Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350569

  Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. This buildup is called plaque. The plaque can cause arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque also can burst, leading to a blood clot. […] If you think you have atherosclerosis, make an appointment for a health checkup. Early diagnosis and treatment can stop atherosclerosis from getting worse. Treatment may prevent a heart attack, stroke or another medical emergency. […] Atherosclerosis is a disease that slowly gets worse. It may begin as early as childhood. The exact cause is not known. It may start with damage or injury to the inner layer of an artery. […] Once the inner wall of an artery is damaged, blood cells and other substances may collect at the injury site. These substances build up in the inner lining of the artery. […] Over time, fats, cholesterol and other substances also collect on and in the walls of the heart arteries. This buildup is called plaque. Plaque can cause the arteries to narrow. Narrowed arteries can block blood flow. The plaque also can burst, leading to a blood clot.

• #2 Arteriosclerosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriosclerosis

  Diagnosis of an individual suspected of having arteriosclerosis can be based on a physical exam, blood test, EKG and the results of these tests (among other exams). […] The diagnostics and clinical implications of this disease were not recognized until the 20th century.

• #3 Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis – Vascular surgery | Northwell Health

  https://www.northwell.edu/vascular-surgery/conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis

  Arteriosclerosis is a condition that occurs when arteries narrow and harden, weakening them to the point that they can no longer effectively serve their core function: circulating blood throughout your body. This narrowing of the arteries can hinder blood from traveling to your organs. […] Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances on your artery walls. Atherosclerosis is a specific kind of arteriosclerosis, but these terms are often used interchangeably. […] Early diagnosis is the key to avoiding dangerous complications. If you identify any of the symptoms described above and/or have a family history of atherosclerosis, its important to ask your doctor to test for the condition. The test we perform will depend on the location we believe atherosclerosis could be present. For instance, if your symptoms indicate you may have atherosclerosis in the lower extremities, we would likely perform an ankle brachial index test, which involves cuffing the arms and ankles while we use ultrasound to measure blood flow and pressure; its basically a blood pressure monitor for your legs.

• #4 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  To diagnose atherosclerosis, your healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart. You usually are asked questions about your symptoms and your family health history. You may be sent to a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist. […] Tests may be done to check the health of your heart and arteries. Tests can help diagnose atherosclerosis and find the cause. […] Blood tests can check blood sugar and cholesterol levels. High levels of blood sugar and cholesterol raise the risk of atherosclerosis. A C-reactive protein (CRP) test also may be done to check for a protein linked to inflammation of the arteries. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick and painless test measures the electrical activity of the heart. […] Exercise stress tests. These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while the heart’s activity is watched.

• #5 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16753-atherosclerosis-arterial-disease

  Atherosclerosis is a hardening of your arteries from plaque building up gradually inside them. […] Atherosclerosis symptoms often dont start until an artery is very narrow or blocked. Many people dont know they have plaque buildup until they have a medical emergency like a heart attack or stroke. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis can help you avoid or delay complications. […] To diagnose atherosclerosis or calculate your risk for developing it, a healthcare provider will: […] Your healthcare provider may order additional tests to diagnose atherosclerosis and plan treatment. […] Atherosclerosis treatment includes lifestyle changes, medications, procedures or surgeries. […] Early diagnosis and treatment can help people with atherosclerosis keep doing the activities they like to do.

• #6 Arteriosclerosis Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/arteriosclerosis

  Early diagnosis is critical for managing arteriosclerosis. To diagnose the condition, we ask questions about your medical history and do a physical exam. During the physical exam, your physician can use a stethoscope to listen to your arteries for an abnormal whooshing sound called a bruit (broo-E). A bruit may indicate poor blood flow due to plaque buildup. […] Baptist Health uses advanced diagnostic procedures and technology to effectively diagnose, inform treatment and carefully monitor the condition. Common diagnostic procedures for arteriosclerosis include: […] Ankle brachial index test: During this test, blood pressure cuffs are placed on the arms and ankles. A handheld ultrasound device or Doppler is used to listen to the blood flow and measure the blood pressure. This helps doctors understand if there is decreased blood flow to the lower legs and feet.

• #7 Atherosclerosis

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/atherosclerosis/

  Atherosclerosis usually doesnt cause signs and symptoms until it severely narrows or totally blocks an artery. […] Your doctor will diagnose atherosclerosis based on your medical and family histories, a physical exam and various tests. […] During a physical exam, your doctor may listen to your arteries for an abnormal whooshing called a heart murmur. […] Your doctor can hear this sound when placing a stethoscope over an affected artery. […] This sound indicates poor blood flow due to plaque buildup. […] Your doctor may also check to see whether any of your pulses (in the leg or foot) are weak or absent. […] A weak or absent pulse can be a sign of a blocked artery. […] After that, you may have one or more diagnostic tests and procedures including: Blood tests, Electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG), X-Rays, Ankle-brachial index (ABI), Echocardiogram (ECHO), Computed tomography (CT scan), Stress test, Angiogram, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

• #8

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/heart-vascular/conditions/atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis can be a complex condition, but were here to help. The good news is that its highly treatable when diagnosed early. […] Recognizing atherosclerosis symptoms is crucial for early intervention and prevention of complications. […] The following signs can indicate a narrowed or hardened artery affected by atherosclerosis. During a physical exam, your doctor might notice: Lower blood pressure in one limb, Swooshing sound, called a bruit, in your artery, Weak or absent pulse. […] If your doctor finds any sign of hardening of the arteries, they may do additional tests, such as: Ankle/brachial index compares the blood pressure in your ankle with the pressure in your arm to see how well your blood is flowing. […] Imaging to get a picture of your blood vessels and organs and determine if atherosclerosis is present. There are many options your doctor can choose from, such as: A CT scan creates images of the heart, brain and other areas to see if blood vessels have hardened or have buildup.

• #9 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Diagnosis

  https://www.medicinenet.com/whats_atherosclerosis/article.htm

  How Is Atherosclerosis Diagnosed? […] If your doctor thinks you have atherosclerosis, she will ask for your complete medical history. Shell also do a physical exam, listen to your heart and arteries, and check your blood pressure. […] You may also need one or more tests. Doctors use several tests to help diagnose atherosclerosis: […] Blood test: Your doctor looks at the sugar and cholesterol levels in your blood to see if they are higher than they should be. […] Cardiac catheterization: A doctor puts a long, thin tube into the arteries around your heart and injects dye into them. The dye allows the doctor to see on an X-ray the path blood takes through the arteries and which ones are narrow or blocked. […] Doppler ultrasound: A Doppler device sends sound waves through blood vessels in your neck, abdomen, or legs. The sounds (or lack of sound) can tell doctors whether you have a blockage.

• #10 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  To diagnose atherosclerosis, your healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart. You usually are asked questions about your symptoms and your family health history. You may be sent to a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist. […] Tests may be done to check the health of your heart and arteries. Tests can help diagnose atherosclerosis and find the cause. […] Blood tests can check blood sugar and cholesterol levels. High levels of blood sugar and cholesterol raise the risk of atherosclerosis. A C-reactive protein (CRP) test also may be done to check for a protein linked to inflammation of the arteries. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick and painless test measures the electrical activity of the heart. […] Exercise stress tests. These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while the heart’s activity is watched.

• #11 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosing-Atherosclerosis.aspx

  Doctors have an arsenal of diagnostic tests and tools they can access to confirm the presence of Atherosclerosis – these include an angiogram (Arteriogram), cholesterol tests, a chest x-ray, a CT (computed tomography) scan, Duplex scanning, an echocardiogram, an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), an exercise stress test (cardiac stress test), an intravascular ultrasound, an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan, a PET (positron emission tomography) scan and a pharmacologic stress test. […] Blood tests check the levels of certain fats, cholesterol, sugar, and proteins in your blood and abnormal levels may indicate risk factors for atherosclerosis. […] An EKG is a simple test that detects and records the electrical activity of the heart and shows how fast the heart is beating and whether it has a regular rhythm.

• #12 Atherosclerosis Diagnosis | Temple Health

  https://www.templehealth.org/services/conditions/atherosclerosis/diagnosis

  When diagnosing atherosclerosis, your doctor will take into account your overall health and your family medical history. Your doctor may also order special tests that help to determine the health of your heart and arteries. […] Blood tests can determine your risk for developing atherosclerosis by measuring your cholesterol, blood sugar and lipoprotein levels. […] Ultrasound is a non-invasive test that can show early atherosclerotic plaque formation (even before it is narrowing an artery) in blood vessels such as the neck (carotid) arteries or the aorta. […] Coronary Calcium Score uses a low radiation CT (computed tomography) scan without any injected dye (contrast material) to find plaque in the arteries supplying blood to the heart. The higher the calcium score, the higher the risk of angina, heart attack or other problems.

