the principal platelet receptor of vWF) was associated with its selective binding to these cells. […] vWF adsorption onto the cell membranes and subsequent plasma clearance has also been involved in AvWS associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms. […] In addition, essential thrombocythemia and other myeloproliferative neoplasms may cause the syndrome through increased plasma vWF proteolysis.

• #22 Etiology and Diagnosis of Acquired von Willebrand Syndrome – Hematology & Oncology

  https://www.hematologyandoncology.net/archives/january-2010/etiology-and-diagnosis-of-acquired-von-willebrand-syndrome/

  Acquired von Willebrand syndrome (aVWS) is thought to be a rare bleeding disorder that largely mimics congenital von Willebrand disease (VWD) in terms of laboratory findings and clinical presentation. […] The syndrome is believed to mostly occur from 2 leading mechanisms: namely reduced synthesis and/or increased clearance of von Willebrand factor (VWF). […] Most cases of aVWS—up to 50–60%—have been diagnosed in association with clonal hematoproliferative diseases, namely monoclonal gammopathy, monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance (MGUS), myeloma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, and other lymphoproliferative disorders such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Other disorders associated with aVWS include Wilms’ tumor; adenocarcinomas/adrenal cell carcinomas; immunologic diseases, including SLE; and thyroid disorders, especially hypothyroidism. […] aVWS is a complex multicausal disorder. Early recognition of aVWS and its primary cause is mandatory to achieving adequate therapy and cure. […] The differing etiology, and therefore varying efficacy of different treatments, create several challenges to diagnosis and effective treatment.

• #23 Von Willebrand disease: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000544.htm

  Von Willebrand disease is caused by a deficiency or poor functioning of von Willebrand factor. Von Willebrand factor helps blood platelets clump together and stick to the blood vessel wall, which is necessary for normal blood clotting. […] A family history of a bleeding disorder is the primary risk factor. […] This disease is passed down through families. Genetic counseling may help prospective parents understand the risk for their children.

• #24 Von Willebrand disease – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/von-willebrand-disease

  Von Willebrand disease is caused by a deficiency or poor functioning of von Willebrand factor. […] A family history of a bleeding disorder is the primary risk factor.

• #25 Acquired von Willebrand disease: Causes and vs. hereditary VWD

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/acquired-von-willebrand-disease

  AvWD is a rare type of bleeding disorder where blood does not clot correctly. It typically develops alongside other health conditions that affect the heart, immune system, or blood cells. […] Acquired von Willebrand disease (AvWD) is another type of vWD. This type is much rarer and is not a condition that a person inherits. Instead, AvWD typically develops in association with other health conditions that affect the heart, blood cells, or immune system. […] One of the most common risk factors for developing AvWD is if a person has an underlying condition that affects the blood, heart, or immune system. […] Research suggests that approximately 30-40% of people with AvWD also have an immune system disorder. […] A 2015 retrospective analysis suggests that there is approximately a 12-20% chance of people with AvWD also having blood cancer, such as essential thrombocythemia. […] The most common causes of AvWD are underlying conditions that affect the immune system, heart, and blood. A person cannot inherit AvWD.

• #26

  https://step2.medbullets.com/heme/120239/von-willebrand-disease

  Inherited mixed platelet and coagulation disorder from deficiency in von Willebrand factor (vWF) […] Pathogenesis […] affects coagulation – vWF carries and protects factor VIII […] produced by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes […] intrinsic pathway coagulation defect […] affects platelets vWF is important in platelet adherence to endothelial lining […] platelet aggregation is normal (mediated by fibrinogen).

• #27 Orphanet: Von Willebrand disease

  https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/903

  VWD is caused by mutations in the VWF gene (12p13.3) encoding the multimeric VWF protein. […] The VWF protein has an intraplatelet, endothelial and plasmatic localization and plays essential roles both in the interaction of platelets with the injured vessel wall and in the transport and stabilization of factor VIII (FVIII).

