Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Atherosclerosis – Prevention | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/prevention

  The best way to ensure heart health is to prevent risk factors from developing in the first place. Following the steps for heart-healthy living can help prevent or delay these risk factors. […] Atherosclerosis often begins in childhood and continues developing throughout life. Taking early steps in childhood toward heart-healthy living and continuing through adulthood can prevent atherosclerosis and its complications. […] Medicines are available to help manage blood cholesterol levels. Your provider may prescribe a statin or another medicine, depending on your risk for complications, which may be higher if you have had a heart attack or stroke or have diabetes. […] Talk with your provider about whether medicines can help reduce your risk for plaque buildup. Even If you take a medicine as part of your treatment plan, be sure to continue your healthy lifestyle changes.

• #2 What is Atherosclerosis? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cholesterol/about-cholesterol/atherosclerosis

  Plaque buildup, or fatty deposits, in your arteries is called atherosclerosis. These deposits are made up of cholesterol, fatty substances, cellular waste products, calcium and fibrin, a clotting material in the blood. Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis means hardening of the arteries. […] Many scientists believe plaque begins when an artery’s inner lining becomes damaged. Four possible causes of such damage are: Elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood, High blood pressure, Tobacco smoking, such as cigarettes, Diabetes. […] Smoking plays a big role in the progression of atherosclerosis in the aorta (the body’s main artery), coronary arteries and arteries in the legs. Smoking makes fatty deposits more likely to form, and it speeds up the growth of plaque.

• #3 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=1&contentid=1583

  Your good health has an enemy atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is common. And its effects can be very serious. This condition can lead to strokes, heart attacks, and death. But you can take steps to protect yourself from this disease. […] You can control most of the above risk factors. The following tips can help prevent atherosclerosis and improve your general health. If you have atherosclerosis, you may be able to stop it from getting worse. […] If you smoke, get help to quit. Studies have shown smoking damages the artery walls. This can lead to atherosclerosis. This makes it easier for plaque to build up. […] Make changes to your diet. A diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol can raise your cholesterol levels. When you have high cholesterol, there may be more plaque to line artery walls and narrow your arteries.

• #4 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=1&contentid=1583

  Exercise regularly. Regular aerobic exercise can help fight atherosclerosis by reducing the amount of fat in your blood, lowering your blood pressure and cholesterol, and controlling your weight. […] Get regular checkups. Have your health care provider check your blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar regularly. High blood pressure can make atherosclerosis worse by causing artery walls to harden and thicken. […] Being overweight or obese increases your levels of LDL („bad”) cholesterol. Extra body fat impacts how your body processes cholesterol and makes it harder for your body to get rid of LDL cholesterol from your blood. […] Control diabetes with your health care provider’s help. People who have diabetes develop atherosclerosis more quickly. If you have diabetes, control your blood sugar level carefully. […] Symptoms appear only after the damage has been done. So don’t wait for symptoms to occur before doing something to prevent atherosclerosis. Begin by making the above lifestyle changes even if you feel well.

• #5 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  Lifestyle changes can help keep the arteries healthy. They also can prevent or slow atherosclerosis. The American Heart Association recommends these eight heart-healthy tips: […] Don’t smoke, vape or use tobacco. Also stay away from cigarette smoke. Smoking damages the arteries. Smoking is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease. Nicotine tightens blood vessels and forces the heart to work harder. Not smoking is one of the best ways to lower the risk of atherosclerosis complications, such as a heart attack. […] Get regular exercise. Staying active keeps the body healthy. Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week. Talk with your healthcare team about the amount and type of exercise that’s best for you. […] Keep a healthy weight. Being overweight increases the risk of coronary artery disease, which is caused by atherosclerosis. Losing even a small amount of weight can help reduce the risk. Ask your healthcare professional what weight is best for you.

• #6 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-is-atherosclerosis

  You can make changes to your lifestyle to prevent atherosclerosis or slow down its progression. Some things that may help: […] Lower your stress through yoga, mindfulness, or deep breathing. These practices can help lower your blood pressure too. […] Stop smoking (and vaping), which raises your risk for heart disease. Nicotine narrows blood vessels, forcing your heart to work harder. Quitting smoking is one of the most important lifestyle changes you can make to prevent damage to your heart from atherosclerosis. […] Follow a healthy diet rich in low-fat proteins, fish, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. This will help you manage your weight and lower cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels. […] Lose weight and keep it off. Even a small amount will help lower your risk. […] Exercise regularly to maintain a healthy blood pressure and improve blood flow. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of brisk exercise a week. […] Keep on top of your other health conditions by having regular checkups and following your doctor’s treatment plan.

• #7 Atherosclerosis: Current Status of Prevention and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3331649/

  The benefit for CV prevention by treating hypertension was well established long before JNC 7. […] Cessation of cigarette smoking is associated with a substantial reduction in risk of all-cause mortality among patients with CHD and this reduction appears consistent across age, sex, index cardiac event, country, and year of study commencement in a systematic review by Critchley and Capewell. […] Therefore, there appears to be essentially no doubt of the benefit of smoking cessation for the CHD and PVD patient regardless of sex and age. […] Despite the apparently ideal approach of atherosclerosis regression, atherosclerotic plaque stabilization remains the most clinically relevant result of aggressive atherosclerosis prevention. […] The current status of atherosclerosis prevention is considered in Table 1.

• #8 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  Eat healthy foods. Choose fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit salt and saturated fats. Read nutrition labels to check the amount of salt and fat. […] Manage stress. Find ways to help reduce stress. Some ideas are to get more exercise, practice mindfulness and connect with others in support groups. Or try yoga or deep breathing. These relaxation practices can temporarily lower blood pressure, reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis. […] Control blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol. Make lifestyle changes and take medicines as directed. Get regular health checkups. […] Limit alcohol. If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men. […] Get good sleep. Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other health conditions. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily. […] It’s never too early to make healthy lifestyle changes. Eat healthy, be active, get more exercise and don’t smoke or vape. These are simple ways to protect yourself against atherosclerosis and its complications, including heart attack and stroke.

• #9 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=1&contentid=1583

  Your good health has an enemy atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is common. And its effects can be very serious. This condition can lead to strokes, heart attacks, and death. But you can take steps to protect yourself from this disease. […] You can control most of the above risk factors. The following tips can help prevent atherosclerosis and improve your general health. If you have atherosclerosis, you may be able to stop it from getting worse. […] If you smoke, get help to quit. Studies have shown smoking damages the artery walls. This can lead to atherosclerosis. This makes it easier for plaque to build up. […] Make changes to your diet. A diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol can raise your cholesterol levels. When you have high cholesterol, there may be more plaque to line artery walls and narrow your arteries.

• #10 Atherosclerosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis

  Prevention guidelines include eating a healthy diet, exercising, not smoking, and maintaining normal body weight. […] Up to 90% of cardiovascular disease may be preventable if established risk factors are avoided. […] Prevention is generally by eating a healthy diet, exercising, not smoking, and maintaining a normal weight. […] Changes in diet may help prevent the development of atherosclerosis. […] A diet high in fruits and vegetables decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease and death. […] Evidence suggests that the Mediterranean diet may improve cardiovascular results. […] A controlled exercise program combats atherosclerosis by improving the circulation and functionality of the vessels. […] Exercise is also used to manage weight in patients who are obese, lower blood pressure, and decrease cholesterol.

• #11 Atherosclerosis – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/atherosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis is caused by repeated injury to the walls of arteries. […] To prevent atherosclerosis, people need to stop using tobacco, improve their diet, exercise regularly, and maintain control of their blood pressure, cholesterol level, and diabetes. […] Eating a healthy diet can help decrease the risk of atherosclerosis. A diet low in saturated fats, refined carbohydrates, highly processed foods, and alcohol and high in fruits, vegetables, and fiber decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Healthy diet and exercise can promote weight loss if a person is overweight or obese. […] People who smoke should stop smoking. People who quit using tobacco have only half the risk of those who continue to use tobacco regardless of how long they smoked before quitting. […] People who have high blood pressure should lower their blood pressure with lifestyle changes and drugs. People who have diabetes must maintain strict control of their blood sugar (glucose).

