Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Motion Sickness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539706/

  Motion sickness is inducible in almost all people with a functioning vestibular apparatus and a sufficient provocative stimulus. Patients with a total loss of labyrinthine function are immune to motion sickness. […] Individual susceptibility varies. Certain characteristics associated with motion sickness include: Sex women are more susceptible than men; Age motion sickness begins around age 6 and peaks at age 9 – there is a subsequent decline during teen years due to habituation; Elderly people are the least susceptible to motion sickness; Fitness level cross-sectional studies show increased susceptibility in persons with high levels of aerobic fitness; there have been suggestions that this is due to a more reactive autonomic system; Medical conditions patients with vertigo, vestibular pathology, Menieres disease, and migraines are at elevated risk; Hormones fluctuations during pregnancy and the menstrual cycle increase susceptibility.

• #1 Motion sickness epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Motion_sickness_epidemiology_and_demographics

  About 33% of people are susceptible to motion sickness even in mild circumstances such as being on a boat in calm water, although nearly 66% of people are susceptible in more severe conditions. […] Approximately 50% of the astronauts in the U.S. space program have suffered from space sickness.

• #1 Motion sickness: causes, prevention and management – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/motion-sickness-causes-prevention-and-management

  Motion sickness is a common problem that occurs when there is a conflict between the vestibular, visual and proprioceptive systems. […] It is thought that 90% of people will experience motion sickness at some point in their lives, although the incidence and prevalence can vary significantly depending on the mode of transport, individuals’ susceptibility and factors such as age and gender. […] The incidence of motion sickness varies greatly, depending on the magnitude of the stimulus and the susceptibility of the individual. […] Motion sickness is more common in children and young adults. It is rare in children aged under two years and said to peak between the ages of 3 years and 12 years. […] Patients with inner ear disorders, such as Ménière’s disease or those who have a history of migraines, are more susceptible to motion sickness.

• #1 Nausea and Vomiting Induced by Motion Sickness | Key Insights

  https://www.delveinsight.com/blog/tackling-nausea-and-vomiting-induced-by-motion-sickness

  Epidemiology scenario of motion sickness: While it is not a serious medical condition, it affects people of all ages and can impact travel plans and activities. Almost every person with fully functional physiological systems develops motion sickness at some point in their lives; however, its occurrence varies significantly depending on the mode of transport, individuals susceptibility, and factors such as age and gender. Literature review suggests that cars and buses are the most commonly used transport and have the highest occurrence rate of motion sickness, while the least used transport, boats or ships has the lowest occurrence. According to DelveInsights latest published report titled Nausea And Vomiting Induced By Motion Sickness Epidemiology Forecast, more than 100 million individuals in the US were affected by motion sickness in 2022.

• #1 Motion sickness: an overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7048153/

  Motion sickness is a common phenomenon. Almost everybody has experienced motion sickness at least once in his/her lifetime. Seasickness is the most common and notorious form of motion sickness. Up to 25% of the passengers on a large ship will develop motion sickness within 23 days of the start of an ocean voyage. The incidence is higher in smaller vessels and with adverse weather. In an extensive survey of 2366 passengers who had collectively traveled on 26 cruise trips for a total of 34,501 person-days, the incidence of motion sickness requiring physicians consultations was 4.2 per 1000 person per day. The incidence of car sickness is up to 4%, especially for those driving rally cars and those sitting in the back seats or reading a book during the journey. Motion sickness occurs in approximately 0.13% of individuals who ride on trains. Less than 1% of travelers in pressurized commercial aircraft have motion sickness. The incidence of motion sickness in student aviators is between 10% and 31%. The overall incidence decreases over time as these student aviators gain experience. Space sickness affects up to 80% of astronauts during their first 3 days of their space mission.

• #1 Motion Sickness | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116390/0.0/Motion_Sickness

  Incidence Predominant sex: female male Prevalence Estimation is complex; syndrome occurs in ~25% due to travel by air, ~29% by sea, and ~41% by road. Estimates for vomiting are 0.5% by air, 7% by sea, and 2% by road. […] Motion sickness is a physiologic response in affected individuals to a situation in which sensory conflict about body motion exists among visual receptors, vestibular receptors, and body proprioceptors.

• #1 Motion sickness: an overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7048153/

  Motion sickness can develop in any individual if the movements applied to the body are significant enough. However, there is considerable individual susceptibility to motion sickness that might also be a result of gene-environment interaction. Certain characteristics are correlated with this susceptibility. Females are more susceptible to motion sickness than males of the same age in terms of increased frequency and severity of symptoms, especially during menstruation. In this regard, pregnant women are particularly susceptible to motion sickness, presumably because of the hormonal changes during pregnancy. Motion sickness is rare in children under the age of two possibly because of the lack of sufficient visual input in the children of this age group. Children 6-12 years old are most susceptible, with a peak between 9 and 10 years old. The susceptibility declines through puberty and thereafter perhaps because of habituation. Motion sickness is less frequent in adults and rarely occurs after the age of 50 years. In females, there is a transient increase in susceptibility at around menopause versus their age-matched male counterparts.

• #1 Understanding Motion Sickness

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/understanding-motion-sickness

  Pharmacists field questions about such self-care topics as motion sickness on a daily basis. The prevalence of motion sickness varies with the type of stimulus and the specific group of patients, but is almost 60% in children traveling in cars or planes, and as high as 100% of those in boats in rough weather. […] The hypothesized etiology of motion sickness explains why patients with a bilateral loss of the vestibular system are seemingly immune to the condition in normal circumstances. On the other hand, patients with vertigo, Meniere’s disease, or migraine are more prone to motion sickness. Gender and age also predict motion sickness. Females are more susceptible, in a 5:3 male to female ratio; females also experience higher rates of nausea and vomiting. Age and motion sickness are associated in a bimodal fashion. For instance, infants and extremely young children do not experience symptoms of motion sickness. The age of onset for the condition is usually ages 6 to 7, and the greatest incidence is in those 9 to 10 years of age. Following that peak, susceptibility decreases, probably due to the phenomenon of habituation or adaptation. Studies demonstrate that the person in control of a vehicle is less prone to become motion sick. Thus, the driver or pilot is protected, while the passengers are at higher risk.

• #1 Motion Sickness

  https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/part-vi-16255/vibration/item/790-motion-sickness

  The considerable variability between individuals in their response to provocative motion is an important feature of motion sickness. Differences in susceptibility can, in part, be related to constitutional factors. Infants much below the age of about two years are rarely affected, but with maturation, susceptibility increases rapidly to reach a peak between four and ten years. Thereafter, susceptibility falls progressively so that the elderly are less likely to be affected, but are not immune. In any age group, females are more sensitive than males, the incidence data suggesting a ratio of approximately 1.7:1. Certain dimensions of personality, such as neuroticism, introversion and perceptual style have also been shown to be correlated, albeit weakly, with susceptibility. Motion sickness can also be a conditioned response and a manifestation of phobic anxiety.