• #28 Bleeding Disorders – Hematology.org

  https://www.hematology.org/education/patients/bleeding-disorders

  Von Willebrand disease is an inherited condition that results when the blood lacks functioning von Willebrand factor, a protein that helps the blood to clot and also carries another clotting protein, factor VIII. […] Von Willebrand disease is classified into three different types (Types 1, 2, and 3), based on the levels of von Willebrand factor and factor VIII activity in the blood. […] With early diagnosis, people with von Willebrand disease can lead normal, active lives.

• #29 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Von-Willebrand-Disease-Pathophysiology.aspx

  The condition known as von Willebrand disease (vWD) is the result of a reduction in the plasma levels of, or the production of a defective form of, the coagulation factor known as von Willebrand factor (vWF). […] Acquired vWD is due to the rapid clearance of vWF from the plasma after it forms a complex with its antibody. This may be due to its adhesion to tumor cells, the presence of vWF antibodies that disrupt the multimer, or even slow digestion of the protein.

• #30 Facts About von Willebrand disease (VWD) – VONVENDI®

  https://www.vonvendi.com/facts-about-vwd

  VWD is usually hereditary, meaning it’s passed down from a parent to a child. In some rare instances, a child can have the disease without a family history of VWD.1 […] VWD can be caused by either3: Not having enough von Willebrand factor (VWF) […] Having VWF that isn’t working properly.

• #31 Causes of von Willebrand Disease (VWD) | Bleeding Disorders

  https://www.bleedingdisorders.com/von-willebrand-disease/causes

  What can lead to such a complex bleeding disorder? […] When the body cant produce enough of the protein called von Willebrand factor (VWF), or it doesn’t work properly, the body cant control bleeding. […] Though rare, it is possible for someone to develop VWD later in life, when a persons own immune system destroys his or her VWF. This might happen as a result of another disease or use of a medication. Acquired VWD can’t be passed on to any children. […] The gene for VWF is not on the sex gene, so VWD occurs equally often in males and females. […] VWD types 1 and 2 are usually inherited in what is known as a „dominant” pattern. This means that to have these types of VWD, the child needs to inherit one faulty gene only from one parent. That gene is „dominant”. […] Type 3 VWD is usually inherited in a „recessive” pattern. This means that in order to develop VWD of this type, the child needs to inherit two faulty genes one from each parent.

• #32 von Willebrand disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Willebrand_disease

  The four hereditary types of VWD described are type 1, type 2, type 3, and pseudo- or platelet-type. Most cases are hereditary, but acquired forms of VWD have been described. The International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis’s classification depends on the definition of qualitative and quantitative defects. […] Acquired Von Willebrand syndrome can occur due to autoantibodies, either interfering with platelet or collagen binding; increasing VWF clearance from the plasma; adsorption to myeloma cells or platelets; or proteolytic cleavage of VWF after shear stress-induced unfolding.

• #33 Von Willebrand’s Disease in Dogs | VCA Animal Hospitals

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/von-willebrands-disease-in-dogs

  Von Willebrand’s disease (vWD) is the most common inherited bleeding disorder of both humans and dogs. It is caused by a deficiency in the amount of a specific protein needed to help platelets (the blood cells used in clotting) stick together and form clots to seal broken blood vessels. The deficient protein is called von Willebrand factor (vWF). […] Certain medications may decrease platelet function and could increase the risk of spontaneous bleeding in von Willebrands patients. […] In humans with vWD, emotional stress appears to precipitate bleeding in some cases.

• #34

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh1407

  Acquired von Willebrand disease is a rare bleeding disorder that might be caused by other medical problems or medicines. It prevents blood from clotting properly. It is rarer than the inherited form of von Willebrand disease. […] Medical problems that might cause acquired von Willebrand disease include: Lymph disorders, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Plasma disorders, such as multiple myeloma. Bone marrow disorders, such as polycythemia vera. Solid tumours, such as Wilms’ tumour (a fast-growing kidney tumour) and lung cancer. Hypothyroidism. Autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Heart problems, such as aortic valve stenosis. Use of a cardiac device that helps the heart pump blood, called a ventricular assist device. […] Rarely, acquired von Willebrand disease may also develop in direct association with use of certain medicines. When use is discontinued, signs of the disease also end. These medicines include: Ciprofloxacin. Griseofulvin. Valproic acid.

