Choroba lokomocyjna
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Choroba lokomocyjna to zespół objawów wywołanych ekspozycją na określone rodzaje ruchu, obejmujący nudności, złe samopoczucie i niezdolność do funkcjonowania, które pojawiają się w ciągu kilku minut i mogą utrzymywać się do 72 godzin po ustaniu bodźca. Historia choroby jest najlepszym predyktorem nawrotu, a objawy wykazują powtarzalność i zjawisko nadwrażliwości przy dalszej ekspozycji. Modele matematyczne, takie jak zaadaptowany model Omana, z błędem modelowania 11,3%, pozwalają na przewidywanie progresji choroby, jednak żaden model nie odzwierciedla pełnego spektrum reakcji na różne typy ruchu (np. przyspieszenie translacyjne boczne, rotacje). Standard ISO 2631-1 (1997) służy do przewidywania choroby lokomocyjnej na podstawie pionowego ruchu i wskaźnika Motion Sickness Incidence (MSI), ale ma ograniczenia w zastosowaniu do innych form ruchu. W kontekście szkolenia lotniczego, wartości CTI (Coriolis Time Intervals) powyżej 10,5 s wskazują na wysokie ryzyko niepowodzenia terapii desensytyzacyjnej (MSDT), natomiast wartości poniżej tego progu dają 70% szans na sukces.

Prognoza choroby lokomocyjnej (Motion sickness Prognosis)

Choroba lokomocyjna to powszechny zespół objawów występujący podczas ekspozycji na określone rodzaje ruchu. Mimo że nudności są charakterystycznym objawem, spektrum dolegliwości waha się od niejasnego złego samopoczucia do całkowitej niezdolności do funkcjonowania. Objawy te mogą wpływać na rekreację, pracę i bezpieczeństwo osobiste pacjenta, pojawiając się w ciągu kilku minut od ekspozycji na ruch i utrzymując się nawet przez kilka godzin po jego ustaniu.1

Naturalny przebieg choroby

Osoby z historią choroby lokomocyjnej mają wysokie prawdopodobieństwo jej nawrotu w obecności prowokującego bodźca, chyba że zdołają osiągnąć habituację.2 U prawie wszystkich pacjentów objawy choroby lokomocyjnej ustępują w ciągu 72 godzin po ustaniu bodźców ruchowych.3 Przy ciągłej ekspozycji na ruch, objawy choroby lokomocyjnej zwykle ustępują w ciągu jednego do dwóch dni.4

Historia choroby lokomocyjnej jest najlepszym predyktorem przyszłych objawów, a prawie wszystkie osoby doświadczą objawów w odpowiedzi na silne bodźce ruchowe.5 Ze względu na szeroką zmienność nasilenia objawów, pacjenci i lekarze powinni indywidualnie rozważyć ryzyko i korzyści farmakoterapii.6

Powtarzalność indywidualnych reakcji

Badania wykazały, że reakcje na chorobę lokomocyjną są powtarzalne w kolejnych sesjach ekspozycji.7 Wiedza o wcześniejszej odpowiedzi jednostki na bodźce wywołujące chorobę lokomocyjną zwiększa dokładność modelowania indywidualnego o współczynnik 2 w porównaniu z modelowaniem opartym na grupie, co wskazuje na indywidualną powtarzalność.89

Zaobserwowano również zjawisko nadwrażliwości, które występuje, gdy po krótkim odpoczynku uczestnicy, którzy są narażeni na dalsze ruchy wywołujące nudności, reagują znacznie szybciej niż podczas początkowej ekspozycji.10 Zauważono, że w przypadku nadwrażliwości choroba narasta konsekwentnie szybciej niż podczas pierwszej ekspozycji na ruch.11

Modelowanie i przewidywanie choroby lokomocyjnej

Zastosowanie modeli do przewidywania choroby lokomocyjnej stanowi ważny obszar badań. Zaadaptowany model Omana z powodzeniem uchwycił rozwój choroby, ze średnim błędem modelowania wynoszącym 11,3%, uwzględniając zanik podczas odpoczynku i nadwrażliwość przy dalszej ekspozycji.1213 Model ten był skutecznie wykorzystywany do modelowania zarówno początkowej odpowiedzi (M1), jak i nadwrażliwości (M2) przy użyciu jednego zestawu parametrów.14

Jednak dokładne mechanizmy choroby lokomocyjnej i jej ewolucja w czasie są nadal słabo zrozumiane.15 Mimo że modele zapewniały dobre dopasowanie do badanych paradygmatów percepcji, nie mogły uchwycić pełnego zakresu obserwacji dotyczących choroby lokomocyjnej.16 Żaden z istniejących modeli nie może w pełni odwzorować całego zakresu empirycznych obserwacji choroby lokomocyjnej uwzględnionych w badaniach, w tym przyspieszenia translacyjnego bocznego i pionowego, czystego przechylenia, rotacji poza osią pionową i sprzężonych zaburzeń Coriolisa.17

Opracowano nowy model zdolny do szacowania progresji objawów choroby lokomocyjnej. To udoskonalenie ma na celu zapewnienie bardziej wyrafinowanego narzędzia do praktycznego zastosowania codziennych środków zapobiegających chorobie lokomocyjnej.18 Matematyczne zdefiniowanie poziomu choroby lokomocyjnej i jej postępującego stadium może być istotnym osiągnięciem w tej dziedzinie. Jednak poziomy te i progresja różnią się w zależności od osoby, z różnym poziomem wrażliwości oraz wpływem innych czynników środowiskowych i otaczających na wrażliwość.19

Standardy oceny i przewidywania

Obecnie najbardziej akceptowanym standardem do przewidywania choroby lokomocyjnej jest ISO 2631-1 (1997), który opiera się na badaniach choroby morskiej i ma ograniczone zastosowanie do nowszych dziedzin.20 Standard ISO 2631-1 uwzględnia tylko wymioty jako miarę choroby lokomocyjnej. Przewiduje on proporcję osób, u których oczekuje się wymiotów z powodu ekspozycji na pionowy ruch o znanej charakterystyce częstotliwości przez okres do 6 godzin, określanej jako Motion Sickness Incidence (MSI).21