• #13 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis is a narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque. […] A physical exam is the first step toward diagnosing atherosclerosis. A medical professional may check for: a weakened pulse, signs of an aneurysm, or an abnormal bulging or widening of an artery due to weakness of the arterial wall, slow wound healing, which may indicate restricted blood flow, a bruit, or whooshing sound the blood makes as it travels through a blocked artery. […] A cardiologist may listen to your heart to check for atypical sounds and order more tests if they suspect atherosclerosis. […] These tests may include: blood tests to check cholesterol levels, a Doppler ultrasound, which uses sound waves to create an image of arteries and would show a blockage, an ankle-brachial index, which looks for a blockage in your arms or legs by comparing the blood pressure in each limb, a magnetic resonance angiography or a computed tomography angiography, which create pictures of the large arteries in your body, a cardiac angiogram, which is a type of chest X-ray that’s taken after your heart arteries are injected with radioactive dye, an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), which measures the electrical activity in your heart, a stress test, or exercise tolerance test, which monitors your heart rate and blood pressure while you exercise on a treadmill or stationary bicycle. […] You cannot reverse atherosclerosis, but management may help slow its progression. […] Treatment for atherosclerosis typically involves lifestyle changes. Depending on its severity, risk factors, and symptoms, you may also need medications and surgery.

• #14 Diagnostics of atherosclerosis: Overview of the existing methods

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10203409/

  Atherosclerosis was and remains an extremely common and serious health problem. […] One of the features of atherosclerosis is its asymptomaticity. This factor makes it difficult to make a timely diagnosis. This entails the lack of timely treatment and even prevention. To date, in the arsenal of physicians, there is only a limited set of methods to suspect and fully diagnose atherosclerosis. In this review, we have tried to briefly describe the most common and effective methods for diagnosing atherosclerosis. […] Until nowadays, the diagnosis of atherosclerosis has been carried out by such methods as evaluation of electrocardiogram (ECG) both at rest and during physical activity, evaluation of the Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI), and invasive angiography. Currently, the visualization of plaques is possible with the help of non-invasive imaging methods. The clinical practice employs several methods for plaque imaging, including ultrasound, magnetic resonance tomography (MRI), computer tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) (nuclear imaging techniques).

• #15 Diagnosing Atherosclerosis: Warning Signs and Symptoms

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/silent-symptoms-diagnosing-atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis is sneaky. It starts early in life and progresses silently. By the time symptoms occur, its advanced and a serious problem. […] There are tests for diagnosing atherosclerosis, but none of them are perfect. Some of them even have a risk of harm. So testing isn’t as simple as you might think. […] The one test that can directly show blocked arteries is called angiography. Its an invasive test: A thin tube is put inside an artery in the leg or arm. Its then threaded through the body’s maze of branching arteries. Injected dye shows arteries — and any blockages — on a monitor. […] Angiography is usually for people who already have a strong chance of atherosclerosis. […] Once your doctor has identified your risk group, more tests may be needed, such as: Stress test: With medicines or walking on an exercise treadmill, your heart is made to pump almost as hard as it can.

• #16 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  Echocardiogram. This test uses sound waves to show blood flow through the heart. […] Doppler ultrasound. A healthcare professional may use a special ultrasound device to check blood flow at different points in your body. […] Ankle-brachial index (ABI). This test compares the blood pressure in the ankle with that in the arm. […] Cardiac catheterization and angiogram. This test can show if the coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked. […] Coronary calcium scan, also called a heart scan. This test uses computerized tomography (CT) imaging to look for calcium deposits in the artery walls. A coronary calcium scan may show coronary artery disease before you have symptoms. Results of the test are given as a score. The higher the calcium score, the higher the risk of heart attacks. […] Other imaging tests. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or positron emission tomography (PET) also may be used to study the arteries. These tests can show hardening and narrowing of large arteries, as well as aneurysms.

• #17 Arteriosclerosis Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/arteriosclerosis

  Blood test: Blood tests check the levels of certain fats, cholesterol, sugar and protein in the blood that could indicate heart conditions. […] CT scan: X-rays and computers are used to create images of the aorta, heart and blood vessels. This provides a more detailed picture than an ultrasound. […] Electrocardiogram (EKG): This test measures the electrical activity of the heart and can help determine if parts of the heart are enlarged, overworked or damaged. The hearts electrical currents are detected by 12 to 15 electrodes that are attached to the arms, legs and chest via sticky tape. […] Stress testing: This test is conducted during exercise. If a person can’t exercise, medicine is given to increase heart rate. Used along with an EKG, the test can show changes to the hearts rate, rhythm or electrical activity as well as blood pressure. Exercise makes the heart work hard and beat fast while heart tests are administered, which can help determine an arteriosclerosis diagnosis. […] Ultrasound: An ultrasound device can measure blood pressure on various points of the arm or leg, which will help the physician determine if you have any blockages and how quickly blood flows through the arteries.

• #18 Diagnosing Atherosclerosis: Warning Signs and Symptoms

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/silent-symptoms-diagnosing-atherosclerosis

  Electron beam computed tomography (EBCT): A special CT scanner (CAT scan) snaps pictures of the heart. A computer figures out the amount of calcium in your heart’s arteries. This is more commonly known as a Coronary Artery Calcium Score. More calcium can mean more atherosclerosis. […] Carotid artery ultrasound: The carotid arteries in the neck can be viewed with a risk-free ultrasound test. Atherosclerosis here increases your chances of heart attacks and strokes. […] Angiography: This test can show a picture of blockages caused by atherosclerosis. It can be done on arteries in your heart, brain, or legs. […] Even low-risk testing might not be a good idea. The risk isn’t the test itself — it’s what it might lead to. […] The good news is that over 80% of this risk may be avoidable.

• #19 Diagnostic Methods of Atherosclerotic Plaque and the Assessment of Its Prognostic Significance—A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/11/11/343

  The aim of this review is to provide an overview of different radiological diagnostic methods: ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography of atherosclerotic plaque which are relevant to the assessment of cardiovascular risk. […] Currently, many invasive and non-invasive imaging methods are used to study atherosclerosis; most specify lumen diameter or stenosis, wall thickness, and plaque volume. A wide variety of techniques are used in clinical practice. They include ultrasound, computer tomography (CT), magnetic resonance tomography (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and photon-counting detector CT (PCD-CT). […] Ultrasound imaging techniques (USG) help to find vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. This method is based on transmitting and receiving high-frequency sound waves. This provides the high spatial resolution required for measuring intima-media thickness (IMT).

• #20 Atherosclerosis: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/atherosclerosis/treatment

  Coronary calcium scan – a CT scan that measures the amount of calcium in the walls of your coronary arteries. […] Carotid ultrasound creates an image of the arteries in your neck (carotid arteries to detect hardening or narrowing of the arteries that supply blood to your brain. […] Abdominal ultrasound – creates an image of your abdominal aorta to detect abdominal aortic aneurysm (ballooning) or plaque build-up in your aorta.

• #21 Diagnostic Methods of Atherosclerotic Plaque and the Assessment of Its Prognostic Significance—A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/11/11/343

  Another method is to inject a contrast agent into liposomes. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) can provide information about plaque composition, and structural information. […] Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is an innovative approach to arterial wall imaging, enabling direct real-time imaging of atherosclerosis and providing a cross-sectional, tomographic perspective of the vessel and atherosclerotic disease. […] Computed tomography (CT) is fast and relatively inexpensive. With a bolus injection of a contrast agent, CT is suitable for detecting calcifications in atherosclerotic plaque and fibrous tissue. […] Recent studies have shown that optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an accurate method for assessing the thickness of the fibrous cap in atherosclerotic plaques, enabling the identification of thin caps and plaque ruptures and erosion.

