Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Atherosclerosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507799/

  Atherosclerosis is considered the major cause of cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease mainly involves the heart and brain: ischemic heart disease (IHD) and ischemic stroke. IHD and stroke are the world’s first and fifth causes of death respectively. […] In the United States, about 610,000 people die of heart disease every year. That is 1 of every 4 deaths. Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the Western world killing over 370,000 people annually. […] Stroke from any cause represents the fifth leading cause of death and the major cause of serious long-term disability in adults in the United States. It is reported that nearly 795,000 people suffer from stroke every year in the US resulting in about 140,323 deaths. […] Many epidemiologic studies in North America and Europe have recognized numerous risk factors for the development and progression of atherosclerosis. They may promote atherosclerosis through their effects on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and inflammation.

• #2 Global Overview of the Epidemiology of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26135634/

  Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. […] Publicly available data from the Global Burden of Disease Study were analyzed for ischemic heart disease (IHD), ischemic stroke and ACD risk factors. […] Cardiovascular mortality decreased globally from 1990-2010 with important differences by GDPc; during 1990 there was a positive association between IHD mortality and GDPc. […] High levels of body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, glucose and cholesterol have a differential contribution to mortality by income group over time; high-income countries have been able to reduce the contribution from these risk factors in the last 20 years, whereas lower/middle income countries show an increasing trend in mortality attributable to high BMI and glucose.

• #3 Atherosclerosis | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0106-z

  Atherosclerosis, the formation of fibrofatty lesions in the artery wall, causes much morbidity and mortality worldwide, including most myocardial infarctions and many strokes, as well as disabling peripheral artery disease. […] Development of atherosclerotic lesions probably requires low-density lipoprotein, a particle that carries cholesterol through the blood. […] Other risk factors for atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications include hypertension, cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus. […] Increasing evidence also points to a role of the immune system, as emerging risk factors include inflammation and clonal haematopoiesis. […] Studies of the cell and molecular biology of atherogenesis have provided considerable insight into the mechanisms that link all these risk factors to atheroma development and the clinical manifestations of this disease.

• #4 Epidemiology and Clinical Researches in Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/40371/epidemiology-and-clinical-researches-in-atherosclerosis-and-cardiovascular-disease/magazine

  Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease and the common cause of heart attacks, strokes and peripheral vascular disease collectively referred to as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability and rising health care costs. The global number of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million in 1990 to 523 million in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million in 1990, reaching 18.6 million in 2019. By 2030, approximately 23.6 million people are predicted to die from CVD annually. The huge and still growing burden of CVD on individuals, families, and health-care systems indicates an urgent need for prevention and treatment measures on atherosclerotic diseases. […] In this research topic, we would like to create a forum for high-quality epidemiology and clinical researches in the field of atherosclerosis and CVD, via collaboration from a number of professional disciplines such as clinical medicine, nursing, and/or public health. Implications from this topic will focus on guiding comprehensive care and best practice in preventing and managing major atherosclerotic CVD, including coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, and other chronic diseases which are associated with atherosclerosis, such as hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and dementia.

• #5 Report from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System: Heart Disease in Canada, 2018 – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/report-heart-disease-Canada-2018.html

  In Canada, heart disease is the second leading cause of death, after cancer, and accounted for almost 20% of all deaths in 2012. […] This report is the first publication to include administrative health data from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System to support the national surveillance of ischemic heart disease and acute myocardial infarction (a subset of ischemic heart disease also known as heart attack) among Canadian adults aged 20 years and older as well as heart failure among Canadian adults aged 40 years and older. […] In 2012-2013, about 2.4 million (or 1 in 12) Canadian adults aged 20 years and older were living with ischemic heart disease, including 578,000 with a history of an acute myocardial infarction. Another 669,600 (3.6%) Canadians adults aged 40 years and older were living with heart failure.

• #6 Atherosclerosis from Newborn to Adult—Epidemiology, Pathological Aspects, and Risk Factors

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/10/2056

  Atherosclerosis, the main pathological process of most cardiovascular diseases, is predominantly an asymptomatic condition, and it is difficult to determine the incidence accurately. […] Epidemiological studies have revealed several environmental and genetic risk factors that are associated with the early formation of a pathogenic foundation for atherosclerosis, such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and smoking. […] Epidemiological, clinical, and morphological studies have shown that the atherosclerotic process begins in the womb by increasing carotid intima-media thickness in fetuses and infants, which significantly boosts the prevalence and progression of the atherosclerotic process in children and adolescents. […] The first evidence of the early origin of atherosclerosis was in an autopsy study performed on American soldiers killed in action in Korea, in which 300 autopsies were performed. […] Epidemiological studies in the United States of America reported aortic fatty streaks in most children over the age of 3.