Głównym ograniczeniem standardu ISO 2631-1 dotyczącego choroby lokomocyjnej jest jego zastosowanie tylko do pionowego ruchu (statku).22 Międzynarodowy standard dla choroby lokomocyjnej promuje wspólnie uzgodnioną metodologię badań, umożliwiającą lepsze porównywanie wyników z różnych laboratoriów badawczych. Powinien również zapewnić zwalidowany model predykcyjny, umożliwiający łatwe oszacowanie i porównanie skuteczności różnych środków zaradczych.23

Terapia desensytyzacyjna i przewidywanie wyników

Choroba lokomocyjna jest powszechnym problemem podczas szkolenia lotniczego.24 Wczesne przewidywanie wyniku programu desensytyzacji pomogłoby zidentyfikować osoby niereagujące na terapię i zwiększyć efektywność terapii desensytyzacyjnej choroby lokomocyjnej (MSDT).25

Wyniki badań wskazują, że wartości CTI (Coriolis Time Intervals) są wiarygodnymi wskaźnikami w przewidywaniu wyniku MSDT.26 Przeprowadzono analizę regresji logistycznej binarnej w celu przewidzenia wyniku MSDT na podstawie wartości CTI danej osoby, z wynikiem jako zmienną dychotomiczną (sukces lub niepowodzenie) i wartościami CTI jako ciągłą zmienną niezależną.27

Badanie sugeruje, że CTI może być wykorzystany jako wiarygodny wskaźnik w przewidywaniu wyniku MSDT. Punkt odcięcia to CTI 10,5 s, powyżej którego istnieje duża szansa niepowodzenia. Poniżej tego CTI istnieje 70% szans na sukces, zgodnie z krzywą ROC.28

Rola informacji przedsionkowych

Zgodnie z teorią konfliktu sensorycznego, informacje sensoryczne przedsionkowe proponowano jako czynnik napędzający chorobę lokomocyjną, biorąc pod uwagę odchylenia od oczekiwań centralnych.29 Pomimo rosnącej ilości dowodów potwierdzających teorię konfliktu sensorycznego, ostateczne dowody na rolę informacji przedsionkowej w wywoływaniu choroby lokomocyjnej u ludzi, z grupami kontrolnymi dla innych czynników, pozostawały nieuchwytne, a alternatywne teorie utrzymywały się (takie jak teoria kontroli postawy).30

Korzystne GVS (galwaniczne stymulacja przedsionkowa) doprowadziło do 26% redukcji choroby lokomocyjnej, a niekorzystne GVS spowodowało 56% wzrost (p=0,0055), co demonstruje przyczynową rolę informacji przedsionkowej w chorobie lokomocyjnej u ludzi.31 Badania eksperymentalne ujawniły różnice w nasileniu objawów choroby lokomocyjnej w zależności od zastosowanego warunku GVS, potwierdzając hipotezę, że informacje sensoryczne przedsionkowe wpływają na nasilenie objawów choroby lokomocyjnej.32

Ten potwierdzający, istotny wynik wskazuje, że zmienione informacje przedsionkowe podawane za pomocą GVS mogą być wykorzystane jako środek do systematycznego zmniejszania i zwiększania nasilenia choroby lokomocyjnej.33 Stwierdzenie, że choroba lokomocyjna zmienia się między dwoma warunkami GVS, przy jednoczesnej kontroli ruchu fizycznego, postawy i wszystkich innych wskazówek sensorycznych, dostarcza dowodów, które są niezgodne z teorią kontroli postawy.34

Strategie zapobiegania i minimalizacji objawów

Pacjenci powinni nauczyć się identyfikować sytuacje, które mogą prowadzić do choroby lokomocyjnej i być w stanie inicjować strategie behawioralne, aby zapobiec lub zminimalizować objawy.35 Badania wykazały skuteczność różnych strategii w zmniejszaniu objawów:

  • Małe badanie wykazało, że skupienie się na prawdziwym horyzoncie (linii nieba) minimalizowało objawy choroby lokomocyjnej.36
  • Badanie 3256 pasażerów autobusów sugerowało, że widzenie do przodu pomaga zmniejszyć objawy.37
  • Inne badanie wskazało, że widzenie do przodu w samochodzie może zmniejszyć objawy.38
  • Aktywne kierowanie pojazdem jest akceptowaną strategią zmniejszania objawów choroby lokomocyjnej, chociaż dowody są ograniczone.39
  • Małe badanie pasażerów samochodów wykazało, że aktywne przechylanie głowy na zakrętach było skuteczne w zapobieganiu objawom.40
  • Częste spożywanie lekkiego, miękkiego, łagodnego, niskotłuszczowego i niskokwasowego pożywienia może zminimalizować objawy choroby lokomocyjnej.41

Farmakoterapia

Leki są najbardziej skuteczne, gdy są przyjmowane profilaktycznie przed podróżą lub jak najszybciej po wystąpieniu objawów.42 Dostępne opcje farmakologiczne obejmują:

Kontrolowane badania terapii behawioralnych, farmakologicznych lub alternatywnych w chorobie lokomocyjnej wykazały silne efekty placebo.46

Wpływ automatyzacji pojazdów

Automatyzacja pojazdów sprawia, że wszyscy pasażerowie stają się po prostu pasażerami, którzy w porównaniu z kierowcami są bardziej podatni na chorobę lokomocyjną.47 Biorąc pod uwagę, że 60-70% wszystkich pasażerów cierpi na chorobę lokomocyjną w pewnym momencie, a obecnie tylko około 30% wszystkich pasażerów pojazdów to pasażerowie, zmieni to chorobę lokomocyjną z problemu mniejszości w problem większości w zautomatyzowanych pojazdach.48

Dlatego zrozumienie i łagodzenie choroby lokomocyjnej jest szczególnie istotne dla pojazdów automatycznych.49 Badania w tej dziedzinie powinny przyczynić się do stworzenia modeli, które mogą służyć do zapobiegania chorobie lokomocyjnej, gdy są wykorzystywane do projektowania technologii.50