• #22 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  Echocardiogram. This test uses sound waves to show blood flow through the heart. […] Doppler ultrasound. A healthcare professional may use a special ultrasound device to check blood flow at different points in your body. […] Ankle-brachial index (ABI). This test compares the blood pressure in the ankle with that in the arm. […] Cardiac catheterization and angiogram. This test can show if the coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked. […] Coronary calcium scan, also called a heart scan. This test uses computerized tomography (CT) imaging to look for calcium deposits in the artery walls. A coronary calcium scan may show coronary artery disease before you have symptoms. Results of the test are given as a score. The higher the calcium score, the higher the risk of heart attacks. […] Other imaging tests. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or positron emission tomography (PET) also may be used to study the arteries. These tests can show hardening and narrowing of large arteries, as well as aneurysms.

• #23 Atherosclerosis Diagnosis | Temple Health

  https://www.templehealth.org/services/conditions/atherosclerosis/diagnosis

  When diagnosing atherosclerosis, your doctor will take into account your overall health and your family medical history. Your doctor may also order special tests that help to determine the health of your heart and arteries. […] Blood tests can determine your risk for developing atherosclerosis by measuring your cholesterol, blood sugar and lipoprotein levels. […] Ultrasound is a non-invasive test that can show early atherosclerotic plaque formation (even before it is narrowing an artery) in blood vessels such as the neck (carotid) arteries or the aorta. […] Coronary Calcium Score uses a low radiation CT (computed tomography) scan without any injected dye (contrast material) to find plaque in the arteries supplying blood to the heart. The higher the calcium score, the higher the risk of angina, heart attack or other problems.

• #24 Diagnostics of atherosclerosis: Overview of the existing methods

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10203409/

  Nuclear imaging techniques, including PET and SPECT, rely on a source of radiation within the body. […] Computed tomography is fast and relatively inexpensive. […] MRI is beneficial for the determination of diverse elements of plaque; the fibrous membrane and the lipid layer are among them. […] Ultrasound imaging techniques help to find vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. […] In addition to the usual anatomical and hemodynamic assessments of the severity of the illusion, when visualizing the vessel wall, a detailed characterization of the plaque can be obtained. […] Intravascular imaging techniques such as IVUS, OCT, and NIRS are able to provide extensive data about the composition of coronary plaques in patients undergoing invasive angiography. […] Along with identifying the anatomy of the coronary arteries and the severity of lumen stenosis, coronary computed tomography angiography can help with data on the morphology and composition of plaques.

• #25 Atherosclerosis: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/atherosclerosis/treatment

  How is Atherosclerosis Diagnosed? Diagnosis Your doctor will recommend exams and tests if you have symptoms or if routine tests show signs such as high cholesterol and blood sugar. […] Diagnostic tests for atherosclerosis where your doctor may order tests to diagnose atherosclerosis and plan your treatment. […] Angiography uses special X-rays that help locate and measure blockages in your arteries in the heart, neck, brain and other parts of your body. […] Coronary CT scan (computed tomographic) – an imaging test that creates an image of the inside of your body and can show any hardening and narrowing of your large arteries. […] Cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) – detects tissue damage or problems with blood flow in the heart or coronary arteries. […] Cardiac PET (positron emission tomography) scan – a heart scan that can help diagnose disease in the small blood vessels of the heart.

• #26 Atherosclerosis – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/atherosclerosis

  How is atherosclerosis diagnosed? To find out if you have atherosclerosis, your doctor will ask questions about your lifestyle, family history and may send you for tests. If you can, find out if you have a family history of atherosclerosis or heart disease so your doctor gets a full picture. The tests may include: […] blood tests – to check your cholesterol and overall health […] carotid ultrasound a test that makes pictures of the insides of the two largest arteries in your neck (called the carotid arteries) […] CT scan/coronary calcium scoring a scan of the heart to see how much plaque has built up in the arteries of your heart […] coronary angiogram a special x-ray using dye to see the blood flow in your heart […] ECG a test that records the electrical activity of your heart […] exercise ECG – a test that records the electrical activity of your heart while youre exercising.

• #27 Noninvasive imaging modalities to visualize atherosclerotic plaques – Shishikura – Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://cdt.amegroups.org/article/view/8658/html

  The current review summarizes a range of non-invasive imaging modalities to visualize plaques. […] Various imaging modalities, either noninvasive or invasive, have become available to identify high-risk patients at a relatively early stage and provide the opportunity to evaluate the impact of anti-atherosclerotic medical therapies. […] These observations indicate the wide availability of MDCT in the clinical setting. For instance, as MDCT is useful for screening coronary artery stenosis, unnecessary invasive coronary angiography could be avoided. High-risk features of atherosclerotic plaques on MDCT enable to apply more intensive medical therapies to prevent future events. […] These findings suggest the promising ability of MRI in imaging coronary atherosclerosis in the clinical settings. However, most of studies were conducted in relatively small study population. In addition, MRI has several limitations such as cost, length of the examination and inability of the patient to tolerate. Further technological advances are expected to make MRI more applicable modality in the clinical settings. […] This technological advance will enable to identify high-risk subjects prior to the occurrence of cardiovascular events, thereby potentially improving clinical outcomes.

• #28 Diagnostic Methods of Atherosclerotic Plaque and the Assessment of Its Prognostic Significance—A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/11/11/343

  Other commonly used methods include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), which use gadolinium and iron oxide derivatives as contrast enhancement with a resolution of 10–100 microns to visualize the structure of atherosclerotic lesions. […] Methods such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are gaining popularity because they use imaging elements such as 18F, 64Cu, 11C/99mTc, 123/124/125/131I, 111In tracers. […] Multimodality consists of combining two or more techniques. One of the techniques consists of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), in which NIRS is responsible for the assessment of plaque with high lipid content and IVUS is responsible for the dimension of plaque measurements.

• #29 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  Echocardiogram. This test uses sound waves to show blood flow through the heart. […] Doppler ultrasound. A healthcare professional may use a special ultrasound device to check blood flow at different points in your body. […] Ankle-brachial index (ABI). This test compares the blood pressure in the ankle with that in the arm. […] Cardiac catheterization and angiogram. This test can show if the coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked. […] Coronary calcium scan, also called a heart scan. This test uses computerized tomography (CT) imaging to look for calcium deposits in the artery walls. A coronary calcium scan may show coronary artery disease before you have symptoms. Results of the test are given as a score. The higher the calcium score, the higher the risk of heart attacks. […] Other imaging tests. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or positron emission tomography (PET) also may be used to study the arteries. These tests can show hardening and narrowing of large arteries, as well as aneurysms.

• #30 Atherosclerosis: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/atherosclerosis/treatment

  How is Atherosclerosis Diagnosed? Diagnosis Your doctor will recommend exams and tests if you have symptoms or if routine tests show signs such as high cholesterol and blood sugar. […] Diagnostic tests for atherosclerosis where your doctor may order tests to diagnose atherosclerosis and plan your treatment. […] Angiography uses special X-rays that help locate and measure blockages in your arteries in the heart, neck, brain and other parts of your body. […] Coronary CT scan (computed tomographic) – an imaging test that creates an image of the inside of your body and can show any hardening and narrowing of your large arteries. […] Cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) – detects tissue damage or problems with blood flow in the heart or coronary arteries. […] Cardiac PET (positron emission tomography) scan – a heart scan that can help diagnose disease in the small blood vessels of the heart.

• #31 Diagnostics of atherosclerosis: Overview of the existing methods

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10203409/

  Analysis of coronary plaques using MRI is not so beneficial for clinical purposes compared with CCTA; on the other hand, it is possible to measure the wall thickness of proximal vessels using this method. […] The mechanisms underlying the atherosclerosis pathophysiology and its medical results can be illuminated using relatively vulnerable probes for molecular imaging. […] More than 20 years ago, it was first shown that an increased level of the 18F-FDG signal is associated with macrophages and other metabolically active inflammatory cells. […] The capacity of plaque inflammation 18F-FDG PET in the proximal coronary beds was reported recently. […] Atherosclerosis imaging benefited from carotid MRI, which allows to recognise plaque lipid layer, as well as plaque calcification and intra-plaque hemorrhage.

• #32 Diagnostics of atherosclerosis: Overview of the existing methods

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10203409/

  Nuclear imaging techniques, including PET and SPECT, rely on a source of radiation within the body. […] Computed tomography is fast and relatively inexpensive. […] MRI is beneficial for the determination of diverse elements of plaque; the fibrous membrane and the lipid layer are among them. […] Ultrasound imaging techniques help to find vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. […] In addition to the usual anatomical and hemodynamic assessments of the severity of the illusion, when visualizing the vessel wall, a detailed characterization of the plaque can be obtained. […] Intravascular imaging techniques such as IVUS, OCT, and NIRS are able to provide extensive data about the composition of coronary plaques in patients undergoing invasive angiography. […] Along with identifying the anatomy of the coronary arteries and the severity of lumen stenosis, coronary computed tomography angiography can help with data on the morphology and composition of plaques.