• #1 Motion sickness | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/motion-sickness

  Motion sickness susceptibility from infancy to adolescence follows an inverse U-shaped curve with three phases that may be related to the visual-vestibular mismatch theory. […] Motion sickness susceptibility is low in the first year of life, increases to a prepubertal peak, and declines after puberty. […] For sailors traversing the Southern Ocean, predictive factors identified for motion sickness were greater intrinsic susceptibility (determined from scores on the Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire), younger age, and greater cabin distance from the center of gravity.

• #1 Motion sickness: causes, prevention and management – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/motion-sickness-causes-prevention-and-management

  Females and pregnant women more commonly experience motion sickness than men. […] The common symptoms of motion sickness include nausea, vomiting, sweating, dizziness and general inability to function. […] The symptoms of motion sickness can vary from person to person. […] Most individuals with motion sickness have mild-to-moderate symptoms that are self-limiting.

• #1 Motion sickness: an overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7048153/

  Although motion sickness can occur in individuals of all races, race disparity is also significant. It has been shown that Chinese are more susceptible to motion sickness than white people. Motion sickness may be familial. If either parent has a childhood history of car sickness, the chances that their child will develop car sickness are twice as great as when neither parent has the problem. Monozygotic twins are concordant for car sickness two and half times as often as dizygotic twins, suggesting the existence of a genetic background. Motion sickness is more prevalent in individuals who suffer from migraine, vertigo, and Meniere disease. Exposure to short-wavelength light increases the susceptibility to motion sickness. Sleep deprivation can also increase susceptibility. Blind individuals are as susceptible to motion sickness as normal sighted individuals with their eyes closed. On the other hand, dancers, rope walkers, acrobats, and individuals with bilateral loss of labyrinthine function have a lower incidence of motion sickness.

• #1 Motion Sickness | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/travel-air-sea/motion-sickness.html

  Healthcare professionals should advise international travelers on techniques and medications to prevent and manage motion sickness. […] People vary in their susceptibility, but given a sufficient stimulus, almost all people with functional vestibular systems (responsible for balance and spatial orientation) can develop motion sickness. […] Surveys report that women are more susceptible than men, but this is a much smaller effect than age. […] Evidence from twin studies suggests that a large proportion of individual variation in susceptibility is due to genetic factors, with heritability accounting for 55%70% of the variation; multiple genes may be involved. […] Awareness and avoidance of situations that trigger symptoms are primary strategies against motion sickness. […] For healthcare professionals managing a traveler with acute symptoms consistent with motion sickness, other causes should be excluded, including peripheral and central vestibular disease.

• #1 Is Motion Sickness Genetic? | Passport Health

  https://www.passporthealthusa.com/2023/12/is-motion-sickness-actually-genetic/

  Motion sickness is generally seen in women and children between the ages of 2 and 12. […] In 2005 researchers from Pennsylvania State University found evidence suggesting motion sickness has a genetic component. The research team studied 200 twin pairs from India and found if one identical twin had motion sickness, the other twin also had it. […] They also studied parents and children. Parents vulnerable to motion sickness had children that were five times as likely to experience motion sickness. […] In 2015, researchers from the genetic testing company 23andMe identified 35 genetic variants in humans associated with motion sickness. Researchers reported that genetic variants were associated with different areas of a persons body, such as their eyes, ears, or neurological processes all of which play a role in motion sickness. […] While there is still much to understand about motion sickness, genetics seems to play a role. If you tend to experience motion sickness, theres a good chance your child may as well.

• #1 Motion sickness: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/motion-sickness/

  Motion sickness is very common. About 1 in 3 people are considered highly susceptible to motion sickness. However, almost everyone will become motion sick if exposed to motion that is intense enough. […] Motion sickness is more common in some groups of people than in others, for reasons that are not fully understood. The condition is more common in women (particularly during menstruation or pregnancy) than in men, and more common in children than in adults. People who have migraine headaches, including a balance disorder called vestibular migraine, have a higher risk of motion sickness than those who do not have these conditions. People in some ethnic and geographic groups are more likely to report being susceptible to motion sickness; for example, studies suggest that there is a higher prevalence of motion sickness among Asians than among Europeans. […] Motion sickness does not have a clear pattern of inheritance, although it does tend to cluster in families. People who have a first-degree relative (for example, a parent or sibling) who is highly susceptible to motion sickness are more likely than the general public to get motion sick themselves.

• #1 Motion Sickness: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2060606-overview

  Nearly all people experience motion sickness if given a strong enough motion stimuli. In many typical conditions, such as on cruise ships, the prevalence ranges from 3% to 60%, depending on the study. […] Two small studies have reported an association between Chinese ethnicity and increased susceptibility to motion sickness. […] Several studies show that females report increased frequency and severity of symptoms and pregnant women are much more susceptible to motion sickness. […] Persons younger than 2 years rarely show signs and symptoms of motion sickness. Children between 3 and 12 years may have the highest incidence, and elderly people seem to have reduced susceptibility. […] Risk factors for motion sickness include age, sex, preexisting medical conditions, and concurrent medications. Other potential risk factors include pregnancy, menstruation, and taking hormone replacement therapy or oral contraceptives. Some prescriptions can worsen motion sickness-associated nausea. People with a history of migraines, vertigo, and vestibular disorders are more prone to motion sickness. […] Motion sickness results in mortality and/or morbidity very rarely. Mortality and morbidity most commonly results from falls but can also result from a combination with other travel, recreational, or occupational hazards.

• #1 Motion sickness – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_sickness

  Roughly one-third of people are highly susceptible to motion sickness, and most of the rest get motion sick under extreme conditions. […] Around 80% of the general population is susceptible to cases of medium to high motion sickness. […] The rates of space motion sickness have been estimated at between forty and eighty percent of those who enter weightless orbit. […] Several factors influence susceptibility to motion sickness, including sleep deprivation and the cubic footage allocated to each space traveler. […] Studies indicate that women are more likely to be affected than men, and that the risk decreases with advancing age. […] There is some evidence that people with Asian ancestry may develop motion sickness more frequently than people of European ancestry, and there are situational and behavioral factors, such as whether a passenger has a view of the road ahead, and diet and eating behaviors.

• #1 Advise Patients About OTC Options for Treating Motion Sickness

  https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/advise-patients-about-otc-options-for-treating-motion-sickness

  Motion sickness is a physiologic response that can occur when traveling by sea, air, car, train, or through virtual reality immersion. […] Common risk factors include age, sex, concurrent medical conditions, and multiple medications.1 Those between the ages of 2 and 12 years are at highest risk, with risk decreasing through adulthood. Incidence is also greater in females than males.1,2 Other risk factors include pregnancy or menstruation, hormone therapy replacement, oral contraceptives, and those with a history of migraines or vertigo.1 […] Many cases of motion sickness can be managed safely with available OTC products. […] If patients report experiencing motion sickness despite using OTC products, including meclizine and dimenhydrinate, it may be appropriate to assess the patients understanding of the administration directions and ensure the medication is taken before exposure to the inducing environment.

