Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diphtheria: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17870-diphtheria

  Yes. There are many different vaccines in the U.S. that are designed to stop diphtheria. Several of them protect you against multiple infections at once, such as pertussis (whooping cough) and tetanus as well as diphtheria. There are different immunization schedules for getting the series of shots, including booster shots after the first ones are given. […] Vaccination is the best choice. If you havent been vaccinated, make an appointment with your healthcare provider. […] Yes. When treated immediately, diphtheria is managed successfully with antitoxins and antibiotics. Vaccination can prevent diphtheria altogether. […] Diphtheria treatment begins immediately sometimes even before the lab test results are confirmed. Your healthcare provider will prescribe diphtheria antitoxin to stop damage to your organs. Theyll also prescribe antibiotics, typically penicillin or erythromycin, to fight infection.

• #1 Diphtheria | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/diphtheria

  Diphtheria is extremely rare in most developed countries, including Australia, because of the widespread use of the diphtheria vaccine. […] The best prevention against diphtheria is immunisation. […] People who are caring for someone with diphtheria should practise strict hygiene for example, wash hands frequently, particularly before handling, preparing or eating food and get a booster vaccination. All contacts should also receive a course of antibiotics. […] The diphtheria vaccine contains a weakened form of the bacterial toxin, called a toxoid. It works by prompting the body to produce an 'antitoxin’ a specific antibody that neutralises diphtheria toxin. A number of doses are needed to offer good protection against diphtheria. […] Immunity against diphtheria reduces with time and further booster shots may be needed. A course of diphtheria-containing vaccine is recommended for anyone who has never been vaccinated. […] A diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough booster is recommended for adults from 50 years of age and requires a GP prescription to purchase the dose.

• #1 Diphtheria – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diphtheria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351897

  Before antibiotics were available, diphtheria was a common illness in young children. Today, the disease is not only treatable but also preventable with a vaccine. […] The diphtheria vaccine is usually combined with vaccines for tetanus and whooping cough (pertussis). The three-in-one vaccine is known as the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine. The latest version of this vaccine is known as the DTaP vaccine for children and the Tdap vaccine for adolescents and adults. […] The diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine is one of the childhood vaccinations that doctors in the United States recommend during infancy. Vaccination consists of a series of five shots, typically administered in the arm or thigh, given to children at these ages: 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 15 to 18 months, 4 to 6 years.

• #1 Diphtheria: Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention | Diphtheria Vaccine

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/infections-and-contagious-diseases/diphtheria

  Preventing diphtheria relies on completing and maintaining immunization against it. There are four vaccines that immunize against diphtheria—DT, Td, DTaP, and Tdap. They combine diphtheria toxin with tetanus toxin and sometimes pertussis (whooping cough). […] The current immunization schedule for diphtheria is as follows: DTaP vaccine at 2, 4 and 6 months of age […] DTaP booster between 12 to 18 months of age […] DTaP booster between 4 to 6 years of age […] Tdap vaccine between 11 to 12 years of age […] Tdap or Td booster every 10 years throughout adulthood […] Tdap during the second half of pregnancy regardless of a woman’s vaccine status. […] Boosters are necessary throughout your life because immunity to diphtheria fades with time. This is true even if you have had diphtheria. Your protection will wane and it is possible to get it again. As a result, boosters are necessary for people who have had the disease and recovered. […] If you have been exposed to someone with diphtheria, your doctor may recommend preventive antibiotics and a booster vaccination.

• #1 Diphtheria – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diphtheria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351897

  The diphtheria vaccine is effective at preventing diphtheria. But there may be some side effects. Some children may experience a mild fever, fussiness, drowsiness or tenderness at the injection site after a DTaP shot. […] After the initial series of vaccinations in childhood, you need booster shots of the diphtheria vaccine to help you maintain your immunity. That’s because immunity to diphtheria fades with time. […] Children who received all of the recommended vaccinations before age 7 should receive their first booster shot at around age 11 or 12. The next booster shot is recommended 10 years later, then repeated at 10-year intervals. Booster shots are particularly important if you travel to an area where diphtheria is common. […] The booster is given as a Tdap vaccine or as a diphtheria booster combined with the tetanus booster the tetanus-diphtheria (Td) vaccine. This combination vaccine is given by injection, usually into the arm or thigh. […] Talk to your doctor about vaccines and booster shots if you’re unsure of your vaccination status. A Tdap vaccine may also be recommended as part of the Td series for children ages 7 through 10 who aren’t up to date with the vaccine schedule.