Kolejne rozdziały

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  1. 13.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Prevention and Treatment of Motion Sickness | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0701/p41.html
    Motion sickness is a common syndrome that occurs upon exposure to certain types of motion. […] Nearly all persons will have symptoms in response to severe motion stimuli, and a history of motion sickness best predicts future symptoms. […] Although nausea is a hallmark symptom, the syndrome includes symptoms ranging from vague malaise to completely incapacitating illness. […] These symptoms, which can affect the patient’s recreation, employment, and personal safety, can occur within minutes of experiencing motion and can last for several hours after its cessation. […] Patients should learn to identify situations that may lead to motion sickness and be able to initiate behavioral strategies to prevent or minimize symptoms. […] With continuous exposure to motion, symptoms of motion sickness will usually subside in one to two days.
  • #2 Motion Sickness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539706/
    Individuals with a history of motion sickness will have a high likelihood of recurrence in the presence of a provocative stimulus unless able to achieve habituation. […] Due to the wide variation of symptom severity, patients and providers should weigh the risks and benefits of pharmacotherapy on an individual basis.
  • #3 Motion Sickness: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2060606-overview
    Symptoms of motion sickness resolve in nearly all patients within 72 hours after the cessation of the motion stimuli.
  • #4 Prevention and Treatment of Motion Sickness | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0701/p41.html
    Motion sickness is a common syndrome that occurs upon exposure to certain types of motion. […] Nearly all persons will have symptoms in response to severe motion stimuli, and a history of motion sickness best predicts future symptoms. […] Although nausea is a hallmark symptom, the syndrome includes symptoms ranging from vague malaise to completely incapacitating illness. […] These symptoms, which can affect the patient’s recreation, employment, and personal safety, can occur within minutes of experiencing motion and can last for several hours after its cessation. […] Patients should learn to identify situations that may lead to motion sickness and be able to initiate behavioral strategies to prevent or minimize symptoms. […] With continuous exposure to motion, symptoms of motion sickness will usually subside in one to two days.
  • #5 Prevention and Treatment of Motion Sickness | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0701/p41.html
    Motion sickness is a common syndrome that occurs upon exposure to certain types of motion. […] Nearly all persons will have symptoms in response to severe motion stimuli, and a history of motion sickness best predicts future symptoms. […] Although nausea is a hallmark symptom, the syndrome includes symptoms ranging from vague malaise to completely incapacitating illness. […] These symptoms, which can affect the patient’s recreation, employment, and personal safety, can occur within minutes of experiencing motion and can last for several hours after its cessation. […] Patients should learn to identify situations that may lead to motion sickness and be able to initiate behavioral strategies to prevent or minimize symptoms. […] With continuous exposure to motion, symptoms of motion sickness will usually subside in one to two days.
  • #6 Motion Sickness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539706/
    Individuals with a history of motion sickness will have a high likelihood of recurrence in the presence of a provocative stimulus unless able to achieve habituation. […] Due to the wide variation of symptom severity, patients and providers should weigh the risks and benefits of pharmacotherapy on an individual basis.
  • #7
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00221-020-05986-6
    The adapted Oman model successfully captured the development of sickness, with a mean model error, including the decay during rest and hypersensitivity upon further exposure, of 11.3%. […] This shows responses to be repeatable over consecutive sessions. […] This clearly confirms the reduced accuracy of group-based models of sickness: individualized models of motion sickness can reduce the prediction error by a factor of 2. […] Hypersensitivity is seen to occur when after a brief rest participants who are exposed to further sickening motions respond in a much faster manner than during their initial exposure. […] We note that for hypersensitivity, the sickness rises consistently faster than during the first motion exposure.
  • #8
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00221-020-05986-6
    We investigated and modeled the temporal evolution of motion sickness in a highly dynamic sickening drive. […] An adapted form of Omans model of nausea was used to quantify sickness development, repeatability, and motion sickness hypersensitivity at an individual level. […] Importantly, we note that knowledge of an individuals previous motion sickness response to sickening stimuli increases individual modeling accuracy by a factor of 2 when compared to group-based modeling, indicating individual repeatability. […] The modeling of individual dynamics is used widely in cybernetic research, one example being driver modeling. […] The current study, therefore, aims to quantify the repeatability of motion sickness responses to sickening stimuli. […] Overall, this study aims to (1) quantify the differences for internal and external vision conditions during complex motion experienced in cornering, (2) quantify the repeatability of individual motion sickness responses in time including hypersensitivity, (3) validate Omans nausea model to describe the individual time evolution of sickness, and (4) relate objective physiological and kinematic variables such as HR, HRV, GSR, and postural stability to subjective sickness rating.
  • #9 Objective and subjective responses to motion sickness: the group and the individual
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7936971/
    We investigated and modeled the temporal evolution of motion sickness in a highly dynamic sickening drive. […] The adapted Oman model successfully captured the development of sickness, with a mean model error, including the decay during rest and hypersensitivity upon further exposure, of 11.3%. Importantly, we note that knowledge of an individuals previous motion sickness response to sickening stimuli increases individual modeling accuracy by a factor of 2 when compared to group-based modeling, indicating individual repeatability. […] The current study, therefore, aims to quantify the repeatability of motion sickness responses to sickening stimuli. […] This individual repeatability can be quantified by using Omans model. […] This shows responses to be repeatable over consecutive sessions.
  • #10
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00221-020-05986-6
    The adapted Oman model successfully captured the development of sickness, with a mean model error, including the decay during rest and hypersensitivity upon further exposure, of 11.3%. […] This shows responses to be repeatable over consecutive sessions. […] This clearly confirms the reduced accuracy of group-based models of sickness: individualized models of motion sickness can reduce the prediction error by a factor of 2. […] Hypersensitivity is seen to occur when after a brief rest participants who are exposed to further sickening motions respond in a much faster manner than during their initial exposure. […] We note that for hypersensitivity, the sickness rises consistently faster than during the first motion exposure.