• #1 Seasickness: we built a digital monitoring system on a South African research ship to help manage it

  https://theconversation.com/seasickness-we-built-a-digital-monitoring-system-on-a-south-african-research-ship-to-help-manage-it-235278

  Motion sickness is triggered by a ships rocking motion (cars, aeroplanes and trains can have the same effect). […] While conducting my research, I did not find any other reported digital system on board used to inform anyone about how motion sick passengers and crew members on board might be. […] The Mariner 4.0 platform changes that. […] The app allows passengers to log metrics like whether they are motion sick or not (motion sickness incidence), how severe their symptoms are (using an illness rating) and where on board they are at the time. […] This visual data can help those making decisions aboard a ship understand how best to support those who need medical attention, or whether a slight change in course could ease peoples symptoms. […] We hope that, in years to come, it will become a supportive tool not just for research ships, but for other seafaring vessels like ferries, fishing boats or yachts.

• #1 Nausea and Vomiting Induced by Motion Sickness | Key Insights

  https://www.delveinsight.com/blog/tackling-nausea-and-vomiting-induced-by-motion-sickness

  The lack of epidemiology data makes it difficult to estimate motion sickness occurrence and acts as a hurdle in garnering sufficient consideration. Hence, there is a need to conduct more research and studies to understand the pathophysiology and epidemiology of motion sickness to develop novel preventive and treatment therapies.

• #1 Antihistamines for motion sickness – Karrim, N – 2022 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012715.pub2/full

  Mnires disease and vestibular migraines are associated with increased motion sensitivity. […] The sensory conflict or mismatch theory suggests that conflict arises between one’s visual, proprioceptive and vestibular systems when the actual motion experienced differs from the anticipated motion. […] The Reason and Brand Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire remains the most widely used tool to assess susceptibility to motion sickness. […] Habituation is an effective countermeasure to motion sickness. […] Pharmacological therapy for the management of motion sickness primarily involves the use of anticholinergics and antihistamines. […] Antihistamines have been used in the management of motion sickness for decades.

• #1 Nausea and Vomiting Induced by Motion Sickness – Market Insight, Epidemiology And Market Forecast – 2032

  https://www.giiresearch.com/report/del1376851-nausea-vomiting-induced-by-motion-sickness-market.html

  In 2022, there were approximately 217,237,382 total cases of motion sickness in the 7MM. These cases are expected to increase by 2032. […] In 2022, among the 7MM, the US accounted for the highest cases of motion sickness, contributing nearly 52%, while Japan accounted for the least, with around 14% of the total cases of motion sickness. […] Among EU4 and the UK, France accounted for the highest cases of motion sickness with around 17,076,287 cases, followed by the UK with 16,947,850 cases, while Spain accounted for the least cases, 11,790,855, in 2022. […] In the US, motion sickness due to travel by car and bus was the highest, with 33,734,195 cases in each mode. This was followed by motion sickness due to travel by train with 22,489,464 cases, airplanes with 16,867,098 cases, and others in 2022. These cases are projected to increase by 2032.

• #1 Nausea and Vomiting Induced by Motion Sickness – Market Insight, Epidemiology And Market Forecast – 2032

  https://www.giiresearch.com/report/del1376851-nausea-vomiting-induced-by-motion-sickness-market.html

  In EU4 and the UK, based on the modes of transport, around 30% of motion sickness cases occur when traveling by car and bus in each of the two modes, followed by nearly 20% of cases by train, 15% by airplane, and 5% by boat/ship, in 2022. […] In 2022, in Germany, around 3,794,248 individuals had nausea, and 682,965 had vomiting traveled by car and bus, while 346,624 and 190,894 individuals had nausea and vomiting, respectively, while traveling by boat/ship. […] In 2022, Japan accounted for the second-highest cases of motion sickness among the 7MM, with nearly 31,053,692 cases, of which 15,247,363 individuals had nausea and vomiting. These cases are expected to change during the forecast period.

• #1 Prevention and Treatment of Motion Sickness | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0701/p41.html

  Motion sickness is a common syndrome that occurs upon exposure to certain types of motion. […] Nearly all persons will have symptoms in response to severe motion stimuli, and a history of motion sickness best predicts future symptoms. […] Females, children two to 15 years of age, and persons with conditions associated with nausea (e.g., early pregnancy, migraines, vestibular syndromes) report increased susceptibility. […] The pathogenesis of motion sickness is not clearly understood, but it is thought to be related to conflict between the vestibular, visual, and other proprioceptive systems. […] Although nausea may be the first recognized symptom of motion sickness, it is almost always preceded by other subtle symptoms such as stomach awareness (i.e., a sensation of fullness in the epigastrium), malaise, drowsiness, and irritability.

• #1 Antihistamines for motion sickness – Karrim, N – 2022 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012715.pub2/full

  The evidence for all other outcomes and comparisons (versus scopolamine, antiemetics and acupuncture) was of low or very low certainty and we are therefore uncertain about these effects of antihistamines. […] A recent study undertaken on expedition ships to Antarctica has shown that motion sickness was the most common reason for consultation, with 150 out of a total of 680 physician consultations for prophylaxis followed by an additional 142 visits (27%, 4.2 per 1000 person-days) for treatment. […] Space motion sickness affects 50% of astronauts within the first 24 to 72 hours of weightlessness. […] Motion sickness is rare in children under the age of two, but increases through childhood with a peak incidence at age nine, followed by a progressive decline through adolescence and adulthood.

• #1 Prevention and Treatment of Motion Sickness | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0701/p41.html

  Prevention of motion sickness is more effective than treating symptoms after they have occurred. […] Therefore, patients should learn to identify situations that may lead to motion sickness and be able to initiate behavioral strategies to prevent or minimize symptoms. […] Scopolamine should be a first-line medication for preventing motion sickness in persons who wish to maintain wakefulness during travel. […] First-generation antihistamines are effective for preventing motion sickness, but often have sedative and other side effects. […] Medications are most effective when taken prophylactically before traveling, or as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms. […] First-generation antihistamines have been used to treat motion sickness since the 1940s. […] Nonsedating antihistamines are not effective in preventing or treating motion sickness.

• #1 Motion Sickness – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/motion-sickness

  Motion sickness consists of a group of signs and symptoms that develop in response to real or perceived motion. […] Seasickness is the most common type and is responsible for up to 25% of cruise ship medical visits. […] Travelers who develop symptoms of motion sickness, especially if they interfere with planned activities, should seek medical attention (e.g., at the cruise ship medical clinic). […] Medications for motion sickness are most effective when taken before symptoms begin. […] Antihistamines are frequently used and are relatively safe and effective for the prevention and treatment of mild to moderate motion sickness, though nearly all cause some drowsiness. […] If over-the-counter medications are not effective, prescription drugs such as scopolamine may be needed and should be discussed with a health care provider.