• #1 Diphtheria – NFID

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/diphtheria/

  Vaccination is the best way to prevent diphtheria. Most children receive a first dose in the form of a combined vaccine called DTaP (diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis). A booster dose is recommended for adolescents as Tdap (tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis) vaccine. Health officials now recommend that all adults receive at least 1 dose of Tdap, followed by booster doses of Tdap or Td (tetanus-diphtheria) vaccine every 10 years. […] Recovery from diphtheria is not always followed by lasting immunity, so even those persons who have survived the disease need to be immunized.

• #1 Update on Immunization and Pregnancy: Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Vaccination | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2017/09/update-on-immunization-and-pregnancy-tetanus-diphtheria-and-pertussis-vaccination

  Obstetric care providers should administer the tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine to all pregnant patients during each pregnancy, as early in the 27-36 weeks of gestation window as possible. […] Pregnant women should be counseled that the administration of the Tdap vaccine during each pregnancy is safe and important to make sure that each newborn receives the highest possible protection against pertussis at birth. […] Partners, family members, and infant caregivers should be offered the Tdap vaccine if they have not previously been vaccinated. Ideally, all family members should be vaccinated at least 2 weeks before coming in contact with the newborn. […] If not administered during pregnancy, the Tdap vaccine should be given immediately postpartum if the woman has never received a prior dose of Tdap as an adolescent, adult, or during a previous pregnancy.

• #1 Diphtheria | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/diphtheria

  Diphtheria-toxoid vaccine is recommended for routine vaccination in infants, children and adolescents. […] Diphtheria-toxoid vaccines are recommended for children at 2, 4, 6 and 18 months, and 4 years of age, and adolescents at 11–13 years of age. […] A diphtheria-toxoid vaccine booster is recommended for adults at 50 years of age. […] Vaccination is recommended every 10 years for travellers to countries where health services are difficult to access. […] Adolescents and adults who have never had a diphtheria-toxoid vaccine are recommended to receive 3 doses of diphtheria-toxoid vaccine with at least 4 weeks between doses, and booster doses at 10 years and 20 years after the primary course. […] Pregnant women are recommended to receive a single dose of dTpa vaccine in each pregnancy.

• #1 Diphtheria – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diphtheria/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351903

  If you’ve been exposed to a person infected with diphtheria, see a doctor for testing and possible treatment. Your doctor may give you a prescription for antibiotics to help prevent you from developing the disease. You may also need a booster dose of the diphtheria vaccine. […] People found to be carriers of diphtheria are treated with antibiotics to clear their systems of the bacteria as well. […] Once you recover from diphtheria, you’ll need a full course of diphtheria vaccine to prevent a recurrence. Unlike some other infections, having diphtheria doesn’t guarantee lifetime immunity. You can get diphtheria more than once if you’re not fully vaccinated against it.

• #1 Diphtheria | Infection Control | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/hcp/healthcare-personnel-epidemiology-control/diphtheria.html

  For healthcare personnel who have an exposure to diphtheria, regardless of vaccination status: […] Administer postexposure prophylaxis in accordance with CDC recommendations. […] Implement daily monitoring for the development of signs and symptoms of diphtheria for 7 days after the last exposure. […] For healthcare personnel with respiratory diphtheria infection, exclude from work until: […] Antibiotic and antitoxin (if needed) therapy are completed AND […] For healthcare personnel with cutaneous diphtheria infection or other diphtheria infection manifestations, determine the duration of exclusion from work in consultation with federal, state, and local public health authorities. […] Prevention of transmission of C. diphtheriae in healthcare settings involves: […] encouraging vaccination of HCP against diphtheria in compliance with routine adult vaccine schedules;

• #1 Diphtheria | Infection Control | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/hcp/healthcare-personnel-epidemiology-control/diphtheria.html

  administering postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) to persons exposed to diphtheria; and […] excluding potentially infectious HCP from work. […] PEP for diphtheria includes receipt of diphtheria vaccine and a single dose of intramuscular benzathine penicillin G or a 7- to 10-day course of oral erythromycin. […] Administration of PEP or treatment for diphtheria does not always eliminate the carrier state. […] For HCP identified as toxin-producing C. diphtheriae carriers, positive post-treatment cultures typically prompt administration of additional courses of treatment.