  • #11
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00221-020-05986-6
    The adapted Oman model successfully captured the development of sickness, with a mean model error, including the decay during rest and hypersensitivity upon further exposure, of 11.3%. […] This shows responses to be repeatable over consecutive sessions. […] This clearly confirms the reduced accuracy of group-based models of sickness: individualized models of motion sickness can reduce the prediction error by a factor of 2. […] Hypersensitivity is seen to occur when after a brief rest participants who are exposed to further sickening motions respond in a much faster manner than during their initial exposure. […] We note that for hypersensitivity, the sickness rises consistently faster than during the first motion exposure.
  • #12 Objective and subjective responses to motion sickness: the group and the individual
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7936971/
    We investigated and modeled the temporal evolution of motion sickness in a highly dynamic sickening drive. […] The adapted Oman model successfully captured the development of sickness, with a mean model error, including the decay during rest and hypersensitivity upon further exposure, of 11.3%. Importantly, we note that knowledge of an individuals previous motion sickness response to sickening stimuli increases individual modeling accuracy by a factor of 2 when compared to group-based modeling, indicating individual repeatability. […] The current study, therefore, aims to quantify the repeatability of motion sickness responses to sickening stimuli. […] This individual repeatability can be quantified by using Omans model. […] This shows responses to be repeatable over consecutive sessions.
  • #13
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00221-020-05986-6
    The adapted Oman model successfully captured the development of sickness, with a mean model error, including the decay during rest and hypersensitivity upon further exposure, of 11.3%. […] This shows responses to be repeatable over consecutive sessions. […] This clearly confirms the reduced accuracy of group-based models of sickness: individualized models of motion sickness can reduce the prediction error by a factor of 2. […] Hypersensitivity is seen to occur when after a brief rest participants who are exposed to further sickening motions respond in a much faster manner than during their initial exposure. […] We note that for hypersensitivity, the sickness rises consistently faster than during the first motion exposure.
  • #14 Objective and subjective responses to motion sickness: the group and the individual
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7936971/
    The adapted Oman model was used successfully to model both the initial response (M1) and hypersensitivity (M2), with one set of parameters. […] This clearly confirms the reduced accuracy of group-based models of sickness: individualized models of motion sickness can reduce the prediction error by a factor of 2.
  • #15
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00422-023-00959-8
    The exact mechanisms of motion sickness and its time evolution, are however, still poorly understood. […] Therefore, understanding and alleviating motion sickness is particularly relevant for automated vehicles. […] The work will not be limited to specific conflicts or degrees of freedom, but will explore the relationship between the conflict magnitude of the different sensory channels in various well-known motion paradigms. Ultimately, this study should contribute to models that can serve to prevent motion sickness when used to design technology. […] The models, along with the two tunings, were then validated against a second sickness data set using a range of data from the literature. […] The choice of these models is motivated by a number of considerations. […] The validation data set was used to evaluate the predicted relative sickness magnitude across a broader range of motion conditions.
  • #16
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00422-023-00959-8
    The human motion perception system has long been linked to motion sickness through state estimation conflict terms. However, to date, the extent to which available perception models are able to predict motion sickness, or which of the employed perceptual mechanisms are of most relevance to sickness prediction, has not been studied. […] It was found that even though the models provided a good match for the perception paradigms studied, they could not be made to capture the full range of motion sickness observations. […] Two additional mechanisms that may enable better future predictive models of sickness have, however, been identified. Firstly, active estimation of the magnitude of gravity appears to be instrumental for predicting motion sickness induced by vertical accelerations. Secondly, the model analysis showed that the influence of the semicircular canals on the somatogravic effect may explain the differences in the dynamics observed for motion sickness induced by vertical and horizontal plane accelerations.
  • #17
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00422-023-00959-8
    The results indicate that all models are able to provide good perception fits to the selected motion paradigms. […] Overall, none of the models can capture the full range of empirical motion sickness observations considered in this study, including lateral and vertical translational acceleration, pure roll, off-vertical axis rotation and cross-coupled coriolis perturbations. […] Based on our model comparisons, we identified two critical components that may resolve this. The first mechanism is the coupling of the semicircular canal with the output of the otoliths to compute a more reliable gravity (i.e. orientation) and acceleration estimate. This is necessary to capture the differences in the dynamics between motion sickness induced by horizontal and vertical accelerations. The second mechanism is that the models should have a variable estimate for the magnitude of gravity. Without a slowly varying magnitude estimate, models cannot predict the well-known motion sickness due to vertical accelerations.
  • #18 Several computational models to predict motion sickness have been… | Takahiro Wada
    https://www.linkedin.com/posts/takahiro-wada-bb606522_several-computational-models-to-predict-motion-activity-7211347123890528256-d57B
    Several computational models to predict motion sickness have been developed based on subjective vertical conflict theory. These models predict the motion sickness incidence, which is defined as the percentage of people who would vomit. The present research developed a new model capable of estimating the symptom progression of motion sickness. This refinement aims to provide a more sophisticated tool for the practical application of everyday motion sickness countermeasures. […] It seems to be quite interesting aspect, mathematically defining level of motion sickness and its progressive stage can be one good achievement in this subject. However, these level and progression differ by person to person with different level of sensitivity as well as impact of other environmental and surrounding factor on sensitivity.
  • #19 Several computational models to predict motion sickness have been… | Takahiro Wada
    https://www.linkedin.com/posts/takahiro-wada-bb606522_several-computational-models-to-predict-motion-activity-7211347123890528256-d57B