• #1 Advise Patients About OTC Options for Treating Motion Sickness

  https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/advise-patients-about-otc-options-for-treating-motion-sickness

  Scopolamine is the most commonly prescribed medication for motion sickness, but other options that have varying data from small trials include promethazine, diazepam, and rizatriptan. […] The antiemetic ondansetron has not been shown to be effective in preventing or treating motion sickness and should not be used for this indication.2

• #1 New UND program may help make motion sickness a thing of the past – UND Today

  https://blogs.und.edu/und-today/2024/11/new-und-program-may-help-make-motion-sickness-a-thing-of-the-past/

  Three-day course said to greatly reduce symptoms invites riders prone to queasiness to attend […] The UND Department of Aerospace Physiology is now offering a motion sickness desensitization course. […] According to Zeidlik, the motion sickness desensitization course was developed by the United States Air Force, for crew members working in the backs of airplanes with no windows. […] The program has been used around the world, since its development in the 1990s.

• #2 Motion sickness – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_sickness

  Roughly one-third of people are highly susceptible to motion sickness, and most of the rest get motion sick under extreme conditions. […] Around 80% of the general population is susceptible to cases of medium to high motion sickness. […] The rates of space motion sickness have been estimated at between forty and eighty percent of those who enter weightless orbit. […] Several factors influence susceptibility to motion sickness, including sleep deprivation and the cubic footage allocated to each space traveler. […] Studies indicate that women are more likely to be affected than men, and that the risk decreases with advancing age. […] There is some evidence that people with Asian ancestry may develop motion sickness more frequently than people of European ancestry, and there are situational and behavioral factors, such as whether a passenger has a view of the road ahead, and diet and eating behaviors.

• #2 Motion sickness: causes, prevention and management – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/motion-sickness-causes-prevention-and-management

  Motion sickness is a common problem that occurs when there is a conflict between the vestibular, visual and proprioceptive systems. […] It is thought that 90% of people will experience motion sickness at some point in their lives, although the incidence and prevalence can vary significantly depending on the mode of transport, individuals’ susceptibility and factors such as age and gender. […] The incidence of motion sickness varies greatly, depending on the magnitude of the stimulus and the susceptibility of the individual. […] Motion sickness is more common in children and young adults. It is rare in children aged under two years and said to peak between the ages of 3 years and 12 years. […] Patients with inner ear disorders, such as Ménière’s disease or those who have a history of migraines, are more susceptible to motion sickness.

• #2 Motion Sickness | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116390/0.0/Motion_Sickness

  Incidence Predominant sex: female male Prevalence Estimation is complex; syndrome occurs in ~25% due to travel by air, ~29% by sea, and ~41% by road. Estimates for vomiting are 0.5% by air, 7% by sea, and 2% by road. […] Motion sickness is a physiologic response in affected individuals to a situation in which sensory conflict about body motion exists among visual receptors, vestibular receptors, and body proprioceptors.

• #2 Motion sickness: an overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7048153/

  Motion sickness is a common phenomenon. Almost everybody has experienced motion sickness at least once in his/her lifetime. Seasickness is the most common and notorious form of motion sickness. Up to 25% of the passengers on a large ship will develop motion sickness within 23 days of the start of an ocean voyage. The incidence is higher in smaller vessels and with adverse weather. In an extensive survey of 2366 passengers who had collectively traveled on 26 cruise trips for a total of 34,501 person-days, the incidence of motion sickness requiring physicians consultations was 4.2 per 1000 person per day. The incidence of car sickness is up to 4%, especially for those driving rally cars and those sitting in the back seats or reading a book during the journey. Motion sickness occurs in approximately 0.13% of individuals who ride on trains. Less than 1% of travelers in pressurized commercial aircraft have motion sickness. The incidence of motion sickness in student aviators is between 10% and 31%. The overall incidence decreases over time as these student aviators gain experience. Space sickness affects up to 80% of astronauts during their first 3 days of their space mission.

• #2 Motion sickness epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Motion_sickness_epidemiology_and_demographics

  About 33% of people are susceptible to motion sickness even in mild circumstances such as being on a boat in calm water, although nearly 66% of people are susceptible in more severe conditions. […] Approximately 50% of the astronauts in the U.S. space program have suffered from space sickness.

• #2 Motion sickness: an overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7048153/

  Motion sickness can develop in any individual if the movements applied to the body are significant enough. However, there is considerable individual susceptibility to motion sickness that might also be a result of gene-environment interaction. Certain characteristics are correlated with this susceptibility. Females are more susceptible to motion sickness than males of the same age in terms of increased frequency and severity of symptoms, especially during menstruation. In this regard, pregnant women are particularly susceptible to motion sickness, presumably because of the hormonal changes during pregnancy. Motion sickness is rare in children under the age of two possibly because of the lack of sufficient visual input in the children of this age group. Children 6-12 years old are most susceptible, with a peak between 9 and 10 years old. The susceptibility declines through puberty and thereafter perhaps because of habituation. Motion sickness is less frequent in adults and rarely occurs after the age of 50 years. In females, there is a transient increase in susceptibility at around menopause versus their age-matched male counterparts.

• #2 Motion sickness: How you can prevent symptoms and enjoy travelmenu iconsearch iconsubscribe iconsearch iconarrow up right icon

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/blog/cultivating-health/motion-sickness-how-you-can-prevent-symptoms-and-enjoy-travel/2024/05

  Most of us have felt motion sickness at one point in our lives. It can happen any time your body is still but the vehicle you’re in is moving. […] In one survey of about 3,200 bus passengers in the U.K., 28% felt ill, 13% reported nausea and 2% vomited. Another study highlighted motion sickness experienced by passengers on commercial airline flights, finding that 24% felt ill or nauseated. […] Women are more likely to feel motion sickness than men. Children under the age of 2 are typically resistant to motion sickness, while those around the age of 9 are more prone. […] If you experience motion sickness, you should talk to your health care provider about the best treatment and prevention options. […] People with a history of the following medical conditions should use caution and speak with their health care provider before taking medications for motion sickness: glaucoma, liver impairment, asthma, seizures, prostate enlargements or urinary blockage, thyroid dysfunction, heart disease, women who are pregnant. […] Children under age 2 typically do not experience motion sickness. There is an increased chance of motion sickness for children around age 9. […] Dogs and cats can get motion sickness. There are many preventative steps that exist for dogs and cats.