• #12 Cardiovascular Health Integrative Overview – Life Extension

  https://www.lifeextension.com/protocols/heart-circulatory/atherosclerosis-and-cardiovascular-disease?srsltid=AfmBOopB1B_KlaGNdTeFKcnXzazn-hepZ1BJBA4mQLPk6pQCL_0-VXAu

  It is important to note that a growing proportion of cardiovascular events, including heart attacks, are now occurring in people without well-established risk factors. […] Atherosclerosis is generally asymptomatic until very late stages. It is therefore critical for all susceptible individuals to take preventative measures and monitor their cardiovascular health. […] A heart-healthy diet can be achieved through the following strategies: Eat more plant foods and move towards a Mediterranean eating pattern. Healthy plant-based dietary patterns have been associated with lower cardiovascular risk and mortality and may protect against atherosclerosis by reducing inflammatory signaling, lowering associated risk factors like diabetes and hypertension, and supporting a healthy gut microbiome. […] Avoid processed foods. Processed meats and other highly processed foods, many of which are high in added salt, sugars (including sweetened beverages), and trans fats, have been linked to increased coronary artery disease risk and are generally not part of a healthy diet.

• #13 Cardiovascular Health Integrative Overview – Life Extension

  https://www.lifeextension.com/protocols/heart-circulatory/atherosclerosis-and-cardiovascular-disease?srsltid=AfmBOopB1B_KlaGNdTeFKcnXzazn-hepZ1BJBA4mQLPk6pQCL_0-VXAu

  Reduce sodium and increase potassium intake. While sodium intake has been correlated with increased risk of coronary and carotid artery atherosclerosis, potassium improves vascular health and function. […] Increase fiber intake. Numerous observational studies have linked increased dietary fiber with reduced risks of atherosclerosis, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. […] Eat healthy fats. Saturated fat has long been considered unhealthy, and indeed it directly contributes to the formation of LDL-cholesterol. Replacement of dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated fats and monounsaturated fats has been found to reduce both LDL-cholesterol levels and cardiovascular events. […] Use extra-virgin olive oil. Extra virgin olive oil has been intensively studied for its health benefits both on its own and as a component of the Mediterranean diet.

• #14 Hardening of the arteries Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hardening-of-the-arteries

  Atherosclerosis, sometimes called „hardening of the arteries,” occurs when fat, cholesterol, and other substances build up in the walls of arteries. These deposits are called plaques. Over time, these plaques can narrow or completely block the arteries and cause problems throughout the body. […] High blood cholesterol levels can cause hardening of the arteries at a younger age. […] Lifestyle changes will reduce your risk for atherosclerosis. Things you can do include: Quit smoking: This is the single most important change you can make to reduce your risk for heart disease and stroke. Avoid fatty foods: Eat well-balanced meals that are low in fat and cholesterol. Include several daily servings of fruits and vegetables. Adding fish to your diet at least twice a week may be helpful. However, do not eat fried fish. Limit how much alcohol you drink: Recommended limits are one drink a day for women, two a day for men. Get regular physical activity: Exercise with moderate intensity (such as brisk walking) 5 days a week for 30 minutes a day if you are at a healthy weight. For weight loss, exercise for 60 to 90 minutes a day. Talk to your provider before starting a new exercise plan, especially if you have been diagnosed with heart disease or you have ever had a heart attack.

• #15 Cardiovascular Health Integrative Overview – Life Extension

  https://www.lifeextension.com/protocols/heart-circulatory/atherosclerosis-and-cardiovascular-disease?srsltid=AfmBOopB1B_KlaGNdTeFKcnXzazn-hepZ1BJBA4mQLPk6pQCL_0-VXAu

  Reduce sodium and increase potassium intake. While sodium intake has been correlated with increased risk of coronary and carotid artery atherosclerosis, potassium improves vascular health and function. […] Increase fiber intake. Numerous observational studies have linked increased dietary fiber with reduced risks of atherosclerosis, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. […] Eat healthy fats. Saturated fat has long been considered unhealthy, and indeed it directly contributes to the formation of LDL-cholesterol. Replacement of dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated fats and monounsaturated fats has been found to reduce both LDL-cholesterol levels and cardiovascular events. […] Use extra-virgin olive oil. Extra virgin olive oil has been intensively studied for its health benefits both on its own and as a component of the Mediterranean diet.

• #16 Atherosclerosis natural treatments and home remedies

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/atherosclerosis-natural-treatments

  It may be possible to treat atherosclerosis with natural remedies. These include consuming more omega-3 fatty acids, following the Mediterranean diet, getting enough physical activity, and more. […] Atherosclerosis can lead to life threatening conditions, such as heart attack and stroke. Treatments are available to reduce atherosclerosis and prevent complications. […] A 2020 review paper suggests that omega-3 fatty acids may stabilize vulnerable atherosclerosis plaque, reducing rupture. In some instances, it may help reverse atherosclerosis. […] Some evidence suggests it may regulate certain signaling molecules to reduce the development and progression of atherosclerosis. […] Research from 2021 involving a randomized controlled trial found that a Mediterranean diet high in extra virgin olive oil decreased atherosclerosis progression better than a low fat diet.

• #17 Atherosclerosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis

  Prevention guidelines include eating a healthy diet, exercising, not smoking, and maintaining normal body weight. […] Up to 90% of cardiovascular disease may be preventable if established risk factors are avoided. […] Prevention is generally by eating a healthy diet, exercising, not smoking, and maintaining a normal weight. […] Changes in diet may help prevent the development of atherosclerosis. […] A diet high in fruits and vegetables decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease and death. […] Evidence suggests that the Mediterranean diet may improve cardiovascular results. […] A controlled exercise program combats atherosclerosis by improving the circulation and functionality of the vessels. […] Exercise is also used to manage weight in patients who are obese, lower blood pressure, and decrease cholesterol.

• #18 Atherosclerosis natural treatments and home remedies

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/atherosclerosis-natural-treatments

  It may be possible to treat atherosclerosis with natural remedies. These include consuming more omega-3 fatty acids, following the Mediterranean diet, getting enough physical activity, and more. […] Atherosclerosis can lead to life threatening conditions, such as heart attack and stroke. Treatments are available to reduce atherosclerosis and prevent complications. […] A 2020 review paper suggests that omega-3 fatty acids may stabilize vulnerable atherosclerosis plaque, reducing rupture. In some instances, it may help reverse atherosclerosis. […] Some evidence suggests it may regulate certain signaling molecules to reduce the development and progression of atherosclerosis. […] Research from 2021 involving a randomized controlled trial found that a Mediterranean diet high in extra virgin olive oil decreased atherosclerosis progression better than a low fat diet.

• #19 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  Lifestyle changes can help keep the arteries healthy. They also can prevent or slow atherosclerosis. The American Heart Association recommends these eight heart-healthy tips: […] Don’t smoke, vape or use tobacco. Also stay away from cigarette smoke. Smoking damages the arteries. Smoking is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease. Nicotine tightens blood vessels and forces the heart to work harder. Not smoking is one of the best ways to lower the risk of atherosclerosis complications, such as a heart attack. […] Get regular exercise. Staying active keeps the body healthy. Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week. Talk with your healthcare team about the amount and type of exercise that’s best for you. […] Keep a healthy weight. Being overweight increases the risk of coronary artery disease, which is caused by atherosclerosis. Losing even a small amount of weight can help reduce the risk. Ask your healthcare professional what weight is best for you.

• #20 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=1&contentid=1583

  Exercise regularly. Regular aerobic exercise can help fight atherosclerosis by reducing the amount of fat in your blood, lowering your blood pressure and cholesterol, and controlling your weight. […] Get regular checkups. Have your health care provider check your blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar regularly. High blood pressure can make atherosclerosis worse by causing artery walls to harden and thicken. […] Being overweight or obese increases your levels of LDL („bad”) cholesterol. Extra body fat impacts how your body processes cholesterol and makes it harder for your body to get rid of LDL cholesterol from your blood. […] Control diabetes with your health care provider’s help. People who have diabetes develop atherosclerosis more quickly. If you have diabetes, control your blood sugar level carefully. […] Symptoms appear only after the damage has been done. So don’t wait for symptoms to occur before doing something to prevent atherosclerosis. Begin by making the above lifestyle changes even if you feel well.

• #21 ASCVD Risk Estimator +

  https://tools.acc.org/ascvd-risk-estimator-plus/

  Lifestyle: The most important way to prevent ASCVD is to promote a healthy lifestyle throughout life. […] To reduce ASCVD risk in all patients: A diet emphasizing intake of vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, whole grains, and fish is recommended (I, B-R). A diet containing reduced amounts of cholesterol and sodium can be beneficial (IIa, B-NR). […] To reduce ASCVD risk, adults should: Be routinely counseled to optimize a physically active lifestyle (I, B-R). Engage in at least 150 minutes per week of accumulated moderate intensity or 75 minutes per week of vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity (or an equivalent combination of moderate and vigorous activity) (I, B-NR). […] Weight loss is recommended to improve the ASCVD risk-factor profile (I, B-R). […] A tailored nutrition plan focusing on a heart-healthy dietary pattern is recommended to improve glycemic control, achieve weight loss (if needed), and improve other ASCVD risk factors (I, A).