• #33 Diagnostic Methods of Atherosclerotic Plaque and the Assessment of Its Prognostic Significance—A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/11/11/343

  Other commonly used methods include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), which use gadolinium and iron oxide derivatives as contrast enhancement with a resolution of 10–100 microns to visualize the structure of atherosclerotic lesions. […] Methods such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are gaining popularity because they use imaging elements such as 18F, 64Cu, 11C/99mTc, 123/124/125/131I, 111In tracers. […] Multimodality consists of combining two or more techniques. One of the techniques consists of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), in which NIRS is responsible for the assessment of plaque with high lipid content and IVUS is responsible for the dimension of plaque measurements.

• #34 Diagnostics of atherosclerosis: Overview of the existing methods

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10203409/

  Atherosclerosis was and remains an extremely common and serious health problem. […] One of the features of atherosclerosis is its asymptomaticity. This factor makes it difficult to make a timely diagnosis. This entails the lack of timely treatment and even prevention. To date, in the arsenal of physicians, there is only a limited set of methods to suspect and fully diagnose atherosclerosis. In this review, we have tried to briefly describe the most common and effective methods for diagnosing atherosclerosis. […] Until nowadays, the diagnosis of atherosclerosis has been carried out by such methods as evaluation of electrocardiogram (ECG) both at rest and during physical activity, evaluation of the Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI), and invasive angiography. Currently, the visualization of plaques is possible with the help of non-invasive imaging methods. The clinical practice employs several methods for plaque imaging, including ultrasound, magnetic resonance tomography (MRI), computer tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) (nuclear imaging techniques).

• #35 Atherosclerosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis

  Both anatomic and physiologic methods allow early detection before symptoms show up, disease staging, and tracking of disease progression. […] In recent years, developments in nuclear imaging techniques such as PET and SPECT have provided non-invasive ways of estimating the severity of atherosclerotic plaques.

• #36 Atherosclerosis: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/atherosclerosis/treatment

  How is Atherosclerosis Diagnosed? Diagnosis Your doctor will recommend exams and tests if you have symptoms or if routine tests show signs such as high cholesterol and blood sugar. […] Diagnostic tests for atherosclerosis where your doctor may order tests to diagnose atherosclerosis and plan your treatment. […] Angiography uses special X-rays that help locate and measure blockages in your arteries in the heart, neck, brain and other parts of your body. […] Coronary CT scan (computed tomographic) – an imaging test that creates an image of the inside of your body and can show any hardening and narrowing of your large arteries. […] Cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) – detects tissue damage or problems with blood flow in the heart or coronary arteries. […] Cardiac PET (positron emission tomography) scan – a heart scan that can help diagnose disease in the small blood vessels of the heart.

• #37 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  To diagnose atherosclerosis, your healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart. You usually are asked questions about your symptoms and your family health history. You may be sent to a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist. […] Tests may be done to check the health of your heart and arteries. Tests can help diagnose atherosclerosis and find the cause. […] Blood tests can check blood sugar and cholesterol levels. High levels of blood sugar and cholesterol raise the risk of atherosclerosis. A C-reactive protein (CRP) test also may be done to check for a protein linked to inflammation of the arteries. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick and painless test measures the electrical activity of the heart. […] Exercise stress tests. These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while the heart’s activity is watched.

• #38 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosing-Atherosclerosis.aspx

  Doctors have an arsenal of diagnostic tests and tools they can access to confirm the presence of Atherosclerosis – these include an angiogram (Arteriogram), cholesterol tests, a chest x-ray, a CT (computed tomography) scan, Duplex scanning, an echocardiogram, an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), an exercise stress test (cardiac stress test), an intravascular ultrasound, an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan, a PET (positron emission tomography) scan and a pharmacologic stress test. […] Blood tests check the levels of certain fats, cholesterol, sugar, and proteins in your blood and abnormal levels may indicate risk factors for atherosclerosis. […] An EKG is a simple test that detects and records the electrical activity of the heart and shows how fast the heart is beating and whether it has a regular rhythm.

• #39 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Diagnosis

  https://www.medicinenet.com/whats_atherosclerosis/article.htm

  Blood pressure comparison: Your doctor checks the blood pressure in your arms and legs. If the readings are different, it can be a sign of the disease. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG): This test (also called EKG) records the timing and strength of electric signals as they travel through your heart. The results help your doctor see if you have damage to your heart muscle or if you’ve had or are having a heart attack. […] Stress test: Your doctor monitors your heartbeat and breathing while you walk on a treadmill or ride a stationary bike. This can reveal signs of disease. […] Imaging tests: Computerized tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) can create different kinds of images of your arteries that doctors study for narrowing or blockages.

• #40 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-is-atherosclerosis

  Doppler ultrasound, which measures blood flow in your arteries. […] Echocardiogram, which takes images of the chambers and valves in your heart to see how well it pumps […] EKG, or electrocardiogram, a record of your hearts electrical activity […] Stress test, in which you exercise while health care professionals watch your heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing. […] You might also need to see doctors who specialize in certain parts of your body, like cardiologists or vascular specialists, depending on your condition.

• #41 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  To diagnose atherosclerosis, your healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart. You usually are asked questions about your symptoms and your family health history. You may be sent to a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist. […] Tests may be done to check the health of your heart and arteries. Tests can help diagnose atherosclerosis and find the cause. […] Blood tests can check blood sugar and cholesterol levels. High levels of blood sugar and cholesterol raise the risk of atherosclerosis. A C-reactive protein (CRP) test also may be done to check for a protein linked to inflammation of the arteries. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick and painless test measures the electrical activity of the heart. […] Exercise stress tests. These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while the heart’s activity is watched.

• #42 Arteriosclerosis | Memorial Hermann

  https://memorialhermann.org/services/conditions/arteriosclerosis

  Stress test – a non-invasive test used to measure changes to the heart rate, rhythm or electrical activity, and blood pressure […] Blood tests – tests that can reveal risk factors for arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis, such as high cholesterol, blood pressure or blood sugars […] Doppler ultrasound – a non-invasive test used to check blood flow and artery clogging […] Cardiac CT scan – a non-invasive test that provides X-ray-based information on the structure and function of the heart and its vessels […] Angiogram – an X-ray test in which a catheter is threaded into an artery up from the groin, to check blood flow and artery clogging […] MRA (magnetic resonance angiography) – a non-invasive test that uses magnetic and radio wave energy to take pictures of blood vessels […] Coronary Artery Scanning (CAS) – the most sensitive, non-invasive screen available to detect the presence of an extent of early atherosclerosis […] Ankle-brachial index (ABI) – a non-invasive test used to detect atherosclerosis in the legs and feet.

• #43 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  Echocardiogram. This test uses sound waves to show blood flow through the heart. […] Doppler ultrasound. A healthcare professional may use a special ultrasound device to check blood flow at different points in your body. […] Ankle-brachial index (ABI). This test compares the blood pressure in the ankle with that in the arm. […] Cardiac catheterization and angiogram. This test can show if the coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked. […] Coronary calcium scan, also called a heart scan. This test uses computerized tomography (CT) imaging to look for calcium deposits in the artery walls. A coronary calcium scan may show coronary artery disease before you have symptoms. Results of the test are given as a score. The higher the calcium score, the higher the risk of heart attacks. […] Other imaging tests. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or positron emission tomography (PET) also may be used to study the arteries. These tests can show hardening and narrowing of large arteries, as well as aneurysms.

• #44 ATHEROSCLEROSIS – Diagnosis & treatment

  https://www.rejoyhealth.com/blog/atherosclerosis-diagnosis-treatment-2

  Echocardiogram: This test uses sound waves to show blood flow through the heart. It also shows the size and shape of the structures of the heart. Sometimes an echocardiogram is done during an exercise stress test. […] Doppler ultrasound: A healthcare professional may use a special ultrasound device to check blood flow at different points in your body. The test results show the speed of blood flow in the arteries. This can reveal any narrowed areas. […] Cardiac catheterization and angiogram: A doctor places a long, thin flexible tube (catheter) in a blood vessel, usually in the groin or wrist, and guides it to the heart. Dye flows through the catheter to the arteries to show up blockage more clearly on images taken during the test. […] Coronary calcium scan, also called heart scan: This test uses computerized tomography (CT) imaging to look for calcium deposits in the artery walls. A coronary calcium scan may show coronary artery disease before you have symptoms. Results of the test are given as a score. The higher the calcium score, the higher the risk of heart attacks.