• #1 Diphtheria – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/diphtheria/diphtheria+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Diphtheria is an infection of the throat and nose caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. […] Diphtheria has been rare in Australia since the introduction of an effective vaccine, but a century ago, was the most common infectious cause of death. Outbreaks still occur in countries where vaccination rates are not high. […] People with diphtheria need to be kept in isolation until they are certified to be free of the disease by SA Health’s Communicable Disease Control Branch (CDCB). […] Contacts of people with diphtheria need to be investigated for the disease, receive antibiotics and receive vaccination if required. A contact is any person who has been close enough to an infected person to be at risk of having acquired the infection from that person. […] Family or household contact with diphtheria should be excluded from childcare, preschool, school and work until cleared to return by the CDCB.

• #1

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/controlguideline/Pages/diphtheria.aspx

  Diphtheria is an infection caused primarily by toxin producing Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria, a gram-positive bacillus. […] The most effective preventive measure is widespread vaccination with diphtheria-containing vaccines, both routine vaccination of infants and children and routine booster vaccination in adolescents and adults. Special efforts should be made to ensure that people at higher risk of exposure, e.g., healthcare workers, are fully vaccinated. […] Amongst general practitioners and clinicians, it is important to promote ongoing education on diphtheria that outlines clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and timely referral to public health units (PHU). […] To identify cases and prevent further transmission […] Antibiotics should be provided to all high-risk contacts and considered in medium risk contacts, using the same principles described above in assessing requirement for nasopharyngeal and throat swabs.

• #1 Diphtheria – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560911/

  In prevention, vaccination against diphtheria is incorporated into the routine vaccination schedule as part of the combination diphtheria, tetanus toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP). The adoption of DTaP in the US has remarkably diminished the occurrence of diphtheria. As acquired immunity naturally wanes with time, a booster is recommended to sustain protection. While vaccination does not provide a guarantee against diphtheria, individuals who have received the vaccine tend to experience less severe and fewer fatal diphtheria infections.[3] […] Vaccination stands as the cornerstone in preventing diphtheria.[41] Healthcare providers must educate parents on the benefits of routine immunization in preventing the disease. If a vaccination schedule is missed or records are lost, immediate communication with the primary care provider is essential. Given the waning immunity over time, the timely administration of booster doses becomes paramount for the general population. Community-wide awareness campaigns should emphasize the advantages of immunization. In the event of contact with a suspected case, individuals should promptly seek consultation from healthcare professionals. Moreover, individuals diagnosed with diphtheria must understand the significance of isolation and the necessity to limit contact with the general population until deemed safe by healthcare professionals.

• #1 Factsheets – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/vaccinepreventable/diphtheria/factsheets/

  The most effective way of preventing diphtheria is to maintain a high level of immunisation in the community. At least 85% of the population must be immunised to prevent spread of the disease if toxigenic strains are imported from abroad. […] Diphtheria immunisation protects by stimulating the production of antitoxin which provides immunity to the effects of the toxin. Diphtheria toxoid is one of the oldest vaccines in current use and was introduced in Ireland in the 1930s. […] In Ireland, three doses of a vaccine containing diphtheria toxoid (contained in the 6 in 1 vaccine) are given during the first year of life (primary immunization), a booster is given at 4-5 years of age and another booster at 11-14 years of age. Therefore at least 5 doses of vaccine containing diphtheria toxoid are recommended.