• #22 Exercise and fitness in the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/exercise-and-fitness-in-the-prevention-of-atherosclerotic-cardiovascular-disease

  Exercise and fitness in the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. A sedentary lifestyle has been recognized as an independent risk factor for premature development of coronary heart disease. The public has become well aware of this relationship and many have embarked on voluntary exercise programs based upon the assumption that exercise will lead to effective prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Regular physical exercise is often recommended as a means of primary and secondary ASCVD prevention. Both individuals with and without known ASCVD benefit from life-long regular physical activity. In the settings of both primary and secondary prevention, we encourage at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week or at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week. We also encourage incorporating resistance training (muscle strengthening activity) at least twice weekly, as it may confer additional cardiovascular benefit. Engaging in as little as one hour per week of exercise can significantly lower the risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. Exercise is contraindicated in those with severe, unstable, or life-threatening cardiovascular conditions, including unstable angina, high-grade arrhythmias, and decompensated heart failure. Prior to initiating vigorous physical activity, patients should undergo risk assessment with a physical activity history and, in some cases, exercise testing. […] This is discussed separately.

• #23 Exercise and fitness in the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/exercise-and-fitness-in-the-prevention-of-atherosclerotic-cardiovascular-disease

  Exercise and fitness in the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. A sedentary lifestyle has been recognized as an independent risk factor for premature development of coronary heart disease. The public has become well aware of this relationship and many have embarked on voluntary exercise programs based upon the assumption that exercise will lead to effective prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Regular physical exercise is often recommended as a means of primary and secondary ASCVD prevention. Both individuals with and without known ASCVD benefit from life-long regular physical activity. In the settings of both primary and secondary prevention, we encourage at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week or at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week. We also encourage incorporating resistance training (muscle strengthening activity) at least twice weekly, as it may confer additional cardiovascular benefit. Engaging in as little as one hour per week of exercise can significantly lower the risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. Exercise is contraindicated in those with severe, unstable, or life-threatening cardiovascular conditions, including unstable angina, high-grade arrhythmias, and decompensated heart failure. Prior to initiating vigorous physical activity, patients should undergo risk assessment with a physical activity history and, in some cases, exercise testing. […] This is discussed separately.

• #24 Hardening of the arteries Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hardening-of-the-arteries

  Atherosclerosis, sometimes called „hardening of the arteries,” occurs when fat, cholesterol, and other substances build up in the walls of arteries. These deposits are called plaques. Over time, these plaques can narrow or completely block the arteries and cause problems throughout the body. […] High blood cholesterol levels can cause hardening of the arteries at a younger age. […] Lifestyle changes will reduce your risk for atherosclerosis. Things you can do include: Quit smoking: This is the single most important change you can make to reduce your risk for heart disease and stroke. Avoid fatty foods: Eat well-balanced meals that are low in fat and cholesterol. Include several daily servings of fruits and vegetables. Adding fish to your diet at least twice a week may be helpful. However, do not eat fried fish. Limit how much alcohol you drink: Recommended limits are one drink a day for women, two a day for men. Get regular physical activity: Exercise with moderate intensity (such as brisk walking) 5 days a week for 30 minutes a day if you are at a healthy weight. For weight loss, exercise for 60 to 90 minutes a day. Talk to your provider before starting a new exercise plan, especially if you have been diagnosed with heart disease or you have ever had a heart attack.

• #25 Atherosclerosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis

  Prevention guidelines include eating a healthy diet, exercising, not smoking, and maintaining normal body weight. […] Up to 90% of cardiovascular disease may be preventable if established risk factors are avoided. […] Prevention is generally by eating a healthy diet, exercising, not smoking, and maintaining a normal weight. […] Changes in diet may help prevent the development of atherosclerosis. […] A diet high in fruits and vegetables decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease and death. […] Evidence suggests that the Mediterranean diet may improve cardiovascular results. […] A controlled exercise program combats atherosclerosis by improving the circulation and functionality of the vessels. […] Exercise is also used to manage weight in patients who are obese, lower blood pressure, and decrease cholesterol.

• #26 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Preventive Strategies, Treatment of Low HDL levels and High Triglyceride levels in Patients With Diabetes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-treatment

  Regular physical activity reduces very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels, raises HDL-C levels, and, in some persons, lowers LDL levels. […] The evidence base for this recommendation is contained in the US Surgeon General’s Report on Physical Activity. […] Partial ileal bypass is a surgical procedure that uses shortening of the ileum to lower circulating cholesterol levels. […] Patients presenting with stable angina or ischemia after physiologic testing and who have undergone revascularization therapy, either in the form of PCI or CABG, benefit from adjuvant pharmacologic therapy and aggressive risk reduction. […] Consultation with a cardiac rehabilitation team for assistance with smoking cessation, weight management, physical exercise, and lipid control is recommended.

• #27 Exercise and fitness in the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/exercise-and-fitness-in-the-prevention-of-atherosclerotic-cardiovascular-disease

  Exercise and fitness in the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. A sedentary lifestyle has been recognized as an independent risk factor for premature development of coronary heart disease. The public has become well aware of this relationship and many have embarked on voluntary exercise programs based upon the assumption that exercise will lead to effective prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Regular physical exercise is often recommended as a means of primary and secondary ASCVD prevention. Both individuals with and without known ASCVD benefit from life-long regular physical activity. In the settings of both primary and secondary prevention, we encourage at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week or at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week. We also encourage incorporating resistance training (muscle strengthening activity) at least twice weekly, as it may confer additional cardiovascular benefit. Engaging in as little as one hour per week of exercise can significantly lower the risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. Exercise is contraindicated in those with severe, unstable, or life-threatening cardiovascular conditions, including unstable angina, high-grade arrhythmias, and decompensated heart failure. Prior to initiating vigorous physical activity, patients should undergo risk assessment with a physical activity history and, in some cases, exercise testing. […] This is discussed separately.

• #28 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  Lifestyle changes can help keep the arteries healthy. They also can prevent or slow atherosclerosis. The American Heart Association recommends these eight heart-healthy tips: […] Don’t smoke, vape or use tobacco. Also stay away from cigarette smoke. Smoking damages the arteries. Smoking is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease. Nicotine tightens blood vessels and forces the heart to work harder. Not smoking is one of the best ways to lower the risk of atherosclerosis complications, such as a heart attack. […] Get regular exercise. Staying active keeps the body healthy. Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week. Talk with your healthcare team about the amount and type of exercise that’s best for you. […] Keep a healthy weight. Being overweight increases the risk of coronary artery disease, which is caused by atherosclerosis. Losing even a small amount of weight can help reduce the risk. Ask your healthcare professional what weight is best for you.

• #29 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=1&contentid=1583

  Exercise regularly. Regular aerobic exercise can help fight atherosclerosis by reducing the amount of fat in your blood, lowering your blood pressure and cholesterol, and controlling your weight. […] Get regular checkups. Have your health care provider check your blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar regularly. High blood pressure can make atherosclerosis worse by causing artery walls to harden and thicken. […] Being overweight or obese increases your levels of LDL („bad”) cholesterol. Extra body fat impacts how your body processes cholesterol and makes it harder for your body to get rid of LDL cholesterol from your blood. […] Control diabetes with your health care provider’s help. People who have diabetes develop atherosclerosis more quickly. If you have diabetes, control your blood sugar level carefully. […] Symptoms appear only after the damage has been done. So don’t wait for symptoms to occur before doing something to prevent atherosclerosis. Begin by making the above lifestyle changes even if you feel well.

• #30

  https://www.healthxchange.sg/heart-lungs/heart-attack/atherosclerosis-how-to-prevent

  Achieve and maintain a healthy body mass index (BMI): The healthy range for Asians is from 18.5 to 22.9 kg/m2. […] Get sufficient sleep: One should aim to get six to eight hours of sleep daily. Inadequate sleep (4 hours) or excess sleep (10 hours) has been associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease. […] Stop smoking (if you haven’t): Smoking contributes to atherosclerosis and increases the risk of a heart attack. […] Keep alcohol consumption in check: Men should drink no more than two standard drinks a day, and women, no more than one. […] These precautions will not only protect you against heart disease, but also prevent a host of other health problems.