• #7 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  The true frequency of atherosclerosis is difficult, if not impossible, to accurately determine because it is a predominantly asymptomatic condition. The process of atherosclerosis begins in childhood with the development of fatty streaks. These lesions can be found in the aorta shortly after birth and appear in increasing numbers in those aged 8-18 years. More advanced lesions begin to develop when individuals are aged approximately 25 years. Subsequently, an increasing prevalence of the advanced complicated lesions of atherosclerosis is noted, and the organ-specific clinical manifestations of the disease increase with age through the fifth and sixth decades of life. […] In the United States, approximately 14 million persons experience CAD and its various complications. Congestive heart failure (CHF) that develops because of ischemic cardiomyopathy in hypertensive MI survivors has become the most common discharge diagnosis for patients in American hospitals. Approximately 80 million people, or 36.3% of the population, have cardiovascular disease.

• #8 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  Annually, approximately 1.5 million Americans have an AMI, a third of whom die. In 2009, 785,000 Americans were estimated to have suffered a first MI, and about 470,000 Americans were estimated to have had a recurrent event. An additional 195,000 „silent” heart attacks are estimated to occur each year. About every 34 seconds, an American will have an MI. CAD remains the number 1 cause of death for men and women in the United States and is responsible for approximately 20% of all US deaths. From 1995-2005, the death rate from CAD declined 34.3%, but the actual number of deaths declined only 19.4%. […] The international incidence of ACS and AMI, especially in developed countries, is similar to that observed in the United States. Despite consumption of rich foods, inhabitants of France and the Mediterranean region appear to have a lower incidence of CAD. This phenomenon (sometimes called the French paradox) is partly explained by greater use of alcohol, with its possible HDL-raising benefit, and by consumption of the Mediterranean diet, which includes predominant use of monounsaturated fatty acids, such as olive oil or canola oil, as well as omega-3 fatty acids, which are less atherogenic.

• #9 Atherosclerosis Pathology: Definition, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1612610-overview

  Despite advances in medical, interventional, and surgical treatment, atherosclerotic disease remains the most important cause of death in developed and underprivileged nations. […] In the United States, coronary heart disease accounted for 375,476 deaths in 2021. Each year, a substantial number of Americans experience a myocardial infarction (MI), with 605,000 being first-time events and 200,000 recurrent episodes. […] Coronary artery disease remains the leading cause of death in the Western world. A new or recurrent MI afflicts approximately 1.1 million people in the USA per year, of which 40% are fatal. […] Sudden cardiac death as a first manifestation of the atherosclerotic process occurs in over 450,000 individuals annually. The vast majority of acute MIs (approximately 75%) occur from plaque rupture; other causes of coronary thrombosis include erosion and calcified nodules.

• #10 Atherosclerosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis

  Cardiovascular disease, which is predominantly the clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis, is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. […] Almost all children older than age 10 in developed countries have aortic fatty streaks, with coronary fatty streaks beginning in adolescence. […] In 1953, a study was published that examined the results of 300 autopsies performed on U.S. soldiers who had died in the Korean War. Despite the average age of the soldiers being just 22 years old, 77% of them had visible signs of coronary atherosclerosis. This study showed that heart disease could affect people at a younger age and was not just a problem for older individuals. […] In 1992, a report showed that microscopic fatty streaks were seen in the left anterior descending artery in over 50% of children aged 10-14 and 8% had even more advanced lesions with more accumulations of extracellular lipid. […] A 2005 report of a study done between 1985 and 1995 found that around 87% of aortas and 30% of coronary arteries in the age group 5-14 years had fatty streaks which increased with age.

• #11 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  The frequency of clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis in Great Britain, west of Scotland in particular, is especially high. The same is true of Scandinavia in general and of Finland in particular. Russia and many of the former states of the Soviet Union have recently experienced an exponential increase in the frequency of coronary heart disease that likely is the result of widespread economic hardship and social upheaval, a high prevalence of cigarette habituation, and a diet high in saturated fats. […] The frequency of coronary heart disease in the Far East is significantly lower than that documented in the West. Ill-defined genetic reasons for this phenomenon may exist, but significant interest surrounds the role of diet and other environmental factors in the absence of clinical atherosclerotic vascular disease in these populations. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is also rare on the African continent, although growing evidence indicates that this too is changing, as a result of rapid westernization and urbanization of the traditionally rural and agrarian African populations. The prevalence of coronary heart disease is also increasing in the Middle East, India, and Central and South America.