• #35 von Willebrand Disease: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206996-overview

  Von Willebrand disease (vWD) is a common, inherited, genetically and clinically heterogeneous hemorrhagic disorder caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of the protein termed von Willebrand factor (vWF). […] In the great majority of cases, vWD is an inherited condition. The vWF gene is located near the tip of the short arm of chromosome 12. […] vWD type I causes a mild to moderate quantitative deficiency of vWF (ie, about 20-50% of normal levels). […] vWD type II is due to qualitative vWF abnormalities and is subdivided into types IIA, IIB, IIN, and IIM. […] vWD type III appears to result from the inheritance of a mutant vWF gene from both parents. […] Acquired vWD is a rare disorder that results from the development of antibodies to vWF, or from excessive cleavage of vWF multimers due to conditions that generate high shear stress in the bloodstream.

• #36 Von Willebrand disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/von-willebrand-disease

  Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is an inherited condition that affects males and females. […] Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is an inherited bleeding disorder. People with VWD have a problem with a protein in their blood called von Willebrand factor (VWF) that helps control bleeding. […] It is thought that up to 1 in 100 people have VWD, but most people have few symptoms. […] Most people with VWD are born with the disorder. […] The severity of VWD someone experiences depends on the type of VWD and the level of von Willebrand factor in their blood. […] VWD is usually inherited, although it can also occur spontaneously (where there is no family history). […] Changes in the VWF gene can disrupt the formation of blood clots and can cause VWD. […] Most cases of type 1 and type 2 VWD are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the changed gene is enough to cause the disease.

• #37 Von Willebrand disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/von-willebrand-disease

  Type 3, some cases of type 2 and a small number of type 1 cases are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means that if someone has this type of VWD, both of their copies of the VWF gene will have changes. […] Some people develop a form of VWD later in life due to other medical problems that affect their von Willebrand factor. This is called Acquired von Willebrand Syndrome (AVWS) and is very rare.

• #38 Etiology and Diagnosis of Acquired von Willebrand Syndrome – Hematology & Oncology

  https://www.hematologyandoncology.net/archives/january-2010/etiology-and-diagnosis-of-acquired-von-willebrand-syndrome/

  Acquired von Willebrand syndrome (aVWS) is thought to be a rare bleeding disorder that largely mimics congenital von Willebrand disease (VWD) in terms of laboratory findings and clinical presentation. […] The syndrome is believed to mostly occur from 2 leading mechanisms: namely reduced synthesis and/or increased clearance of von Willebrand factor (VWF). […] Most cases of aVWS—up to 50–60%—have been diagnosed in association with clonal hematoproliferative diseases, namely monoclonal gammopathy, monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance (MGUS), myeloma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, and other lymphoproliferative disorders such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Other disorders associated with aVWS include Wilms’ tumor; adenocarcinomas/adrenal cell carcinomas; immunologic diseases, including SLE; and thyroid disorders, especially hypothyroidism. […] aVWS is a complex multicausal disorder. Early recognition of aVWS and its primary cause is mandatory to achieving adequate therapy and cure. […] The differing etiology, and therefore varying efficacy of different treatments, create several challenges to diagnosis and effective treatment.

• #39 Von Willebrand disease: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000544.htm

  Von Willebrand disease is caused by a deficiency or poor functioning of von Willebrand factor. Von Willebrand factor helps blood platelets clump together and stick to the blood vessel wall, which is necessary for normal blood clotting. […] A family history of a bleeding disorder is the primary risk factor. […] This disease is passed down through families. Genetic counseling may help prospective parents understand the risk for their children.

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