• #45 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  Echocardiogram. This test uses sound waves to show blood flow through the heart. […] Doppler ultrasound. A healthcare professional may use a special ultrasound device to check blood flow at different points in your body. […] Ankle-brachial index (ABI). This test compares the blood pressure in the ankle with that in the arm. […] Cardiac catheterization and angiogram. This test can show if the coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked. […] Coronary calcium scan, also called a heart scan. This test uses computerized tomography (CT) imaging to look for calcium deposits in the artery walls. A coronary calcium scan may show coronary artery disease before you have symptoms. Results of the test are given as a score. The higher the calcium score, the higher the risk of heart attacks. […] Other imaging tests. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or positron emission tomography (PET) also may be used to study the arteries. These tests can show hardening and narrowing of large arteries, as well as aneurysms.

• #46 Diagnosing Atherosclerosis | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/atherosclerosis/diagnosis.html

  How Is Atherosclerosis Diagnosed? […] In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedures for atherosclerosis may include any, or a combination of, the following: […] Blood pressure comparison – comparing blood pressure measurements in the ankles and in the arms to determine any constriction in blood flow. Significant differences may indicate a narrowing of vessels which could be caused by atherosclerosis.

• #47 Arteriosclerosis | Management & Health Solutions | MicroPort

  https://microport.com/patients/arteriosclerosis

  Arteriosclerosis Obliterans, or peripheral artery disease (PAD), is a medical conditions that affects the whole body. ASO results from a hardening of arteries brought about by the accumulation of plaque. […] Diagnosis […] Ultrasound: Compare the arterial pressure of the same limb, if the difference is more than 20 ~ 30mmhg, then there could potentially be an arterial occlusive change on the side of pressure reduction. Or calculate the ankle / brachial index (ABI, ratio of ankle artery pressure to ipsilateral brachial artery pressure), the normal value should be 0.9 ~ 1.3, 0.9 indicates arterial ischemia, 0.4 indicated severe ischemia. […] X-ray and arteriography: Irregular calcification shadow is shown to be at the affected artery. CTA and DSA could reveal the extent of occlusion as well as the collateral blood vessels, to support the development of treatment procedure.

• #48 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  To diagnose atherosclerosis, your healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart. You usually are asked questions about your symptoms and your family health history. You may be sent to a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist. […] Tests may be done to check the health of your heart and arteries. Tests can help diagnose atherosclerosis and find the cause. […] Blood tests can check blood sugar and cholesterol levels. High levels of blood sugar and cholesterol raise the risk of atherosclerosis. A C-reactive protein (CRP) test also may be done to check for a protein linked to inflammation of the arteries. […] Ankle-brachial index (ABI). This test compares the blood pressure in the ankle with that in the arm. It’s done to check for atherosclerosis in the arteries in the legs and feet. A difference between the ankle and arm measurements may be due to peripheral artery disease.

• #49 Diagnosing Atherosclerosis: Warning Signs and Symptoms

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/silent-symptoms-diagnosing-atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis is sneaky. It starts early in life and progresses silently. By the time symptoms occur, its advanced and a serious problem. […] There are tests for diagnosing atherosclerosis, but none of them are perfect. Some of them even have a risk of harm. So testing isn’t as simple as you might think. […] The one test that can directly show blocked arteries is called angiography. Its an invasive test: A thin tube is put inside an artery in the leg or arm. Its then threaded through the body’s maze of branching arteries. Injected dye shows arteries — and any blockages — on a monitor. […] Angiography is usually for people who already have a strong chance of atherosclerosis. […] Once your doctor has identified your risk group, more tests may be needed, such as: Stress test: With medicines or walking on an exercise treadmill, your heart is made to pump almost as hard as it can.

• #50 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis is characterized by patchy intimal plaques (atheromas) that encroach on the lumen of medium-sized and large arteries. […] Diagnosis is clinical and confirmed by angiography, ultrasonography, or other imaging tests. […] Patients with symptoms and signs of ischemia are evaluated for the amount and location of vascular occlusion by various invasive and noninvasive tests, depending on the organ involved. […] Noninvasive imaging techniques that can assess plaque morphology and characteristics include three-dimensional vascular ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) angiography, and magnetic resonance (MR) angiography. […] Invasive catheter-based tests are also used. These include intravascular ultrasonography, angioscopy, plaque thermography, optical coherence tomography, and elastography.

• #51 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  Echocardiogram. This test uses sound waves to show blood flow through the heart. […] Doppler ultrasound. A healthcare professional may use a special ultrasound device to check blood flow at different points in your body. […] Ankle-brachial index (ABI). This test compares the blood pressure in the ankle with that in the arm. […] Cardiac catheterization and angiogram. This test can show if the coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked. […] Coronary calcium scan, also called a heart scan. This test uses computerized tomography (CT) imaging to look for calcium deposits in the artery walls. A coronary calcium scan may show coronary artery disease before you have symptoms. Results of the test are given as a score. The higher the calcium score, the higher the risk of heart attacks. […] Other imaging tests. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or positron emission tomography (PET) also may be used to study the arteries. These tests can show hardening and narrowing of large arteries, as well as aneurysms.

• #52 Atherosclerosis Diagnosis | Temple Health

  https://www.templehealth.org/services/conditions/atherosclerosis/diagnosis

  Coronary Angiography is a minimally invasive procedure that uses a catheter (a long, thin flexible tube) inserted into a blood vessel in the leg, arm or neck to take pictures of the coronary artery opening. This test allows doctors to measure the size and rate of blood flow through the artery. Contrast dye is used to make it easier to see and evaluate the artery opening.

• #53 Intracranial atherosclerotic disease | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/intracranial-atherosclerotic-disease?lang=us

  Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound can be used to obtain hemodynamic and luminal information reliably in intracranial atherosclerotic disease of 50-99%, but is highly operator-dependent and requires adequate bone windows. […] CT angiography is the main modality used in the diagnosis of intracranial atherosclerotic disease. Compared to DSA, it is highly sensitive and specific in the diagnosis of intracranial atherosclerotic disease with stenosis 50%. […] DSA is the gold standard for assessment of hemodynamic and luminal information, however, compared to other imaging modalities, does not provide information regarding plaque morphology. […] MR angiography, similar to CT angiography, is highly sensitive and specific in the diagnosis of intracranial atherosclerotic disease compared to DSA. […] High-resolution vessel wall MRI (VW-MRI) is useful to characterize plaque morphology and differentiate plaque from other differential diagnoses (e.g. vasospasm or vasculitis), demonstrating eccentric wall thickening that is often heterogeneously enhancing.

• #54 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis is characterized by patchy intimal plaques (atheromas) that encroach on the lumen of medium-sized and large arteries. […] Diagnosis is clinical and confirmed by angiography, ultrasonography, or other imaging tests. […] Patients with symptoms and signs of ischemia are evaluated for the amount and location of vascular occlusion by various invasive and noninvasive tests, depending on the organ involved. […] Noninvasive imaging techniques that can assess plaque morphology and characteristics include three-dimensional vascular ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) angiography, and magnetic resonance (MR) angiography. […] Invasive catheter-based tests are also used. These include intravascular ultrasonography, angioscopy, plaque thermography, optical coherence tomography, and elastography.

• #55 Atherosclerosis. Symptoms, types, diagnosis and treatment. Clínica Universidad de Navarra

  https://www.cun.es/en/diseases-treatments/diseases/atherosclerosis

  „We have vascular imaging techniques (IVUS, OCT) that can detect atheroma plaques and even identify those that might be getting complicated”. […] „Atherosclerosis takes a long time to give clinical manifestations. For this reason, it must be detected early, before atheroma plaques become complicated and produce irreversible damage to some organs.” […] „Periodic health examinations (vascular checks) should be done from the age of 40-50, especially in those people with a family history of diseases caused by atherosclerosis.” […] „In these check-ups special importance is given to the study of cardiovascular risk factors.” […] „With all the information gathered in a cardiovascular checkup, the risk of each person can be calculated in an approximate way.” […] „The best way to combat arteriosclerosis is to prevent it.”