• #12 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  The incidence, prevalence, and manifestations of CAD vary significantly with race, as does the response to therapy. […] African Americans appear to have higher morbidity and mortality rates of CAD, even when the statistics are corrected for educational and socioeconomic status. The risk-factor burden experienced by African Americans differs from that of Caucasian Americans. The prevalence of hypertension, obesity, dysmetabolic syndrome, and lack of physical activity are much higher in African Americans, whereas the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia is lower. […] Asian Indians exhibit a 2- to 3-fold higher prevalence of CAD than do whites in the United States. They also have greater prevalences of hypoalphalipoproteinemia, high lipoprotein(a) levels, and diabetes.

• #13 Intracranial atherosclerotic disease | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/intracranial-atherosclerotic-disease?lang=us

  Intracranial atherosclerotic disease is an important cause of ischemic stroke in certain racial groups, particularly Asians, but also Hispanics and Black populations. Intracranial atherosclerotic disease is identified in up to ~50% of Asian patients with ischemic stroke. In White populations, however, intracranial atherosclerotic disease is an uncommon cause (approximately ~10%) of ischemic stroke. […] The rate of ischemic stroke recurrence in patients with intracranial atherosclerotic disease may be up to ~30% within two years.

• #14 Atherosclerosis Pathology: Definition, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1612610-overview

  Although lesions with rupture occur in males of all ages (this is consistent for all plaque morphologies with thrombi), the frequency of sudden coronary death decreases with advancing age. The incidence of rupture varies with each decade, and the highest incidence of plaque rupture is seen in the 40s in males, whereas in females the incidence increases beyond the age of 50 years. Approximately 80% of coronary thrombi in females older than 50 years occur from plaque rupture, and there is a strong association with circulating cholesterol. In acute MI or sudden coronary death, plaque erosion occurs primarily in patients younger than 50 years and represents the majority of acute coronary thrombi in premenopausal females. Furthermore, 20-25% of acute myocardial infarcts occurring in hospitalized patients are due to plaque erosion.

• #15 Atherosclerosis: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/atherosclerosis-epidemiology-and-pathophysiology/

  Large, prospective, community-based observational studies confirmed suspected links between suggested factors and cardiovascular risk. […] The major risk factors and predisposing conditions include dyslipidemia, tobacco use, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and genetic factors (family history). […] As the prevalence of diabetes among CHD patients increases and other risk factors such as smoking and hypercholesterolemia are better controlled, diabetes is likely to become the predominant risk factor for atherosclerosis. […] Systemic hypertension is well established as a major risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the general population, being more common than cigarette smoking dyslipidemia, and diabetes. […] The INTERHEART study showed that hypertension accounted for 18% risk of a first myocardial infarction. […] There is increasing evidence that hypertension, through the vasoactive peptides angiotensin and endothelin-1, promotes and accelerates the atherosclerotic process via inflammatory mechanisms.

• #16 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  Dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, cigarette smoking, family history, and psychosocial factors are included among the risk factors for atherosclerosis. […] In asymptomatic patients, imaging tests to detect atherosclerosis probably do not help predict ischemic events better than standard assessment of risk factors. […] Stopping smoking, exercising, eating a diet low in saturated fat and refined carbohydrates and high in fiber and possibly consuming omega-3 fatty acids and moderate amounts of alcohol help in prevention and treatment. […] Antiplatelet drugs and, depending on patient factors, statins and/or angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors also are helpful.

• #17 Global Overview of the Epidemiology of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26135634/

  Although age-adjusted ACD mortality rate trends decreased globally, the absolute number of ACD deaths is increasing in part due to the growth of the population and aging, as well as to important lifestyle and food-system changes that likely attenuate gains in prevention. […] Population and individual level preventable causes of ACD must be aggressively and efficiently targeted in countries of lower economic development in order to reduce the growing burden of disease due to ACD.