    Several computational models to predict motion sickness have been developed based on subjective vertical conflict theory. These models predict the motion sickness incidence, which is defined as the percentage of people who would vomit. The present research developed a new model capable of estimating the symptom progression of motion sickness. This refinement aims to provide a more sophisticated tool for the practical application of everyday motion sickness countermeasures. […] It seems to be quite interesting aspect, mathematically defining level of motion sickness and its progressive stage can be one good achievement in this subject. However, these level and progression differ by person to person with different level of sensitivity as well as impact of other environmental and surrounding factor on sensitivity.
  • #20 Beyond Seasickness: A Motivated Call for a New Motion Sickness Standard across Motion Environments
    https://www.mdpi.com/2571-631X/5/4/44
    Motion sickness is known under several names in different domains, such as seasickness, carsickness, cybersickness, and simulator sickness. As we will argue, these can all be considered manifestations of one common underlying mechanism. […] Currently, the most widely accepted standard to predict motion sickness is ISO 2631-1 (1997), which is based on studies on seasickness and has limited applicability to these newer domains. Therefore, this paper argues for extending the ISO standard to cover all forms of motion sickness, to incorporate factors affecting motion sickness, and to consider various degrees of severity of motion sickness rather than just emesis. […] The ISO 2631-1 standard only considers emesis as a measure of motion sickness. It predicts the proportion of people that is expected to reach emesis due to exposure to vertical motion with a known frequency characteristic for up to 6 h, referred to as the Motion Sickness Incidence (MSI) as defined by [12].
  • #21 Beyond Seasickness: A Motivated Call for a New Motion Sickness Standard across Motion Environments
    https://www.mdpi.com/2571-631X/5/4/44
    Motion sickness is known under several names in different domains, such as seasickness, carsickness, cybersickness, and simulator sickness. As we will argue, these can all be considered manifestations of one common underlying mechanism. […] Currently, the most widely accepted standard to predict motion sickness is ISO 2631-1 (1997), which is based on studies on seasickness and has limited applicability to these newer domains. Therefore, this paper argues for extending the ISO standard to cover all forms of motion sickness, to incorporate factors affecting motion sickness, and to consider various degrees of severity of motion sickness rather than just emesis. […] The ISO 2631-1 standard only considers emesis as a measure of motion sickness. It predicts the proportion of people that is expected to reach emesis due to exposure to vertical motion with a known frequency characteristic for up to 6 h, referred to as the Motion Sickness Incidence (MSI) as defined by [12].
  • #22 Beyond Seasickness: A Motivated Call for a New Motion Sickness Standard across Motion Environments
    https://www.mdpi.com/2571-631X/5/4/44
    A major limitation of the ISO 2631-1 standard on motion sickness concerns its application to vertical (ship) motion only. […] The reason for this is the fact that vehicle automation renders all occupants into passengers, who, compared to drivers, are known to be more susceptible to carsickness. […] Given that 60–70% of all passengers do suffer from carsickness at some moment, and that currently only about 30% of all car occupants are passengers, this will turn carsickness from a minority into a majority problem in automated vehicles. […] Although we limited this paper to these factors, other factors not mentioned here may concern the effects of odors, ambient temperature, (pseudo) Coriolis and Purkinje effects, off-vertical axis rotations, G-transitions relevant for space travel and parabolic flight, and probably many more factors.
  • #23 Beyond Seasickness: A Motivated Call for a New Motion Sickness Standard across Motion Environments
    https://www.mdpi.com/2571-631X/5/4/44
    An international standard for motion sickness promotes a common agreed-upon research methodology, allowing for better comparisons of results from different research labs. It should also provide a validated prediction model, making it possible to easily estimate and compare the effectiveness of different countermeasures. […] However, as we have argued above, it does not suffice anymore in this day and age, nearly four decades after the standard was first published.
  • #24 Coriolis Time Intervals in prediction of outcome of Motion Sickness Desensitization Therapy – Indian Journal of Aerospace Medicine
    https://indjaerospacemed.com/coriolis-time-intervals-in-prediction-of-outcome-of-motion-sickness-desensitization-therapy/
    Motion sickness is a common problem faced during flying training. […] Early prediction of desensitization program outcome would identify non-responders and help in increasing the efficiency of MSDT. […] Results indicated that CTI values are reliable indicators in predicting the outcome of MSDT. […] A binary logistic regression analysis was done to predict MSDT outcome based on the individuals CTI values, with the outcome as the dichotomous (successful or unsuccessful) dependent variable and the CTI values as the continuous independent variable. […] The present study suggests that CTI can be used as a reliable indicator in predicting the outcome of MSDT. The cutoff is a CTI 10.5 s, above which there is a high chance of failure. Below this CTI, there is 70% chance of success, as dictated by the ROC curve.
  • #25 Coriolis Time Intervals in prediction of outcome of Motion Sickness Desensitization Therapy – Indian Journal of Aerospace Medicine
    https://indjaerospacemed.com/coriolis-time-intervals-in-prediction-of-outcome-of-motion-sickness-desensitization-therapy/
    Motion sickness is a common problem faced during flying training. […] Early prediction of desensitization program outcome would identify non-responders and help in increasing the efficiency of MSDT. […] Results indicated that CTI values are reliable indicators in predicting the outcome of MSDT. […] A binary logistic regression analysis was done to predict MSDT outcome based on the individuals CTI values, with the outcome as the dichotomous (successful or unsuccessful) dependent variable and the CTI values as the continuous independent variable. […] The present study suggests that CTI can be used as a reliable indicator in predicting the outcome of MSDT. The cutoff is a CTI 10.5 s, above which there is a high chance of failure. Below this CTI, there is 70% chance of success, as dictated by the ROC curve.
  • #26 Coriolis Time Intervals in prediction of outcome of Motion Sickness Desensitization Therapy – Indian Journal of Aerospace Medicine
    https://indjaerospacemed.com/coriolis-time-intervals-in-prediction-of-outcome-of-motion-sickness-desensitization-therapy/
    Motion sickness is a common problem faced during flying training. […] Early prediction of desensitization program outcome would identify non-responders and help in increasing the efficiency of MSDT. […] Results indicated that CTI values are reliable indicators in predicting the outcome of MSDT. […] A binary logistic regression analysis was done to predict MSDT outcome based on the individuals CTI values, with the outcome as the dichotomous (successful or unsuccessful) dependent variable and the CTI values as the continuous independent variable. […] The present study suggests that CTI can be used as a reliable indicator in predicting the outcome of MSDT. The cutoff is a CTI 10.5 s, above which there is a high chance of failure. Below this CTI, there is 70% chance of success, as dictated by the ROC curve.