• #1 The following is the prevention of diphtheria that must be done – EMC Healthcare – SAME

  https://www.emc.id/en/care-plus/following-diphtheria-prevention-that-must-do

  The most important and effective way to prevent diphtheria is to do a diphtheria vaccine or immunization. […] There are several ways to boost the immune system that can be done to prevent diphtheria, including: […] Adequate and quality rest time Based on research results, the risk of various diseases can increase if someone is sleep deprived. Therefore, it is important to get enough and quality sleep every day to avoid the risk of various diseases, including diphtheria. […] Eat healthy and nutritious food Consumption of healthy food with balanced nutrition is one of the fundamental keys that need to be implemented in order to increase immunity. […] Adopt a healthy lifestyle by exercising regularly By doing regular and regular exercise, the immune system can also increase. […] Maintain the cleanliness of the living environment One of the things that need to be considered to prevent contracting diphtheria is cleanliness. […] Wash hands thoroughly regularly Washing hands with soap and clean running water is an effective step to prevent infection, one of which is diphtheria.

• #1 EHA Clinics

  https://www.eha.ng/blog/diphtheria-understanding-the-disease-and-5-essential-prevention-measures

  Vaccination stands as the cornerstone of diphtheria prevention. The diphtheria vaccine is typically administered in combination with other vaccines such as tetanus and pertussis, forming the DTaP or Tdap vaccine. It is recommended that children receive the vaccine at regular intervals as part of their routine immunization schedule. Adults, especially those with incomplete vaccination histories, should also ensure they receive booster shots to maintain their immunity. […] Maintaining good hygiene practices plays a vital role in preventing the transmission of diphtheria. Encourage regular hand washing with soap and water, especially before meals and after using the bathroom. Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow when coughing or sneezing to prevent the spread of bacteria. Dispose of used tissues appropriately and avoid close contact with infected individuals until they have received appropriate medical treatment.

• #1 Diphtheria toxin and antibodies – The Native Antigen Company

  https://thenativeantigencompany.com/corynebacterium-diphtheriae/

  Diphtheria vaccination programs have been successful in reducing cases of diphtheria worldwide by 99%. […] However, diphtheria is still a significant problem in some countries and outbreaks have been reported in the former Soviet Union, India, Myanmar, Malaysia and the Philippines, possibly due to ineffective immunisation programs and poor vaccine quality. […] In addition, waning immunity to diphtheria toxin may occur in individuals who have been immunised in childhood but have not been exposed to diphtheria in later life. […] Various global studies report that diphtheria seronegativity increases with age, suggesting that booster vaccinations may be necessary in adults.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12982-024-00352-1

  Diphtheria, caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, is still a major global health concern. […] Maintaining robust immunization strategies and strengthening public health systems is crucial for global control, in addition to a comprehensive approach to combat the diphtheria resurgence, including assessing vaccine coverage rates, identifying barriers to vaccination, and improving immunization uptake, particularly in at-risk populations. […] Preventive measures include immunization programs, early antibiotic administration, and outbreak control strategies. […] Comprehensive global standards that highlight the value of vaccination, bolster the healthcare system, and implement measures to encourage vaccine uptake are required to address these issues. […] Long-term policies including boosting funding for immunization programs, improving disease surveillance, and building collaborations are expedient.

• #1 Effective Diphtheria Prevention Measures and Treatments

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/articles/diphtheria-prevention

  Diphtheria is a severe bacterial infection that affects the mucous membranes of the throat and nose. Therefore, understanding and implementing diphtheria prevention measures is essential to protect public health. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent diphtheria. The diphtheria toxoid vaccine, which is often combined with vaccines for pertussis and tetanus (DTaP for children and Tdap or Td for adults), stimulates the immune system to build a defence against the diphtheria toxin. Children should receive a series of five DTaP shots as part of their routine immunization schedule. Adults should receive a Tdap booster every ten years to maintain immunity. Pregnant women are advised to get the Tdap vaccine during each pregnancy to protect both themselves and their newborns from diphtheria. Maintaining high vaccination rates within a community is crucial to preventing outbreaks. This concept, known as herd immunity, means that when enough people are vaccinated, the disease is less likely to spread, protecting those who cannot be vaccinated, such as those with certain medical conditions. If a case of diphtheria is diagnosed, it’s vital to start treatment immediately with diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics. Treating people who have diphtheria promptly can help stop the spread of the infection to others. Certain populations may be at higher risk of contracting diphtheria, such as individuals with compromised immune systems or those who live in areas with low vaccination rates. It’s important to target these groups with public health initiatives to ensure they receive vaccinations and have access to proper healthcare. Good hygiene practices can help reduce the spread of diphtheria. Regular handwashing, proper cough etiquette, and disinfecting shared surfaces can minimize the risk of diphtheria transmission. Diphtheria can be prevented primarily through vaccination with diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccines, such as DTaP or Tdap. These vaccines stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the diphtheria toxin, protecting against infection.