• #56 Diagnostic Methods of Atherosclerotic Plaque and the Assessment of Its Prognostic Significance—A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/11/11/343

  Another method is to inject a contrast agent into liposomes. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) can provide information about plaque composition, and structural information. […] Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is an innovative approach to arterial wall imaging, enabling direct real-time imaging of atherosclerosis and providing a cross-sectional, tomographic perspective of the vessel and atherosclerotic disease. […] Computed tomography (CT) is fast and relatively inexpensive. With a bolus injection of a contrast agent, CT is suitable for detecting calcifications in atherosclerotic plaque and fibrous tissue. […] Recent studies have shown that optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an accurate method for assessing the thickness of the fibrous cap in atherosclerotic plaques, enabling the identification of thin caps and plaque ruptures and erosion.

• #57 Atherosclerosis. Symptoms, types, diagnosis and treatment. Clínica Universidad de Navarra

  https://www.cun.es/en/diseases-treatments/diseases/atherosclerosis

  „We have vascular imaging techniques (IVUS, OCT) that can detect atheroma plaques and even identify those that might be getting complicated”. […] „Atherosclerosis takes a long time to give clinical manifestations. For this reason, it must be detected early, before atheroma plaques become complicated and produce irreversible damage to some organs.” […] „Periodic health examinations (vascular checks) should be done from the age of 40-50, especially in those people with a family history of diseases caused by atherosclerosis.” […] „In these check-ups special importance is given to the study of cardiovascular risk factors.” […] „With all the information gathered in a cardiovascular checkup, the risk of each person can be calculated in an approximate way.” […] „The best way to combat arteriosclerosis is to prevent it.”

• #58 Diagnostic Methods of Atherosclerotic Plaque and the Assessment of Its Prognostic Significance—A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/11/11/343

  Other commonly used methods include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), which use gadolinium and iron oxide derivatives as contrast enhancement with a resolution of 10–100 microns to visualize the structure of atherosclerotic lesions. […] Methods such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are gaining popularity because they use imaging elements such as 18F, 64Cu, 11C/99mTc, 123/124/125/131I, 111In tracers. […] Multimodality consists of combining two or more techniques. One of the techniques consists of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), in which NIRS is responsible for the assessment of plaque with high lipid content and IVUS is responsible for the dimension of plaque measurements.

• #59 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis is characterized by patchy intimal plaques (atheromas) that encroach on the lumen of medium-sized and large arteries. […] Diagnosis is clinical and confirmed by angiography, ultrasonography, or other imaging tests. […] Patients with symptoms and signs of ischemia are evaluated for the amount and location of vascular occlusion by various invasive and noninvasive tests, depending on the organ involved. […] Noninvasive imaging techniques that can assess plaque morphology and characteristics include three-dimensional vascular ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) angiography, and magnetic resonance (MR) angiography. […] Invasive catheter-based tests are also used. These include intravascular ultrasonography, angioscopy, plaque thermography, optical coherence tomography, and elastography.

• #60 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis is characterized by patchy intimal plaques (atheromas) that encroach on the lumen of medium-sized and large arteries. […] Diagnosis is clinical and confirmed by angiography, ultrasonography, or other imaging tests. […] Patients with symptoms and signs of ischemia are evaluated for the amount and location of vascular occlusion by various invasive and noninvasive tests, depending on the organ involved. […] Noninvasive imaging techniques that can assess plaque morphology and characteristics include three-dimensional vascular ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) angiography, and magnetic resonance (MR) angiography. […] Invasive catheter-based tests are also used. These include intravascular ultrasonography, angioscopy, plaque thermography, optical coherence tomography, and elastography.

• #61 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  Because not all atherosclerotic plaques have similar risk, various imaging technologies (eg, positron emission tomography) are being studied as a way to identify plaques especially vulnerable to rupture; however, these techniques are not yet used clinically. […] In patients with risk factors for atherosclerosis but no symptoms or signs of ischemia, the role of additional testing beyond the lipid profile is unclear. […] Currently, the American Heart Association (AHA) recommends using the pooled cohort risk assessment equations to estimate lifetime and 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. […] Most guidelines recommend lipid profile screening in patients with any of the following characteristics: Men 40 years, Women 40 years and post-menopausal women, Family history of familial hypercholesterolemia or premature cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes, Hypertension, Metabolic syndrome, Chronic kidney disease, Current cigarette smoking, Chronic inflammatory conditions, HIV infection, History of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. […] Patients with documented disease at one site (eg, peripheral arteries) should be evaluated for disease at other sites (eg, coronary and carotid arteries).

• #62 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  Because not all atherosclerotic plaques have similar risk, various imaging technologies (eg, positron emission tomography) are being studied as a way to identify plaques especially vulnerable to rupture; however, these techniques are not yet used clinically. […] In patients with risk factors for atherosclerosis but no symptoms or signs of ischemia, the role of additional testing beyond the lipid profile is unclear. […] Currently, the American Heart Association (AHA) recommends using the pooled cohort risk assessment equations to estimate lifetime and 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. […] Most guidelines recommend lipid profile screening in patients with any of the following characteristics: Men 40 years, Women 40 years and post-menopausal women, Family history of familial hypercholesterolemia or premature cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes, Hypertension, Metabolic syndrome, Chronic kidney disease, Current cigarette smoking, Chronic inflammatory conditions, HIV infection, History of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. […] Patients with documented disease at one site (eg, peripheral arteries) should be evaluated for disease at other sites (eg, coronary and carotid arteries).

• #63 Diagnostics of atherosclerosis: Overview of the existing methods

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10203409/

  If atherosclerotic lesions are not uniformly distributed in the vascular system, local stimuli promote the formation and growth of plaques. […] Unfortunately, none of the currently existing imaging methods can provide a complete and comprehensive assessment of all signs of plaque vulnerability and mechanisms of atherosclerosis development. However, advances in invasive and non-invasive imaging technologies have shown that all these methods have significant diagnostic and prognostic value.

• #64 ICD-10-CM/PCS MS-DRGv33 Definitions Manual

  https://www.cms.gov/icd10manual/version33-fullcode-cms/fullcode_cms/P0143.html

  I2510 Atherosclerotic heart disease of native coronary artery without angina pectoris I25110 Atherosclerotic heart disease of native coronary artery with unstable angina pectoris I25111 Atherosclerotic heart disease of native coronary artery with angina pectoris with documented spasm I25118 Atherosclerotic heart disease of native coronary artery with other forms of angina pectoris I25119 Atherosclerotic heart disease of native coronary artery with unspecified angina pectoris I252 Old myocardial infarction I255 Ischemic cardiomyopathy I256 Silent myocardial ischemia I25700 Atherosclerosis of coronary artery bypass graft(s), unspecified, with unstable angina pectoris I25701 Atherosclerosis of coronary artery bypass graft(s), unspecified, with angina pectoris with documented spasm I25708 Atherosclerosis of coronary artery bypass graft(s), unspecified, with other forms of angina pectoris I25709 Atherosclerosis of coronary artery bypass graft(s), unspecified, with unspecified angina pectoris I25710 Atherosclerosis of autologous vein coronary artery bypass graft(s) with unstable angina pectoris I25711 Atherosclerosis of autologous vein coronary artery bypass graft(s) with angina pectoris with documented spasm I25718 Atherosclerosis of autologous vein coronary artery bypass graft(s) with other forms of angina pectoris I25719 Atherosclerosis of autologous vein coronary artery bypass graft(s) with unspecified angina pectoris I25720 Atherosclerosis of autologous artery coronary artery bypass graft(s) with unstable angina pectoris I25721 Atherosclerosis of autologous artery coronary artery bypass graft(s) with angina pectoris with documented spasm I25728 Atherosclerosis of autologous artery coronary artery bypass graft(s) with other forms of angina pectoris I25729 Atherosclerosis of autologous artery coronary artery bypass graft(s) with unspecified angina pectoris I25730 Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological coronary artery bypass graft(s) with unstable angina pectoris I25731 Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological coronary artery bypass graft(s) with angina pectoris with documented spasm I25738 Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological coronary artery bypass graft(s) with other forms of angina pectoris I25739 Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological coronary artery bypass graft(s) with unspecified angina pectoris I25750 Atherosclerosis of native coronary artery of transplanted heart with unstable angina I25751 Atherosclerosis of native coronary artery of transplanted heart with angina pectoris with documented spasm I25758 Atherosclerosis of native coronary artery of transplanted heart with other forms of angina pectoris I25759 Atherosclerosis of native coronary artery of transplanted heart with unspecified angina pectoris I25760 Atherosclerosis of bypass graft of coronary artery of transplanted heart with unstable angina I25761 Atherosclerosis of bypass graft of coronary artery of transplanted heart with angina pectoris with documented spasm I25768 Atherosclerosis of bypass graft of coronary artery of transplanted heart with other forms of angina pectoris I25769 Atherosclerosis of bypass graft of coronary artery of transplanted heart with unspecified angina pectoris I25790 Atherosclerosis of other coronary artery bypass graft(s) with unstable angina pectoris I25791 Atherosclerosis of other coronary artery bypass graft(s) with angina pectoris with documented spasm I25798 Atherosclerosis of other coronary artery bypass graft(s) with other forms of angina pectoris I25799 Atherosclerosis of other coronary artery bypass graft(s) with unspecified angina pectoris I25810 Atherosclerosis of coronary artery bypass graft(s) without angina pectoris I25811 Atherosclerosis of native coronary artery of transplanted heart without angina pectoris I25812 Atherosclerosis of bypass graft of coronary artery of transplanted heart without angina pectoris I2582 Chronic total occlusion of coronary artery I2583 Coronary atherosclerosis due to lipid rich plaque I2584 Coronary atherosclerosis due to calcified coronary lesion I2589 Other forms of chronic ischemic heart disease I259 Chronic ischemic heart disease, unspecified I513 Intracardiac thrombosis, not elsewhere classified I517 Cardiomegaly I5189 Other ill-defined heart diseases I519 Heart disease, unspecified I52 Other heart disorders in diseases classified elsewhere I878 Other specified disorders of veins I879 Disorder of vein, unspecified I998 Other disorder of circulatory system I999 Unspecified disorder of circulatory system R931 Abnormal findings on diagnostic imaging of heart and coronary circulation R938 Abnormal findings on diagnostic imaging of other specified body structures