  • #27 Coriolis Time Intervals in prediction of outcome of Motion Sickness Desensitization Therapy – Indian Journal of Aerospace Medicine
    https://indjaerospacemed.com/coriolis-time-intervals-in-prediction-of-outcome-of-motion-sickness-desensitization-therapy/
    Motion sickness is a common problem faced during flying training. […] Early prediction of desensitization program outcome would identify non-responders and help in increasing the efficiency of MSDT. […] Results indicated that CTI values are reliable indicators in predicting the outcome of MSDT. […] A binary logistic regression analysis was done to predict MSDT outcome based on the individuals CTI values, with the outcome as the dichotomous (successful or unsuccessful) dependent variable and the CTI values as the continuous independent variable. […] The present study suggests that CTI can be used as a reliable indicator in predicting the outcome of MSDT. The cutoff is a CTI 10.5 s, above which there is a high chance of failure. Below this CTI, there is 70% chance of success, as dictated by the ROC curve.
  • #28 Coriolis Time Intervals in prediction of outcome of Motion Sickness Desensitization Therapy – Indian Journal of Aerospace Medicine
    https://indjaerospacemed.com/coriolis-time-intervals-in-prediction-of-outcome-of-motion-sickness-desensitization-therapy/
    Motion sickness is a common problem faced during flying training. […] Early prediction of desensitization program outcome would identify non-responders and help in increasing the efficiency of MSDT. […] Results indicated that CTI values are reliable indicators in predicting the outcome of MSDT. […] A binary logistic regression analysis was done to predict MSDT outcome based on the individuals CTI values, with the outcome as the dichotomous (successful or unsuccessful) dependent variable and the CTI values as the continuous independent variable. […] The present study suggests that CTI can be used as a reliable indicator in predicting the outcome of MSDT. The cutoff is a CTI 10.5 s, above which there is a high chance of failure. Below this CTI, there is 70% chance of success, as dictated by the ROC curve.
  • #29 Validating sensory conflict theory and mitigating motion sickness in humans with galvanic vestibular stimulation | Communications Engineering
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-025-00417-2
    Per sensory conflict theory, vestibular sensory information has been proposed to drive motion sickness given deviations from central expectations. […] Beneficial GVS produced a 26% motion sickness reduction, and Detrimental GVS produced a 56% increase (p=0.0055), demonstrating the causal role of vestibular information in human motion sickness. […] Despite the growing body of evidence supporting sensory conflict theory, conclusive evidence of the role of vestibular information, with control groups for other confounds, in producing motion sickness in humans has remained elusive, and alternative theories have persisted (such as postural control theory). […] A popular tool for altering vestibular sensory information in humans, galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) offers a prospective means of isolating the role of the vestibular system in producing motion sickness.
  • #30 Validating sensory conflict theory and mitigating motion sickness in humans with galvanic vestibular stimulation | Communications Engineering
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-025-00417-2
    Per sensory conflict theory, vestibular sensory information has been proposed to drive motion sickness given deviations from central expectations. […] Beneficial GVS produced a 26% motion sickness reduction, and Detrimental GVS produced a 56% increase (p=0.0055), demonstrating the causal role of vestibular information in human motion sickness. […] Despite the growing body of evidence supporting sensory conflict theory, conclusive evidence of the role of vestibular information, with control groups for other confounds, in producing motion sickness in humans has remained elusive, and alternative theories have persisted (such as postural control theory). […] A popular tool for altering vestibular sensory information in humans, galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) offers a prospective means of isolating the role of the vestibular system in producing motion sickness.
  • #31 Validating sensory conflict theory and mitigating motion sickness in humans with galvanic vestibular stimulation | Communications Engineering
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-025-00417-2
    Per sensory conflict theory, vestibular sensory information has been proposed to drive motion sickness given deviations from central expectations. […] Beneficial GVS produced a 26% motion sickness reduction, and Detrimental GVS produced a 56% increase (p=0.0055), demonstrating the causal role of vestibular information in human motion sickness. […] Despite the growing body of evidence supporting sensory conflict theory, conclusive evidence of the role of vestibular information, with control groups for other confounds, in producing motion sickness in humans has remained elusive, and alternative theories have persisted (such as postural control theory). […] A popular tool for altering vestibular sensory information in humans, galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) offers a prospective means of isolating the role of the vestibular system in producing motion sickness.
  • #32 Validating sensory conflict theory and mitigating motion sickness in humans with galvanic vestibular stimulation | Communications Engineering
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-025-00417-2
    Our experimental results first revealed differences in motion sickness, dependent on the GVS condition provided, confirming our hypothesis that vestibular sensory information alters motion sickness symptom severity. […] This affirming, significant result indicates that altered vestibular information administered via GVS can be utilized as a means to systematically decrease and increase motion sickness severity. […] In evaluating differences in motion sickness symptom severity across experimental conditions, we found that the Beneficial GVS condition produced the lowest MISC rate (μ=0.035; 95% CI=[0.0056 0.064]) compared to the No GVS (μ=0.048; CI=[0.016 0.080]) and Detrimental GVS (μ=0.083; CI=[0.040 0.13]) conditions. […] Our findings have population validity, given inter-individual susceptibility to GVS variability. […] The finding that motion sickness is altered between our two GVS conditions, while controlling for the physical motion, posture, and all other sensory cues, provides evidence that is inconsistent with postural control theory.
  • #33 Validating sensory conflict theory and mitigating motion sickness in humans with galvanic vestibular stimulation | Communications Engineering
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-025-00417-2
    Our experimental results first revealed differences in motion sickness, dependent on the GVS condition provided, confirming our hypothesis that vestibular sensory information alters motion sickness symptom severity. […] This affirming, significant result indicates that altered vestibular information administered via GVS can be utilized as a means to systematically decrease and increase motion sickness severity. […] In evaluating differences in motion sickness symptom severity across experimental conditions, we found that the Beneficial GVS condition produced the lowest MISC rate (μ=0.035; 95% CI=[0.0056 0.064]) compared to the No GVS (μ=0.048; CI=[0.016 0.080]) and Detrimental GVS (μ=0.083; CI=[0.040 0.13]) conditions. […] Our findings have population validity, given inter-individual susceptibility to GVS variability. […] The finding that motion sickness is altered between our two GVS conditions, while controlling for the physical motion, posture, and all other sensory cues, provides evidence that is inconsistent with postural control theory.