• #2 Motion Sickness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539706/

  Motion sickness is inducible in almost all people with a functioning vestibular apparatus and a sufficient provocative stimulus. Patients with a total loss of labyrinthine function are immune to motion sickness. […] Individual susceptibility varies. Certain characteristics associated with motion sickness include: Sex women are more susceptible than men; Age motion sickness begins around age 6 and peaks at age 9 – there is a subsequent decline during teen years due to habituation; Elderly people are the least susceptible to motion sickness; Fitness level cross-sectional studies show increased susceptibility in persons with high levels of aerobic fitness; there have been suggestions that this is due to a more reactive autonomic system; Medical conditions patients with vertigo, vestibular pathology, Menieres disease, and migraines are at elevated risk; Hormones fluctuations during pregnancy and the menstrual cycle increase susceptibility.

• #2 Motion sickness: babies, children & teens | Raising Children Network

  https://raisingchildren.net.au/guides/a-z-health-reference/motion-sickness-babies-children-teenagers

  Motion sickness is common in children. Almost 1 in 2 children get motion sickness at some stage. Children aged 10-12 years are most likely to get motion sickness. […] Children with a family or personal history of migraines or motion sickness, inner ear conditions like vertigo, or a fear of heights are more likely to get motion sickness. […] If the strategies above don’t help with your child’s motion sickness, you might want to talk to your GP about motion sickness medicine.

• #2 Understanding Motion Sickness

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/understanding-motion-sickness

  Pharmacists field questions about such self-care topics as motion sickness on a daily basis. The prevalence of motion sickness varies with the type of stimulus and the specific group of patients, but is almost 60% in children traveling in cars or planes, and as high as 100% of those in boats in rough weather. […] The hypothesized etiology of motion sickness explains why patients with a bilateral loss of the vestibular system are seemingly immune to the condition in normal circumstances. On the other hand, patients with vertigo, Meniere’s disease, or migraine are more prone to motion sickness. Gender and age also predict motion sickness. Females are more susceptible, in a 5:3 male to female ratio; females also experience higher rates of nausea and vomiting. Age and motion sickness are associated in a bimodal fashion. For instance, infants and extremely young children do not experience symptoms of motion sickness. The age of onset for the condition is usually ages 6 to 7, and the greatest incidence is in those 9 to 10 years of age. Following that peak, susceptibility decreases, probably due to the phenomenon of habituation or adaptation. Studies demonstrate that the person in control of a vehicle is less prone to become motion sick. Thus, the driver or pilot is protected, while the passengers are at higher risk.

• #2 Motion Sickness

  https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/part-vi-16255/vibration/item/790-motion-sickness

  The considerable variability between individuals in their response to provocative motion is an important feature of motion sickness. Differences in susceptibility can, in part, be related to constitutional factors. Infants much below the age of about two years are rarely affected, but with maturation, susceptibility increases rapidly to reach a peak between four and ten years. Thereafter, susceptibility falls progressively so that the elderly are less likely to be affected, but are not immune. In any age group, females are more sensitive than males, the incidence data suggesting a ratio of approximately 1.7:1. Certain dimensions of personality, such as neuroticism, introversion and perceptual style have also been shown to be correlated, albeit weakly, with susceptibility. Motion sickness can also be a conditioned response and a manifestation of phobic anxiety.

• #2 Motion sickness: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/motion-sickness/

  Motion sickness is very common. About 1 in 3 people are considered highly susceptible to motion sickness. However, almost everyone will become motion sick if exposed to motion that is intense enough. […] Motion sickness is more common in some groups of people than in others, for reasons that are not fully understood. The condition is more common in women (particularly during menstruation or pregnancy) than in men, and more common in children than in adults. People who have migraine headaches, including a balance disorder called vestibular migraine, have a higher risk of motion sickness than those who do not have these conditions. People in some ethnic and geographic groups are more likely to report being susceptible to motion sickness; for example, studies suggest that there is a higher prevalence of motion sickness among Asians than among Europeans. […] Motion sickness does not have a clear pattern of inheritance, although it does tend to cluster in families. People who have a first-degree relative (for example, a parent or sibling) who is highly susceptible to motion sickness are more likely than the general public to get motion sick themselves.

• #2 Motion sickness: an overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7048153/

  Although motion sickness can occur in individuals of all races, race disparity is also significant. It has been shown that Chinese are more susceptible to motion sickness than white people. Motion sickness may be familial. If either parent has a childhood history of car sickness, the chances that their child will develop car sickness are twice as great as when neither parent has the problem. Monozygotic twins are concordant for car sickness two and half times as often as dizygotic twins, suggesting the existence of a genetic background. Motion sickness is more prevalent in individuals who suffer from migraine, vertigo, and Meniere disease. Exposure to short-wavelength light increases the susceptibility to motion sickness. Sleep deprivation can also increase susceptibility. Blind individuals are as susceptible to motion sickness as normal sighted individuals with their eyes closed. On the other hand, dancers, rope walkers, acrobats, and individuals with bilateral loss of labyrinthine function have a lower incidence of motion sickness.

• #2 Motion Sickness: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2060606-overview

  Nearly all people experience motion sickness if given a strong enough motion stimuli. In many typical conditions, such as on cruise ships, the prevalence ranges from 3% to 60%, depending on the study. […] Two small studies have reported an association between Chinese ethnicity and increased susceptibility to motion sickness. […] Several studies show that females report increased frequency and severity of symptoms and pregnant women are much more susceptible to motion sickness. […] Persons younger than 2 years rarely show signs and symptoms of motion sickness. Children between 3 and 12 years may have the highest incidence, and elderly people seem to have reduced susceptibility. […] Risk factors for motion sickness include age, sex, preexisting medical conditions, and concurrent medications. Other potential risk factors include pregnancy, menstruation, and taking hormone replacement therapy or oral contraceptives. Some prescriptions can worsen motion sickness-associated nausea. People with a history of migraines, vertigo, and vestibular disorders are more prone to motion sickness. […] Motion sickness results in mortality and/or morbidity very rarely. Mortality and morbidity most commonly results from falls but can also result from a combination with other travel, recreational, or occupational hazards.

• #2 Nausea and Vomiting Induced by Motion Sickness – Market Insight, Epidemiology And Market Forecast – 2032

  https://www.giiresearch.com/report/del1376851-nausea-vomiting-induced-by-motion-sickness-market.html

  In 2022, there were approximately 217,237,382 total cases of motion sickness in the 7MM. These cases are expected to increase by 2032. […] In 2022, among the 7MM, the US accounted for the highest cases of motion sickness, contributing nearly 52%, while Japan accounted for the least, with around 14% of the total cases of motion sickness. […] Among EU4 and the UK, France accounted for the highest cases of motion sickness with around 17,076,287 cases, followed by the UK with 16,947,850 cases, while Spain accounted for the least cases, 11,790,855, in 2022. […] In the US, motion sickness due to travel by car and bus was the highest, with 33,734,195 cases in each mode. This was followed by motion sickness due to travel by train with 22,489,464 cases, airplanes with 16,867,098 cases, and others in 2022. These cases are projected to increase by 2032.