• #2 Factsheet about diphtheria

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/diphtheria/facts

  Diphtheria is transmitted mainly by direct projection (droplet spread). It is preventable by vaccination. […] An effective vaccine is available against diphtheria and mass immunisation has led to the reduction in the number of cases in Europe.

• #2 Diphtheria | MSF Medical Guidelines

  https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/CG/english/diphtheria-16689456.html

  Vaccination is the key to prevention and control of diphtheria. It protects individuals from severe disease (fewer and less severe symptoms) but does not prevent the spread of C. diphtheriae. Clinical disease does not confer protective immunity and vaccination is an integral part of case management. […] Routine vaccination (EPI), for information: 3 doses of conjugate vaccine containing the higher potency (D) formulation of diphtheria toxoid as soon as possible as of 6 weeks of age and at 4 week intervals; D booster between 12 and 23 months, then between 4 and 7 years; booster with a vaccine containing a reduced dose (d) of diphtheria toxoid between 9 and 15 years. […] Catch-up vaccination (individuals who have not received routine vaccination), for information: children 1 to 6 years: 3 doses of conjugate vaccine containing the higher potency (D) formulation of diphtheria toxoid at least 4 weeks apart; children 7 years and over and adults (including medical staff): 3 doses of conjugate vaccine containing a reduced dose (d) of diphtheria toxoid. Administer with a minimum interval of 4 weeks between first and second dose and an interval of at least 6 months between second and third dose (in the event of an outbreak this interval may be reduced to 4 weeks to achieve protection quicker). […] Administer 2 subsequent booster doses containing d at least 4 weeks apart.

• #2 Diphtheria | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/diphtheria/

  The best way to prevent diphtheria is to get vaccinated. Diphtheria vaccination is recommended for all babies, children, teens, and adults. There are four vaccines used in the United States to prevent diphtheria, all of which are combined with vaccines for other diseases: […] Each of these vaccines prevents diphtheria and tetanus; DTaP and Tdap also help to prevent pertussis (whooping cough). DTaP and DT are given to children younger than 7 years old. Tdap and Td are given to children 7 years and older, teens, and adults. […] Infants and children need 5 doses of DTaP vaccine for maximum protection, at ages 2, 4, 6, 15-18 months, and at 4-6 years. DT can be given instead of DTaP for children who should not get pertussis vaccines. […] Preteens need a booster dose of Tdap vaccine at age 11-12 years.

• #2

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/diseases/diphtheria.html

  The best prevention against diphtheria is immunization. There are four combination vaccines used to prevent diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis: DTaP, Tdap, DT, and Td. […] Td is a tetanus-diphtheria vaccine given to adolescents and adults as a booster shot every 10 years, or after an exposure to tetanus under some circumstances. Tdap is similar to Td but also contains protection against pertussis. […] Adolescents 11-18 years of age (preferably at age 11-12 years) and adults 19 through 64 years of age should receive a single dose of Tdap. For adults 65 and older who have close contact with an infant and have not previously received Tdap, one dose should be received. Tdap also should be given to 7-to-10-year-olds who are not fully immunized against pertussis. Tdap can be given no matter when Td was last received.