• #18 Report from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System: Heart Disease in Canada, 2018 – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/report-heart-disease-Canada-2018.html

  Heart disease outcomes are improving over time. […] From 2000-2001 to 2012-2013, age-standardized ischemic heart disease and heart failure incidence and all-cause mortality rates declined, while the prevalence of both conditions remained relatively stable. […] Rates of death from any cause are higher among those with heart disease than those without. […] Canadian adults with ischemic heart disease (IHD) were three times more likely to die of any cause compared to those without the disease in a given year. […] The age-standardized incidence rate of IHD decreased from 12.3 per 1,000 in 2000-2001 to 6.8 per 1,000 in 2012-2013. […] The age-standardized incidence rate of heart failure declined from 8.1 per 1,000 to 5.3 per 1,000 between 2000-2001 and 2012-2013. […] The age-standardized all-cause mortality rate among people living with IHD and those with a history of AMI decreased substantially between 2000-2001 and 2012-2013.

• #19 Plaque Stabilization and Regression, from Mechanisms to Surveillance and Clinical Strategies

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/25/12/10.31083/j.rcm2512459/htm

  With advances in therapies to reduce cardiovascular events and improvements in coronary imaging, an increasing number of clinical trials have demonstrated that treatments to reduce cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease are associated with favorable effects on atherosclerotic plaque size and characteristics. […] Numerous clinical trials have been conducted to verify the occurrence of plaque stabilization and regression and their beneficial effects on cardiovascular events. […] In recent years, study have confirmed the correlation between plaque stabilization and regression with reduced major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). […] The use of invasive and non-invasive imaging techniques has made it possible to assess plaque burden and local plaque characteristics and to confirm that plaque stabilization and regression are real and reliable.

• #20 Atherosclerosis | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0106-z

  An array of diagnostic techniques, both invasive (such as selective coronary arteriography) and noninvasive (such as blood biomarkers, stress testing, CT and nuclear scanning), permit assessment of cardiovascular disease risk and targeting of therapies. […] An expanding armamentarium of therapies that can modify risk factors and confer clinical benefit is available; however, we face considerable challenge in providing equitable access to these treatments and in maximizing adherence. […] Rapidly accelerating knowledge and continued research promise to provide further progress in combating this common chronic disease.

• #21 Atherosclerosis: causes and risk factors • HRI

  https://www.hriuk.org/health/learn/cardiovascular-disease/atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis is the main underlying cause of cardiovascular disease. […] Atherosclerosis is very common. Over the age of 40, people in general good health have about a 50 per cent chance of developing serious atherosclerosis, with this risk increasing with age. […] As the underlying cause of CVD the worlds number one killer as well as playing a key role in heart attack and stroke, atherosclerosis can have devastating and life-threatening consequences. […] People at risk of developing atherosclerosis should be tested if possible early detection and the implementation of a management plan can help to prevent its progression.

• #22 Prevalence and incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in Korea: a nationwide population-based study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-019-7439-0

  Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of death in Korea. […] This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and incidence of ASCVD and its risk factors in Korea using national claims data. […] The overall prevalence of clinical ASCVD per 1000 individuals was 98.25 in 2014 and 101.11 in 2015. […] The respective cumulative incidence and incidence density rates of ASCVD per 1000 individuals were 65.30 and 68.03 in 2014, and 67.05 and 69.94 in 2015, respectively. […] Peripheral artery disease seemed to drive the increase in the total prevalence and incidence of ASCVD. […] This national population-based study confirmed the high prevalence and incidence of ASCVD and its risk factors in the adult population of South Korea. […] Epidemiology studies on prevalence and incidence can provide information on disease frequency, support to identify the burden of disease, and help in establishing a treatment strategy.

• #23 Cardiovascular diseases statistics – Statistics Explained – Eurostat

  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Cardiovascular_diseases_statistics

  Cardiovascular diseases are included as 1 of the 5 main strands covered by the European Commissions Healthier together EU non-communicable diseases (NCD) initiative. The initiative was launched in December 2021 and aims to support EU countries in identifying and implementing effective policies and actions to reduce the burden of major NCDs and improve citizens health and well-being.

• #24 Risk Factors and Epidemiology of Atherosclerosis – Pathology

  https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/pathology/chapter/risk-factors-and-epidemiology-of-atherosclerosis/

  Epidemiological studies should represent the diversity of the global population, include young people, and account for socio-demographic factors (financial stability, employment status, mental health, stress levels). […] Atherosclerosis, a leading cause of mortality globally, remains a concern despite advancements in research and treatment approaches. […] Currently, the majority of cardiovascular deaths occur in low/middle-income countries, which highlights the importance of effective primary and secondary prevention strategies, access to healthcare, education, and other social determinants of health. […] Multiple risk factors have been identified as associated with atherosclerosis, While modifiable factors (diet, smoking, physical activity, etc) can be changed by behavioral interventions, non-modifiable factors (sex, genetics, ethnicity) should be considered in research and treatment strategies.