• #31 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  Eat healthy foods. Choose fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit salt and saturated fats. Read nutrition labels to check the amount of salt and fat. […] Manage stress. Find ways to help reduce stress. Some ideas are to get more exercise, practice mindfulness and connect with others in support groups. Or try yoga or deep breathing. These relaxation practices can temporarily lower blood pressure, reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis. […] Control blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol. Make lifestyle changes and take medicines as directed. Get regular health checkups. […] Limit alcohol. If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men. […] Get good sleep. Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other health conditions. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily. […] It’s never too early to make healthy lifestyle changes. Eat healthy, be active, get more exercise and don’t smoke or vape. These are simple ways to protect yourself against atherosclerosis and its complications, including heart attack and stroke.

• #32 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-is-atherosclerosis

  You can make changes to your lifestyle to prevent atherosclerosis or slow down its progression. Some things that may help: […] Lower your stress through yoga, mindfulness, or deep breathing. These practices can help lower your blood pressure too. […] Stop smoking (and vaping), which raises your risk for heart disease. Nicotine narrows blood vessels, forcing your heart to work harder. Quitting smoking is one of the most important lifestyle changes you can make to prevent damage to your heart from atherosclerosis. […] Follow a healthy diet rich in low-fat proteins, fish, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. This will help you manage your weight and lower cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels. […] Lose weight and keep it off. Even a small amount will help lower your risk. […] Exercise regularly to maintain a healthy blood pressure and improve blood flow. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of brisk exercise a week. […] Keep on top of your other health conditions by having regular checkups and following your doctor’s treatment plan.

• #33 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  Eat healthy foods. Choose fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit salt and saturated fats. Read nutrition labels to check the amount of salt and fat. […] Manage stress. Find ways to help reduce stress. Some ideas are to get more exercise, practice mindfulness and connect with others in support groups. Or try yoga or deep breathing. These relaxation practices can temporarily lower blood pressure, reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis. […] Control blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol. Make lifestyle changes and take medicines as directed. Get regular health checkups. […] Limit alcohol. If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men. […] Get good sleep. Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other health conditions. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily. […] It’s never too early to make healthy lifestyle changes. Eat healthy, be active, get more exercise and don’t smoke or vape. These are simple ways to protect yourself against atherosclerosis and its complications, including heart attack and stroke.

• #34 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  Eat healthy foods. Choose fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit salt and saturated fats. Read nutrition labels to check the amount of salt and fat. […] Manage stress. Find ways to help reduce stress. Some ideas are to get more exercise, practice mindfulness and connect with others in support groups. Or try yoga or deep breathing. These relaxation practices can temporarily lower blood pressure, reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis. […] Control blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol. Make lifestyle changes and take medicines as directed. Get regular health checkups. […] Limit alcohol. If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men. […] Get good sleep. Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other health conditions. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily. […] It’s never too early to make healthy lifestyle changes. Eat healthy, be active, get more exercise and don’t smoke or vape. These are simple ways to protect yourself against atherosclerosis and its complications, including heart attack and stroke.

• #35

  https://www.healthxchange.sg/heart-lungs/heart-attack/atherosclerosis-how-to-prevent

  Achieve and maintain a healthy body mass index (BMI): The healthy range for Asians is from 18.5 to 22.9 kg/m2. […] Get sufficient sleep: One should aim to get six to eight hours of sleep daily. Inadequate sleep (4 hours) or excess sleep (10 hours) has been associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease. […] Stop smoking (if you haven’t): Smoking contributes to atherosclerosis and increases the risk of a heart attack. […] Keep alcohol consumption in check: Men should drink no more than two standard drinks a day, and women, no more than one. […] These precautions will not only protect you against heart disease, but also prevent a host of other health problems.

• #36

  https://www.healthxchange.sg/heart-lungs/heart-attack/atherosclerosis-how-to-prevent

  Achieve and maintain a healthy body mass index (BMI): The healthy range for Asians is from 18.5 to 22.9 kg/m2. […] Get sufficient sleep: One should aim to get six to eight hours of sleep daily. Inadequate sleep (4 hours) or excess sleep (10 hours) has been associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease. […] Stop smoking (if you haven’t): Smoking contributes to atherosclerosis and increases the risk of a heart attack. […] Keep alcohol consumption in check: Men should drink no more than two standard drinks a day, and women, no more than one. […] These precautions will not only protect you against heart disease, but also prevent a host of other health problems.

• #37 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  Eat healthy foods. Choose fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit salt and saturated fats. Read nutrition labels to check the amount of salt and fat. […] Manage stress. Find ways to help reduce stress. Some ideas are to get more exercise, practice mindfulness and connect with others in support groups. Or try yoga or deep breathing. These relaxation practices can temporarily lower blood pressure, reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis. […] Control blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol. Make lifestyle changes and take medicines as directed. Get regular health checkups. […] Limit alcohol. If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men. […] Get good sleep. Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other health conditions. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily. […] It’s never too early to make healthy lifestyle changes. Eat healthy, be active, get more exercise and don’t smoke or vape. These are simple ways to protect yourself against atherosclerosis and its complications, including heart attack and stroke.

• #38 Hardening of the arteries Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hardening-of-the-arteries

  Atherosclerosis, sometimes called „hardening of the arteries,” occurs when fat, cholesterol, and other substances build up in the walls of arteries. These deposits are called plaques. Over time, these plaques can narrow or completely block the arteries and cause problems throughout the body. […] High blood cholesterol levels can cause hardening of the arteries at a younger age. […] Lifestyle changes will reduce your risk for atherosclerosis. Things you can do include: Quit smoking: This is the single most important change you can make to reduce your risk for heart disease and stroke. Avoid fatty foods: Eat well-balanced meals that are low in fat and cholesterol. Include several daily servings of fruits and vegetables. Adding fish to your diet at least twice a week may be helpful. However, do not eat fried fish. Limit how much alcohol you drink: Recommended limits are one drink a day for women, two a day for men. Get regular physical activity: Exercise with moderate intensity (such as brisk walking) 5 days a week for 30 minutes a day if you are at a healthy weight. For weight loss, exercise for 60 to 90 minutes a day. Talk to your provider before starting a new exercise plan, especially if you have been diagnosed with heart disease or you have ever had a heart attack.

• #39 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=1&contentid=1583

  Exercise regularly. Regular aerobic exercise can help fight atherosclerosis by reducing the amount of fat in your blood, lowering your blood pressure and cholesterol, and controlling your weight. […] Get regular checkups. Have your health care provider check your blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar regularly. High blood pressure can make atherosclerosis worse by causing artery walls to harden and thicken. […] Being overweight or obese increases your levels of LDL („bad”) cholesterol. Extra body fat impacts how your body processes cholesterol and makes it harder for your body to get rid of LDL cholesterol from your blood. […] Control diabetes with your health care provider’s help. People who have diabetes develop atherosclerosis more quickly. If you have diabetes, control your blood sugar level carefully. […] Symptoms appear only after the damage has been done. So don’t wait for symptoms to occur before doing something to prevent atherosclerosis. Begin by making the above lifestyle changes even if you feel well.

• #40 Atherosclerosis: Current Status of Prevention and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3331649/

  The reality of regression of atherosclerotic plaques was established as long ago as 1987 by aggressive cholesterol reduction even before the era of statin therapy. […] Nevertheless, the most important aspect of patient benefit to prevent cardiovascular (CV) disease events is stabilization of these plaques so they will not rupture. Lowering of low-density lipoproteins is critical to this goal and can be considered the gold standard of preventive CV medicine. […] Control of hypertension is another major aspect of CV disease prevention, and a blood pressure less than 120/80 mm Hg is ideal. […] Exercise was long considered good but now there are evidence-based reasons to recommend it as essential in CV disease prevention. […] The most important aspect of cardiovascular disease prevention is plaque stabilization so that acute rupture can be made less likely to occur.

• #41 Atherosclerosis

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/atherosclerosis/

  Atherosclerosis is a slow, progressive disease that may begin as early as childhood. […] These factors can be modified, treated or controlled through medications or lifestyle changes. […] Avoid alcohol. […] Avoid smoking. […] Eat a heart-healthy diet. […] Exercise under the directions of your doctor. […] If you’re overweight, talk to your doctor about weight loss options. […] Manage stress. […] Make and keep appointments to see your doctor for routine checkups and follow-up tests. […] Statins will help reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood. […] Anticoagulants blood-thinners will help treat, prevent, and reduce blood clotting. […] Beta blockers will help reduce your blood pressure. […] Blood sugar medications will help regulate your blood glucose levels. […] Anti-inflammatory medications will help reduce inflammation and relief pain.