• #2 Prevention of Pertussis, Tetanus, and Diphtheria with Vaccines in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC5919600

  This report compiles and summarizes all recommendations from CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding prevention and control of tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis in the United States. […] ACIP recommends routine vaccination for tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. Infants and young children are recommended to receive a 5-dose series of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccines, with one adolescent booster dose of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine. […] Adults who have never received Tdap also are recommended to receive a booster dose of Tdap. […] Women are recommended to receive a dose of Tdap during each pregnancy, which should be administered from 27 through 36 weeks’ gestation, regardless of previous receipt of Tdap. […] After receipt of Tdap, adolescents and adults are recommended to receive a booster tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (Td) vaccine every 10 years to assure ongoing protection against tetanus and diphtheria.

• #2 Diphtheria | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/diphtheria/

  Teens or adults who didn’t receive Tdap as a preteen should receive one dose. Td vaccine is recommended every 10 years. […] Diphtheria vaccines are estimated to work well for people who receive the primary series (three doses for people 7 years old or older and four doses for children younger than 7 years). Nearly all people (95 out of 100) who receive the primary series are protected against diphtheria for approximately 10 years. Protection decreases over time, so preteens should receive a Tdap vaccination at age 11-12 years and adults need to get a Td booster shot every 10 years to stay protected.

• #2 Update on Immunization and Pregnancy: Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Vaccination | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2017/09/update-on-immunization-and-pregnancy-tetanus-diphtheria-and-pertussis-vaccination

  There are certain circumstances in which it is appropriate to administer the Tdap vaccine outside of the 27-36 weeks of gestation window. […] The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and ACOG continue to recommend that adolescent and adult family members and caregivers who previously have not received the Tdap vaccine and who have or anticipate having close contact with an infant younger than 12 months should receive a single dose of Tdap to protect against pertussis. […] Pregnant women who live in geographic regions with new outbreaks or epidemics of pertussis should be immunized as soon as feasibly possible for their own protection in accordance with local recommendations for nonpregnant adults. […] If a Td booster vaccination is indicated during pregnancy (ie, more than 10 years since the previous Td vaccination) then obstetriciangynecologists and other health care providers should administer the Tdap vaccine during pregnancy within the 27-36 weeks of gestation window.

• #2 Diphtheria | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/diphtheria

  Laboratory workers who may be exposed to toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae in their jobs are recommended to have a serology test for diphtheria antibodies every 10 years. […] Travellers to countries where health services are difficult to access are recommended to receive a booster dose of dT vaccine if their last dose was more than 10 years ago, or 5 years ago for high-risk travel.

• #2 Diphtheria

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diphtheria/

  Diphtheria can be a serious illness and sometimes fatal, especially in children, if its not treated quickly. Vaccination can prevent it. […] The best way to avoid diphtheria while travelling is to be fully vaccinated against it. […] If you’re travelling to a part of the world where there may be a risk of diphtheria, you may need a booster vaccination if you were last vaccinated against it more than 10 years ago. […] You may be able to get a combined vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus and polio free on the NHS. Ask at a GP surgery. […] People who have been in close contact with someone who has diphtheria may also need to take antibiotics, or may be given a dose of the diphtheria vaccination.

• #2 Clinical Guidance for Diphtheria | Diphtheria | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diphtheria/hcp/clinical-guidance/index.html

  C. diphtheriae aren’t thought to be contagious once a patient finishes 48 hours of antibiotic treatment. However, when C. diphtheriae are toxigenic, document bacteria elimination by obtaining two consecutive negative cultures 24 hours apart, once antibiotic therapy is completed. This is true for all types of diphtheria, including respiratory and cutaneous presentations. […] Management of close contacts should include maintaining quarantine for 7 to 10 days after last exposure, monitoring for diphtheria during quarantine, obtaining cultures (nasal and throat), providing prophylaxis (erythromycin or penicillin), and vaccinating anyone who is not up to date with diphtheria vaccines. […] When there are compliance concerns, close contacts should receive a dose of intramuscular benzathine penicillin. […] Close contacts whose last diphtheria-containing vaccine was more than 5 years prior should receive an additional dose.

• #2 Diphtheria – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560911/

  For close contacts with recent exposure to diphtheria, effective management involves close surveillance for respiratory or cutaneous symptoms. Immediate isolation of the patient is essential, coupled with swab collection for culture. Erythromycin administration for a duration of 7 to 10 days is recommended. In cases where the individual’s immunization status is uncertain, administering a booster dose of diphtheria toxoid is advisable.