• #2 Nausea and Vomiting Induced by Motion Sickness – Market Insight, Epidemiology And Market Forecast – 2032

  https://www.giiresearch.com/report/del1376851-nausea-vomiting-induced-by-motion-sickness-market.html

  In EU4 and the UK, based on the modes of transport, around 30% of motion sickness cases occur when traveling by car and bus in each of the two modes, followed by nearly 20% of cases by train, 15% by airplane, and 5% by boat/ship, in 2022. […] In 2022, in Germany, around 3,794,248 individuals had nausea, and 682,965 had vomiting traveled by car and bus, while 346,624 and 190,894 individuals had nausea and vomiting, respectively, while traveling by boat/ship. […] In 2022, Japan accounted for the second-highest cases of motion sickness among the 7MM, with nearly 31,053,692 cases, of which 15,247,363 individuals had nausea and vomiting. These cases are expected to change during the forecast period.

• #2 Motion Sickness | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/travel-air-sea/motion-sickness.html

  Healthcare professionals should advise international travelers on techniques and medications to prevent and manage motion sickness. […] People vary in their susceptibility, but given a sufficient stimulus, almost all people with functional vestibular systems (responsible for balance and spatial orientation) can develop motion sickness. […] Surveys report that women are more susceptible than men, but this is a much smaller effect than age. […] Evidence from twin studies suggests that a large proportion of individual variation in susceptibility is due to genetic factors, with heritability accounting for 55%70% of the variation; multiple genes may be involved. […] Awareness and avoidance of situations that trigger symptoms are primary strategies against motion sickness. […] For healthcare professionals managing a traveler with acute symptoms consistent with motion sickness, other causes should be excluded, including peripheral and central vestibular disease.

• #2 Prevention and Treatment of Motion Sickness | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0701/p41.html

  Prevention of motion sickness is more effective than treating symptoms after they have occurred. […] Therefore, patients should learn to identify situations that may lead to motion sickness and be able to initiate behavioral strategies to prevent or minimize symptoms. […] Scopolamine should be a first-line medication for preventing motion sickness in persons who wish to maintain wakefulness during travel. […] First-generation antihistamines are effective for preventing motion sickness, but often have sedative and other side effects. […] Medications are most effective when taken prophylactically before traveling, or as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms. […] First-generation antihistamines have been used to treat motion sickness since the 1940s. […] Nonsedating antihistamines are not effective in preventing or treating motion sickness.

• #2 Motion Sickness – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/motion-sickness

  Motion sickness consists of a group of signs and symptoms that develop in response to real or perceived motion. […] Seasickness is the most common type and is responsible for up to 25% of cruise ship medical visits. […] Travelers who develop symptoms of motion sickness, especially if they interfere with planned activities, should seek medical attention (e.g., at the cruise ship medical clinic). […] Medications for motion sickness are most effective when taken before symptoms begin. […] Antihistamines are frequently used and are relatively safe and effective for the prevention and treatment of mild to moderate motion sickness, though nearly all cause some drowsiness. […] If over-the-counter medications are not effective, prescription drugs such as scopolamine may be needed and should be discussed with a health care provider.

• #3 Motion sickness – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_sickness

  Roughly one-third of people are highly susceptible to motion sickness, and most of the rest get motion sick under extreme conditions. […] Around 80% of the general population is susceptible to cases of medium to high motion sickness. […] The rates of space motion sickness have been estimated at between forty and eighty percent of those who enter weightless orbit. […] Several factors influence susceptibility to motion sickness, including sleep deprivation and the cubic footage allocated to each space traveler. […] Studies indicate that women are more likely to be affected than men, and that the risk decreases with advancing age. […] There is some evidence that people with Asian ancestry may develop motion sickness more frequently than people of European ancestry, and there are situational and behavioral factors, such as whether a passenger has a view of the road ahead, and diet and eating behaviors.

• #3 Motion sickness: an overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7048153/

  Motion sickness is a common phenomenon. Almost everybody has experienced motion sickness at least once in his/her lifetime. Seasickness is the most common and notorious form of motion sickness. Up to 25% of the passengers on a large ship will develop motion sickness within 23 days of the start of an ocean voyage. The incidence is higher in smaller vessels and with adverse weather. In an extensive survey of 2366 passengers who had collectively traveled on 26 cruise trips for a total of 34,501 person-days, the incidence of motion sickness requiring physicians consultations was 4.2 per 1000 person per day. The incidence of car sickness is up to 4%, especially for those driving rally cars and those sitting in the back seats or reading a book during the journey. Motion sickness occurs in approximately 0.13% of individuals who ride on trains. Less than 1% of travelers in pressurized commercial aircraft have motion sickness. The incidence of motion sickness in student aviators is between 10% and 31%. The overall incidence decreases over time as these student aviators gain experience. Space sickness affects up to 80% of astronauts during their first 3 days of their space mission.

• #3 Motion Sickness

  https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/part-vi-16255/vibration/item/790-motion-sickness

  The considerable variability between individuals in their response to provocative motion is an important feature of motion sickness. Differences in susceptibility can, in part, be related to constitutional factors. Infants much below the age of about two years are rarely affected, but with maturation, susceptibility increases rapidly to reach a peak between four and ten years. Thereafter, susceptibility falls progressively so that the elderly are less likely to be affected, but are not immune. In any age group, females are more sensitive than males, the incidence data suggesting a ratio of approximately 1.7:1. Certain dimensions of personality, such as neuroticism, introversion and perceptual style have also been shown to be correlated, albeit weakly, with susceptibility. Motion sickness can also be a conditioned response and a manifestation of phobic anxiety.

• #3 Motion Sickness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539706/

  Motion sickness is inducible in almost all people with a functioning vestibular apparatus and a sufficient provocative stimulus. Patients with a total loss of labyrinthine function are immune to motion sickness. […] Individual susceptibility varies. Certain characteristics associated with motion sickness include: Sex women are more susceptible than men; Age motion sickness begins around age 6 and peaks at age 9 – there is a subsequent decline during teen years due to habituation; Elderly people are the least susceptible to motion sickness; Fitness level cross-sectional studies show increased susceptibility in persons with high levels of aerobic fitness; there have been suggestions that this is due to a more reactive autonomic system; Medical conditions patients with vertigo, vestibular pathology, Menieres disease, and migraines are at elevated risk; Hormones fluctuations during pregnancy and the menstrual cycle increase susceptibility.