• #42 Atherosclerosis: Current Status of Prevention and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3331649/

  The benefit for CV prevention by treating hypertension was well established long before JNC 7. […] Cessation of cigarette smoking is associated with a substantial reduction in risk of all-cause mortality among patients with CHD and this reduction appears consistent across age, sex, index cardiac event, country, and year of study commencement in a systematic review by Critchley and Capewell. […] Therefore, there appears to be essentially no doubt of the benefit of smoking cessation for the CHD and PVD patient regardless of sex and age. […] Despite the apparently ideal approach of atherosclerosis regression, atherosclerotic plaque stabilization remains the most clinically relevant result of aggressive atherosclerosis prevention. […] The current status of atherosclerosis prevention is considered in Table 1.

• #43 Hardening of the arteries Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hardening-of-the-arteries

  Atherosclerosis, sometimes called „hardening of the arteries,” occurs when fat, cholesterol, and other substances build up in the walls of arteries. These deposits are called plaques. Over time, these plaques can narrow or completely block the arteries and cause problems throughout the body. […] High blood cholesterol levels can cause hardening of the arteries at a younger age. […] Lifestyle changes will reduce your risk for atherosclerosis. Things you can do include: Quit smoking: This is the single most important change you can make to reduce your risk for heart disease and stroke. Avoid fatty foods: Eat well-balanced meals that are low in fat and cholesterol. Include several daily servings of fruits and vegetables. Adding fish to your diet at least twice a week may be helpful. However, do not eat fried fish. Limit how much alcohol you drink: Recommended limits are one drink a day for women, two a day for men. Get regular physical activity: Exercise with moderate intensity (such as brisk walking) 5 days a week for 30 minutes a day if you are at a healthy weight. For weight loss, exercise for 60 to 90 minutes a day. Talk to your provider before starting a new exercise plan, especially if you have been diagnosed with heart disease or you have ever had a heart attack.

• #44 Atherosclerosis: Current Status of Prevention and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3331649/

  The major goal for the high-risk patient and the diabetic patient is lowering these harmful lipoproteins to less than 70 mg/dL. […] The current status of atherosclerosis prevention is considered in Table 1. […] The major benefit of statins is in reducing low-density lipoproteins (LDL), but they also offer additional pleiotropic effects. […] The next frontier in prevention: elevation of HDL. This approach is promising due to risk association with low HDL.

• #45 Atherosclerosis: Current Status of Prevention and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3331649/

  The major goal for the high-risk patient and the diabetic patient is lowering these harmful lipoproteins to less than 70 mg/dL. […] The current status of atherosclerosis prevention is considered in Table 1. […] The major benefit of statins is in reducing low-density lipoproteins (LDL), but they also offer additional pleiotropic effects. […] The next frontier in prevention: elevation of HDL. This approach is promising due to risk association with low HDL.

• #46 Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/atherosclerotic-cardiovascular-disease/

  Manage modifiable risk factors for ASCVD, e.g.: Management of diabetes mellitus, Management of hypertension, Management of obesity. […] Smoking cessation is one of the most effective interventions to reduce all-cause mortality and prevent recurrent vascular events in patients with ASCVD! […] Recommendations for preventive therapy vary. […] High-intensity statin therapy is recommended in adults with established ASCVD. […] Moderate-intensity statin therapy is a reasonable alternative for adults with ASCVD who: Are 75 years of age and do not have very high-risk ASCVD, Do not tolerate high-intensity statin. […] Start statin therapy (unless contraindicated). […] Consider the addition of nonstatin lipid-lowering therapy for patients with very high-risk ASCVD. […] Consider only for patients with a low risk of bleeding, and use shared decision-making. […] Aspirin for primary prevention of ASCVD is contraindicated in individuals at increased risk of bleeding.

• #47 Primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: A case-based approach | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/89/9/513

  The measurement of subclinical atherosclerosis by CAC is generally preferred over serum biomarkers for the prediction of future ASCVD. […] Thus, a zero CAC score may be used to defer statin initiation in adults ages 40 to 75 without diabetes and with an LDL-C 70 to 189 mg/dL if there are no additional risk factors such as smoking or significant family history of premature ASCVD, and if the patient can be reassessed in 5 to 10 years. […] The role of Lp(a) in the pathogenesis of ASCVD is well established. […] The latest ACC/AHA 2018 Blood Cholesterol guidelines stated that Lp(a) 50 mg/dL or 125 nmol/L is considered a risk-enhancing factor with increasing significance at higher levels. […] Statins remain the foundation of LDL-C reduction in secondary prevention. However, in patients with established cardiovascular disease, maximally tolerated doses of statins are not sufficient to reach the targeted goal of 70 mg/dL or at least 50% reduction in serum LDL-C from baseline.

• #48 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=1&contentid=1583

  Exercise regularly. Regular aerobic exercise can help fight atherosclerosis by reducing the amount of fat in your blood, lowering your blood pressure and cholesterol, and controlling your weight. […] Get regular checkups. Have your health care provider check your blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar regularly. High blood pressure can make atherosclerosis worse by causing artery walls to harden and thicken. […] Being overweight or obese increases your levels of LDL („bad”) cholesterol. Extra body fat impacts how your body processes cholesterol and makes it harder for your body to get rid of LDL cholesterol from your blood. […] Control diabetes with your health care provider’s help. People who have diabetes develop atherosclerosis more quickly. If you have diabetes, control your blood sugar level carefully. […] Symptoms appear only after the damage has been done. So don’t wait for symptoms to occur before doing something to prevent atherosclerosis. Begin by making the above lifestyle changes even if you feel well.

• #49 Atherosclerosis – Prevention | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/prevention

  Certain medical conditions are risk factors for plaque buildup and complications of atherosclerosis. Your healthcare team can help with treating conditions such as chronic kidney disease; diabetes; high blood pressure; high blood triglycerides; and infections, such as HIV, hepatitis C, and bacterial infections.

• #50 ASCVD Risk Estimator +

  https://tools.acc.org/ascvd-risk-estimator-plus/

  Lifestyle: The most important way to prevent ASCVD is to promote a healthy lifestyle throughout life. […] To reduce ASCVD risk in all patients: A diet emphasizing intake of vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, whole grains, and fish is recommended (I, B-R). A diet containing reduced amounts of cholesterol and sodium can be beneficial (IIa, B-NR). […] To reduce ASCVD risk, adults should: Be routinely counseled to optimize a physically active lifestyle (I, B-R). Engage in at least 150 minutes per week of accumulated moderate intensity or 75 minutes per week of vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity (or an equivalent combination of moderate and vigorous activity) (I, B-NR). […] Weight loss is recommended to improve the ASCVD risk-factor profile (I, B-R). […] A tailored nutrition plan focusing on a heart-healthy dietary pattern is recommended to improve glycemic control, achieve weight loss (if needed), and improve other ASCVD risk factors (I, A).

• #51 Atherosclerosis – Prevention | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/prevention

  The best way to ensure heart health is to prevent risk factors from developing in the first place. Following the steps for heart-healthy living can help prevent or delay these risk factors. […] Atherosclerosis often begins in childhood and continues developing throughout life. Taking early steps in childhood toward heart-healthy living and continuing through adulthood can prevent atherosclerosis and its complications. […] Medicines are available to help manage blood cholesterol levels. Your provider may prescribe a statin or another medicine, depending on your risk for complications, which may be higher if you have had a heart attack or stroke or have diabetes. […] Talk with your provider about whether medicines can help reduce your risk for plaque buildup. Even If you take a medicine as part of your treatment plan, be sure to continue your healthy lifestyle changes.

• #52 Primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: A case-based approach | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/89/9/513

  Estimating the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a daily challenge for clinicians and is crucial to tailoring preventive medical care and guiding shared decision-making. […] Major cardiovascular medicine societies have incorporated new diagnostic modalities in their guidelines to aid clinical decision-making for primary and secondary prevention of ASCVD. […] Statins have been the mainstay therapy in the primary prevention of ASCVD, while the role of aspirin in this patient population has been decreasing. […] With the availability of advanced imaging modalities and novel biomarkers, guidelines have amended the indications for primary and secondary prevention of ASCVD, incorporating new therapies to further reduce patient residual risk of ASCVD. […] The coronary artery calcium score may be used in patients with borderline or intermediate risk of ASCVD to guide statin initiation.

• #53 Primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: A case-based approach | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/89/9/513

  Lipoprotein(a) is an important and often overlooked risk factor for ASCVD. […] The latest ACC/AHA guidelines on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease highlighted several risk-enhancing factors to guide treatment decisions. […] In adults at intermediate risk (7.5% to 20%), moderate-intensity statins are indicated to decrease LDL-C levels by 30% or more. However, in those with high ASCVD risk (20%), high-intensity statins are recommended to reduce LDL-C levels more than 50%. […] The role of aspirin in secondary prevention is well established; however, its role in primary prevention has been debatable and recently studied in multiple large randomized clinical trials targeting different patient populations. […] The most recent ACC/AHA guidelines recommend low-dose aspirin (75-100 mg/day) for the primary prevention of ASCVD in select adults ages 40 to 70 who have elevated ASCVD risk but are not at increased bleeding risk.