• #2 Diphtheria – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/diphtheria/diphtheria+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Diphtheria is an infection of the throat and nose caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. […] Diphtheria has been rare in Australia since the introduction of an effective vaccine, but a century ago, was the most common infectious cause of death. Outbreaks still occur in countries where vaccination rates are not high. […] People with diphtheria need to be kept in isolation until they are certified to be free of the disease by SA Health’s Communicable Disease Control Branch (CDCB). […] Contacts of people with diphtheria need to be investigated for the disease, receive antibiotics and receive vaccination if required. A contact is any person who has been close enough to an infected person to be at risk of having acquired the infection from that person. […] Family or household contact with diphtheria should be excluded from childcare, preschool, school and work until cleared to return by the CDCB.

• #2 EHA Clinics

  https://www.eha.ng/blog/diphtheria-understanding-the-disease-and-5-essential-prevention-measures

  Vaccination stands as the cornerstone of diphtheria prevention. The diphtheria vaccine is typically administered in combination with other vaccines such as tetanus and pertussis, forming the DTaP or Tdap vaccine. It is recommended that children receive the vaccine at regular intervals as part of their routine immunization schedule. Adults, especially those with incomplete vaccination histories, should also ensure they receive booster shots to maintain their immunity. […] Maintaining good hygiene practices plays a vital role in preventing the transmission of diphtheria. Encourage regular hand washing with soap and water, especially before meals and after using the bathroom. Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow when coughing or sneezing to prevent the spread of bacteria. Dispose of used tissues appropriately and avoid close contact with infected individuals until they have received appropriate medical treatment.

• #2 Diphtheria – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/diphtheria/diphtheria+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Contacts whose work involves food handling or caring for unimmunised children are excluded from work until they certified to be free of the disease by the CDCB. […] Widespread immunisation against diphtheria is the only effective control. The diphtheria vaccine is administered through the National Immunisation Program. The first dose of diphtheria vaccine, in combination with other vaccines, is now recommended to be given at 6 weeks of age. For adolescents and adults, the combined diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis vaccine is preferred, if not given previously, as it provides additional protection against whooping cough (pertussis). […] People travelling to countries where diphtheria is common should have received a full course of immunisation and consider a booster dose of vaccine in discussion with their doctor.

• #2

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/controlguideline/Pages/diphtheria.aspx

  Advise all contacts requiring antibiotics to avoid contact with people who are vulnerable to diphtheria and not to visit vulnerable settings until 72 hours of an appropriate course of antibiotics have been completed OR until negative cultures from nasopharyngeal, throat and any wound swabs are obtained, whichever is shorter. […] Cases of both cutaneous and respiratory diphtheria should be vaccinated in the convalescent phase of their disease as clinical infection may not induce adequate immunity.

• #2 EHA Clinics

  https://www.eha.ng/blog/diphtheria-understanding-the-disease-and-5-essential-prevention-measures

  Diphtheria bacteria can survive on surfaces and objects for extended periods, contributing to its transmission. Regular cleaning and disinfection of frequently touched surfaces can help minimize the risk. Pay particular attention to communal areas, such as schools, daycare centers, and healthcare facilities. By implementing proper sanitation practices, we can reduce the likelihood of bacterial growth and subsequent transmission. […] Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing diphtheria effectively. If you or someone you know experiences symptoms such as a sore throat, difficulty breathing, a thick gray coating in the throat or nose, swollen glands, or weakness, seek medical attention immediately. Timely diagnosis allows for swift administration of appropriate antibiotics and antitoxin to eliminate the bacteria and neutralize the toxins, minimizing the risk of complications.

• #2 Factsheets – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/vaccinepreventable/diphtheria/factsheets/

  Additional boosters may be needed to maintain immunity for those at particular risk of infection. All travellers to epidemic or endemic areas should ensure that they are fully immunised according to the Irish schedule. […] All vaccines now used in Ireland to boost protection against tetanus also contain a booster vaccine for diphtheria. […] Individuals who may be exposed to diphtheria in the course of their work, in microbiology laboratories and clinical infectious disease units, are at risk and must be protected. […] Further information on vaccination is available from the HSE National Immunisation Office which provides up-to-date information about HSE immunisation programmes for children, adults and healthcare professionals in Ireland.