• #25 Plaque Stabilization and Regression, from Mechanisms to Surveillance and Clinical Strategies

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/25/12/10.31083/j.rcm2512459/htm

  The aim of this review is to explore the possible mechanisms of plaque stabilization and regression, summarize the imaging features and clinical evidence, and predict the future research direction. […] Most current clinical trials have focused on whether lipid-lowering therapies induce plaque regression or increase plaque stability. […] High-quality clinical evidence exists to support the use of various lipid-lowering regimens to stabilize and regress coronary plaque. […] The ability of LDL-C lowering to induce atherosclerotic plaque regression has been recognized by researchers. […] However, the relationship between lipid therapy-induced plaque regression and the occurrence of MACE remains controversial. […] The current acute coronary syndromes (ACS) guidelines recommend not only to reduce LDL value below a specific threshold, but also to reduce it of more than 50%.

• #26 Prevalence and incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in Korea: a nationwide population-based study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-019-7439-0

  The crude total prevalence of ASCVD per 1000 individuals was 98.25 in 2014 and 101.11 in 2015. […] The prevalence and cumulative incidence of total ASCVD increased with age and peaked in the 70-79 year age group. […] This population-based study was a large-scale retrospective analysis conducted to explore the recent prevalence and incidence of ASCVD and its risk factors, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, using national claims data. […] The total prevalence and cumulative incidence of ASCVD slightly increased in 2015, compared to 2014. […] The prevalence and incidence increased with age regardless of ASCVD disease types. […] The prevalence and incidence of ASCVD tended to increase with age regardless of the type of disease. […] High prevalence and incidence of ASCVD and its risk factors in the adult population in Korea were observed, with a marked increase in PAD.

• #27 Epidemiology of Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-37393-0_46-1

  Prevention is now recognized as a first-line approach in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), in both the Western World and internationally. […] Over the past six decades, epidemiologic investigation, the science most relevant to establishing means of prevention, has identified the major risk factors that contribute to the development of atherosclerotic CVD and its components: coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. […] Because the major risk factors are modifiable, and their treatment reduces the likelihood of developing vascular disease, risk factor assessment has become an important feature of primary and secondary prevention of CVD. […] Recent epidemiological research has brought attention to the potential role of newer risk markers measured in circulating blood, high-resolution subclinical vascular disease imaging modalities, and genetic and genomic factors underlying CVD. However, as of yet, there is insufficient evidence to recommend most of these newer measures in clinical practice.

• #28 Epidemiology and Clinical Researches in Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/40371/epidemiology-and-clinical-researches-in-atherosclerosis-and-cardiovascular-disease/magazine

  This topic welcomes a wide variety of researches in atherosclerosis and CVD, including community-based and hospital-based observational studies, interventional studies (such as RCTs), and systematic reviews and meta-analyses, but not fundamental researches, intend to provide novel insights towards preventing and managing atherosclerotic CVD, including coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, and other chronic diseases which are associated with atherosclerosis, such as hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and dementia. Studies on the following topics will be of special interest: Disease burden of atherosclerotic CVD and comorbidities in the general populations, as well as attributable risk factors Prediction models of incident atherosclerotic CVD and comorbidities in the general populations Prognostic models of recurrent CVD and other outcomes (such as all-cause death, CKD, and dementia) in patients with atherosclerotic diseases Identifying novel biomarkers for atherosclerosis progression and regression Exploring effective interventions including health education, lifestyle intervention, new drugs, and new therapies on atherosclerosis, CVD, and other chronic diseases which are associated with atherosclerosis.

• #29 :: JLA :: Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis

  https://e-jla.org/DOIx.php?id=10.12997/jla.2024.13.2.97

  Interest in sex differences related to coronary artery disease (CAD) has steadily increased, and the risk factors for CAD show distinct sex differences. […] Not only are these factors crucial in understanding the epidemiology of CVD, but they are also relevant in devising strategies for intervention. […] Acknowledging and comprehending these sex differences in CVD is crucial for delivering holistic and individualized care. […] This review discusses the differences between men and women regarding risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis. […] The increased cardiovascular risk observed in elderly women can primarily be attributed to decreased blood estrogen levels. […] Estrogen exerts robust protective effects on the cardiovascular system by inhibiting fibrosis, promoting angiogenesis, exhibiting anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, stimulating nitric oxide production, and preserving endothelial cell function.