• #54 Primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: A case-based approach | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/89/9/513

  The measurement of subclinical atherosclerosis by CAC is generally preferred over serum biomarkers for the prediction of future ASCVD. […] Thus, a zero CAC score may be used to defer statin initiation in adults ages 40 to 75 without diabetes and with an LDL-C 70 to 189 mg/dL if there are no additional risk factors such as smoking or significant family history of premature ASCVD, and if the patient can be reassessed in 5 to 10 years. […] The role of Lp(a) in the pathogenesis of ASCVD is well established. […] The latest ACC/AHA 2018 Blood Cholesterol guidelines stated that Lp(a) 50 mg/dL or 125 nmol/L is considered a risk-enhancing factor with increasing significance at higher levels. […] Statins remain the foundation of LDL-C reduction in secondary prevention. However, in patients with established cardiovascular disease, maximally tolerated doses of statins are not sufficient to reach the targeted goal of 70 mg/dL or at least 50% reduction in serum LDL-C from baseline.

• #55 Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/atherosclerotic-cardiovascular-disease/

  Manage modifiable risk factors for ASCVD, e.g.: Management of diabetes mellitus, Management of hypertension, Management of obesity. […] Smoking cessation is one of the most effective interventions to reduce all-cause mortality and prevent recurrent vascular events in patients with ASCVD! […] Recommendations for preventive therapy vary. […] High-intensity statin therapy is recommended in adults with established ASCVD. […] Moderate-intensity statin therapy is a reasonable alternative for adults with ASCVD who: Are 75 years of age and do not have very high-risk ASCVD, Do not tolerate high-intensity statin. […] Start statin therapy (unless contraindicated). […] Consider the addition of nonstatin lipid-lowering therapy for patients with very high-risk ASCVD. […] Consider only for patients with a low risk of bleeding, and use shared decision-making. […] Aspirin for primary prevention of ASCVD is contraindicated in individuals at increased risk of bleeding.

• #56 About Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/peripheral-arterial-disease.html

  Get plenty of physical activity to help prevent PAD or improve symptoms of PAD. […] Do not use tobacco. Smoking increases the risk of PAD and makes PAD symptoms worse. […] Control high blood pressure and manage high blood cholesterol and diabetes. […] If you have PAD, participating in supervised exercise training programs can improve and prolong your ability to walk longer distances. […] Your doctor may recommend that you take aspirin or other similar antiplatelet medicines. These medicines could prevent serious complications from PAD and associated atherosclerosis. […] A supervised exercise program is recommended for people with pain caused by too little blood flow to muscles. Such a program could improve quality of life, and reduce leg symptoms.

• #57 Primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: A case-based approach | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/89/9/513

  Lipoprotein(a) is an important and often overlooked risk factor for ASCVD. […] The latest ACC/AHA guidelines on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease highlighted several risk-enhancing factors to guide treatment decisions. […] In adults at intermediate risk (7.5% to 20%), moderate-intensity statins are indicated to decrease LDL-C levels by 30% or more. However, in those with high ASCVD risk (20%), high-intensity statins are recommended to reduce LDL-C levels more than 50%. […] The role of aspirin in secondary prevention is well established; however, its role in primary prevention has been debatable and recently studied in multiple large randomized clinical trials targeting different patient populations. […] The most recent ACC/AHA guidelines recommend low-dose aspirin (75-100 mg/day) for the primary prevention of ASCVD in select adults ages 40 to 70 who have elevated ASCVD risk but are not at increased bleeding risk.

• #58 ASCVD Risk Estimator +

  https://tools.acc.org/ascvd-risk-estimator-plus/

  Statins: There is moderate quality evidence that statins do not increase the overall risk of adverse events, but that they may increase the risk of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in certain individuals. […] Aspirin: There is high-quality evidence indicating that aspirin may increase the risk of major bleeding. […] The guidelines recommend the use of the PCE as an important starting point, but not as the final arbiter, for decision-making in primary prevention of ASCVD. […] Adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle continues to be the first and best way to lower your risk of problems. […] Eating a diet rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains; this also includes low-fat dairy products, poultry, fish, legumes, and nuts; it limits intake of sweets, sugar-sweetened beverages and red meats. […] Getting regular exercise; check with your health care provider about how often and how much is right for you.

• #59 Atherosclerosis

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/atherosclerosis/

  Atherosclerosis is a slow, progressive disease that may begin as early as childhood. […] These factors can be modified, treated or controlled through medications or lifestyle changes. […] Avoid alcohol. […] Avoid smoking. […] Eat a heart-healthy diet. […] Exercise under the directions of your doctor. […] If you’re overweight, talk to your doctor about weight loss options. […] Manage stress. […] Make and keep appointments to see your doctor for routine checkups and follow-up tests. […] Statins will help reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood. […] Anticoagulants blood-thinners will help treat, prevent, and reduce blood clotting. […] Beta blockers will help reduce your blood pressure. […] Blood sugar medications will help regulate your blood glucose levels. […] Anti-inflammatory medications will help reduce inflammation and relief pain.

• #60 Remnant cholesterol, vascular risk, and prevention of atherosclerosis | Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-clinica-e-investigacion-arteriosclerosis-english-415-articulo-remnant-cholesterol-vascular-risk-prevention-S2529912323000499

  Remnant cholesterol, vascular risk, and prevention of atherosclerosis […] In patients who have achieved optimal LDL-C control, there remains a residual risk of atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) related to alterations in lipid metabolism, where alterations in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRLP) and the cholesterol they contain, called remnant cholesterol, play a major role. […] Assessment of remnant cholesterol may provide information on residual risk of ACVD beyond the information provided by LDL-C, Non-HDL-C, and apoB, particularly in individuals with hypertriglyceridaemia, type 2 diabetes, or metabolic syndrome. […] The REDUCE-IT study has shown that ethyl icosapent has a preventive effect against CVD in very high cardiovascular risk patients with hypertriglyceridaemia treated with statins and target LDL-C. […] New lipid-lowering drugs will help to define the efficacy and criteria for the treatment of excess remnant cholesterol and hypertriglyceridaemia in the prevention of ACVD.

• #61 Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/atherosclerotic-cardiovascular-disease/

  Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a group of conditions that are caused by atherosclerosis and that can affect different locations throughout the body. […] The risk of ASCVD should be estimated using an ASCVD risk calculator (e.g., PREVENTTM equations, or pooled cohort equations (PCE)) to guide timely primary prevention strategies, such as lifestyle modifications and prophylactic statin therapy. […] Management of ASCVD involves intensive lifestyle modifications and high-intensity statin therapy, with or without antiplatelet therapy, to minimize the risk of future cardiovascular events. […] Encourage all individuals to adhere to lifestyle modifications for ASCVD prevention. […] Consider pharmacological prevention (e.g., statins and/or aspirin) based on estimated ASCVD risk.

• #62

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12410-015-9351-z

  Traditional cardiovascular risk factors have well-known limitations for the accurate assessment of individual cardiovascular risk. […] Among strategies used to guide preventive management, CAC scoring has consistently and convincingly outperformed traditional risk factors for the prediction of adverse cardiovascular events. […] Despite significant evidence supporting the ability of non-invasive atherosclerosis imaging (particularly CAC) to guide preventive management, imaging remains an under-utilized strategy among current guidelines and clinical practice. […] Interest in individualized risk prediction has grown based on numerous studies involving diverse populations demonstrating that atherosclerotic imaging for identification and quantification of plaque burden more accurately identifies individual ASCVD risk as compared to risk scores and various biomarkers and may, therefore, better guide the application and intensity of preventative therapies.

• #63

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12410-015-9351-z

  Current risk assessment guidelines discuss hs-CRP as a possible tool in select patients. […] One of the most consistent findings across all studies of CAC is the impressively low 10-year cardiovascular risk (approximately 1 %) observed in subjects with CAC=0, regardless of risk factor status. […] Given concerns about overestimation of ASCVD risk and subsequent overtreatment, calcium scoring provides the potential to focus preventative treatments more appropriately, while avoiding unnecessary treatment in patients at very low ASCVD risk (CAC=0). […] The improvement in risk prediction with inclusion of carotid plaque may not be surprising. […] The prognostic implications of this finding remain to be elucidated, particularly given the known excellent prognosis in patients with CAC=0. […] With few exceptions, CAC testing is often recommended for use in asymptomatic patients at intermediate risk for CHD by standard risk assessment.