• #2 Diphtheria | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0131-y

  Diphtheria can be treated with the timely administration of diphtheria antitoxin and antimicrobial therapy. […] Although effective vaccines are available, this disease has the potential to re-emerge in countries where the recommended vaccination programmes are not sustained, and increasing proportions of adults are becoming susceptible to diphtheria. […] The prevalence of toxigenic Corynebacterium spp. highlights the need for proper clinical and epidemiological investigations to quickly identify and treat affected individuals, along with public health measures to prevent and contain the spread of this disease. […] World Health Organization. Diphtheria vaccine: WHO position paper August 2017. This comprehensive position paper summarizes important and useful information on diphtheria and vaccines.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12982-024-00352-1

  The mainstays of preventive measures for diphtheria are immunization programs and early antibiotic administration to those close to confirmed cases. […] Immunization is essential, especially with DTP (diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis) or DTaP (acellular pertussis) vaccines, whose recommended schedules differ according to age and nation. […] To achieve herd immunity, combination vaccinations against pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria are essential. […] The WHO recommends the use of combination vaccines that include protection against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP). […] Important steps to take during diphtheria epidemics include recording confirmed cases and isolating close contacts. […] Diphtheria antitoxin (DAT), which is quickly administered to neutralize circulating diphtheria toxin and slow the disease’s course, is part of the management strategy for the disease.

• #2 Diphtheria | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0131-y

  Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis: recommendations for vaccine use and other preventive measures. […] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine in adults aged 65 years and older. […] Global vaccine action plan. Regional vaccine action plans 2016 progress reports. […] Grasse, M., Meryk, A., Schirmer, M., Grubeck-Loebenstein, B. Weinberger, B. Booster vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria: insufficient protection against diphtheria in young and elderly adults. […] Dittmann, S. et al. Successful control of epidemic diphtheria in the states of the Former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: lessons learned.

• #3 Diphtheria – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/diphtheria/

  The diphtheria vaccine is a toxoid vaccine. […] Four diphtheria vaccines are available in the US: Diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP), Tetanus diphtheria acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap), Diphtheria and tetanus vaccine (DT), Tetanus and diphtheria vaccine (Td). […] Those with frequent direct contact with the patient. […] Anybody exposed to secretions from the infected source. […] In addition to isolating and treating infected patients, the following measures should be performed in exposed close contacts regardless of their diphtheria immunity status. […] All exposed contacts should receive prophylactic antibiotics and be assessed for immunization. […] Antibiotic chemoprophylaxis: erythromycin OR a single IM dose of benzathine penicillin G. […] Active immunization with a diphtheria vaccine.

• #3 EHA Clinics

  https://www.eha.ng/blog/diphtheria-understanding-the-disease-and-5-essential-prevention-measures

  Maintaining robust disease surveillance systems and timely outbreak response are essential for preventing the spread of diphtheria. Public health authorities should monitor diphtheria cases, investigate potential outbreaks, and implement control measures promptly. This may include contact tracing, isolating infected individuals, and providing appropriate treatment and prophylactic antibiotics to close contacts. Timely communication and public awareness campaigns are vital to inform communities about the disease, its prevention, and the importance of seeking medical care when necessary. […] By following these five essential prevention measures – vaccination, practicing good hygiene, promoting environmental sanitation, ensuring early diagnosis and treatment, and maintaining disease surveillance and outbreak response – we can significantly reduce the risk of diphtheria transmission.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12982-024-00352-1

  To prevent skin diphtheria, wounds must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. […] Global guidelines for the prevention of diphtheria place a strong emphasis on the value of immunization, especially for young children. […] Increasing funding for immunization programs, strengthening the infrastructure for disease surveillance to facilitate timely case reporting and data dissemination, enhancing access to healthcare services, especially in underserved areas, and putting laws into place to encourage vaccine uptake are some of these strategies.

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