  • #34 Validating sensory conflict theory and mitigating motion sickness in humans with galvanic vestibular stimulation | Communications Engineering
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-025-00417-2
    Our experimental results first revealed differences in motion sickness, dependent on the GVS condition provided, confirming our hypothesis that vestibular sensory information alters motion sickness symptom severity. […] This affirming, significant result indicates that altered vestibular information administered via GVS can be utilized as a means to systematically decrease and increase motion sickness severity. […] In evaluating differences in motion sickness symptom severity across experimental conditions, we found that the Beneficial GVS condition produced the lowest MISC rate (μ=0.035; 95% CI=[0.0056 0.064]) compared to the No GVS (μ=0.048; CI=[0.016 0.080]) and Detrimental GVS (μ=0.083; CI=[0.040 0.13]) conditions. […] Our findings have population validity, given inter-individual susceptibility to GVS variability. […] The finding that motion sickness is altered between our two GVS conditions, while controlling for the physical motion, posture, and all other sensory cues, provides evidence that is inconsistent with postural control theory.
  • #35 Prevention and Treatment of Motion Sickness | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0701/p41.html
    Motion sickness is a common syndrome that occurs upon exposure to certain types of motion. […] Nearly all persons will have symptoms in response to severe motion stimuli, and a history of motion sickness best predicts future symptoms. […] Although nausea is a hallmark symptom, the syndrome includes symptoms ranging from vague malaise to completely incapacitating illness. […] These symptoms, which can affect the patient’s recreation, employment, and personal safety, can occur within minutes of experiencing motion and can last for several hours after its cessation. […] Patients should learn to identify situations that may lead to motion sickness and be able to initiate behavioral strategies to prevent or minimize symptoms. […] With continuous exposure to motion, symptoms of motion sickness will usually subside in one to two days.
  • #36 Prevention and Treatment of Motion Sickness | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0701/p41.html
    A small study found that focusing on the true horizon (skyline) minimized symptoms of motion sickness. […] A survey of 3,256 bus passengers suggested that forward vision was helpful in reducing symptoms. […] Another study indicated that forward vision in a car can reduce symptoms. […] Actively steering the vehicle is an accepted strategy for reducing symptoms of motion sickness, although evidence is limited. […] Additionally, a small study of automobile passengers found that actively tilting the head into turns was effective in preventing symptoms. […] Frequent consumption of light, soft, bland, low-fat, and low-acid food can minimize symptoms of motion sickness. […] Medications are most effective when taken prophylactically before traveling, or as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms.
  • #37 Prevention and Treatment of Motion Sickness | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0701/p41.html
    A small study found that focusing on the true horizon (skyline) minimized symptoms of motion sickness. […] A survey of 3,256 bus passengers suggested that forward vision was helpful in reducing symptoms. […] Another study indicated that forward vision in a car can reduce symptoms. […] Actively steering the vehicle is an accepted strategy for reducing symptoms of motion sickness, although evidence is limited. […] Additionally, a small study of automobile passengers found that actively tilting the head into turns was effective in preventing symptoms. […] Frequent consumption of light, soft, bland, low-fat, and low-acid food can minimize symptoms of motion sickness. […] Medications are most effective when taken prophylactically before traveling, or as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms.
  • #38 Prevention and Treatment of Motion Sickness | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0701/p41.html
    A small study found that focusing on the true horizon (skyline) minimized symptoms of motion sickness. […] A survey of 3,256 bus passengers suggested that forward vision was helpful in reducing symptoms. […] Another study indicated that forward vision in a car can reduce symptoms. […] Actively steering the vehicle is an accepted strategy for reducing symptoms of motion sickness, although evidence is limited. […] Additionally, a small study of automobile passengers found that actively tilting the head into turns was effective in preventing symptoms. […] Frequent consumption of light, soft, bland, low-fat, and low-acid food can minimize symptoms of motion sickness. […] Medications are most effective when taken prophylactically before traveling, or as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms.
  • #39 Prevention and Treatment of Motion Sickness | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0701/p41.html
    A small study found that focusing on the true horizon (skyline) minimized symptoms of motion sickness. […] A survey of 3,256 bus passengers suggested that forward vision was helpful in reducing symptoms. […] Another study indicated that forward vision in a car can reduce symptoms. […] Actively steering the vehicle is an accepted strategy for reducing symptoms of motion sickness, although evidence is limited. […] Additionally, a small study of automobile passengers found that actively tilting the head into turns was effective in preventing symptoms. […] Frequent consumption of light, soft, bland, low-fat, and low-acid food can minimize symptoms of motion sickness. […] Medications are most effective when taken prophylactically before traveling, or as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms.
  • #40 Prevention and Treatment of Motion Sickness | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0701/p41.html
    A small study found that focusing on the true horizon (skyline) minimized symptoms of motion sickness. […] A survey of 3,256 bus passengers suggested that forward vision was helpful in reducing symptoms. […] Another study indicated that forward vision in a car can reduce symptoms. […] Actively steering the vehicle is an accepted strategy for reducing symptoms of motion sickness, although evidence is limited. […] Additionally, a small study of automobile passengers found that actively tilting the head into turns was effective in preventing symptoms. […] Frequent consumption of light, soft, bland, low-fat, and low-acid food can minimize symptoms of motion sickness. […] Medications are most effective when taken prophylactically before traveling, or as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms.
  • #41 Prevention and Treatment of Motion Sickness | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0701/p41.html