• #65 Diagnostics of atherosclerosis: Overview of the existing methods

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10203409/

  Analysis of coronary plaques using MRI is not so beneficial for clinical purposes compared with CCTA; on the other hand, it is possible to measure the wall thickness of proximal vessels using this method. […] The mechanisms underlying the atherosclerosis pathophysiology and its medical results can be illuminated using relatively vulnerable probes for molecular imaging. […] More than 20 years ago, it was first shown that an increased level of the 18F-FDG signal is associated with macrophages and other metabolically active inflammatory cells. […] The capacity of plaque inflammation 18F-FDG PET in the proximal coronary beds was reported recently. […] Atherosclerosis imaging benefited from carotid MRI, which allows to recognise plaque lipid layer, as well as plaque calcification and intra-plaque hemorrhage.

• #66 Diagnostic Methods of Atherosclerotic Plaque and the Assessment of Its Prognostic Significance—A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/11/11/343

  The aim of this review is to provide an overview of different radiological diagnostic methods: ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography of atherosclerotic plaque which are relevant to the assessment of cardiovascular risk. […] Currently, many invasive and non-invasive imaging methods are used to study atherosclerosis; most specify lumen diameter or stenosis, wall thickness, and plaque volume. A wide variety of techniques are used in clinical practice. They include ultrasound, computer tomography (CT), magnetic resonance tomography (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and photon-counting detector CT (PCD-CT). […] Ultrasound imaging techniques (USG) help to find vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. This method is based on transmitting and receiving high-frequency sound waves. This provides the high spatial resolution required for measuring intima-media thickness (IMT).

• #67 Diagnostic Methods of Atherosclerotic Plaque and the Assessment of Its Prognostic Significance—A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/11/11/343

  Other commonly used methods include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), which use gadolinium and iron oxide derivatives as contrast enhancement with a resolution of 10–100 microns to visualize the structure of atherosclerotic lesions. […] Methods such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are gaining popularity because they use imaging elements such as 18F, 64Cu, 11C/99mTc, 123/124/125/131I, 111In tracers. […] Multimodality consists of combining two or more techniques. One of the techniques consists of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), in which NIRS is responsible for the assessment of plaque with high lipid content and IVUS is responsible for the dimension of plaque measurements.

• #68 Diagnostics of atherosclerosis: Overview of the existing methods

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10203409/

  In the diagnosis of atherosclerosis, liposomes are extremely important, since they are responsible for the transfer and delivery of contrast agents, which enhances the quality of image resolution. […] Visualization methods have a variety; a specific method is selected based on the stage of plaque development. […] Together, these methods provide measures of the severity of the disease, which are necessary for everyday clinical practice and cardiovascular (CV) research. […] Several approaches can help detect atherosclerosis. These methods can be classified on various bases. […] To visualize the vascular structure of atherosclerosis, numerous imaging methods are used, including the measurement of the volume of the lesion and the thickness of the fibrous membrane. […] Visualization of specific cells or components within a lesion is able to reveal the biology and characteristics of the lesion, including its susceptibility to serious CV complications.

• #69 Macrophage-targeted nanomedicine for the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-021-00629-x

  Nanotechnology could improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and contribute to the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to further reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. […] Macrophages have key roles in atherosclerosis progression and, therefore, macrophage-associated pathological processes are important targets for both diagnostic imaging and novel therapies for atherosclerosis. […] We review the latest progress in nanoparticle-based imaging modalities that can specifically target macrophages. […] Using novel molecular imaging technology, these modalities enable the identification of advanced atherosclerotic plaques and the assessment of the therapeutic efficacy of medical interventions. […] The rational design of nanoparticle-based imaging agents that can specifically target inflammatory macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques offers diagnostic potential to non-invasively quantify atherosclerosis plaque burden, evaluate the efficacy of medical interventions and serve as surrogate end points.

• #70 Researchers develop nanoparticle technology for targeted diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/09/240918125000.htm

  A team developed a nanoparticle technology that offers an effective solution to diagnose and treat atherosclerosis, in a non-invasive manner. […] This innovative theranostic approach, published in the journal Small, represents a significant advancement in the field of cardiovascular medicine as it offers a promising alternative to current medical practices for the management of atherosclerosis. […] Theteam developed a nanoparticle that addresses prevailing challenges; the newly developed nanoparticle can diagnose atherosclerosis, target atherosclerotic plaques, and deliver therapeutic agents directly to inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis in the preclinical models. […] „Overall, our nanoparticles offer a promising novel approach to non-invasive diagnosis, monitoring and targeted treatment of atherosclerosis, a significant advancement that could pave the way for a new era of cardiovascular care,” said Asst Prof Wang, Principal Investigator, Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, NUS Medicine. […] This proof-of-concept study demonstrates significant potential for the innovative approach and the team is looking to further validate their research before they move forward to clinical trials.

• #71 Diagnostic Methods of Atherosclerotic Plaque and the Assessment of Its Prognostic Significance—A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/11/11/343

  AI is playing an increasingly significant role in supporting image processing and interpretation, offering greater efficiency, fewer human errors, and better diagnostic accuracy, without increasing costs and workload, enabling accurate measurement of atherosclerotic plaque volume and stenosis severity based on CCTA scans. […] Despite great progress and effort in reducing atherosclerotic plaque formation as part of the treatment of patients after acute coronary syndromes and in secondary prevention, the incidence of atherosclerosis is exceedingly high. The assessment of plaque stability remains an important prognostic factor, so the development of diagnostic methods remains an important therapeutic issue. […] With the development of novel imaging methods for atherosclerotic plaque, the expected prognostically significant endpoints can be identified with increasing precision. This now makes it possible not only to assess the burden of atherosclerosis, but also to accurately determine the composition of the plaque.

• #72 Biomarkers for diagnosis of the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque

  https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/biomarkers-for-diagnosis-of-the-vulnerable-atherosclerotic-plaque.html

  Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide, accounting for more than 19 million deaths per year. […] The genesis and progression of atherosclerotic plaques are accompanied by the release of a series of proteomic mediators of inflammation and significant chemotactic activity. […] The role of biomarkers in detecting the vulnerable (unstable, thrombogenic) plaques is a field of great interest due to its potential to also aid in the prevention of cardiovascular events. […] Detection of vulnerable or rupture-prone lesions is of paramount importance so that necessary clinical steps can be taken to prevent the deleterious clinical sequelae associated with symptomatic plaque rupture. […] In order to approach the diagnosis of vulnerable plaque, a series of biological markers indicating imminent destabilization needs to be addressed. Such markers are CRP, fibrinogen, white blood cell count, cytokines, MMPs, MPO, sCD40L and vascular calcification markers (OPN and OPG). […] More randomized controlled trials are needed to reach safe recommendations regarding the use of biomarkers to identify the rupture-prone atherosclerotic plaque.