• #64

  https://www.healthxchange.sg/heart-lungs/heart-attack/atherosclerosis-how-to-prevent

  Atherosclerosis can affect any artery in the body, leading to serious health complications. […] Although, complete reversal of arterial plaque buildup is not possible, you can reduce the risk of atherosclerosis becoming fatal with lifestyle changes, medication and frequent health check-ups. […] The best way to counter the degenerative effects of atherosclerosis is through early detection. […] To keep heart disease at bay, adopt a healthy lifestyle, which includes: […] Eat a healthy diet: Eat foods that are high in fibre and wholegrains. Avoid foods with excessive salt, sugar or saturated fats. […] Exercise regularly: Aerobic exercises such as jogging, brisk walking or cycling are the best types of exercises for heart health. One should ideally complete 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise each week.

• #65 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=1&contentid=1583

  Exercise regularly. Regular aerobic exercise can help fight atherosclerosis by reducing the amount of fat in your blood, lowering your blood pressure and cholesterol, and controlling your weight. […] Get regular checkups. Have your health care provider check your blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar regularly. High blood pressure can make atherosclerosis worse by causing artery walls to harden and thicken. […] Being overweight or obese increases your levels of LDL („bad”) cholesterol. Extra body fat impacts how your body processes cholesterol and makes it harder for your body to get rid of LDL cholesterol from your blood. […] Control diabetes with your health care provider’s help. People who have diabetes develop atherosclerosis more quickly. If you have diabetes, control your blood sugar level carefully. […] Symptoms appear only after the damage has been done. So don’t wait for symptoms to occur before doing something to prevent atherosclerosis. Begin by making the above lifestyle changes even if you feel well.

• #66 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16753-atherosclerosis-arterial-disease

  You may not be able to prevent atherosclerosis. But you can reduce your risk and lessen the effects of the disease. Here are some steps you can take: […] Eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sodium (salt) and sugar. […] Get regular physical activity. Start with short walks and build up to 30 minutes a day most days of the week. […] Keep a weight that’s healthy for you. Ask your provider what that should be. […] Manage any health conditions, especially diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. […] Don’t use tobacco products. […] Have a yearly checkup with a healthcare provider.

• #67

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12410-015-9351-z

  The 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines on cardiovascular risk assessment and cholesterol treatment suggest that CAC scoring may be reasonable (IIb recommendation) for further risk assessment in patients with a 5 to 7.5 % 10-year ASCVD risk. […] Despite a significant decline in the rate of death from ASCVD over the past several decades, cardiovascular diseases remain the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in most countries. […] Non-invasive imaging for the detection and quantification of subclinical atherosclerosis, particularly utilizing low-radiation CAC testing, has been definitely proven to be superior to risk factors-based scores for prognostic accuracy, especially in patients at intermediate risk according to risk scores or those with a family history of early cardiovascular disease.

• #68

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11883-020-00864-6

  Robust evidence is emerging regarding the contribution of sex-specific risk factors to a womans unique risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). […] Risk assessment for ASCVD in women requires a personalized approach that incorporates sex-specific risk factors to guide primary prevention measures, such as lipid-lowering therapies. […] Women who have a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy are at higher long-term risk for a diverse group of cardiovascular disease. […] The elevated risk of cardiovascular disease risk in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy can be in part attributed to traditional ASCVD risk factors, which should be targeted for prevention. […] The addition of adverse pregnancy outcomes to already existing ASCVD risk prediction models has not been shown to improve discrimination or reclassification.

• #69

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11883-020-00864-6

  Robust evidence is emerging regarding the contribution of sex-specific risk factors to a womans unique risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). […] Risk assessment for ASCVD in women requires a personalized approach that incorporates sex-specific risk factors to guide primary prevention measures, such as lipid-lowering therapies. […] Women who have a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy are at higher long-term risk for a diverse group of cardiovascular disease. […] The elevated risk of cardiovascular disease risk in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy can be in part attributed to traditional ASCVD risk factors, which should be targeted for prevention. […] The addition of adverse pregnancy outcomes to already existing ASCVD risk prediction models has not been shown to improve discrimination or reclassification.

• #70

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11883-020-00864-6

  Natural or surgical menopause before the age of 40 is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. […] Scientific statement highlighting the need to focus on cardiovascular disease prevention in all breast cancer survivors. […] Women with gestational diabetes have a 7- to 13-fold higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus than women without gestational diabetes.

• #71

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11883-020-00864-6

  Natural or surgical menopause before the age of 40 is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. […] Scientific statement highlighting the need to focus on cardiovascular disease prevention in all breast cancer survivors. […] Women with gestational diabetes have a 7- to 13-fold higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus than women without gestational diabetes.

• #72 Primary Prevention of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Young Adults

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2023/11/28/19/18/primary-prevention-of-subclinical

  There is increasing evidence that the atherosclerotic process that leads to symptomatic cardiovascular disease (CVD) starts at an early age. […] In young adults, exposure to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and other cardiovascular risk factor (CVRF) mediators, even at levels considered within normal limits, increases the prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis and is associated with greater risk of CV events later in life. […] The randomized controlled PRECAD (Prevent Coronary Artery Disease) trial has been developed to assess the potential benefit of an aggressive control of CVRF in otherwise healthy young adults. […] The primary endpoint is the progression of atherosclerosis burden measured by change in global plaque volume by three-dimensional volumetric ultrasound from baseline to 5 years after randomization. […] The results may form the basis for new targets for CV risk modification for primary prevention of atherosclerosis in young adults.

• #73 Primary Prevention of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Young Adults

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2023/11/28/19/18/primary-prevention-of-subclinical

  There is increasing evidence that the atherosclerotic process that leads to symptomatic cardiovascular disease (CVD) starts at an early age. […] In young adults, exposure to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and other cardiovascular risk factor (CVRF) mediators, even at levels considered within normal limits, increases the prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis and is associated with greater risk of CV events later in life. […] The randomized controlled PRECAD (Prevent Coronary Artery Disease) trial has been developed to assess the potential benefit of an aggressive control of CVRF in otherwise healthy young adults. […] The primary endpoint is the progression of atherosclerosis burden measured by change in global plaque volume by three-dimensional volumetric ultrasound from baseline to 5 years after randomization. […] The results may form the basis for new targets for CV risk modification for primary prevention of atherosclerosis in young adults.

• #74 Primary Prevention of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Young Adults

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2023/11/28/19/18/primary-prevention-of-subclinical

  There is increasing evidence that the atherosclerotic process that leads to symptomatic cardiovascular disease (CVD) starts at an early age. […] In young adults, exposure to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and other cardiovascular risk factor (CVRF) mediators, even at levels considered within normal limits, increases the prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis and is associated with greater risk of CV events later in life. […] The randomized controlled PRECAD (Prevent Coronary Artery Disease) trial has been developed to assess the potential benefit of an aggressive control of CVRF in otherwise healthy young adults. […] The primary endpoint is the progression of atherosclerosis burden measured by change in global plaque volume by three-dimensional volumetric ultrasound from baseline to 5 years after randomization. […] The results may form the basis for new targets for CV risk modification for primary prevention of atherosclerosis in young adults.

• #75 Atherosclerosis – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/atherosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis is caused by repeated injury to the walls of arteries. […] To prevent atherosclerosis, people need to stop using tobacco, improve their diet, exercise regularly, and maintain control of their blood pressure, cholesterol level, and diabetes. […] Eating a healthy diet can help decrease the risk of atherosclerosis. A diet low in saturated fats, refined carbohydrates, highly processed foods, and alcohol and high in fruits, vegetables, and fiber decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Healthy diet and exercise can promote weight loss if a person is overweight or obese. […] People who smoke should stop smoking. People who quit using tobacco have only half the risk of those who continue to use tobacco regardless of how long they smoked before quitting. […] People who have high blood pressure should lower their blood pressure with lifestyle changes and drugs. People who have diabetes must maintain strict control of their blood sugar (glucose).

• #76 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350569

  Atherosclerosis can be treated. Healthy lifestyle habits can help prevent atherosclerosis. […] The same healthy lifestyle changes recommended to treat atherosclerosis also help prevent it. These lifestyle changes can help keep the arteries healthy: Do not smoke or use tobacco. Eat nutritious foods. Get regular exercise and keep an active lifestyle. Keep a healthy weight. Control blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol.