• #3 Understanding Motion Sickness

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/understanding-motion-sickness

  Pharmacists field questions about such self-care topics as motion sickness on a daily basis. The prevalence of motion sickness varies with the type of stimulus and the specific group of patients, but is almost 60% in children traveling in cars or planes, and as high as 100% of those in boats in rough weather. […] The hypothesized etiology of motion sickness explains why patients with a bilateral loss of the vestibular system are seemingly immune to the condition in normal circumstances. On the other hand, patients with vertigo, Meniere’s disease, or migraine are more prone to motion sickness. Gender and age also predict motion sickness. Females are more susceptible, in a 5:3 male to female ratio; females also experience higher rates of nausea and vomiting. Age and motion sickness are associated in a bimodal fashion. For instance, infants and extremely young children do not experience symptoms of motion sickness. The age of onset for the condition is usually ages 6 to 7, and the greatest incidence is in those 9 to 10 years of age. Following that peak, susceptibility decreases, probably due to the phenomenon of habituation or adaptation. Studies demonstrate that the person in control of a vehicle is less prone to become motion sick. Thus, the driver or pilot is protected, while the passengers are at higher risk.

• #3 Motion sickness: an overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7048153/

  Motion sickness can develop in any individual if the movements applied to the body are significant enough. However, there is considerable individual susceptibility to motion sickness that might also be a result of gene-environment interaction. Certain characteristics are correlated with this susceptibility. Females are more susceptible to motion sickness than males of the same age in terms of increased frequency and severity of symptoms, especially during menstruation. In this regard, pregnant women are particularly susceptible to motion sickness, presumably because of the hormonal changes during pregnancy. Motion sickness is rare in children under the age of two possibly because of the lack of sufficient visual input in the children of this age group. Children 6-12 years old are most susceptible, with a peak between 9 and 10 years old. The susceptibility declines through puberty and thereafter perhaps because of habituation. Motion sickness is less frequent in adults and rarely occurs after the age of 50 years. In females, there is a transient increase in susceptibility at around menopause versus their age-matched male counterparts.

• #3 Is Motion Sickness Genetic? | Passport Health

  https://www.passporthealthusa.com/2023/12/is-motion-sickness-actually-genetic/

  Motion sickness is generally seen in women and children between the ages of 2 and 12. […] In 2005 researchers from Pennsylvania State University found evidence suggesting motion sickness has a genetic component. The research team studied 200 twin pairs from India and found if one identical twin had motion sickness, the other twin also had it. […] They also studied parents and children. Parents vulnerable to motion sickness had children that were five times as likely to experience motion sickness. […] In 2015, researchers from the genetic testing company 23andMe identified 35 genetic variants in humans associated with motion sickness. Researchers reported that genetic variants were associated with different areas of a persons body, such as their eyes, ears, or neurological processes all of which play a role in motion sickness. […] While there is still much to understand about motion sickness, genetics seems to play a role. If you tend to experience motion sickness, theres a good chance your child may as well.

• #3 Motion sickness: an overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7048153/

  Although motion sickness can occur in individuals of all races, race disparity is also significant. It has been shown that Chinese are more susceptible to motion sickness than white people. Motion sickness may be familial. If either parent has a childhood history of car sickness, the chances that their child will develop car sickness are twice as great as when neither parent has the problem. Monozygotic twins are concordant for car sickness two and half times as often as dizygotic twins, suggesting the existence of a genetic background. Motion sickness is more prevalent in individuals who suffer from migraine, vertigo, and Meniere disease. Exposure to short-wavelength light increases the susceptibility to motion sickness. Sleep deprivation can also increase susceptibility. Blind individuals are as susceptible to motion sickness as normal sighted individuals with their eyes closed. On the other hand, dancers, rope walkers, acrobats, and individuals with bilateral loss of labyrinthine function have a lower incidence of motion sickness.

• #3 Nausea and Vomiting Induced by Motion Sickness – Market Insight, Epidemiology And Market Forecast – 2032

  https://www.giiresearch.com/report/del1376851-nausea-vomiting-induced-by-motion-sickness-market.html

  In 2022, there were approximately 217,237,382 total cases of motion sickness in the 7MM. These cases are expected to increase by 2032. […] In 2022, among the 7MM, the US accounted for the highest cases of motion sickness, contributing nearly 52%, while Japan accounted for the least, with around 14% of the total cases of motion sickness. […] Among EU4 and the UK, France accounted for the highest cases of motion sickness with around 17,076,287 cases, followed by the UK with 16,947,850 cases, while Spain accounted for the least cases, 11,790,855, in 2022. […] In the US, motion sickness due to travel by car and bus was the highest, with 33,734,195 cases in each mode. This was followed by motion sickness due to travel by train with 22,489,464 cases, airplanes with 16,867,098 cases, and others in 2022. These cases are projected to increase by 2032.

• #3 Motion Sickness | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/travel-air-sea/motion-sickness.html

  Healthcare professionals should advise international travelers on techniques and medications to prevent and manage motion sickness. […] People vary in their susceptibility, but given a sufficient stimulus, almost all people with functional vestibular systems (responsible for balance and spatial orientation) can develop motion sickness. […] Surveys report that women are more susceptible than men, but this is a much smaller effect than age. […] Evidence from twin studies suggests that a large proportion of individual variation in susceptibility is due to genetic factors, with heritability accounting for 55%70% of the variation; multiple genes may be involved. […] Awareness and avoidance of situations that trigger symptoms are primary strategies against motion sickness. […] For healthcare professionals managing a traveler with acute symptoms consistent with motion sickness, other causes should be excluded, including peripheral and central vestibular disease.

• #4 Motion sickness: an overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7048153/

  Motion sickness is a common phenomenon. Almost everybody has experienced motion sickness at least once in his/her lifetime. Seasickness is the most common and notorious form of motion sickness. Up to 25% of the passengers on a large ship will develop motion sickness within 23 days of the start of an ocean voyage. The incidence is higher in smaller vessels and with adverse weather. In an extensive survey of 2366 passengers who had collectively traveled on 26 cruise trips for a total of 34,501 person-days, the incidence of motion sickness requiring physicians consultations was 4.2 per 1000 person per day. The incidence of car sickness is up to 4%, especially for those driving rally cars and those sitting in the back seats or reading a book during the journey. Motion sickness occurs in approximately 0.13% of individuals who ride on trains. Less than 1% of travelers in pressurized commercial aircraft have motion sickness. The incidence of motion sickness in student aviators is between 10% and 31%. The overall incidence decreases over time as these student aviators gain experience. Space sickness affects up to 80% of astronauts during their first 3 days of their space mission.

• #4 Motion Sickness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539706/

  Motion sickness is inducible in almost all people with a functioning vestibular apparatus and a sufficient provocative stimulus. Patients with a total loss of labyrinthine function are immune to motion sickness. […] Individual susceptibility varies. Certain characteristics associated with motion sickness include: Sex women are more susceptible than men; Age motion sickness begins around age 6 and peaks at age 9 – there is a subsequent decline during teen years due to habituation; Elderly people are the least susceptible to motion sickness; Fitness level cross-sectional studies show increased susceptibility in persons with high levels of aerobic fitness; there have been suggestions that this is due to a more reactive autonomic system; Medical conditions patients with vertigo, vestibular pathology, Menieres disease, and migraines are at elevated risk; Hormones fluctuations during pregnancy and the menstrual cycle increase susceptibility.