• #73 Diagnostics of atherosclerosis: Overview of the existing methods

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10203409/

  If atherosclerotic lesions are not uniformly distributed in the vascular system, local stimuli promote the formation and growth of plaques. […] Unfortunately, none of the currently existing imaging methods can provide a complete and comprehensive assessment of all signs of plaque vulnerability and mechanisms of atherosclerosis development. However, advances in invasive and non-invasive imaging technologies have shown that all these methods have significant diagnostic and prognostic value.

• #74 Diagnosing Atherosclerosis: Warning Signs and Symptoms

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/silent-symptoms-diagnosing-atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis is sneaky. It starts early in life and progresses silently. By the time symptoms occur, its advanced and a serious problem. […] There are tests for diagnosing atherosclerosis, but none of them are perfect. Some of them even have a risk of harm. So testing isn’t as simple as you might think. […] The one test that can directly show blocked arteries is called angiography. Its an invasive test: A thin tube is put inside an artery in the leg or arm. Its then threaded through the body’s maze of branching arteries. Injected dye shows arteries — and any blockages — on a monitor. […] Angiography is usually for people who already have a strong chance of atherosclerosis. […] Once your doctor has identified your risk group, more tests may be needed, such as: Stress test: With medicines or walking on an exercise treadmill, your heart is made to pump almost as hard as it can.

• #75 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  Because not all atherosclerotic plaques have similar risk, various imaging technologies (eg, positron emission tomography) are being studied as a way to identify plaques especially vulnerable to rupture; however, these techniques are not yet used clinically. […] In patients with risk factors for atherosclerosis but no symptoms or signs of ischemia, the role of additional testing beyond the lipid profile is unclear. […] Currently, the American Heart Association (AHA) recommends using the pooled cohort risk assessment equations to estimate lifetime and 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. […] Most guidelines recommend lipid profile screening in patients with any of the following characteristics: Men 40 years, Women 40 years and post-menopausal women, Family history of familial hypercholesterolemia or premature cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes, Hypertension, Metabolic syndrome, Chronic kidney disease, Current cigarette smoking, Chronic inflammatory conditions, HIV infection, History of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. […] Patients with documented disease at one site (eg, peripheral arteries) should be evaluated for disease at other sites (eg, coronary and carotid arteries).

• #76 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16753-atherosclerosis-arterial-disease

  Atherosclerosis is a hardening of your arteries from plaque building up gradually inside them. […] Atherosclerosis symptoms often dont start until an artery is very narrow or blocked. Many people dont know they have plaque buildup until they have a medical emergency like a heart attack or stroke. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis can help you avoid or delay complications. […] To diagnose atherosclerosis or calculate your risk for developing it, a healthcare provider will: […] Your healthcare provider may order additional tests to diagnose atherosclerosis and plan treatment. […] Atherosclerosis treatment includes lifestyle changes, medications, procedures or surgeries. […] Early diagnosis and treatment can help people with atherosclerosis keep doing the activities they like to do.

• #77 Atherosclerosis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/atherosclerosis/

  Atherosclerosis is where your arteries become narrowed, making it difficult for blood to flow through them. It increases your risk of heart attack and stroke. […] You may not have any symptoms of atherosclerosis, but symptoms can include: chest pain, pain in your arms and legs, especially when exercising, feeling short of breath, feeling tired all the time, feeling weak, feeling confused. […] If you’re over 40 you can get a free NHS health check which can spot the early signs of heart disease and stroke, as well as kidney disease, dementia and type 2 diabetes. […] Atherosclerosis happens when fatty deposits build up in the arteries, which causes them to narrow. […] There are currently no treatments to reverse atherosclerosis, but you may be offered medicines to lower your risk of having a heart attack or a stroke. […] Without lifestyle changes and medical treatment, atherosclerosis may get worse over time.

• #78 Atherosclerosis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/atherosclerosis/

  Atherosclerosis is where your arteries become narrowed, making it difficult for blood to flow through them. It increases your risk of heart attack and stroke. […] You may not have any symptoms of atherosclerosis, but symptoms can include: chest pain, pain in your arms and legs, especially when exercising, feeling short of breath, feeling tired all the time, feeling weak, feeling confused. […] If you’re over 40 you can get a free NHS health check which can spot the early signs of heart disease and stroke, as well as kidney disease, dementia and type 2 diabetes. […] Atherosclerosis happens when fatty deposits build up in the arteries, which causes them to narrow. […] There are currently no treatments to reverse atherosclerosis, but you may be offered medicines to lower your risk of having a heart attack or a stroke. […] Without lifestyle changes and medical treatment, atherosclerosis may get worse over time.

• #79 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350569

  Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. This buildup is called plaque. The plaque can cause arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque also can burst, leading to a blood clot. […] If you think you have atherosclerosis, make an appointment for a health checkup. Early diagnosis and treatment can stop atherosclerosis from getting worse. Treatment may prevent a heart attack, stroke or another medical emergency. […] Atherosclerosis is a disease that slowly gets worse. It may begin as early as childhood. The exact cause is not known. It may start with damage or injury to the inner layer of an artery. […] Once the inner wall of an artery is damaged, blood cells and other substances may collect at the injury site. These substances build up in the inner lining of the artery. […] Over time, fats, cholesterol and other substances also collect on and in the walls of the heart arteries. This buildup is called plaque. Plaque can cause the arteries to narrow. Narrowed arteries can block blood flow. The plaque also can burst, leading to a blood clot.

• #80 Arteriosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24870-arteriosclerosis

  Its not always possible to prevent hardening of your arteries. But you can lower your risk by avoiding all tobacco use, eating a heart-healthy diet, exercising at least 30 minutes daily, keeping a weight thats healthy for you, and managing underlying medical conditions. […] Arteriosclerosis can lead to life-threatening complications. But with early diagnosis and treatment, its possible to manage your condition and live a long, healthy life.

• #81 Diagnostics of atherosclerosis: Overview of the existing methods

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10203409/

  If atherosclerotic lesions are not uniformly distributed in the vascular system, local stimuli promote the formation and growth of plaques. […] Unfortunately, none of the currently existing imaging methods can provide a complete and comprehensive assessment of all signs of plaque vulnerability and mechanisms of atherosclerosis development. However, advances in invasive and non-invasive imaging technologies have shown that all these methods have significant diagnostic and prognostic value.

• #82 Macrophage-targeted nanomedicine for the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-021-00629-x

  Rapid advances in nanotechnology and bioengineering and an improved understanding of atherosclerotic pathophysiology have accelerated the development of novel nanotherapeutics for atherosclerosis diagnosis and treatment. […] The success of various nanomedicine-based approaches in preclinical studies of atherosclerosis and their use in human cancer bode well for their future application in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with cardiovascular disease.

• #83 Arteriosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24870-arteriosclerosis

  Its not always possible to prevent hardening of your arteries. But you can lower your risk by avoiding all tobacco use, eating a heart-healthy diet, exercising at least 30 minutes daily, keeping a weight thats healthy for you, and managing underlying medical conditions. […] Arteriosclerosis can lead to life-threatening complications. But with early diagnosis and treatment, its possible to manage your condition and live a long, healthy life.

• #84 Diagnosing Atherosclerosis: Warning Signs and Symptoms

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/silent-symptoms-diagnosing-atherosclerosis

  Electron beam computed tomography (EBCT): A special CT scanner (CAT scan) snaps pictures of the heart. A computer figures out the amount of calcium in your heart’s arteries. This is more commonly known as a Coronary Artery Calcium Score. More calcium can mean more atherosclerosis. […] Carotid artery ultrasound: The carotid arteries in the neck can be viewed with a risk-free ultrasound test. Atherosclerosis here increases your chances of heart attacks and strokes. […] Angiography: This test can show a picture of blockages caused by atherosclerosis. It can be done on arteries in your heart, brain, or legs. […] Even low-risk testing might not be a good idea. The risk isn’t the test itself — it’s what it might lead to. […] The good news is that over 80% of this risk may be avoidable.

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