• #77 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  Lifestyle changes can help keep the arteries healthy. They also can prevent or slow atherosclerosis. The American Heart Association recommends these eight heart-healthy tips: […] Don’t smoke, vape or use tobacco. Also stay away from cigarette smoke. Smoking damages the arteries. Smoking is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease. Nicotine tightens blood vessels and forces the heart to work harder. Not smoking is one of the best ways to lower the risk of atherosclerosis complications, such as a heart attack. […] Get regular exercise. Staying active keeps the body healthy. Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week. Talk with your healthcare team about the amount and type of exercise that’s best for you. […] Keep a healthy weight. Being overweight increases the risk of coronary artery disease, which is caused by atherosclerosis. Losing even a small amount of weight can help reduce the risk. Ask your healthcare professional what weight is best for you.

• #78 ASCVD Risk Estimator +

  https://tools.acc.org/ascvd-risk-estimator-plus/

  Lifestyle: The most important way to prevent ASCVD is to promote a healthy lifestyle throughout life. […] To reduce ASCVD risk in all patients: A diet emphasizing intake of vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, whole grains, and fish is recommended (I, B-R). A diet containing reduced amounts of cholesterol and sodium can be beneficial (IIa, B-NR). […] To reduce ASCVD risk, adults should: Be routinely counseled to optimize a physically active lifestyle (I, B-R). Engage in at least 150 minutes per week of accumulated moderate intensity or 75 minutes per week of vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity (or an equivalent combination of moderate and vigorous activity) (I, B-NR). […] Weight loss is recommended to improve the ASCVD risk-factor profile (I, B-R). […] A tailored nutrition plan focusing on a heart-healthy dietary pattern is recommended to improve glycemic control, achieve weight loss (if needed), and improve other ASCVD risk factors (I, A).

• #79 Hardening of the arteries Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hardening-of-the-arteries

  Atherosclerosis, sometimes called „hardening of the arteries,” occurs when fat, cholesterol, and other substances build up in the walls of arteries. These deposits are called plaques. Over time, these plaques can narrow or completely block the arteries and cause problems throughout the body. […] High blood cholesterol levels can cause hardening of the arteries at a younger age. […] Lifestyle changes will reduce your risk for atherosclerosis. Things you can do include: Quit smoking: This is the single most important change you can make to reduce your risk for heart disease and stroke. Avoid fatty foods: Eat well-balanced meals that are low in fat and cholesterol. Include several daily servings of fruits and vegetables. Adding fish to your diet at least twice a week may be helpful. However, do not eat fried fish. Limit how much alcohol you drink: Recommended limits are one drink a day for women, two a day for men. Get regular physical activity: Exercise with moderate intensity (such as brisk walking) 5 days a week for 30 minutes a day if you are at a healthy weight. For weight loss, exercise for 60 to 90 minutes a day. Talk to your provider before starting a new exercise plan, especially if you have been diagnosed with heart disease or you have ever had a heart attack.

• #80 ASCVD Risk Estimator +

  https://tools.acc.org/ascvd-risk-estimator-plus/

  Maintaining a healthy weight. […] Not smoking or getting help quitting. […] Staying on top of your health, risk factors and medical appointments. For some people, lifestyle changes alone may not be enough to prevent a heart attack or stroke. In these cases, taking a statin at the right dose will most likely be necessary.

• #81 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350569

  Atherosclerosis can be treated. Healthy lifestyle habits can help prevent atherosclerosis. […] The same healthy lifestyle changes recommended to treat atherosclerosis also help prevent it. These lifestyle changes can help keep the arteries healthy: Do not smoke or use tobacco. Eat nutritious foods. Get regular exercise and keep an active lifestyle. Keep a healthy weight. Control blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol.

• #82 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  Eat healthy foods. Choose fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit salt and saturated fats. Read nutrition labels to check the amount of salt and fat. […] Manage stress. Find ways to help reduce stress. Some ideas are to get more exercise, practice mindfulness and connect with others in support groups. Or try yoga or deep breathing. These relaxation practices can temporarily lower blood pressure, reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis. […] Control blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol. Make lifestyle changes and take medicines as directed. Get regular health checkups. […] Limit alcohol. If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men. […] Get good sleep. Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other health conditions. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily. […] It’s never too early to make healthy lifestyle changes. Eat healthy, be active, get more exercise and don’t smoke or vape. These are simple ways to protect yourself against atherosclerosis and its complications, including heart attack and stroke.

• #83 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  Eat healthy foods. Choose fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit salt and saturated fats. Read nutrition labels to check the amount of salt and fat. […] Manage stress. Find ways to help reduce stress. Some ideas are to get more exercise, practice mindfulness and connect with others in support groups. Or try yoga or deep breathing. These relaxation practices can temporarily lower blood pressure, reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis. […] Control blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol. Make lifestyle changes and take medicines as directed. Get regular health checkups. […] Limit alcohol. If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men. […] Get good sleep. Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other health conditions. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily. […] It’s never too early to make healthy lifestyle changes. Eat healthy, be active, get more exercise and don’t smoke or vape. These are simple ways to protect yourself against atherosclerosis and its complications, including heart attack and stroke.

• #84 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  Eat healthy foods. Choose fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit salt and saturated fats. Read nutrition labels to check the amount of salt and fat. […] Manage stress. Find ways to help reduce stress. Some ideas are to get more exercise, practice mindfulness and connect with others in support groups. Or try yoga or deep breathing. These relaxation practices can temporarily lower blood pressure, reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis. […] Control blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol. Make lifestyle changes and take medicines as directed. Get regular health checkups. […] Limit alcohol. If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men. […] Get good sleep. Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other health conditions. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily. […] It’s never too early to make healthy lifestyle changes. Eat healthy, be active, get more exercise and don’t smoke or vape. These are simple ways to protect yourself against atherosclerosis and its complications, including heart attack and stroke.

• #85 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16753-atherosclerosis-arterial-disease

  You may not be able to prevent atherosclerosis. But you can reduce your risk and lessen the effects of the disease. Here are some steps you can take: […] Eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sodium (salt) and sugar. […] Get regular physical activity. Start with short walks and build up to 30 minutes a day most days of the week. […] Keep a weight that’s healthy for you. Ask your provider what that should be. […] Manage any health conditions, especially diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. […] Don’t use tobacco products. […] Have a yearly checkup with a healthcare provider.

• #86 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  Eat healthy foods. Choose fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit salt and saturated fats. Read nutrition labels to check the amount of salt and fat. […] Manage stress. Find ways to help reduce stress. Some ideas are to get more exercise, practice mindfulness and connect with others in support groups. Or try yoga or deep breathing. These relaxation practices can temporarily lower blood pressure, reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis. […] Control blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol. Make lifestyle changes and take medicines as directed. Get regular health checkups. […] Limit alcohol. If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men. […] Get good sleep. Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other health conditions. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily. […] It’s never too early to make healthy lifestyle changes. Eat healthy, be active, get more exercise and don’t smoke or vape. These are simple ways to protect yourself against atherosclerosis and its complications, including heart attack and stroke.

• #87 Atherosclerosis – Prevention | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/prevention

  The best way to ensure heart health is to prevent risk factors from developing in the first place. Following the steps for heart-healthy living can help prevent or delay these risk factors. […] Atherosclerosis often begins in childhood and continues developing throughout life. Taking early steps in childhood toward heart-healthy living and continuing through adulthood can prevent atherosclerosis and its complications. […] Medicines are available to help manage blood cholesterol levels. Your provider may prescribe a statin or another medicine, depending on your risk for complications, which may be higher if you have had a heart attack or stroke or have diabetes. […] Talk with your provider about whether medicines can help reduce your risk for plaque buildup. Even If you take a medicine as part of your treatment plan, be sure to continue your healthy lifestyle changes.

• #88 Hardening of the arteries Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hardening-of-the-arteries

  The goal of treatment is to reduce your blood pressure so that you have a lower risk of health problems caused by high blood pressure. You and your provider should set a blood pressure goal for you. […] Losing weight if you are overweight and reducing blood sugar if you have diabetes or pre-diabetes can help reduce the risk of developing atherosclerosis. […] Atherosclerosis cannot be reversed once it has occurred. However, lifestyle changes and treating high cholesterol levels can prevent or slow the process from becoming worse. This can help reduce the chances of having a heart attack and stroke as a result of atherosclerosis.

• #89 Atherosclerosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000171.htm

  Losing weight if you are overweight and reducing blood sugar if you have diabetes or pre-diabetes can help reduce the risk of developing atherosclerosis. […] Atherosclerosis cannot be reversed once it has occurred. However, lifestyle changes and treating high cholesterol levels can prevent or slow the process from becoming worse. This can help reduce the chances of having a heart attack and stroke as a result of atherosclerosis.

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