• #30 :: JLA :: Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis

  https://e-jla.org/DOIx.php?id=10.12997/jla.2024.13.2.97

  Women are less likely to be prescribed cardioprotective drugs, referred for interventional or surgical treatments, or included in clinical research than men. […] The sex differences in the cardiovascular risks of diabetes emphasize the importance of personalized, sex-specific approaches in the management and treatment of diabetes and its associated cardiovascular risks. […] The higher relative risk experienced by women highlights the need for intensive cardiovascular risk factor management in women. […] The correlation between obesity and elevated cardiovascular risk is well-established for both sexes. […] The surge in abdominal obesity in post-menopausal women is noteworthy, underscoring the need for tailored interventions and preventive measures for both sexes at different life stages to mitigate the associated risks effectively.

• #31 :: JLA :: Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis

  https://e-jla.org/DOIx.php?id=10.12997/jla.2024.13.2.97

  It is crucial to have a sex-specific understanding and approach to managing the escalating obesity rate and its consequences in diverse populations. […] These observations underscore the necessity for a sex-specific approach to assess cardiovascular risks effectively. […] A holistic approach to CVD prevention would entail understanding and addressing these non-traditional risk factors while also managing the traditional ones, aiming to comprehensively diminish the overall CVD burden. […] Alarmingly, women tend to be less adherent to cardiovascular preventive medications than men. […] An urgent task is to elevate awareness about heart diseases and associated risk factors in women. […] Recognizing and addressing these sex differences and disparities is vital for improving cardiovascular outcomes in women.

• #32 Global Trends in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. — Cancer Epidemiology Unit (CEU)

  https://www.ceu.ox.ac.uk/publications/1561355

  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, affecting over 523 million people globally. Atherosclerotic diseases, particularly ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the primary mediators of CVD burden and trends, with half of CVD deaths attributed to IHD, and another quarter to ischemic stroke. […] While long-term trends in age-standardized rates of CVD mortality and incidence indicate substantial declines in disease burden, the impact of population growth and ageing has contributed to a continued increase in the absolute number of people living with CVD. Additionally, when data are restricted to the most recent decade, there are indications that even declines in age-standardized CVD rates may have attenuated. […] The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in substantial short-term reductions in hospitalization rates for major atherosclerotic CVDs including acute coronary syndromes and heart failure in some countries. […] Recent attenuation of declines in atherosclerotic CVDs with increasing absolute burden has significant implications for health systems and resource availability, with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on longer-term trends in CVD yet to be clearly established.

• #33 Prevalence of atherosclerosis in individuals with prediabetes and diabetes compared to normoglycaemic individuals—a Swedish population-based study | Cardiovascular Diabetology | Full Text

  https://cardiab.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12933-023-01982-6

  Patients with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of death and cardiovascular events and people with diabetes or prediabetes have been found to have increased atherosclerotic burden in the coronary and carotid arteries. […] The prevalence of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries was higher in participants with previously undetected diabetes than prediabetes, but lower than in patients with known diabetes. […] In this large population-based cohort of currently asymptomatic people, the atherosclerotic burden in the coronary and carotid arteries increased with increasing degree of dysglycaemia. […] Understanding the extent of atherosclerosis in people with prediabetes and diabetes compared to normoglycaemic individuals may be useful for future screening strategies and tailored preventive interventions.

• #34 Prevalence of atherosclerosis in individuals with prediabetes and diabetes compared to normoglycaemic individuals—a Swedish population-based study | Cardiovascular Diabetology | Full Text

  https://cardiab.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12933-023-01982-6

  Our population-based results suggest a clear correlation between atherosclerosis and any level of increasing dysglycaemia in two important vascular beds. […] The results of the present study show that asymptomatic atherosclerotic burden increases with increasing dysglycaemia in major vascular beds, as the coronary arteries, in a large population-based cohort.

• #35 Plaque Stabilization and Regression, from Mechanisms to Surveillance and Clinical Strategies

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/25/12/10.31083/j.rcm2512459/htm

  Despite these limitations, we believe that the effectiveness of currently used drugs in reducing plaque volume and increasing plaque stability through certain mechanisms is noteworthy. […] In conclusion, pharmacologic therapy is the cornerstone of reducing plaque volume and enhancing plaque stability, on top of which we should also actively control other factors that affect the plaque volume and stability in order to minimize the occurrence of clinical events.

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