    A small study found that focusing on the true horizon (skyline) minimized symptoms of motion sickness. […] A survey of 3,256 bus passengers suggested that forward vision was helpful in reducing symptoms. […] Another study indicated that forward vision in a car can reduce symptoms. […] Actively steering the vehicle is an accepted strategy for reducing symptoms of motion sickness, although evidence is limited. […] Additionally, a small study of automobile passengers found that actively tilting the head into turns was effective in preventing symptoms. […] Frequent consumption of light, soft, bland, low-fat, and low-acid food can minimize symptoms of motion sickness. […] Medications are most effective when taken prophylactically before traveling, or as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms.
  • #42 Prevention and Treatment of Motion Sickness | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0701/p41.html
    A small study found that focusing on the true horizon (skyline) minimized symptoms of motion sickness. […] A survey of 3,256 bus passengers suggested that forward vision was helpful in reducing symptoms. […] Another study indicated that forward vision in a car can reduce symptoms. […] Actively steering the vehicle is an accepted strategy for reducing symptoms of motion sickness, although evidence is limited. […] Additionally, a small study of automobile passengers found that actively tilting the head into turns was effective in preventing symptoms. […] Frequent consumption of light, soft, bland, low-fat, and low-acid food can minimize symptoms of motion sickness. […] Medications are most effective when taken prophylactically before traveling, or as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms.
  • #43 Prevention and Treatment of Motion Sickness | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0701/p41.html
    Scopolamine, an anticholinergic, is a first-line option for preventing motion sickness in persons who wish to maintain wakefulness during travel. […] First-generation antihistamines have been used to treat motion sickness since the 1940s. […] Nonsedating antihistamines are not effective in preventing or treating motion sickness. […] Controlled trials of behavioral, pharmacologic, or alternative therapies for motion sickness have demonstrated strong placebo effects.
  • #44 Prevention and Treatment of Motion Sickness | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0701/p41.html
    Scopolamine, an anticholinergic, is a first-line option for preventing motion sickness in persons who wish to maintain wakefulness during travel. […] First-generation antihistamines have been used to treat motion sickness since the 1940s. […] Nonsedating antihistamines are not effective in preventing or treating motion sickness. […] Controlled trials of behavioral, pharmacologic, or alternative therapies for motion sickness have demonstrated strong placebo effects.
  • #45 Prevention and Treatment of Motion Sickness | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0701/p41.html
    Scopolamine, an anticholinergic, is a first-line option for preventing motion sickness in persons who wish to maintain wakefulness during travel. […] First-generation antihistamines have been used to treat motion sickness since the 1940s. […] Nonsedating antihistamines are not effective in preventing or treating motion sickness. […] Controlled trials of behavioral, pharmacologic, or alternative therapies for motion sickness have demonstrated strong placebo effects.
  • #46 Prevention and Treatment of Motion Sickness | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0701/p41.html
    Scopolamine, an anticholinergic, is a first-line option for preventing motion sickness in persons who wish to maintain wakefulness during travel. […] First-generation antihistamines have been used to treat motion sickness since the 1940s. […] Nonsedating antihistamines are not effective in preventing or treating motion sickness. […] Controlled trials of behavioral, pharmacologic, or alternative therapies for motion sickness have demonstrated strong placebo effects.
  • #47 Beyond Seasickness: A Motivated Call for a New Motion Sickness Standard across Motion Environments
    https://www.mdpi.com/2571-631X/5/4/44
    A major limitation of the ISO 2631-1 standard on motion sickness concerns its application to vertical (ship) motion only. […] The reason for this is the fact that vehicle automation renders all occupants into passengers, who, compared to drivers, are known to be more susceptible to carsickness. […] Given that 60–70% of all passengers do suffer from carsickness at some moment, and that currently only about 30% of all car occupants are passengers, this will turn carsickness from a minority into a majority problem in automated vehicles. […] Although we limited this paper to these factors, other factors not mentioned here may concern the effects of odors, ambient temperature, (pseudo) Coriolis and Purkinje effects, off-vertical axis rotations, G-transitions relevant for space travel and parabolic flight, and probably many more factors.
  • #48 Beyond Seasickness: A Motivated Call for a New Motion Sickness Standard across Motion Environments
    https://www.mdpi.com/2571-631X/5/4/44
    A major limitation of the ISO 2631-1 standard on motion sickness concerns its application to vertical (ship) motion only. […] The reason for this is the fact that vehicle automation renders all occupants into passengers, who, compared to drivers, are known to be more susceptible to carsickness. […] Given that 60–70% of all passengers do suffer from carsickness at some moment, and that currently only about 30% of all car occupants are passengers, this will turn carsickness from a minority into a majority problem in automated vehicles. […] Although we limited this paper to these factors, other factors not mentioned here may concern the effects of odors, ambient temperature, (pseudo) Coriolis and Purkinje effects, off-vertical axis rotations, G-transitions relevant for space travel and parabolic flight, and probably many more factors.
  • #49
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00422-023-00959-8
    The exact mechanisms of motion sickness and its time evolution, are however, still poorly understood. […] Therefore, understanding and alleviating motion sickness is particularly relevant for automated vehicles. […] The work will not be limited to specific conflicts or degrees of freedom, but will explore the relationship between the conflict magnitude of the different sensory channels in various well-known motion paradigms. Ultimately, this study should contribute to models that can serve to prevent motion sickness when used to design technology. […] The models, along with the two tunings, were then validated against a second sickness data set using a range of data from the literature. […] The choice of these models is motivated by a number of considerations. […] The validation data set was used to evaluate the predicted relative sickness magnitude across a broader range of motion conditions.
  • #50
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00422-023-00959-8
    The exact mechanisms of motion sickness and its time evolution, are however, still poorly understood. […] Therefore, understanding and alleviating motion sickness is particularly relevant for automated vehicles. […] The work will not be limited to specific conflicts or degrees of freedom, but will explore the relationship between the conflict magnitude of the different sensory channels in various well-known motion paradigms. Ultimately, this study should contribute to models that can serve to prevent motion sickness when used to design technology. […] The models, along with the two tunings, were then validated against a second sickness data set using a range of data from the literature. […] The choice of these models is motivated by a number of considerations. […] The validation data set was used to evaluate the predicted relative sickness magnitude across a broader range of motion conditions.