• #4 Motion sickness: an overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7048153/

  Motion sickness can develop in any individual if the movements applied to the body are significant enough. However, there is considerable individual susceptibility to motion sickness that might also be a result of gene-environment interaction. Certain characteristics are correlated with this susceptibility. Females are more susceptible to motion sickness than males of the same age in terms of increased frequency and severity of symptoms, especially during menstruation. In this regard, pregnant women are particularly susceptible to motion sickness, presumably because of the hormonal changes during pregnancy. Motion sickness is rare in children under the age of two possibly because of the lack of sufficient visual input in the children of this age group. Children 6-12 years old are most susceptible, with a peak between 9 and 10 years old. The susceptibility declines through puberty and thereafter perhaps because of habituation. Motion sickness is less frequent in adults and rarely occurs after the age of 50 years. In females, there is a transient increase in susceptibility at around menopause versus their age-matched male counterparts.

• #4 Motion sickness: an overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7048153/

  Although motion sickness can occur in individuals of all races, race disparity is also significant. It has been shown that Chinese are more susceptible to motion sickness than white people. Motion sickness may be familial. If either parent has a childhood history of car sickness, the chances that their child will develop car sickness are twice as great as when neither parent has the problem. Monozygotic twins are concordant for car sickness two and half times as often as dizygotic twins, suggesting the existence of a genetic background. Motion sickness is more prevalent in individuals who suffer from migraine, vertigo, and Meniere disease. Exposure to short-wavelength light increases the susceptibility to motion sickness. Sleep deprivation can also increase susceptibility. Blind individuals are as susceptible to motion sickness as normal sighted individuals with their eyes closed. On the other hand, dancers, rope walkers, acrobats, and individuals with bilateral loss of labyrinthine function have a lower incidence of motion sickness.

• #4 Nausea and Vomiting Induced by Motion Sickness – Market Insight, Epidemiology And Market Forecast – 2032

  https://www.giiresearch.com/report/del1376851-nausea-vomiting-induced-by-motion-sickness-market.html

  In 2022, there were approximately 217,237,382 total cases of motion sickness in the 7MM. These cases are expected to increase by 2032. […] In 2022, among the 7MM, the US accounted for the highest cases of motion sickness, contributing nearly 52%, while Japan accounted for the least, with around 14% of the total cases of motion sickness. […] Among EU4 and the UK, France accounted for the highest cases of motion sickness with around 17,076,287 cases, followed by the UK with 16,947,850 cases, while Spain accounted for the least cases, 11,790,855, in 2022. […] In the US, motion sickness due to travel by car and bus was the highest, with 33,734,195 cases in each mode. This was followed by motion sickness due to travel by train with 22,489,464 cases, airplanes with 16,867,098 cases, and others in 2022. These cases are projected to increase by 2032.

• #5 Motion sickness: an overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7048153/

  Motion sickness is a common phenomenon. Almost everybody has experienced motion sickness at least once in his/her lifetime. Seasickness is the most common and notorious form of motion sickness. Up to 25% of the passengers on a large ship will develop motion sickness within 23 days of the start of an ocean voyage. The incidence is higher in smaller vessels and with adverse weather. In an extensive survey of 2366 passengers who had collectively traveled on 26 cruise trips for a total of 34,501 person-days, the incidence of motion sickness requiring physicians consultations was 4.2 per 1000 person per day. The incidence of car sickness is up to 4%, especially for those driving rally cars and those sitting in the back seats or reading a book during the journey. Motion sickness occurs in approximately 0.13% of individuals who ride on trains. Less than 1% of travelers in pressurized commercial aircraft have motion sickness. The incidence of motion sickness in student aviators is between 10% and 31%. The overall incidence decreases over time as these student aviators gain experience. Space sickness affects up to 80% of astronauts during their first 3 days of their space mission.

• #5 Motion sickness: an overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7048153/

  Motion sickness can develop in any individual if the movements applied to the body are significant enough. However, there is considerable individual susceptibility to motion sickness that might also be a result of gene-environment interaction. Certain characteristics are correlated with this susceptibility. Females are more susceptible to motion sickness than males of the same age in terms of increased frequency and severity of symptoms, especially during menstruation. In this regard, pregnant women are particularly susceptible to motion sickness, presumably because of the hormonal changes during pregnancy. Motion sickness is rare in children under the age of two possibly because of the lack of sufficient visual input in the children of this age group. Children 6-12 years old are most susceptible, with a peak between 9 and 10 years old. The susceptibility declines through puberty and thereafter perhaps because of habituation. Motion sickness is less frequent in adults and rarely occurs after the age of 50 years. In females, there is a transient increase in susceptibility at around menopause versus their age-matched male counterparts.

• #5 Motion sickness: an overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7048153/

  Although motion sickness can occur in individuals of all races, race disparity is also significant. It has been shown that Chinese are more susceptible to motion sickness than white people. Motion sickness may be familial. If either parent has a childhood history of car sickness, the chances that their child will develop car sickness are twice as great as when neither parent has the problem. Monozygotic twins are concordant for car sickness two and half times as often as dizygotic twins, suggesting the existence of a genetic background. Motion sickness is more prevalent in individuals who suffer from migraine, vertigo, and Meniere disease. Exposure to short-wavelength light increases the susceptibility to motion sickness. Sleep deprivation can also increase susceptibility. Blind individuals are as susceptible to motion sickness as normal sighted individuals with their eyes closed. On the other hand, dancers, rope walkers, acrobats, and individuals with bilateral loss of labyrinthine function have a lower incidence of motion sickness.

• #6 Motion sickness: an overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7048153/

  Motion sickness is a common phenomenon. Almost everybody has experienced motion sickness at least once in his/her lifetime. Seasickness is the most common and notorious form of motion sickness. Up to 25% of the passengers on a large ship will develop motion sickness within 23 days of the start of an ocean voyage. The incidence is higher in smaller vessels and with adverse weather. In an extensive survey of 2366 passengers who had collectively traveled on 26 cruise trips for a total of 34,501 person-days, the incidence of motion sickness requiring physicians consultations was 4.2 per 1000 person per day. The incidence of car sickness is up to 4%, especially for those driving rally cars and those sitting in the back seats or reading a book during the journey. Motion sickness occurs in approximately 0.13% of individuals who ride on trains. Less than 1% of travelers in pressurized commercial aircraft have motion sickness. The incidence of motion sickness in student aviators is between 10% and 31%. The overall incidence decreases over time as these student aviators gain experience. Space sickness affects up to 80% of astronauts during their first 3 days of their space mission.

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